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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______
Commission File No. 1-6571
Merck & Co., Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New Jersey | 22-1918501
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
126 East Lincoln Avenue
Rahway | New Jersey | 07065
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (732) 594-4000

| Not Applicable |
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.)

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($0.50 par value) | MRK | New York Stock Exchange
1.875% Notes due 2026 | MRK/26 | New York Stock Exchange
3.250% Notes due 2032 | MRK/32 | New York Stock Exchange
2.500% Notes due 2034 | MRK/34 | New York Stock Exchange
1.375% Notes due 2036 | MRK 36A | New York Stock Exchange
3.500% Notes due 2037 | MRK/37 | New York Stock Exchange
3.700% Notes due 2044 | MRK/44 | New York Stock Exchange
3.750% Notes due 2054 | MRK/54 | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of the close of business on April 30, 2025: 2,511,031,253

Table of Contents

|  |  |  | Page No.
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | 5
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 28
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 39
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 39
| Cautionary Factors That May Affect Future Results | 39
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 40
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 40
Item 5. | Other Information | 40
Item 6. | Exhibits | 41
| Signatures |  |  | 42

Part I - Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
MERCK & CO., INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
(Unaudited, $ in millions except per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Sales | $ | 15,529 |  |  | $ | 15,775 |  |  |  |  |
Costs, Expenses and Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 3,419 |  |  | 3,540 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 2,552 |  |  | 2,483 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 3,621 |  |  | 3,992 |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs | 69 |  |  | 123 |  |  |  |  |
Other (income) expense, net | (35) |  |  | (33) |  |  |  |  |
| 9,626 |  |  | 10,105 |  |  |  |  |
Income Before Taxes | 5,903 |  |  | 5,670 |  |  |  |  |
Taxes on Income | 818 |  |  | 903 |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | 5,085 |  |  | 4,767 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ | 5,079 |  |  | $ | 4,762 |  |  |  |  |
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders | $ | 2.01 |  |  | $ | 1.88 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders | $ | 2.01 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  |  |  |

MERCK & CO., INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited, $ in millions)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ | 5,079 |  |  | $ | 4,762 |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Loss Net of Taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives, net of reclassifications | (217) |  |  | 130 |  |  |  |  |
Benefit plan net (loss) gain and prior service (cost) credit, net of amortization | (18) |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative translation adjustment | 215 |  |  | (238) |  |  |  |  |
| (20) |  |  | (113) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ | 5,059 |  |  | $ | 4,649 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
- 3 -

MERCK & CO., INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(Unaudited, $ in millions except per share amounts)

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 8,629 |  |  | $ | 13,242 |
Short-term investments | 599 |  |  | 447 |
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $93 in 2025 and $89 in 2024) | 10,790 |  |  | 10,278 |
Inventories (excludes inventories of $4,556 in 2025 and $4,193 in 2024 classified in Other assets - see Note 6) | 6,196 |  |  | 6,109 |
Other current assets | 9,289 |  |  | 8,706 |
Total current assets | 35,503 |  |  | 38,782 |
Investments | 616 |  |  | 463 |
Property, Plant and Equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $19,680 in 2025 and $19,155 in 2024 | 24,793 |  |  | 23,779 |
Goodwill | 21,684 |  |  | 21,668 |
Other Intangibles, Net | 15,758 |  |  | 16,370 |
Other Assets | 16,768 |  |  | 16,044 |
| $ | 115,122 |  |  | $ | 117,106 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 1,360 |  |  | $ | 2,649 |
Trade accounts payable | 3,784 |  |  | 4,079 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | 12,772 |  |  | 15,694 |
Income taxes payable | 5,181 |  |  | 3,914 |
Dividends payable | 2,077 |  |  | 2,084 |
Total current liabilities | 25,174 |  |  | 28,420 |
Long-Term Debt | 33,484 |  |  | 34,462 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 1,409 |  |  | 1,387 |
Other Noncurrent Liabilities | 6,655 |  |  | 6,465 |
Merck & Co., Inc. Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Common stock, $0.50 par value Authorized - 6,500,000,000 shares Issued - 3,577,103,522 shares in 2025 and 2024 | 1,788 |  |  | 1,788 |
Other paid-in capital | 44,816 |  |  | 44,704 |
Retained earnings | 66,097 |  |  | 63,069 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (4,965) |  |  | (4,945) |
| 107,736 |  |  | 104,616 |
Less treasury stock, at cost: 1,061,021,894 shares in 2025 and 1,049,466,187 shares in 2024 | 59,401 |  |  | 58,303 |
Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity | 48,335 |  |  | 46,313 |
Noncontrolling Interests | 65 |  |  | 59 |
Total equity | 48,400 |  |  | 46,372 |
| $ | 115,122 |  |  | $ | 117,106 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed consolidated financial statement.
- 4 -

MERCK & CO., INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited, $ in millions)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 5,085 |  |  | $ | 4,767 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Amortization | 597 |  |  | 473 |
Depreciation | 502 |  |  | 511 |
Income from investments in equity securities, net | (90) |  |  | (143) |
Charge for research and development asset acquisition | — |  |  | 656 |
Deferred income taxes | (186) |  |  | (51) |
Share-based compensation | 195 |  |  | 176 |
Other | 109 |  |  | 83 |
Net changes in assets and liabilities | (3,712) |  |  | (3,382) |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 2,500 |  |  | 3,090 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (1,328) |  |  | (861) |
Purchases of securities and other investments | (595) |  |  | (15) |
Proceeds from sales of securities and other investments | 456 |  |  | 260 |
Acquisition of Harpoon Therapeutics, Inc., net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (746) |
Other | (20) |  |  | (14) |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (1,487) |  |  | (1,376) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |
Payments on debt | (2,500) |  |  | (751) |
Dividends paid to stockholders | (2,050) |  |  | (1,950) |
Purchases of treasury stock | (1,164) |  |  | (122) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 19 |  |  | 87 |
Other | (60) |  |  | (78) |
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (5,755) |  |  | (2,814) |
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | 156 |  |  | (138) |
Net Decrease in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | (4,586) |  |  | (1,238) |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year (includes restricted cash of $76 and $68 at January 1, 2025 and 2024, respectively, included in Other current assets) | 13,318 |  |  | 6,909 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of Period (includes restricted cash of $103 and $92 at March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, included in Other current assets) | $ | 8,732 |  |  | $ | 5,671 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed consolidated financial statement.
- 5 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S.) for complete consolidated financial statements are not included herein. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in Merck’s Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2025.
The results of operations of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the full year. In the Company’s opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of these interim statements have been included and are of a normal and recurring nature. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and disaggregation of information in the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures by jurisdiction. The guidance also includes other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures by removing certain previously required disclosures. The guidance is effective for 2025 annual reporting. The guidance will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance intended to improve financial reporting by requiring entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories at interim and annual reporting periods. The guidance is effective for 2027 annual reporting and 2028 interim reporting. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance, which can be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis, will result in incremental disclosures within the footnotes to the Company’s financial statements.
2. Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements
The Company continues to pursue acquisitions and the establishment of external alliances such as research collaborations and licensing agreements to complement its internal research capabilities. These arrangements often include upfront payments; expense reimbursements or payments to the third party; milestone, royalty or profit share arrangements contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development; and can also include option and continuation payments. The Company also reviews its marketed products and pipeline to examine candidates which may provide more value through out-licensing and, as part of its portfolio assessment process, may also divest certain assets. Pro forma financial information for acquired businesses is not presented if the historical financial results of the acquired entity are not significant when compared with the Company’s financial results.
2025 Transactions
In March 2025, Merck and Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hengrui Pharma) announced that the companies have entered into an exclusive license agreement for HRS-5346, an investigational oral small molecule Lipoprotein(a) inhibitor, which is currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial in China. Under the agreement, Hengrui Pharma granted Merck exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize HRS-5346 worldwide, excluding the Greater China region. Hengrui Pharma will receive an upfront payment of $200 million and is eligible to receive future contingent developmental milestone payments of up to $92.5 million, regulatory milestone payments of up to $177.5 million and sales-based milestone payments of up to $1.5 billion, as well as tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double digit rate on future net sales of HRS-5346, if approved. Closing of the proposed transaction is subject to approval under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and other customary conditions. Merck expects to record a pretax charge of $200 million to Research and development expenses upon closing, which is anticipated in the second quarter of 2025.
Also in March 2025, Merck acquired the Dundalk, Ireland facility of WuXi Vaccines (a wholly owned subsidiary of WuXi Biologics), which was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Merck paid $437 million at closing which, combined with previous consideration transferred under a prior manufacturing arrangement with WuXi Vaccines related to this facility, resulted in $759 million being recorded as assets under construction within Property, Plant and Equipment. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.
2024 Transactions
In March 2024, Merck acquired Harpoon Therapeutics, Inc. (Harpoon), a clinical-stage immunotherapy company developing a novel class of T-cell engagers designed to harness the power of the body’s immune system to treat patients suffering from cancer and other diseases, for $765 million and also incurred $56 million of transaction costs. Harpoon’s lead candidate, MK-6070 (formerly HPN328), is a T-cell engager targeting delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an inhibitory canonical Notch ligand that is expressed at high levels in small-cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since MK-6070 represented substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (excluding cash and deferred income taxes). Merck recorded net assets of $165 million, as well as a charge of $656 million to Research and development expenses in the first three months of 2024 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments
- 6 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
associated with the acquisition. In August 2024, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo expanded their existing global co-development and co-commercialization agreement to include MK-6070. See Note 3 for more information on Merck’s collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo.
3. Collaborative Arrangements
Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. Both parties in these arrangements are active participants and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activities of the collaboration. Merck’s more significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below.
AstraZeneca PLC
In 2017, Merck and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) entered into a global strategic oncology collaboration to co-develop and co-commercialize AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib) for multiple cancer types. Independently, Merck and AstraZeneca are developing and commercializing Lynparza in combinations with their respective PD-1 and PD-L1 medicines, Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and Imfinzi. The companies are also jointly developing and commercializing AstraZeneca’s Koselugo (selumetinib) for multiple indications. Under the terms of the agreement, AstraZeneca and Merck share the development and commercialization costs for Lynparza and Koselugo monotherapy and non-PD-1/PD-L1 combination therapy opportunities.
Profits from Lynparza and Koselugo product sales generated through monotherapies or combination therapies are shared equally. AstraZeneca is the principal on Lynparza and Koselugo sales transactions. Merck records its share of Lynparza and Koselugo product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue, and its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Reimbursements received from AstraZeneca for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs.
As part of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to AstraZeneca and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain license options. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to AstraZeneca related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones.
In the first quarter of 2025, Merck made sales-based milestone payments aggregating $700 million to AstraZeneca of which $600 million related to Lynparza and $100 million related to Koselugo (both of which had been previously accrued for). Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.0 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. Lynparza received a regulatory approval triggering a capitalized milestone payment from Merck to AstraZeneca of $245 million in the first quarter of 2024 (which had been previously accrued for). The partners have agreed that no future regulatory milestone payments from Merck to AstraZeneca are likely under the agreement.
The intangible asset balances related to Lynparza and Koselugo (which reflect the capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments attributed to each product) were $1.1 billion and $48 million, respectively, at March 31, 2025 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2028 for Lynparza and through 2029 for Koselugo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.
Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue - Lynparza | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue - Koselugo | 44 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |
Total alliance revenue | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (1) | 83 |  |  | 82 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 32 |  |  | 39 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 12 |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Receivables from AstraZeneca included in Other current assets | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  |  |  |
Payables to AstraZeneca included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2) | 15 |  |  | 713 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments.
(2) Balance at December 31, 2024 includes accrued milestone payments.
Eisai Co., Ltd.
In 2018, Merck and Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) announced a strategic collaboration for the worldwide co-development and co-commercialization of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovered by Eisai. Under the agreement, Merck and Eisai are developing and commercializing Lenvima jointly, both as monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda. Eisai records Lenvima product sales globally (Eisai is the principal on Lenvima sales transactions) and Merck and
- 7 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Eisai share applicable profits equally. Merck records its share of Lenvima product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. Expenses incurred during co-development are shared by the two companies in accordance with the collaboration agreement and reflected in Research and development expenses. Certain expenses incurred solely by Merck or Eisai are not shareable under the collaboration agreement, including costs incurred in excess of agreed upon caps and costs related to certain combination studies of Keytruda and Lenvima.
Under the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Eisai and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain option rights. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to Eisai related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones.
In the second quarter of 2024, Merck made a $125 million sales-based milestone payment to Eisai (which had been previously accrued for). Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.3 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. There are no regulatory milestone payments remaining under the agreement.
The intangible asset balance related to Lenvima (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $382 million at March 31, 2025 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net. The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2026 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.
Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue - Lenvima | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (1) | 60 |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 31 |  |  | 39 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Receivables from Eisai included in Other current assets | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments.
Bayer AG
In 2014, the Company entered into a worldwide clinical development collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators including Bayer’s Adempas (riociguat) and Verquvo (vericiguat). The two companies have implemented a joint development and commercialization strategy. Under the agreement, Bayer commercializes Adempas in the Americas, while Merck commercializes in the rest of the world. For Verquvo, Merck commercializes in the U.S. and Bayer commercializes in the rest of the world. Both companies share in development costs and profits on sales. Merck records sales of Adempas and Verquvo in its marketing territories, as well as alliance revenue. Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs. Cost of sales includes Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories.
In addition, the agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to Bayer related to the successful achievement of sales-based milestones. There are no sales-based milestone payments remaining under this collaboration.
The intangible asset balances related to Adempas (which includes the acquired intangible asset balance, as well as capitalized sales-based milestone payments attributed to Adempas) and Verquvo (which reflects the portion of the final sales-based milestone payment that was attributed to Verquvo) were $353 million and $42 million, respectively, at March 31, 2025 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net. The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2027 for Adempas and through 2031 for Verquvo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing.
- 8 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales of Adempas recorded by Merck | 68 |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales of Verquvo recorded by Merck | 9 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Total sales | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (1) | 58 |  |  | 62 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 29 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 24 |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Receivables from Bayer included in Other current assets | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  |  |  |
Payables to Bayer included in Accrued and other current liabilities | 83 |  |  | 82 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes amortization of intangible assets, cost of products sold by Merck, as well as Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories.
Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP
In 2020, Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), a closely held biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio (molnupiravir), an investigational orally available antiviral candidate for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize Lagevrio and related molecules. Following initial authorizations in certain markets in 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations.
Under the terms of the agreement, Ridgeback received an upfront payment and is eligible to receive future contingent payments dependent upon the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory approval milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to reimburse Ridgeback for a portion of certain third-party contingent milestone payments and royalties on net sales, which is part of the profit-sharing calculation. Merck is the principal on sales transactions, recognizing sales and related costs, with profit-sharing amounts recorded within Cost of sales. Profits from the collaboration are split equally between the partners. Reimbursements from Ridgeback for its share of research and development costs (deducted from Ridgeback’s share of profits) are reflected as decreases to Research and development expenses.
Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net sales of Lagevrio recorded by Merck | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (1) | 53 |  |  | 191 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 13 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 8 |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Payables to Ridgeback included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2) | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes cost of products sold by Merck, Ridgeback’s share of profits, royalty expense, amortization of capitalized milestone payments and inventory reserves.
(2) Includes accrued royalties.
Daiichi Sankyo
In October 2023, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo entered into a global development and commercialization agreement for three of Daiichi Sankyo’s DXd antibody drug conjugate (ADC) candidates: patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) (MK-1022), ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) (MK-2400) and raludotatug deruxtecan (R-DXd) (MK-5909). All three potentially first-in-class DXd ADCs are in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of multiple solid tumors both as monotherapy and/or in combination with other treatments. The companies will jointly develop and potentially commercialize these ADC candidates worldwide, except in Japan where Daiichi Sankyo will maintain exclusive rights. Daiichi Sankyo will be solely responsible for manufacturing and supply.
Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made payments to Daiichi Sankyo totaling $4.0 billion in 2023. These payments included $1.0 billion ($500 million each for patritumab deruxtecan and ifinatamab deruxtecan) which may be refundable on a pro-rated basis in the event of early termination of development with respect to either program. In addition, the agreement provided for a continuation payment of $750 million related to patritumab deruxtecan, which Merck paid in October 2024, and a continuation payment of $750 million related to raludotatug deruxtecan due from Merck in October 2025. If Merck does not make the remaining continuation payment for raludotatug deruxtecan, the rights for that program will revert to Daiichi
- 9 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Sankyo and the non-refundable upfront payments already paid will be retained by Daiichi Sankyo. The agreement also provides for contingent payments from Merck to Daiichi Sankyo of up to an additional $5.5 billion for each DXd ADC upon the successful achievement of certain sales-based milestones. In conjunction with this transaction, Merck recorded an aggregate pretax charge of $5.5 billion to Research and development expenses in 2023 for the $4.0 billion of upfront payments and the $1.5 billion of continuation payments.
Merck and Daiichi Sankyo equally share research and development costs, except for raludotatug deruxtecan, where Merck is responsible for 75% of the first $2.0 billion of research and development expenses. Merck includes its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Following regulatory approval, Daiichi Sankyo will generally record sales worldwide (Daiichi Sankyo will be the principal on sales transactions) and the companies will equally share expenses as well as profits worldwide except for Japan where Daiichi Sankyo retains exclusive rights and Merck will receive a 5% sales-based royalty. Merck will record its share of product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue.
In August 2024, Merck and Daiichi Sankyo expanded their agreement to include MK-6070, an investigational delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) targeting T-cell engager, which Merck obtained through its acquisition of Harpoon (see Note 2). The companies are planning to evaluate MK-6070 in combination with ifinatamab deruxtecan in certain patients with small-cell-lung cancer, as well as other potential combinations. Merck received an upfront cash payment of $170 million from Daiichi Sankyo (recorded within Other (income) expense, net) and has also satisfied a contingent quid obligation from the original collaboration agreement. The companies will jointly develop and commercialize MK-6070 worldwide and share research and development, as well as commercialization expenses. Research and development expenses related to MK-6070 in combination with ifinatamab deruxtecan will be shared in a manner consistent with the original agreement for ifinatamab deruxtecan. Merck will be solely responsible for manufacturing and supply of MK-6070. If approved, Merck will generally record sales for MK-6070 worldwide (Merck will be the principal on sales transactions) and the companies will equally share expenses as well as profits worldwide, except for Japan where Merck retains exclusive rights and Daiichi Sankyo will receive a 5% sales-based royalty.
Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 128 |  |  | 69 |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Receivables from Daiichi Sankyo included in Other current assets | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  |  |
Payables to Daiichi Sankyo included in Accrued and other current liabilities (1) | 803 |  |  | 817 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes accrued continuation payment.
Moderna, Inc.
In 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize intismeran autogene (V940/mRNA-4157), an investigational individualized neoantigen therapy, pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna). Intismeran autogene is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda in multiple Phase 3 clinical trials. Merck and Moderna share costs and will share any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration. Merck records its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Any reimbursements received from Moderna for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs. Merck has also capitalized certain of the shared costs, mainly related to facility costs, which aggregated $228 million at March 31, 2025 and will be amortized over the assets’ estimated useful lives.
Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 86 |  |  | 69 |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Payables to Moderna included in Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  |  |  |

