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Financial Instruments (Tables) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Effect of Net Investment Hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income | The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:
| Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1) |  | Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net Investment Hedging Relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Euro-denominated notes | 52 |  |  | (53) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
(1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.
Fair Value of Derivatives on a Gross Basis Segregated between those Derivatives that are Designated as Hedging Instruments and those that are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments:
|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Fair Value of Derivative |  | U.S. Dollar Notional |  | Fair Value of Derivative |  | U.S. Dollar Notional
($ in millions) |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Balance Sheet Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | Other Assets | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swap contracts | Other Noncurrent Liabilities | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,253 |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,824 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other Assets | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,756 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,609 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | 3,444 |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 2,691 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other Noncurrent Liabilities | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 120 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 91 |
|  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 10,073 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 9,215 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Balance Sheet Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,507 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,540 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other Assets | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | 10,592 |  |  | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | 10,926 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other Noncurrent Liabilities | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 20,288 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 19,466 |
|  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 30,361 |  |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 409 |  |  | $ | 28,681 |
Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis | The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes:
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
($ in millions) | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability
Gross amounts recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheet | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 409 |
Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the condensed consolidated balance sheet | (148) |  |  | (148) |  |  | (220) |  |  | (220) |
Cash collateral received/posted | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | (66) |  |  | (19) |
Net amounts | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 170 |
Location and Amount of Pretax Gains and Losses of Derivatives | The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded | Sales |  | Other (income) expense, net (1) |  | Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 14,487 |  |  | $ | 15,901 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | (115) |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on fair value hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (66) |  |  | 148 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications | 101 |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (101) |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of loss recognized in OCI on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.
Income Statement Effects of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
|  |  | Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income
|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Income Statement Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts (1) | Other (income) expense, net |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts (2) | Sales |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |
(1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.
Information on Investments in Debt and Equity Securities | Information on investments in debt and equity securities is as follows:
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Fair Value
($ in millions) | Gains |  | Losses |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Commercial paper | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 498 |
U.S. government and agency securities | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |
Corporate notes and bonds | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Foreign government bonds | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total debt securities | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 569 |
Publicly traded equity securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,585 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,284 |
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,345 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,853 |
(1) Unrealized net gains of $338 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the first quarter of 2023 on equity securities still held at March 31, 2023. Unrealized net losses of $225 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the first quarter of 2022 on equity securities still held at March 31, 2022.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis | Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:
| Fair Value Measurements Using |  | Fair Value Measurements Using
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
($ in millions) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 498 |
U.S. government and agency securities | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign government bonds | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Publicly traded equity securities | 1,284 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,015 |
| 1,284 |  |  | 686 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,970 |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | 498 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,513 |
Other assets (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |
Corporate notes and bonds | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Publicly traded equity securities | 301 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 301 |  |  | 269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 269 |
| 375 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 375 |  |  | 340 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 340 |
Derivative assets (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchased currency options | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 215 |  |  | — |  |  | 215 |
Forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |  |  | 218 |
Interest rate swap contracts | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| — |  |  | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | 433 |  |  | — |  |  | 433 |
Total assets | $ | 1,659 |  |  | $ | 945 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,604 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |  |  | $ | 931 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,286 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 456 |  |  | $ | 456 |
Derivative liabilities (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | 276 |  |  | — |  |  | 276 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |
Written currency options | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Interest rate swap contracts | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| — |  |  | 284 |  |  | — |  |  | 284 |  |  | — |  |  | 409 |  |  | — |  |  | 409 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 409 |  |  | $ | 456 |  |  | $ | 865 |
(1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.
Information About the Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration | Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:
($ in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Fair value January 1 | $ | 456 |  |  | $ | 777 |
Changes in estimated fair value (1) | 14 |  |  | (84) |
Payments | (117) |  |  | (119) |
Other | — |  |  | (2) |
Fair value March 31 (2) | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | 572 |
(1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments. (2) At March 31, 2023, $263 million of the liabilities relate to the termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture in 2016. As part of the termination, Merck recorded a liability for contingent future royalty payments of 11.5% on net sales of all Merck products that were previously sold by the joint venture through December 31, 2024. The fair value of this liability is determined utilizing the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows using a risk-adjusted discount rate to present value the cash flows. Balance at March 31, 2023 includes $127 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months.

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