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Equity - Rollforward Reconciliations (Details) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522  
Equity, beginning balance $ 26,001 $ 26,882
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 3,219 2,915
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (198) 199
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,549) (1,429)
Treasury stock shares purchased (1,281) (1,090)
Share-based compensation plans and other 107 243
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 0 (53)
Noncontrolling interest, changes in ownership interest, other $ 1 3
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,103,522  
Equity, ending balance $ 26,300 $ 27,670
Cash dividends declared on common stock (in dollars per share) $ 0.61 $ 0.55
Common Stock    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000
Equity, beginning balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 3,577,000,000 3,577,000,000
Equity, ending balance $ 1,788 $ 1,788
Other Paid-In Capital    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance 39,660 38,808
Share-based compensation plans and other 37 (40)
Equity, ending balance 39,697 38,768
Retained Earnings    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance 46,602 42,579
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. 3,219 2,915
Cash dividends declared on common stock (1,549) (1,429)
Equity, ending balance 48,272 44,065
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance (6,193) (5,545)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (198) 199
Equity, ending balance $ (6,391) $ (5,346)
Treasury Stock    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Shares, beginning balance (in shares) 1,038,000,000 985,000,000
Equity, beginning balance $ (55,950) $ (50,929)
Treasury stock shares purchased (in shares) 16,000,000 14,000,000
Treasury stock shares purchased $ (1,281) $ (1,090)
Share-based compensation plans and other (in shares) (1,000,000) (5,000,000)
Share-based compensation plans and other $ 70 $ 283
Shares, ending balance (in shares) 1,053,000,000 994,000,000
Equity, ending balance $ (57,161) $ (51,736)
Non- controlling Interests    
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]    
Equity, beginning balance 94 181
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests   (53)
Noncontrolling interest, changes in ownership interest, other 1 3
Equity, ending balance $ 95 $ 131