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is being commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS). Reblozyl is approved in the U.S., Europe and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. BMS is the principal on sales transactions for Reblozyl; however, Merck co-promotes Reblozyl (and may co-promote any future products approved under this collaboration) in North America, which is
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
reimbursed by BMS. Merck receives tiered royalties ranging from 20% to 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck is eligible to receive future contingent sales-based milestone payments of up to $80 million. Alliance revenue related to this collaboration, consisting of royalties (recorded within Sales) was $119 million and $71 million in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
4. Restructuring
In January 2024, the Company approved a restructuring program (2024 Restructuring Program) intended to continue the optimization of the Company’s Human Health global manufacturing network as the future pipeline shifts to new modalities and also optimize the Animal Health global manufacturing network to improve supply reliability and increase efficiency. The actions contemplated under the 2024 Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2031, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $4.0 billion. Approximately 60% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The remainder of the costs will result in cash outlays, relating primarily to facility shut-down costs. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $105 million and $246 million in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to the 2024 Restructuring Program. Since inception of the 2024 Restructuring Program through March 31, 2025, Merck has incurred total cumulative pretax costs of $1.2 billion.
For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses.
The following tables summarize the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |
($ in millions) | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Separation Costs |  | Other Exit Costs |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |
($ in millions) | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Separation Costs |  | Other Exit Costs |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 123 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities and equipment to be sold or closed as part of the programs. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors.
Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated.
Other exit costs in 2025 and 2024 include asset impairment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 9) and share-based compensation.
The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

($ in millions) | Accelerated Depreciation |  | Separation Costs |  | Other Exit Costs |  | Total
Restructuring reserves January 1, 2025 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 564 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 564 |
Expenses | 41 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 105 |
(Payments) receipts, net | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (63) |
Non-cash activity | (41) |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (49) |
Restructuring reserves March 31, 2025 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 557 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 557 |

- 11 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
5. Financial Instruments
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments.
A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below.
Foreign Currency Risk Management
The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates.
The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and foreign exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options.
The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or Other comprehensive income (OCI), depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL) and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. The amount reclassified into earnings as a result of the discontinuation of cash flow hedges because it was no longer deemed probable the forecasted hedged transactions would occur was not material for the first quarter of 2025 or 2024. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of foreign exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net. The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of foreign exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the foreign exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument (primarily the euro, Swiss franc, Japanese yen, and Chinese renminbi). The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net. Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in foreign exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI. The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. Certain of the Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI.
- 12 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below:

| Amount of Pretax Loss (Gain) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1) |  | Amount of Pretax Gain Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net Investment Hedging Relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Euro-denominated notes | 130 |  |  | (62) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |

(1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.
Interest Rate Risk Management
The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk.
At March 31, 2025, the Company was a party to seven pay-floating, receive-fixed interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges of a portion of fixed-rate notes as detailed in the table below.

| March 31, 2025
($ in millions) | Par Value of Debt |  | Number of Interest Rate Swaps Held |  | Total Swap Notional Amount
4.50% notes due 2033 | $ | 1,500 |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 1,500 |
5.00% notes due 2053 | 1,500 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 250

The interest rate swap contracts are designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the SOFR swap rate are recorded in interest expense along with the offsetting fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

| Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Balance Sheet Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-Term Debt | $ | 1,794 |  |  | $ | 1,509 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 17 |

Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Fair Value of Derivative |  | U.S. Dollar Notional |  | Fair Value of Derivative |  | U.S. Dollar Notional
($ in millions) |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Balance Sheet Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | Other Assets | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,750 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,500 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,816 |  |  | 323 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,662 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other Assets | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,915 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,125 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 2,339 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 162 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other Noncurrent Liabilities | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 16 |
|  | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 13,838 |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 12,465 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Balance Sheet Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other current assets | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,218 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,544 |
Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | — |  |  | 209 |  |  | 15,304 |  |  | — |  |  | 343 |  |  | 13,551 |
|  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 28,522 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 26,095 |
|  | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 42,360 |  |  | $ | 729 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 38,560 |

As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master
- 13 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes:

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability
Gross amounts recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheet | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 729 |  |  | $ | 345 |
Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the condensed consolidated balance sheet | (239) |  |  | (239) |  |  | (299) |  |  | (299) |
Cash collateral received | (23) |  |  | — |  |  | (165) |  |  | — |
Net amounts | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 46 |

The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded | Sales |  | Other (income) expense, net (1) |  | Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 15,529 |  |  | $ | 15,775 |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | (113) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss (gain) on fair value hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | (30) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39) |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI on derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (201) |  |  | 209 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications | 74 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (74) |  |  | (44) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.
The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

|  |  | Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income
|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Income Statement Caption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts (1) | Other (income) expense, net |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts (2) | Sales |  | 16 |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |

(1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
(2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions.
At March 31, 2025, the Company estimates $16 million of pretax net unrealized gains on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCL to Sales. The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual foreign exchange rates at maturity.
Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Information on investments in debt and equity securities is as follows:

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Fair Value
($ in millions) | Gains |  | Losses |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Commercial paper | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 348 |
U.S. government and agency securities | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Total debt securities | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 536 |
Publicly traded equity securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 920 |
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,723 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,456 |

