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Restructuring | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract] |
Restructuring | Restructuring 2024 Restructuring Program In January 2024, the Company approved a new restructuring program (2024 Restructuring Program) intended to continue the optimization of the Company’s Human Health global manufacturing network as the future pipeline shifts to new modalities and also optimize the Animal Health global manufacturing network to improve supply reliability and increase efficiency. The actions contemplated under the 2024 Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2031, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $4.0 billion. Approximately 60% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The remainder of the costs will result in cash outlays, relating primarily to facility shut-down costs. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $190 million in 2023 related to the 2024 Restructuring Program. 2019 Restructuring Program In 2019, Merck approved a global restructuring program (2019 Restructuring Program) as part of a worldwide initiative focused on optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $743 million in 2023, $666 million in 2022 and $868 million in 2021 related to the 2019 Restructuring Program. Since inception of the 2019 Restructuring Program through December 31, 2023, Merck recorded total pretax accumulated costs of approximately $4.1 billion. Approximately 70% of the cumulative pretax costs were cash outlays, primarily related to employee separation expense and facility shut-down costs. Approximately 30% of the cumulative pretax costs were non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The actions under the 2019 Restructuring Program are substantially complete. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses. The following table summarizes the charges related to the restructuring programs by type of cost:
| Separation Costs |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other Exit Costs |  | Total
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 Restructuring Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 62 |
Restructuring costs | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 128 |
| 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 190 |
2019 Restructuring Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 149 |
Selling, general and administrative | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 122 |
Research and development | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Restructuring costs | 339 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | 471 |
| 339 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 743 |
| $ | 454 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 933 |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 Restructuring Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Selling, general and administrative | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 94 |
Research and development | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 30 |
Restructuring costs | 212 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | 337 |
| $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 334 |  |  | $ | 666 |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 Restructuring Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 160 |
Selling, general and administrative | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 19 |
Research and development | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 28 |
Restructuring costs | 451 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | 661 |
| $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 868 |
Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities and equipment to be sold or closed as part of the programs. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites have and will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors. Other exit costs in 2023, 2022 and 2021 include asset abandonment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 14) and share-based compensation. The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities by program:
| Separation Costs |  | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Other Exit Costs |  | Total
2024 Restructuring Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Expenses | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 190 |
(Payments) receipts, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13) |  |  | (13) |
Non-cash activity | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62) |  |  | (62) |
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2023 | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 115 |
2019 Restructuring Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2022 | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 637 |
Expenses | 212 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 666 |
(Payments) receipts, net | (329) |  |  | — |  |  | (120) |  |  | (449) |
Non-cash activity | — |  |  | (120) |  |  | (221) |  |  | (341) |
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2022 | 479 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 513 |
Expenses | 339 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 743 |
(Payments) receipts, net | (252) |  |  | — |  |  | (145) |  |  | (397) |
Non-cash activity | — |  |  | (140) |  |  | (122) |  |  | (262) |
Restructuring reserves December 31, 2023 | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 597 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for restructuring and related activities. Description of restructuring activities such as exit and disposal activities, include facts and circumstances leading to the plan, the expected plan completion date, the major types of costs associated with the plan activities, total expected costs, the accrual balance at the end of the period, and the periods over which the remaining accrual will be settled. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (b)(2) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482017/420-10-50-1 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482017/420-10-50-1 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 420 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//420/tableOfContent Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (e) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482017/420-10-50-1 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 5.P.4(e)) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479823/420-10-S99-2 + Details
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