(1) Unrealized net gains of $115 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the first quarter of 2025 on equity securities still held at March 31, 2025. Unrealized net gains of $143 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in the first quarter 2024 on equity securities still held at March 31, 2024.
At March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, the Company also had $872 million and $851 million, respectively, of equity investments without readily determinable fair values included in Other Assets. The Company records unrealized gains on these equity investments based on favorable observable price changes from transactions involving similar investments of the same
- 14 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
investee and records unrealized losses based on unfavorable observable price changes, which are included in Other (income) expense, net. During the first quarter of 2025, the Company recorded unrealized losses of $11 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at March 31, 2025. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $4 million and unrealized losses of $5 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at March 31, 2024. Cumulative unrealized gains and cumulative unrealized losses based on observable price changes for investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values still held at March 31, 2025 were $309 million and $118 million, respectively.
At March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, the Company also had $249 million and $396 million, respectively, recorded in Other Assets for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds. Losses recorded in Other (income) expense, net relating to these investment funds were $23 million and $2 million for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.
If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

| Fair Value Measurements Using |  | Fair Value Measurements Using
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 348 |
U.S. government and agency securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |
Publicly traded equity securities | 616 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 616 |  |  | 463 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 463 |
| 616 |  |  | 599 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 447 |  |  | — |  |  | 910 |
Other assets (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |
Publicly traded equity securities (2) | 417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 417 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 457 |
| 508 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 508 |  |  | 546 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 546 |
Derivative assets (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | — |  |  | 499 |  |  | — |  |  | 499 |
Purchased currency options | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 213 |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
| — |  |  | 410 |  |  | — |  |  | 410 |  |  | — |  |  | 729 |  |  | — |  |  | 729 |
Total assets | $ | 1,124 |  |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,133 |  |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,185 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 193 |
Derivative liabilities (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |
Written currency options | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
| — |  |  | 268 |  |  | — |  |  | 268 |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 538 |

(1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans.
(2) Includes securities with an aggregate fair value of $49 million and $81 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which were subject to a contractual sale restriction that expired in April 2025.
(3) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.
- 15 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Cash and cash equivalents included $7.9 billion and $12.3 billion of cash equivalents, respectively (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy).
Contingent Consideration
Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows:

($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024
Fair value January 1 | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 354 |
Changes in estimated fair value (1) | (7) |  |  | (2) |
Payments | (116) |  |  | (126) |
Fair value March 31 (2) | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 226 |

(1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net. Includes cumulative translation adjustments.
(2) Balance at March 31, 2025 includes $25 million of current liabilities.
The payments of contingent consideration during the first three months of 2025 and 2024 relate to the 2016 termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD (SPMSD) joint venture. There are no remaining contingent consideration liabilities related to the SPMSD joint venture termination.
Other Fair Value Measurements
Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.
The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at March 31, 2025, was $30.6 billion compared with a carrying value of $34.8 billion and at December 31, 2024, was $32.6 billion compared with a carrying value of $37.1 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines.
The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the U.S., Europe and China and are primarily due from drug wholesalers, distributors and retailers, hospitals and government agencies. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business.
The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $1.7 billion and $2.1 billion of accounts receivable as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions, generally within thirty days after receipt. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had collected $39 million and $55 million, respectively, on behalf of the financial institutions, which is reflected as restricted cash in Other current assets, and the related obligation to remit the cash is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities. The net cash flows related to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The cost of factoring such accounts receivable was de minimis.
Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. Cash collateral received by the Company from various counterparties was $23 million and $165 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
6. Inventories
Inventories consisted of:

($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Finished goods | $ | 2,129 |  |  | $ | 2,022 |
Raw materials and work in process | 9,179 |  |  | 8,831 |
Supplies | 290 |  |  | 289 |
Total | 11,598 |  |  | 11,142 |
Decrease to LIFO cost | (846) |  |  | (840) |
| $ | 10,752 |  |  | $ | 10,302 |
Recognized as: |  |  |
Inventories | $ | 6,196 |  |  | $ | 6,109 |
Other Assets | 4,556 |  |  | 4,193 |

Amounts recognized as Other Assets are comprised almost entirely of raw materials and work in process inventories. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, these amounts included $4.0 billion and $3.8 billion, respectively, of inventories not expected to be sold within one year. In addition, these amounts included $544 million and $412 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, of inventories produced in preparation for product launches.
7. Contingencies
The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property, commercial litigation, and securities litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters. In the opinion of the Company, it is unlikely that the resolution of these matters will be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Given the nature of the litigation discussed below and the complexities involved in these matters, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss for such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice, (ii) the extent of the claims, including the size of any potential class, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate, (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation, (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation and (v) any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation.
The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. Generally, for product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable.
The Company’s decision to obtain insurance coverage is dependent on market conditions, including cost and availability, existing at the time such decisions are made. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities.
Product Liability Litigation
Dr. Scholl’s Foot Powder
As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. arising from consumers’ alleged exposure to talc in Dr. Scholl’s foot powder, which Merck acquired through its merger with Schering-Plough Corporation and sold as part of the divestiture of Merck’s consumer care business to Bayer in 2014. In these actions, plaintiffs allege that they were exposed to asbestos-contaminated talc and developed mesothelioma as a result. As of March 31, 2025, approximately 500 cases were pending against Merck in various state courts.
Gardasil/Gardasil 9
As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. involving Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant) and Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant). As of March 31, 2025, approximately 245 cases were filed and pending against Merck in either federal or state court. In these actions, plaintiffs allege, among other things, that they suffered various personal injuries after vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) as a predominate alleged injury.
In August 2022, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that Gardasil/Gardasil 9 product liability cases pending in federal courts nationwide be transferred to Judge Robert J. Conrad in the Western District of North Carolina for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. In February 2024, the multidistrict litigation (Gardasil MDL) was reassigned to Judge Kenneth
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
D. Bell. On March 11, 2025, the court granted Merck’s motion for summary judgment in 16 bellwether cases on implied preemption grounds; plaintiffs have filed a Notice of Appeal to the Fourth Circuit. The parties’ letter submissions on next steps in the Gardasil MDL proceeding in light of the court’s decision were submitted on April 8, 2025.
On March 21, 2025, plaintiff’s co-lead counsel in the Gardasil MDL filed a seven-plaintiff complaint in New Jersey state court. On March 24, 2025, Merck removed the case to federal court and has requested that the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfer the case to the Gardasil MDL. Plaintiffs have opposed transfer to the Gardasil MDL and have moved to have the case remanded to New Jersey state court.
On January 28, 2025, a trial commenced in California state court. Plaintiff claims that she suffers from POTS and fibromyalgia as a result of her Gardasil vaccinations. On February 14, 2025, after several weeks of trial and an opportunity to litigate plaintiff’s claims before a jury, plaintiff’s counsel approached Merck and proposed that the jury be discharged and the case adjourned. Merck agreed, subject to an explicit stipulation that Merck would provide no financial or other consideration in exchange for the agreement to adjourn. The case has thus been adjourned until a new trial date of September 15, 2025. Merck is vigorously defending this case and believes that evidence presented in court will show that Gardasil had no role in causing any of plaintiff’s conditions.
As previously disclosed, there are fewer than 15 product liability cases pending outside the U.S.
Governmental Proceedings
As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company’s subsidiaries in China receive inquiries regarding their operations from various Chinese governmental agencies. Some of these inquiries may be related to matters involving other multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as Chinese entities doing business with such companies. The Company’s policy is to cooperate with these authorities and to provide responses as appropriate.
As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company receives inquiries and is the subject of preliminary investigation activities from competition and other governmental authorities in markets outside the U.S. These authorities may include regulators, administrative authorities, and law enforcement and other similar officials, and these preliminary investigation activities may include site visits, formal or informal requests or demands for documents or materials, inquiries or interviews and similar matters. Certain of these preliminary inquiries or activities may lead to the commencement of formal proceedings. Should those proceedings be determined adversely to the Company, monetary fines and/or remedial undertakings may be required.
Securities Litigation
As previously disclosed, in February 2025, a putative class action was filed against Merck and certain of its officers in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of Merck common stock between February 2022 and February 2025. Plaintiff alleges that Merck violated federal securities laws by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions regarding demand for Gardasil/Gardasil 9 in China. Plaintiff seeks unspecified monetary damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, and fees and costs.
Commercial and Other Litigation
Zetia Antitrust Litigation
As previously disclosed, Merck, MSD, Schering Corporation, Schering-Plough Corporation, and MSP Singapore Company LLC (collectively, the Merck Defendants) were defendants in a number of lawsuits filed in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The cases were consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation (Zetia MDL) before Judge Rebecca Beach Smith in the Eastern District of Virginia. In April 2023, the Merck Defendants reached settlements with the direct purchaser and retailer plaintiffs and a settlement with the indirect purchaser class that the court approved in October 2023.
As previously disclosed, in 2020 and 2021, United HealthCare Services, Inc. (United HealthCare), Humana Inc. (Humana), Centene Corporation and others (Centene), and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (Kaiser) (collectively, the Insurer Plaintiffs), each filed a lawsuit in a jurisdiction outside of the Eastern District of Virginia against the Merck Defendants and others, making similar allegations as those made in the Zetia MDL, as well as additional allegations about Vytorin. These cases were transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia to proceed with the Zetia MDL.
In December 2023, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation remanded the four Insurer Plaintiff cases to the transferor courts in the Northern District of California (Kaiser), the District of Minnesota (United HealthCare), and the District of New Jersey (Humana and Centene). The Merck Defendants filed motions to dismiss in each of the Insurer Plaintiff cases.
On December 30, 2024, the district court in the District of New Jersey granted in part and denied in part the motions to dismiss in the Humana and Centene cases and, on January 29, 2025, Humana and Centene filed amended complaints. On March 5, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed motions to dismiss the amended complaints. On March 24, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed a third-party complaint against AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp., AmerisourceBergen Corp., and Cencora, Inc., seeking indemnification for Humana’s direct purchaser claims.
On February 25, 2025, the district court in the District of Minnesota granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss in the United HealthCare case. On March 11, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed an answer and affirmative defenses in response to United HealthCare’s complaint. On March 24, 2025, the Merck Defendants filed a third-party complaint against
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Cardinal Health, Inc., Cardinal Health 110, LLC, and Cardinal Health 112, LLC, seeking indemnification for certain of United HealthCare’s direct and indirect purchaser claims.
On March 18, 2025, the district court in the Northern District of California granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss in the Kaiser case. The court granted Kaiser leave to amend its complaint.
Patent Litigation
From time to time, generic and biosimilar manufacturers of pharmaceutical products file abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) and Biologics License Applications, respectively, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking to market generic and biosimilar forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned by the Company. To protect its patent rights, the Company may file patent infringement lawsuits against such generic and biosimilar companies. Similar lawsuits defending the Company’s patent rights may exist in other countries. The Company intends to vigorously defend its patents, which it believes are valid, against infringement by companies attempting to market products prior to the expiration of such patents. As with any litigation, there can be no assurance of the outcomes, which, if adverse, could result in significantly shortened periods of exclusivity for these products and, with respect to products acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, potentially significant intangible asset impairment charges.
Bridion — As previously disclosed, between January and November 2020, the Company received multiple Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that generic drug companies had filed applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Bridion (sugammadex) Injection. In March, April and December 2020, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Courts for the District of New Jersey and the Northern District of West Virginia against those generic companies. All actions in the District of New Jersey were consolidated. The West Virginia case was jointly dismissed with prejudice in August 2022 in favor of proceeding in New Jersey. The remaining defendants in the New Jersey action have stipulated to infringement of the asserted claims and withdrew all remaining claims and defenses other than a defense seeking to shorten the patent term extension (PTE) of the sugammadex patent to December 2022. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey held a one-day trial in December 2022 on this remaining PTE calculation defense. The court ordered a post-trial briefing on this defense and held closing arguments in February 2023.
In June 2023, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ruled in Merck’s favor. The court held that Merck’s calculation of PTE for the sugammadex patent covering the compound is not invalid and that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office correctly granted a full five-year extension. Also in June 2023, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey issued a final judgment prohibiting the FDA from approving any of the pending or tentatively approved generic applications until January 27, 2026, except for any subsequent agreements between defendants and Merck or further order by the court.
In July 2023, the defendants filed a notice of appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Oral argument took place on February 4, 2025.
While the New Jersey action was pending, the Company settled with five generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Bridion to the market in January 2026 (which may be delayed by any applicable pediatric exclusivity) or earlier under certain circumstances. The Company agreed to stay the lawsuit filed against two generic companies, which in exchange agreed to be bound by a judgment on the merits of the consolidated action in the District of New Jersey. One of the generic companies in the consolidated action requested dismissal of the action against it and the Company did not oppose this request, which was subsequently granted by the court. The Company does not expect this company to bring its generic version of Bridion to the market before July 27, 2026.
In February 2024, the Company received another Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. (Hikma) had filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell a generic version of Bridion Injection. In March 2024, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Hikma, postponing FDA approval of the Hikma generic drug for 30 months or until expiration of the sugammadex patent (January 27, 2026) and any potentially applicable pediatric exclusivity or an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. Expiration of the patent, and any potentially applicable pediatric exclusivity, will occur earlier than expiry of the 30-month stay. On April 16, 2024, the district court stayed the case during the pendency of the Federal Circuit appeal noted above.
On March 13, 2025, the Federal Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision, holding that the patent term extension granted to the sugammadex patent covering Bridion was not invalid and that the patent is entitled to its full five-year patent term extension. The FDA has now granted Bridion six months of pediatric exclusivity. Thus, the Federal Circuit’s decision secures Bridion’s exclusivity in the U.S. through July 27, 2026.
Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR — As previously disclosed, the FDA granted pediatric exclusivity with respect to Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCI), and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release), which provides a further six months of exclusivity in the U.S. beyond the expiration of all patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Adding this exclusivity to the term of the key patent protection extended exclusivity on these products to January 2023. However, Januvia, Janumet, and Janumet XR contain sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and the Company has another patent covering certain phosphate salt and polymorphic forms of sitagliptin that expires in May 2027, including pediatric exclusivity (salt/polymorph patent).
As previously disclosed, beginning in 2019, a number of generic drug companies filed ANDAs seeking approval of generic forms of Januvia and Janumet along with paragraph IV certifications challenging the validity of the salt/polymorph patent.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
The Company responded by filing infringement suits which have all been settled. The Company has settled with a total 26 generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Januvia and Janumet to the market in the U.S. in May 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances, and their generic versions of Janumet XR to the market in July 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances.
In March 2021, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Zydus Worldwide DMCC, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., and Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (collectively, Zydus). In that lawsuit, the Company alleged infringement of the salt/polymorph patent based on the filing of Zydus’s NDA seeking approval of a form of sitagliptin that is a different from than that used in Januvia. In December 2022, the parties reached settlement that included dismissal of the case without prejudice enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product.
In January 2023, the Company received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that Zydus filed an ANDA seeking approval of sitagliptin/metformin HCl tablets and certifying that no valid or enforceable claim of any of the patents listed in FDA’s Orange Book for Janumet will be infringed by the proposed Zydus product. In March 2023, the parties reached settlement enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Janumet. In November 2023, the Company received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that Zydus filed an ANDA seeking approval of sitagliptin/metformin HCl Extended Release tablets. In January 2024, the parties reached settlement enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable version containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Janumet XR.
As a result of these settlement agreements related to the later expiring 2027 salt/polymorph patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that Januvia and Janumet will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026 and Janumet XR will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until July 2026, although Zydus has received FDA approval for a non-automatically substitutable form of sitagliptin that differs from the form in the Company’s sitagliptin products.
In March 2024, the Company received another Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act from Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Azurity) asserting that a different sitagliptin product subject to its ANDA does not infringe the salt/polymorph patent. In May 2024, Merck filed a civil action in the U.S. District Court of Delaware alleging infringement. The case was dismissed without prejudice in July 2024. Following the dismissal, the Company granted Azurity a covenant not to assert the salt/polymorph patent against the Azurity product that is the subject of such ANDA.
Supplementary Protection Certificates (SPCs) for Janumet expired in April 2023 for the majority of European countries. Prior to expiration, generic companies sought revocation of the Janumet SPCs in a number of European countries. In February 2022, a Finnish court referred certain questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union that could impact the validity of the Janumet SPCs in Europe. A decision was rendered in December 2024. The decision provides guidance on points of law and does not directly apply to the Janumet SPCs. Thus, additional proceedings in certain countries where generic companies were prevented from launching products during the SPC period may be necessary to determine whether the SPCs are valid and if not, whether damages are appropriate. Those countries include Belgium, Czech Republic, Ireland, Finland, France, Slovakia and Switzerland. If the Janumet SPCs are ultimately upheld, the Company has reserved its rights related to the pursuit of damages for those countries where a generic launched prior to expiry of the Janumet SPC.
In October 2023, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Sawai Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. and Medisa Shinyaku Co., Ltd (collectively, Defendants) in the Tokyo District Court seeking an injunction to stop the manufacture, sale and offer for sale of the Defendants’ sitagliptin dihydrogen phosphate product, while the Company’s patents and patent term extensions are in force. The lawsuit is in response to the Defendants’ application for marketing authorization to sell a generic sitagliptin dihydrogen phosphate product, in the anhydrate form, which was approved in August 2023. Merck asserts that the Defendants’ activity infringes a patent term extension associated with Merck’s patent directed to the sitagliptin compound patent.
Keytruda — As previously disclosed, in November 2022, the Company filed a complaint against The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) in the U.S. District Court of Maryland. This action concerns patents emerging from a joint research collaboration between Merck and JHU regarding the use of pembrolizumab, which Merck sells under the trade name Keytruda. Merck and JHU partnered to design and conduct a clinical study administering Keytruda to cancer patients having tumors that had the genetic biomarker known as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). After the conclusion of the study, JHU secured U.S. patents citing the joint research study. Merck alleges that JHU has breached the collaboration agreement by filing and obtaining these patents without informing or involving Merck and then licensing the patents to others. Merck therefore brought this action for breach of contract, declaratory judgment of noninfringement, and promissory estoppel. JHU answered the complaint in April and May 2023, denying Merck’s claims, and counterclaiming for willful infringement of nine issued U.S. patents, including a demand for damages. Between November 30, 2023, and March 13, 2024, the Company filed inter partes review petitions with the United States Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), challenging the validity of all nine patents asserted in the case. Between June 2024 and October 2024, the PTAB instituted a review of all nine asserted patents. In July 2024, the district court granted Merck’s motion to stay the case in its entirety pending the outcome of the PTAB proceeding instituted in June 2024.
Subcutaneous Pembrolizumab — Halozyme, Inc. has publicly alleged that certain patents in its modified hyaluronidase (MDASE) portfolio cover the Company’s subcutaneous pembrolizumab candidate, which is currently under review by the FDA. In November 2024, the Company began filing a series of post grant review (PGR) petitions before the PTAB alleging that certain patents in the MDASE portfolio are invalid. On April 24, 2025, Halozyme, Inc. filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that the Company’s activities related to subcutaneous pembrolizumab infringe or will
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
infringe 15 patents belonging to the MDASE portfolio, 11 of which are the subject of the Company’s already filed PGR petitions. The PTAB will likely issue a decision regarding the institution of the Company’s first filed petition in early June 2025.
Lynparza — As previously disclosed, in December 2022, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Natco Pharma Limited (Natco) has filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In February 2023, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Natco. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until June 2025 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. In 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed additional patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Natco asserting additional patents covering olaparib.
In December 2023, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received a second Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Sandoz Inc. has filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In February 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Sandoz. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until June 2026 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. In 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed additional patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Sandoz asserting additional patents covering olaparib.
In May 2024, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received a third Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Cipla USA, Inc. and Cipla Limited (collectively, Cipla) filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In June 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Cipla. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until November 2026 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. In 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed additional patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Cipla asserting additional patents covering olaparib.
In November 2024, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received another Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In November 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Zydus. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until May 2027 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. In 2024, AstraZeneca and the Company filed an additional patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Zydus asserting an additional patent covering olaparib.
Other Litigation
There are various other pending legal proceedings involving the Company, principally product liability and intellectual property lawsuits. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of such proceedings, in the opinion of the Company, either the likelihood of loss is remote or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows either individually or in the aggregate.
Legal Defense Reserves
Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company; the costs and outcomes of completed trials; and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 of approximately $230 million and $225 million, respectively, represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
8. Equity

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| Common Stock | Other Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Treasury Stock | Non- controlling Interests | Total
($ and shares in millions except per share amounts) | Shares | Par Value | Shares | Cost
Balance at January 1, 2024 | 3,577 |  | $ | 1,788 |  | $ | 44,509 |  | $ | 53,895 |  | $ | (5,161) |  | 1,045 |  | $ | (57,450) |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 37,635 |
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,762 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,762 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (113) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (113) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.77 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,960) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,960) |
Treasury stock shares purchased | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | (122) |  | — |  | (122) |
Share-based compensation plans and other | — |  | — |  | 89 |  | — |  | — |  | (2) |  | 127 |  | 1 |  | 217 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 5 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 3,577 |  | $ | 1,788 |  | $ | 44,598 |  | $ | 56,697 |  | $ | (5,274) |  | 1,044 |  | $ | (57,445) |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 40,424 |
Balance at January 1, 2025 | 3,577 |  | $ | 1,788 |  | $ | 44,704 |  | $ | 63,069 |  | $ | (4,945) |  | 1,049 |  | $ | (58,303) |  | $ | 59 |  | $ | 46,372 |
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,079 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,079 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (20) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (20) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.81 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,051) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,051) |
Treasury stock shares purchased | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 13 |  | (1,164) |  | — |  | (1,164) |
Share-based compensation plans and other | — |  | — |  | 112 |  | — |  | — |  | (1) |  | 66 |  | — |  | 178 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6 |  | 6 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 | 3,577 |  | $ | 1,788 |  | $ | 44,816 |  | $ | 66,097 |  | $ | (4,965) |  | 1,061 |  | $ | (59,401) |  | $ | 65 |  | $ | 48,400 |

9. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. The net periodic benefit cost (credit) of such plans consisted of the following components:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | U.S. |  | International |  | U.S. |  | International |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 141 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected return on plan assets | (210) |  |  | (143) |  |  | (207) |  |  | (139) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credit | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss amortization | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Termination benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 33 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and similar benefits to their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The net credit of such plans consisted of the following components:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 16 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |
Expected return on plan assets | (14) |  |  | (20) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credit | (10) |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |
Net gain amortization | (10) |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  |
| $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  |  |  |

In connection with restructuring actions (see Note 4), termination charges were recorded on pension plans related to expanded eligibility for certain employees exiting Merck.
The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income) expense, net (see Note 10), with the exception of certain amounts for termination benefits which are recorded in Restructuring costs if the event giving rise to the termination benefits related to restructuring actions.
- 22 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
10. Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net, consisted of:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | (109) |  |  | $ | (73) |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 313 |  |  | 303 |  |  |  |  |
Exchange losses | 90 |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  |
Income from investments in equity securities, net (1) | (90) |  |  | (143) |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost | (148) |  |  | (160) |  |  |  |  |
Other, net | (91) |  |  | (43) |  |  |  |  |
| $ | (35) |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag.
Interest paid for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $233 million and $217 million, respectively.
11. Income Taxes
The effective income tax rate of 13.9% for the first quarter of 2025 reflects the favorable impacts of geographical mix of income and expense, as well as certain discrete items.
The effective income tax rate of 15.9% for the first quarter of 2024 reflects a 1.6 percentage point unfavorable impact of a charge for the acquisition of Harpoon for which no tax benefit was recognized.
While many jurisdictions in which Merck operates have adopted the global minimum tax provision of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Pillar 2, effective for tax years beginning in January 2024, it resulted in a minimal impact to the Company’s 2024 effective income tax rate due to the accounting for the tax effects of intercompany transactions. The Company expects the impact of the global minimum tax to be approximately 2% for full year 2025.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018, including the one-time transition tax enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA). On April 21, 2025, Merck received Notices of Proposed Adjustment (NOPAs) that would increase the amount of the one-time transition tax on certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries by approximately $1.3 billion. In addition, the NOPAs included penalties of approximately $260 million. These amounts are exclusive of any interest that may be due. The Company disagrees with the proposed adjustments and will vigorously contest the NOPAs through all available administrative and, if necessary, judicial proceedings. It is expected to take a number of years to reach resolution of this matter. If the Company is ultimately unsuccessful in defending its position, the impact could be material to its financial statements. The statute of limitations for assessments with respect to the 2019 and 2020 federal tax return years expired in June 2024 and October 2024, respectively. The IRS is also currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2021 and 2022. In addition, various state and foreign examinations are in progress.
12. Earnings Per Share
The calculations of earnings per share are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ and shares in millions except per share amounts) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ | 5,079 |  |  | $ | 4,762 |  |  |  |  |
Average common shares outstanding | 2,523 |  |  | 2,533 |  |  |  |  |
Common shares issuable (1) | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |
Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution | 2,531 |  |  | 2,544 |  |  |  |  |
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders | $ | 2.01 |  |  | $ | 1.88 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders | $ | 2.01 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.
For the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, 10 million and 3 million, respectively, of common shares issuable under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the computations of earnings per common share assuming dilution because the effect would have been antidilutive.
- 23 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
13. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions) | Derivatives |  | Employee Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance January 1, 2024, net of taxes | $ | (24) |  |  | $ | (2,793) |  |  | $ | (2,344) |  |  | $ | (5,161) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax | 209 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (225) |  |  | (11) |
Tax | (44) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (61) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes | 165 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (238) |  |  | (72) |
Reclassification adjustments, pretax | (44) |  | (1) | (15) |  | (2) | — |  |  | (59) |
Tax | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes | (35) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (41) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | 130 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (238) |  |  | (113) |
Balance March 31, 2024, net of taxes | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | (2,798) |  |  | $ | (2,582) |  |  | $ | (5,274) |
Balance January 1, 2025, net of taxes | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | (2,327) |  |  | $ | (2,860) |  |  | $ | (4,945) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax | (201) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 200 |  |  | (2) |
Tax | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 57 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes | (159) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 215 |  |  | 55 |
Reclassification adjustments, pretax | (73) |  | (1) | (10) |  | (2) | — |  |  | (83) |
Tax | 15 |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes | (58) |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (75) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (217) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 215 |  |  | (20) |
Balance March 31, 2025, net of taxes | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | (2,345) |  |  | $ | (2,645) |  |  | $ | (4,965) |

(1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales.
(2) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 9).

14. Segment Reporting
The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments.
The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, distributors and government entities. A large component of pediatric and adolescent vaccine sales are made to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program, which is funded by the U.S. government. Additionally, the Company sells vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles.
The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners.
- 24 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Sales of the Company’s products were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | U.S. |  | Int’l |  | Total |  | U.S. |  | Int’l |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pharmaceutical: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oncology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Keytruda | $ | 4,308 |  |  | $ | 2,897 |  |  | $ | 7,205 |  |  | $ | 4,119 |  |  | $ | 2,828 |  |  | $ | 6,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue-Lynparza (1) | 145 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 292 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue-Lenvima (1) | 186 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 255 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Welireg | 123 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 85 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue-Reblozyl (2) | 101 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 71 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vaccines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | 536 |  |  | 790 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 1,761 |  |  | 2,249 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax | 423 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 570 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vaxneuvance | 139 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 219 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RotaTeq | 164 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 216 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capvaxive | 106 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pneumovax 23 | (2) |  |  | 42 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hospital Acute Care |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridion | 378 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 440 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prevymis | 102 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 174 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dificid | 72 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 73 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Zerbaxa | 42 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 56 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cardiovascular |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Winrevair | 268 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 280 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance revenue-Adempas/Verquvo (3) | 97 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 98 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adempas | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Virology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lagevrio | 35 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Isentress/Isentress HD | 51 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 111 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Delstrigo | 15 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 56 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pifeltro | 32 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Neuroscience |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Belsomra | 13 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 46 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Immunology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Simponi | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 184 |  |  | 184 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remicade | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 39 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diabetes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Januvia | 344 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 549 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 419 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Janumet | 65 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 251 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other pharmaceutical (4) | 184 |  |  | 545 |  |  | 729 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 632 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Pharmaceutical segment sales | 7,927 |  |  | 5,711 |  |  | 13,638 |  |  | 6,936 |  |  | 7,070 |  |  | 14,006 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Animal Health: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Livestock | 194 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 683 |  |  | 850 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Companion Animal | 308 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 664 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 661 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Animal Health segment sales | 502 |  |  | 1,086 |  |  | 1,588 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total segment sales | 8,429 |  |  | 6,797 |  |  | 15,226 |  |  | 7,410 |  |  | 8,107 |  |  | 15,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (5) | 93 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 8,522 |  |  | $ | 7,007 |  |  | $ | 15,529 |  |  | $ | 7,478 |  |  | $ | 8,297 |  |  | $ | 15,775 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding.
(1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3).
(2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties (see Note 3).
(3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3).
(4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately.
(5) Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which increased sales by $58 million and $54 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon & Co.). Other for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 also includes $95 million and $61 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements.
- 25 -

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Product sales are recorded net of the provision for discounts, including chargebacks, which are customer discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesale purchaser, and rebates that are owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers, after the final dispensing of the product by a pharmacy to a benefit plan participant. These discounts, in the aggregate, reduced U.S. sales by $2.1 billion and $3.2 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 8,522 |  |  | $ | 7,478 |  |  |  |  |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 3,454 |  |  | 3,563 |  |  |  |  |
Latin America | 792 |  |  | 796 |  |  |  |  |
China | 702 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  |  |  |
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) | 689 |  |  | 724 |  |  |  |  |
Japan | 669 |  |  | 821 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 701 |  |  | 621 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 15,529 |  |  | $ | 15,775 |  |  |  |  |

A reconciliation of segment profits to Income Before Taxes is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | Pharmaceutical |  | Animal Health |  | Total |  | Pharmaceutical |  | Animal Health |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment sales | $ | 13,638 |  |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 15,226 |  |  | $ | 14,006 |  |  | $ | 1,511 |  |  | $ | 15,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less segment costs: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 1,573 |  |  | 600 |  |  |  |  | 1,706 |  |  | 613 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 1,402 |  |  | 260 |  |  |  |  | 1,429 |  |  | 252 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development (2) | — |  |  | 95 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other segment items (3) | (49) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | (33) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total segment profits | 10,712 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 11,346 |  |  | 10,904 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 11,459 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other profits |  |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  | (313) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (303) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization |  |  |  |  | (597) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (473) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  | (441) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (452) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | (3,477) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,851) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  |  |  |  | (69) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (123) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other unallocated, net |  |  |  |  | (857) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (806) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 5,903 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,670 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker.
(2) Human health-related research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories are not allocated to segment profits as noted below.
(3) Includes equity (income) loss from affiliates and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses.
Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs directly incurred by the segment. The chief operating decision maker (Merck’s Chief Executive Officer) uses segment profit to allocate resources predominately during the planning and forecasting process. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, research and development expenses incurred by Merck Research Laboratories, the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, or general and administrative expenses not directly incurred by the segments, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. In addition, costs related to restructuring activities, as well as the amortization of intangible assets and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments are not allocated to segments.
Other profits are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate profits, as well as operating profits (losses) related to third-party manufacturing arrangements.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) (continued)
Other unallocated, net, includes expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers, intangible asset impairment charges, gains or losses on sales of businesses, expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration, and other miscellaneous income or expense items.
Equity income from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | Pharmaceutical |  | Animal Health |  | Total |  | Pharmaceutical |  | Animal Health |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity income from affiliates | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 1 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 59 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows:

($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
United States | $ | 14,891 |  |  | $ | 14,724 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 8,402 |  |  | 7,548 |
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) | 973 |  |  | 982 |
China | 198 |  |  | 202 |
Japan | 145 |  |  | 143 |
Latin America | 135 |  |  | 133 |
Other | 49 |  |  | 47 |
| $ | 24,793 |  |  | $ | 23,779 |

The Company does not disaggregate assets on a products and services basis for internal management reporting and, therefore, such information is not presented.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Business Development Transactions
Below is a summary of significant business development activity thus far in 2025.
In March 2025, Merck and Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hengrui Pharma) announced that the companies have entered into an exclusive license agreement for HRS-5346, an investigational oral small molecule Lipoprotein(a) inhibitor, which is currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial in China. Under the agreement, Hengrui Pharma granted Merck exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize HRS-5346 worldwide, excluding the Greater China region. Hengrui Pharma will receive an upfront payment of $200 million and is eligible to receive future contingent payments associated with certain developmental, regulatory and sales-based milestones, as well as tiered royalties on future net sales of HRS-5346, if approved. Closing of the proposed transaction is subject to approval under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and other customary conditions. Merck expects to record a pretax charge of $200 million to Research and development expenses, or approximately $0.06 per share, upon closing, which is anticipated in the second quarter of 2025.
Also in March 2025, Merck acquired the Dundalk, Ireland facility of WuXi Vaccines (a wholly owned subsidiary of WuXi Biologics), which was accounted for as an asset acquisition. Merck paid $437 million at closing which, combined with previous consideration transferred under a prior manufacturing arrangement with WuXi Vaccines related to this facility, resulted in $759 million being recorded as assets under construction within Property, Plant and Equipment. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition.
Pricing and Tariffs
Global efforts toward health care cost containment continue to exert pressure on product pricing and market access worldwide. Changes to the U.S. health care system as part of health care reform, as well as increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid, and private sector beneficiaries, have contributed to pricing pressure. In 2021, the U.S. Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act, which included a provision that eliminated the statutory cap on rebates drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid beginning in January 2024. As a result of this provision, the Company paid state Medicaid programs more in rebates than it received on Medicaid sales of Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin and metformin HCl) and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended release) in 2024. In 2022, the U.S. Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), which made significant changes to how drugs are covered and paid for under the Medicare program, including the creation of financial penalties for drugs whose prices rise faster than the rate of inflation, redesign of the Medicare Part D program to require manufacturers to bear more of the liability for certain drug benefits (which has taken effect in 2025), and government price-setting for certain Medicare Part D drugs (starting in 2026) and Medicare Part B drugs (starting in 2028). Government price setting may also impact pricing in the private market negatively affecting the Company’s performance. In 2023, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), selected Januvia for the first year of the IRA’s “Drug Price Negotiation Program” (Program). Pursuant to the IRA’s Program, a government price was set for Januvia, which will become effective on January 1, 2026. In January 2025, the U.S. Department of HHS, through the CMS, announced that Janumet and Janumet XR would be in included in the second year of the IRA’s Program, with government price setting to become effective on January 1, 2027. The Company has sued the U.S. government regarding the IRA’s Program. Additionally, increased utilization of the 340B Federal Drug Discount Program and restrictions on the Company’s ability to identify inappropriate discounts are having a negative impact on Company performance. Furthermore, the Executive Branch and Congress continue to discuss legislation designed to control health care costs, including the cost of drugs. In several international markets, government-mandated pricing actions have reduced prices of generic and patented drugs. In addition, the Company’s sales performance in the first three months of 2025 was negatively affected by other cost-reduction measures taken by governments and other third parties to lower health care costs. The Company anticipates all of these actions and additional actions in the future will continue to negatively affect sales and profits.
The U.S. government has implemented tariffs on certain foreign imports into the U.S. The impact of the tariffs on Merck’s business depends on a number of factors including the duration, scope and amount of the tariffs, as well as the extent of any measures that have been or will be taken by any affected countries, including tariffs imposed by foreign governments. At this time, the Company anticipates that tariffs implemented to date will result in approximately $200 million of additional expenses in 2025 (which will be primarily reflected within Cost of sales) the vast majority of which relate to China, largely related to the importation of products into China. However, future changes to tariffs could have a further adverse effect on the Company’s business. In particular, the U.S. government has indicated that it intends to impose tariffs on pharmaceutical products, although the specific amount and timing of any such future tariffs has not been provided.
Operating Results
Sales

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 8,522 |  |  | $ | 7,478 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 14 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International | 7,007 |  |  | 8,297 |  |  | (16) | % |  | (11) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 15,529 |  |  | $ | 15,775 |  |  | (2) | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Worldwide sales were $15.5 billion in the first quarter of 2025, a decrease of 2% compared with the first quarter of 2024, reflecting declines in vaccines, virology and immunology, partially offset by growth in oncology, cardiovascular, diabetes and animal health. The decline in vaccines was primarily due to lower combined Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine and Recombinant)/Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) sales, partially offset by the U.S. launch of Capvaxive (Pneumococcal 21-valent Conjugate Vaccine). The decline in virology was primarily due to lower sales of Lagevrio (molnupiravir) and the decline in immunology resulted from the transfer of marketing rights for Remicade and Simponi back to Johnson & Johnson on October 1, 2024. Growth in the oncology franchise was largely due to the performance of Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and Welireg (belzutifan), growth in the cardiovascular franchise was largely attributable to the ongoing launch of Winrevair (sotatercept-csrk), and the increase in diabetes was due to Januvia.
See Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for details on sales of the Company’s products. A discussion of performance for select products in the franchises follows. All product or service marks appearing in type form different from that of the surrounding text are trademarks or service marks owned, licensed to, promoted or distributed by Merck, its subsidiaries or affiliates, except as noted. All other trademarks or service marks are those of their respective owners.
Pharmaceutical Segment
Oncology

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Keytruda | $ | 7,205 |  |  | $ | 6,947 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance Revenue - Lynparza (1) | 312 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance Revenue - Lenvima (1) | 258 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Welireg | 137 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 62 | % |  | 63 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance Revenue - Reblozyl (2) | 119 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 68 | % |  | 68 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements).
(2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements).
Keytruda is an anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1) therapy that has been approved in over 40 indications in the U.S., including 18 tumor types and 2 tumor-agnostic indications, and has similarly been approved in markets worldwide for many of these indications. The Keytruda clinical development program includes studies across a broad range of cancer types. See “Research and Development Update” below.
Global sales of Keytruda grew 4% in the first quarter of 2025. Keytruda sales growth in the U.S. reflects higher demand and pricing, partially offset by an approximate $250 million negative impact due to the timing of wholesaler purchases. Demand was driven by increased utilization across earlier-stage indications, including in certain types of high-risk early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as well as higher demand across the multiple approved metastatic indications, in particular for the treatment of certain types of urothelial and endometrial cancers. Keytruda sales growth in international markets reflects higher demand predominately for the TNBC, NSCLC and RCC earlier-stage indications, as well as uptake in gastric, urothelial, and cervical cancer metastatic indications. The 2025 launch and reimbursement of new indications for Keytruda in the EU is having a negative impact on pricing in those markets.
Keytruda has received the following regulatory approvals thus far in 2025.

Date | Approval
January 2025 | China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approval in combination with Padcev (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv), an antibody-drug conjugate, for the treatment of adults with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, based on the KEYNOTE-A39 trial that was conducted in collaboration with Seagen (now Pfizer Inc.) and Astellas.
April 2025 | European Commission (EC) approval in combination with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable non epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma, based on the IND.227/KEYNOTE-483 trial.

The Company is a party to license agreements pursuant to which the Company pays royalties on net sales of Keytruda. Under the terms of the more significant of these agreements, Merck pays a royalty of 2.5% on worldwide net sales of Keytruda; this royalty expires on December 31, 2026. The Company pays an additional 2% royalty on worldwide net sales of Keytruda to another third party, the termination date of which varies by country; this royalty expired in the U.S. in September 2024 and will expire on varying dates in major European markets in the second half of 2025. The royalty expenses are included in Cost of sales.
Lynparza (olaparib) is an oral poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor being developed and commercialized as part of a collaboration with AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). Lynparza is approved for the treatment of certain types of advanced or recurrent ovarian, early or metastatic breast, metastatic pancreatic and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers. Alliance revenue related to Lynparza increased 7% in the first
- 29 -

quarter of 2025 primarily due to higher demand in the U.S. and certain international markets. In January 2025, China’s NMPA approved Lynparza as adjuvant treatment for adult patients with germline BRCA-mutated, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative high-risk early breast cancer, based on the OlympiA trial.
Lenvima (lenvatinib) is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor being developed and commercialized as part of a collaboration with Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). Lenvima is approved for the treatment of certain types of thyroid cancer, RCC, hepatocellular carcinoma, in combination with everolimus for certain patients with advanced RCC, and in combination with Keytruda for certain patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma or advanced RCC. Alliance revenue related to Lenvima increased 1% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily reflecting higher demand in the U.S.
Sales of Welireg, for the treatment of adult patients with certain von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated tumors and certain adult patients with previously treated advanced RCC, rose 62% in the first quarter of 2025. Sales growth was primarily due to higher demand in the U.S. reflecting in part continued uptake of the RCC indication following approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2023. In February 2025, the EC conditionally approved Welireg as monotherapy both for the treatment of adult patients with VHL disease who require therapy for associated, localized RCC, central nervous system hemangioblastomas, or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and for whom localized procedures are unsuitable, and for the treatment of adult patients with advanced clear cell RCC that progressed following two or more lines of therapy that included a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor and at least two vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapies. The EC approval of these two indications is based on results from the LITESPARK-004 and LITESPARK-005 trials. The conditional approval of Welireg will be valid for one year, subject to yearly renewal, pending certain additional clinical data. Timing for commercial availability of Welireg in individual EU countries will depend on multiple factors, including the completion of national reimbursement procedures.
Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is being commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS) (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). Reblozyl is approved for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders. Alliance revenue related to this collaboration (consisting of royalties) increased 68% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to strong underlying sales performance, as well a favorable true-up of the previous quarter’s estimated royalty amount.
Vaccines

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | 2,249 |  |  | (41) | % |  | (40) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ProQuad | 121 |  |  | 204 |  |  | (41) | % |  | (40) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
M-M-R II | 168 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 62 | % |  | 63 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Varivax | 249 |  |  | 262 |  |  | (5) | % |  | (4) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vaxneuvance | 230 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capvaxive | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Combined worldwide sales of Gardasil and Gardasil 9, vaccines to help prevent certain cancers and other diseases caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), declined 41% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily driven by lower demand in China, partially offset by higher demand in most other international markets, particularly in Japan due to a national catch-up immunization program, and by higher pricing and demand in the U.S. Demand in Japan is expected to decline significantly in future periods given that the last date to initiate the first dose in the national immunization program catch-up cohort was March 2025. Beginning in mid-2024, the Company observed a significant decline in shipments from its distributor and commercialization partner in China, Chongqing Zhifei Biological Products Co., Ltd. (Zhifei), to disease and control prevention institutions and correspondingly into the points of vaccination compared with prior quarters of 2024, resulting in above normal inventory levels at Zhifei. Accordingly, the Company shipped less than its contracted doses to Zhifei in the latter part of 2024. Lower demand in China persisted and, at the end of 2024, overall channel inventory levels in China remained elevated at above normal levels. Therefore, the Company made a decision to temporarily pause shipments to China beginning in February 2025 through at least the middle of the year and, as a result, combined sales of Gardasil/Gardasil 9 will decline significantly in 2025 compared with 2024. In January 2025, China’s NMPA approved Gardasil for use in males 9-26 years of age to help prevent certain HPV-related cancers and diseases. In April 2025, China’s NMPA approved Gardasil 9 for use in males 16-26 years of age to help prevent certain HPV-related cancers and diseases.
Gardasil 9 is currently indicated in the U.S. for a two-dose regimen in adolescents aged 9-14 and a three-dose regimen for those aged 15-45. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has stated that at its meeting in June 2025 it intends to discuss and, potentially, vote on a change to the dose recommendation, which could include a reduction in the number of recommended doses.
The Company is a party to license agreements pursuant to which the Company pays royalties on sales of Gardasil/Gardasil 9. Under the terms of the more significant of these agreements, Merck pays a 7% royalty on net sales of Gardasil/Gardasil 9 in the U.S.; this royalty expires in December 2028. The royalty expenses are included in Cost of sales.
- 30 -

Global sales of ProQuad (Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live), a pediatric combination vaccine to help protect against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, declined 41% in the first quarter of 2025. As a result of manufacturing delays, in January 2025, the Company borrowed doses of ProQuad from the CDC Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile. The borrowing reduced sales of ProQuad in the first quarter of 2025 by approximately $70 million. These doses are being used to support routine vaccination in the U.S. Worldwide sales of M-M-R II (Measles, Mumps and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live), a vaccine to help protect against measles, mumps and rubella, grew 62% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to higher sales in the U.S. largely reflecting private sector buy-in due to measles outbreaks, as well as higher pricing. Global sales of Varivax (Varicella Virus Vaccine Live), a vaccine to help prevent chickenpox (varicella), declined 5% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to lower demand in the U.S. and declines in certain international markets, partially offset by higher pricing in the U.S. The Company has experienced manufacturing delays related to ProQuad and Varivax. As a result, the Company anticipates that some international markets will experience supply constraints during 2025.
Worldwide sales of Vaxneuvance (Pneumococcal 15-valent Conjugate Vaccine), a vaccine to help protect against invasive pneumococcal disease caused by certain serotypes, grew 5% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to continued uptake following launches in the pediatric indication in Europe and certain countries in the Asia Pacific region, partially offset by lower demand in the U.S. due to competitive pressure. Merck is a party to license agreements pursuant to which the Company pays royalties on sales of Vaxneuvance. Under the terms of the most significant of these agreements, Merck pays a royalty of 7.25% on net sales of Vaxneuvance through 2026; this royalty will decline to 2.5% on net sales from 2027 through 2035. The royalty expenses are included in Cost of sales.
Sales of Capvaxive were $107 million in the first quarter of 2025 due to continued uptake following launch in the U.S. in the third quarter of 2024. In June 2024, the FDA approved Capvaxive for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia caused by certain serotypes in individuals 18 years of age and older. In March 2025, the EC approved Capvaxive. The timing of availability of Capvaxive in individual EU countries will depend on multiple factors including the completion of reimbursement procedures. The FDA and EC approvals were supported by results from the STRIDE clinical program, which evaluated Capvaxive in both vaccine-naïve and vaccine-experienced adult patient populations. Merck is a party to certain third-party license agreements pursuant to which the Company pays royalties on sales of Capvaxive. Under the terms of the most significant of these agreements, Merck pays a royalty of 7.25% on net sales of Capvaxive through 2026; this royalty will decline to 2.5% on net sales from 2027 through 2035. The royalty expenses are included in Cost of sales.
Hospital Acute Care

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bridion | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 440 |  |  | — | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prevymis | 208 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 22 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Worldwide sales of Bridion (sugammadex), for the reversal of two types of neuromuscular blocking agents used during surgery, were nearly flat in the first quarter of 2025 as higher demand and pricing in the U.S. was offset by lower demand in several international markets due to generic competition, particularly in Japan and the EU. The patents that provided market exclusivity for Bridion in the EU and Japan expired in July 2023 and January 2024, respectively. Accordingly, the Company is experiencing sales declines of Bridion in these markets and expects the declines to continue.
Worldwide sales of Prevymis (letermovir), a medicine for prophylaxis (prevention) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in certain high risk adult and pediatric recipients of an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and for prophylaxis of CMV disease in certain high risk adult and pediatric recipients of a kidney transplant, grew 19% in the first quarter of 2025 largely due to higher demand in the U.S.
Cardiovascular

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Winrevair | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alliance Revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (1) | 106 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adempas | 68 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (3) | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Alliance revenue for Adempas and Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements).
Sales of Winrevair were $280 million in the first quarter of 2025 primarily reflecting continued uptake in the U.S. since launch in the second quarter of 2024. In March 2024, the FDA approved Winrevair for the treatment of adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (World Health Organization [WHO] Group 1) to increase exercise capacity, improve WHO functional class (FC), and reduce the risk of clinical worsening events. In August 2024, the EC approved Winrevair, in combination with other PAH therapies, for the treatment of PAH in adult patients with WHO FC II to III, to improve exercise capacity. The FDA and EC approvals were based on the STELLAR trial. Winrevair has since launched in certain international markets, including certain markets in the EU. Timing for commercial availability of Winrevair in the remaining EU countries will depend on multiple factors,
- 31 -

including the completion of national reimbursement procedures, which is expected to occur in the second half of 2025. Winrevair is the subject of a licensing agreement pursuant to which Merck pays a 22% royalty on net sales of Winrevair to BMS. The royalty expenses are included in Cost of sales.
Adempas (riociguat) and Verquvo (vericiguat) are part of a worldwide collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). Adempas is approved for the treatment of certain types of PAH and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Verquvo is approved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization following a hospitalization for heart failure or need for outpatient intravenous diuretics in adults with symptomatic chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Alliance revenue from the collaboration grew 8% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily reflecting higher demand in Bayer’s marketing territories. Revenue also includes sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Merck’s marketing territories. Sales of Adempas in Merck’s marketing territories were nearly flat in the first quarter of 2025.
Virology

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lagevrio | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | (71) | % |  | (69) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Lagevrio is an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine being developed in a collaboration with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback) (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). Sales of Lagevrio declined 71% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to lower demand in several markets in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in Japan.
Immunology

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Simponi | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | (100) | % |  | (100) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remicade | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | (100) | % |  | (100) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Simponi (golimumab) and Remicade (infliximab) are treatments for certain inflammatory diseases that the Company marketed in Europe, Russia and Türkiye. The Company’s marketing rights with respect to these products reverted to Johnson & Johnson on October 1, 2024, subsequent to which the Company is no longer recognizing sales of these products.
Diabetes

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Januvia/Janumet | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 21 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Worldwide combined sales of Januvia and Janumet, medicines that help lower blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, increased 19% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to higher net pricing in the U.S., including a favorable true-up to customer discounts, partially offset by the ongoing impact of the loss of exclusivity in most international markets, as well as continuing volume declines in the U.S. due to competitive pressure.
The American Rescue Plan Act enacted in the U.S. in 2021 included a provision that eliminated the statutory c ap on rebates drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid beginning in January 2024. As a result of this provision, the Company paid state Medicaid programs more in rebates than it received on Medicaid sales of Januvia, Janumet and Janumet XR in 2024. In early 2025, Merck lowered the list price of the Januvia family of products to more closely align them with net prices. The lower list price has reduced the rebate amount Merck pays to Medicaid, resulting in higher realized net pricing. The Company expects higher U.S. net sales of these products for full year 2025 compared with full year 2024.
While the key U.S. patent for Januvia, Janumet and Janumet XR claiming the sitagliptin compound expired in January 2023, as a result of favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to a later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products (see Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements), the Company expects that Januvia and Janumet will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026 and Janumet XR will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until July 2026, although a non-automatically substitutable form of sitagliptin that differs from the form in the Company’s sitagliptin products has been approved by the FDA. Additionally, in 2023, the U.S. Department of HHS, through the CMS, announced that Januvia would be included in the first year of the IRA’s Program. Pursuant to the IRA’s Program, a government price was set for Januvia, which will become effective on January 1, 2026. Also, in January 2025, the U.S. Department of HHS, through the CMS, announced that Janumet and Janumet XR would be in included in the second year of the IRA’s Program, with government price setting to become effective on January 1, 2027. The Company has sued the U.S. government regarding the IRA’s Program. As a result of the anticipated patent expiries in 2026, the government price setting in 2026 and 2027 noted above, as well as ongoing competitive pressure, the Company anticipates significant sales declines for Januvia, Janumet and Janumet XR in the U.S. in 2026 and thereafter.
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Animal Health Segment

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change Excluding Foreign Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Livestock | $ | 924 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Companion Animal | 664 |  |  | 661 |  |  | — | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 1,511 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Sales of livestock products grew 9% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to higher demand across all species, a benefit from the timing of ruminant product sales, as well as the inclusion of sales from the July 2024 acquisition of the aqua business of Elanco Animal Health Incorporated.
Sales of companion animal products were essentially flat in the first quarter of 2025. Sales of the Bravecto (fluralaner) line of products were $327 million for the first quarter of 2025, representing a decline of 1% compared with the corresponding prior year period, or growth of 2% excluding the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange.
Costs, Expenses and Other

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | $ | 3,419 |  |  | $ | 3,540 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 2,552 |  |  | 2,483 |  |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 3,621 |  |  | 3,992 |  |  | (9) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs | 69 |  |  | 123 |  |  | (44) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (income) expense, net | (35) |  |  | (33) |  |  | 6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 9,626 |  |  | $ | 10,105 |  |  | (5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Cost of Sales
Cost of s ales declined 3% in the first quarter of 2025. Cost of s ales includes the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions, collaborations, and licensing arrangements, which totaled $620 million and $462 million in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Also included in Cost of s ales are expenses associated with restructuring activities, which amounted to $36 million and $116 million in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily reflecting accelerated depreciation and asset impairment charges related to the planned sale or closure of manufacturing facilities. Separation costs associated with manufacturing-related headcount reductions have been incurred and are reflected in Restructuring costs as discussed below.
Gross margin was 78.0% in the first quarter of 2025 compared with 77.6% in the first quarter of 2024. The gross margin improvement was primarily due to the favorable effects of product mix and lower restructuring costs, partially offset by higher amortization of intangible assets and the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses increased 3% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to higher administrative and promotional costs, partially offset by the favorable effect of foreign exchange.
Research and Development
Research and development (R&D) expenses declined 9% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to a $656 million charge in the first quarter of 2024 for the acquisition of Harpoon Therapeutics, Inc. (Harpoon) and the favorable effect of foreign exchange. The decline in R&D expenses was partially offset by a $100 million charge in the first quarter of 2025 associated with the achievement of a developmental milestone related to the 2024 acquisition of Eyebiotech Limited, higher compensation and benefit costs (reflecting in part increased headcount), as well as higher clinical development spending, and increased investment in discovery research and early drug development.
R&D expenses are comprised of the costs directly incurred by Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, which were $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Also included in R&D expenses are Animal Health research costs, upfront and milestone payments for collaboration and licensing agreements, charges for transactions accounted for as asset acquisitions (including the charge for the acquisition of Harpoon noted above), and costs incurred by other divisions in support of R&D activities, including depreciation, production and general and administrative, which in the aggregate were $1.1 billion and $1.6 billion for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Restructuring Costs
In January 2024, the Company approved a restructuring program (2024 Restructuring Program) intended to continue the optimization of the Company’s Human Health global manufacturing network as the future pipeline shifts to new modalities
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and also optimize the Animal Health global manufacturing network to improve supply reliability and increase efficiency. The actions contemplated under the 2024 Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2031, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $4.0 billion. Approximately 60% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The remainder of the costs will result in cash outlays, relating primarily to facility shut-down costs. The Company expects to record charges of approximately $550 million in 2025 related to the 2024 Restructuring Program and anticipates the actions under the 2024 Restructuring Program will result in cumulative annual net cost savings of approximately $750 million by the end of 2031. As Merck continues to assess its business, it is likely to take further actions in 2025 to drive productivity across the Company while continuing to make disciplined investments in its expansive pipeline to drive growth.
Restructuring costs, primarily representing separation and other costs associated with these restructuring activities, were $69 million and $123 million for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Separation costs incurred were associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as estimated expenses under existing severance programs for involuntary headcount reductions that were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Other expenses in Restructuring costs include facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as employee-related costs such as curtailment, settlement and termination charges associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans and share-based compensation plan costs. For segment reporting, restructuring costs are unallocated expenses.
Additional costs associated with the Company’s restructuring activities are included in Cost of sales, Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development costs. The Company recorded aggregate pretax costs of $105 million and $246 million in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to restructuring program activities. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details.
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net was $35 million of income in the first quarter of 2025, comparable with $33 million of income in the first quarter of 2024.
For details on the components of Other (income) expense, net see Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Segment Profits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Pharmaceutical segment profits | $ | 10,712 |  |  | $ | 10,904 |  |  |  |  |
Animal Health segment profits | 634 |  |  | 555 |  |  |  |  |
Non-segment activity | (5,443) |  |  | (5,789) |  |  |  |  |
Income Before Taxes | $ | 5,903 |  |  | $ | 5,670 |  |  |  |  |

Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as SG&A expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as SG&A and R&D expenses directly incurred by the segment. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, R&D expenses incurred by MRL, or general and administrative expenses not directly incurred by the segments, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. Also excluded from the determination of segment profits are costs related to restructuring activities and acquisition- and divestiture-related costs, including the amortization of intangible assets and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments, intangible asset impairment charges, and expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration. Additionally, segment profits do not reflect other expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers and other miscellaneous income or expense. These unallocated items are reflected in “Non-segment activity” in the above table. Also included in “Non-segment activity” are miscellaneous corporate profits (losses), as well as operating profits (losses) related to third-party manufacturing arrangements.
Pharmaceutical segment profits declined 2% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to lower sales, higher promotional costs and the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange, partially offset by lower administrative and selling costs. Animal Health segment profits rose 14% in the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to higher sales, partially offset by the unfavorable effect of foreign exchange.
Taxes on Income
The effective income tax rate of 13.9% for the first quarter of 2025 reflects the favorable impacts of geographical mix of income and expense, as well as certain discrete items.
The effective income tax rate of 15.9% for the first quarter of 2024 reflects a 1.6 percentage point unfavorable impact of a charge for the acquisition of Harpoon for which no tax benefit was recognized.
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While many jurisdictions in which Merck operates have adopted the global minimum tax provision of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Pillar 2, effective for tax years beginning in January 2024, it resulted in a minimal impact to the Company’s 2024 effective income tax rate due to the accounting for the tax effects of intercompany transactions. The Company expects the impact of the global minimum tax to be approximately 2% for full year 2025. In addition, beginning in 2026, the tax rates on foreign earnings and export income are scheduled to increase under existing provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) and may result in an increase to the Company’s effective income tax rate.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018, including the one-time transition tax enacted under the TCJA. On April 21, 2025, Merck received Notices of Proposed Adjustment (NOPAs) that would increase the amount of the one-time transition tax on certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries by approximately $1.3 billion. In addition, the NOPAs included penalties of approximately $260 million. These amounts are exclusive of any interest that may be due. The Company disagrees with the proposed adjustments and will vigorously contest the NOPAs through all available administrative and, if necessary, judicial proceedings. It is expected to take a number of years to reach resolution of this matter. If the Company is ultimately unsuccessful in defending its position, the impact could be material to its financial statements. The statute of limitations for assessments with respect to the 2019 and 2020 federal tax return years expired in June 2024 and October 2024, respectively. The IRS is also currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2021 and 2022. In addition, various state and foreign examinations are in progress.
Non-GAAP Income and Non-GAAP EPS
Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP earnings per share (EPS) are alternative views of the Company’s performance that Merck is providing because management believes this information enhances investors’ understanding of the Company’s results since management uses non-GAAP measures to assess performance. Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude certain items because of the nature of these items and the impact that they have on the analysis of underlying business performance and trends. The excluded items (which should not be considered non-recurring) consist of acquisition- and divestiture-related costs, restructuring costs, income and losses from investments in equity securities, and certain other items. These excluded items are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance.
Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS are important internal measures for the Company. Senior management receives a monthly analysis of operating results that includes a non-GAAP EPS metric. Management uses non-GAAP measures internally for planning and forecasting purposes and to measure the performance of the Company along with other metrics. In addition, annual employee compensation, including senior management’s compensation, is derived in part using a non-GAAP pretax income metric. Since non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS are not measures determined in accordance with GAAP, they have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, may not be comparable to the calculation of similar measures of other companies. The information on non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, net income and EPS prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP).
A reconciliation between GAAP financial measures and non-GAAP financial measures is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
($ in millions except per share amounts) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Income before taxes as reported under GAAP | $ | 5,903 |  |  | $ | 5,670 |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) for excluded items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition- and divestiture-related costs | 647 |  |  | 496 |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs | 105 |  |  | 246 |  |  |  |  |
Income from investments in equity securities, net | (107) |  |  | (116) |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP income before taxes | 6,548 |  |  | 6,296 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax provision as reported under GAAP | 818 |  |  | 903 |  |  |  |  |
Estimated tax benefit on excluded items (1) | 113 |  |  | 109 |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP income tax provision | 931 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP net income | 5,617 |  |  | 5,284 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests as reported under GAAP | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. | $ | 5,611 |  |  | $ | 5,279 |  |  |  |  |
EPS assuming dilution as reported under GAAP (2) | $ | 2.01 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  |  |  |
EPS difference | 0.21 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP EPS assuming dilution (2) | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  |  |  |

(1) The estimated tax impact on the excluded items is determined by applying the statutory rate of the originating territory of the non-GAAP adjustments.
(2) GAAP and non-GAAP EPS were negatively affected in the first quarter of 2024 by $0.26 per share for a charge related to pre-approval assets obtained in a transaction accounted for as an asset acquisition.
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Acquisition- and Divestiture-Related Costs
Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude the impact of certain amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions and divestitures of businesses. These amounts include the amortization of intangible assets, as well as intangible asset impairment charges, and expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration. Also excluded are integration, transaction, and certain other costs associated with acquisitions and divestitures. Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS also exclude amortization of intangible assets related to collaborations and licensing arrangements.
Restructuring Costs
Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude costs related to restructuring actions (see Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements). These amounts include employee separation costs and accelerated depreciation associated with facilities to be closed or divested. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. Restructuring costs also include asset impairment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as employee-related costs such as curtailment, settlement and termination charges associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans and share-based compensation costs.
Income and Losses from Investments in Equity Securities
Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds.
Certain Other Items
Non-GAAP income and non-GAAP EPS exclude certain other items. These items are adjusted for after evaluating them on an individual basis, considering their quantitative and qualitative aspects. Typically, these items are unusual in nature, significant to the results of a particular period or not indicative of future operating results. There were no such items in either the first quarter of 2025 or 2024.
Research and Development Update
The Company currently has several candidates under regulatory review in the U.S. and internationally.
MK-1022, patritumab deruxtecan, is a potential first-in-class HER3 directed DXd antibody drug conjugate (ADC), under review by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC previously treated with two or more systemic therapies. The Biologics License Application (BLA) is based on the primary results from the HERTHENA-Lung01 pivotal Phase 2 trial and data results presented at the IASLC 2023 World Conference on Lung Cancer, which were simultaneously published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. In June 2024, the FDA issued a complete response letter (CRL) for the BLA due to findings pertaining to an inspection of a third-party manufacturing facility. The CRL did not identify any issues with the efficacy or safety data submitted. Patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) was discovered by Daiichi Sankyo and is being jointly developed by Daiichi Sankyo and Merck. Merck is working with Daiichi Sankyo to address FDA feedback.
MK-3475A, pembrolizumab with berahyaluronidase alfa (MK-5180) for subcutaneous administration (subcutaneous pembrolizumab), is being evaluated for noninferiority with respect to pharmacokinetics to intravenous Keytruda in metastatic NSCLC. The FDA accepted for review a BLA seeking approval of MK-3475A across all previously approved solid tumor indications for Keytruda and set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), or target action, date of September 23, 2025. The application is supported by data from the pivotal 3475A-D77 Phase 3 trial. Additionally, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has validated an extension application to introduce a new pharmaceutical form and new route of administration for Keytruda.
MK-6482, Welireg, is under review in Japan both for the treatment of adults with VHL disease based on the LITESPARK-004 clinical trial and for the treatment of certain adults with previously treated advanced RCC based on the LITESPARK-005 clinical trial. Additionally, in January 2025, the FDA accepted for priority review a supplemental New Drug Application seeking approval of Welireg for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients (12 years and older) with advanced, unresectable, or metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, based on the LITESPARK-015 trial. The FDA set a PDUFA date of May 26, 2025.
V116, Capvaxive, a 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine designed to help prevent invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia caused by certain serotypes in adults, is under review in Japan. The application is supported by results from the STRIDE clinical program, which evaluated V116 in both vaccine-naïve and vaccine-experienced adult patient populations.
MK-7962, Winrevair, Merck’s novel activin signaling inhibitor, is under review in Japan for the treatment of adult patients with PAH based on the Phase 3 STELLAR trial.
MK-1654, clesrovimab, is an investigational prophylactic long-acting monoclonal antibody designed to protect infants from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease during their first RSV season. In December 2024, the FDA accepted the BLA for clesrovimab and set a PDUFA date of June 10, 2025. Clesrovimab is also under review in the EU.
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MK-3475, Keytruda, is an anti-PD-1 therapy approved for the treatment of many cancers that is in clinical development for expanded indications. These studies encompass more than 30 cancer types including: biliary, estrogen receptor positive breast, triple-negative breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, glioblastoma, head and neck, hepatocellular, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small-cell lung, small-cell lung, melanoma, malignant pleural mesothelioma, ovarian, prostate, renal, and urothelial, several of which are currently in Phase 3 clinical development.
Keytruda is under priority review by the FDA and also under review in Japan for the treatment of patients with resectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as neoadjuvant treatment, then continued as adjuvant treatment in combination with standard of care radiotherapy with or without cisplatin and then as a single agent. The FDA set a PDUFA date of June 23, 2025. The supplemental BLA is based on data from the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-689 trial.
Keytruda is under review in Japan for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable advanced or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma, based on the Phase 2/3 IND.227/KEYNOTE-483 trial.
The chart below reflects the Company’s research pipeline as of April 30, 2025. Candidates shown in Phase 3 include the date such candidate entered into Phase 3 development. Candidates shown in Phase 2 include the most advanced compound with a specific mechanism or, if listed compounds have the same mechanism, they are each currently intended for commercialization in a given therapeutic area. Small molecules and biologics are given MK-number designations and vaccine candidates are given V-number designations. Except as otherwise noted, candidates in Phase 1, additional indications in the same therapeutic area (other than with respect to cancer and immunology) and additional claims, line extensions or formulations for in-line products are not shown.

Phase 2
Alzheimer’s MK-1167 Cancer MK-1022 (patritumab deruxtecan)(1)(3) Biliary Bladder Breast Cervical Colorectal Endometrial Esophageal Gastric Head and Neck Hepatocellular Melanoma Ovarian Pancreatic Prostate MK-1308 (quavonlimab)(2) Non-Small-Cell Lung MK-2400 (ifinatamab deruxtecan)(1) Biliary Bladder Breast Cervical Colorectal Endometrial Head and Neck Hepatocellular Melanoma Ovarian Pancreatic | Cancer MK-2870 (sacituzumab tirumotecan)(1)(3) Biliary Bladder Colorectal Neoplasm Malignant Pancreatic MK-3475 Keytruda Advanced Solid Tumors Prostate MK-3475A (subcutaneous pembrolizumab) Cutaneous Squamous Cell Hematological Malignancies MK-5909 (raludotatug deruxtecan)(1) Biliary Bladder Cervical Colorectal Endometrial Gastric Ovarian Pancreatic Renal Cell Small-Cell Lung V940 (intismeran autogene)(1)(2) Bladder Renal Cell | Dengue Fever Virus Vaccine V181 HIV-1 Infection MK-8591B (islatravir+MK-8507) HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis MK-8527 Immunology MK-6194 Lupus Vitiligo MK-7240 (tulisokibart) Systemic Sclerosis Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) MK-6024 (efinopegdutide) Pulmonary Hypertension-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease MK-5475 Pulmonary Hypertension Due To Left Heart Disease MK-7962 Winrevair

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Phase 3 (Phase 3 entry date) | Under Review
Antiviral COVID-19 MK-4482 Lagevrio (U.S.) (May 2021)(1)(4) Cancer MK-1022 (patritumab deruxtecan)(1) Non-Small-Cell Lung (May 2022) (EU) MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib) Hematological Malignancies (March 2023) MK-1084(2) Non-Small-Cell Lung (May 2024) MK-1308A (quavonlimab+pembrolizumab) Renal Cell (April 2021) MK-2140 (zilovertamab vedotin) Hematological Malignancies (September 2024) MK-2400 (ifinatamab deruxtecan)(1) Esophageal (March 2025) Small-Cell Lung (July 2024) MK-2870 (sacituzumab tirumotecan)(1)(3) Breast (April 2024) Cervical (July 2024) Endometrial (December 2023) Gastric (May 2024) Non-Small-Cell Lung (November 2023) Ovarian (April 2025) MK-3475 Keytruda Hepatocellular (May 2016) (EU) Ovarian (December 2018) Small-Cell Lung (May 2017) MK-3543 (bomedemstat) Myeloproliferative Disorders (December 2023) MK-5684 (opevesostat) Prostate (December 2023) MK-7339 Lynparza(1)(2) Non-Small-Cell Lung (June 2019) Small-Cell Lung (December 2020) MK-7902 Lenvima(1)(2) Esophageal (July 2021) V940 (intismeran autogene)(1)(2) Melanoma (July 2023) Non-Small-Cell Lung (December 2023) Diabetic Macular Edema MK-3000(5) HIV-1 Infection MK-8591A (doravirine+islatravir) (February 2020)(6) MK-8591D (islatravir+lenacapavir) (October 2024)(1)(6) Hypercholesterolemia MK-0616 (enlicitide decanoate) (August 2023) Immunology MK-7240 (tulisokibart) Crohn’s Disease (June 2024) Ulcerative Colitis (October 2023) | New Molecular Entities Ca ncer MK-1022 (patritumab deruxtecan)(1)(7) Non-Small-Cell Lung (U.S.) MK-3475A (subcutaneous pembrolizumab) Previously Approved Solid Tumors (U.S.) Previously Approved Tumors (EU) MK-6482 Welireg Renal Cell (JPN) Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Disease (JPN) Pneumococcal Vaccine Adult V116 Capvaxive (JPN) Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension MK-7962 Winrevair (JPN) Respiratory Syncytial Virus MK-1654 (clesrovimab) (U.S.) (EU) | Certain Supplemental Filings Cancer MK-3475 Keytruda • Resectable Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (KEYNOTE-689) (U.S.) (JPN) • First-Line Unresectable Advanced or Metastatic Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (KEYNOTE-483) (JPN) MK-6482 Welireg • Advanced, Unresectable, or Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (LITESPARK-015) (U.S.)
Footnotes: (1) Being developed in a collaboration. (2) Being developed in combination with Keytruda. (3) Being developed as monotherapy and/or in combination with Keytruda. (4) Available in the U.S. under Emergency Use Authorization. (5) Program is in a Phase 2/3 study that commenced in August 2024. (6) On FDA partial clinical hold for higher doses of islatravir than those used in current clinical trials. (7) In June 2024, the FDA issued a CRL for the BLA for patritumab deruxtecan. Merck is working with Daiichi Sankyo to address FDA feedback.

Analysis of Liquidity and Capital Resources

($ in millions) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and investments | $ | 9,844 |  |  | $ | 14,152 |
Working capital | 10,329 |  |  | 10,362 |
Total debt to total liabilities and equity | 30.3 | % |  | 31.7 | %

Cash provided by operating activities was $2.5 billion in the first three months of 2025 compared with $3.1 billion in the first three months of 2024. Cash provided by operating activities was reduced by milestone payments related to certain collaborations of $700 million and $245 million in the first three months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities continues to be the Company’s primary source of funds to finance operating needs, with excess cash serving as the primary source of funds to finance business development transactions, capital expenditures, dividends paid to shareholders and treasury stock purchases.
Cash used in investing activities was $1.5 billion in the first three months of 2025 compared with $1.4 billion in the first three months of 2024. The higher use of cash in investing activities was primarily due to higher purchases of securities and other investments, and higher capital expenditures (including the acquisition of a facility from WuXi Vaccines discussed in Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements), partially offset by lower cash used for acquisitions and higher proceeds from sales of securities and other investments.
Cash used in financing activities was $5.8 billion in the first three months of 2025 compared with $2.8 billion in the first three months of 2024. The higher use of cash in financing activities was primarily due to higher payments on long-term debt, higher purchases of treasury stock, higher dividends paid to shareholders and lower proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $1.7 billion and $2.1 billion of accounts receivable at March 31, 2025 and
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December 31, 2024, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions. The net cash flows relating to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
In February 2025, the Company’s $2.5 billion, 2.75% notes matured in accordance with their terms and were repaid. In March 2024, the Company’s $750 million, 2.90% notes matured in accordance with their terms and were repaid.
Dividends paid to stockholders were $2.1 billion and $2.0 billion for the first three months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. In November 2024, Merck’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.81 per share on the Company’s outstanding common stock for the first quarter that was paid in January 2025. In January 2025, Merck’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.81 per share on the Company’s outstanding common stock for the second quarter that was paid in April 2025.
In 2018, Merck’s Board of Directors authorized purchases of up to $10 billion of Merck’s common stock for its treasury. The treasury stock purchase authorization has no time limit and will be made over time in open-market transactions, block transactions on or off an exchange, or in privately negotiated transactions. During the first three months of 2025, the Company purchased $1.2 billion (13 million shares) of its common stock for its treasury under this program. The Company expects the pace of share repurchases to continue at this level for the remainder of 2025. In January 2025, Merck’s Board of Directors authorized purchases of up to an additional $10 billion of Merck’s common stock for its treasury. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s remaining share repurchase authorization was $11.2 billion.
The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in May 2028. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The Company’s significant accounting policies, which include management’s best estimates and judgments, are included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in Merck’s Form 10‑K filed on February 25, 2025. A discussion of accounting estimates considered critical because of the potential for a significant impact on the financial statements due to the inherent uncertainty in such estimates is included in the Critical Accounting Estimates section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in Merck’s Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes in the Company’s critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2024.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For a discussion of recently issued accounting standards, see Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
There have been no material changes in market risk exposures that affect the disclosures presented in “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2025.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Management of the Company, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting. Based on their evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of March 31, 2025, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. For the first quarter of 2025, there were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
CAUTIONARY FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS
This report and other written reports and oral statements made from time to time by the Company may contain so-called “forward-looking statements,” all of which are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause results to differ materially from those set forth in the statements. One can identify these forward-looking statements by their use of words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “will,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects” and other words of similar meaning, or negative variations of any of the foregoing. One can also identify them by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. These statements are likely to address the Company’s growth strategy, financial results, product approvals, product potential, or development programs. One must carefully consider any such statement and should understand that many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s forward-looking statements. These factors include inaccurate assumptions and a broad variety of other risks and uncertainties, including some that are known and some that are not. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed and actual future results may vary materially.
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The Company does not assume the obligation to update any forward-looking statement. One should carefully evaluate such statements in light of factors, including risk factors, described in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, especially on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K. In Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed on February 25, 2025, the Company discusses in more detail various important risk factors that could cause actual results to differ from expected or historic results. The Company notes these factors for investors as permitted by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. One should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, the reader should not consider any such list to be a complete statement of all potential risks or uncertainties.
PART II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to Note 7 included in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements (unaudited) — Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer purchases of equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were as follows:
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

|  |  |  |  |  |  | ($ in millions)
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
January 1 - January 31 | 2,424,000 |  |  | $98.65 |  | 2,424,000 |  |  | $12,162
February 1 - February 28 | 4,182,640 |  |  | $88.23 |  | 4,182,640 |  |  | $11,793
March 1 - March 31 | 6,002,753 |  |  | $92.61 |  | 6,002,753 |  |  | $11,237
Total | 12,609,393 |  |  | $92.32 |  | 12,609,393 |  |  |

(1) Shares purchased during the period were made as part of a plan approved by the Board of Directors in October 2018 to purchase up to $10 billion of Merck’s common stock for its treasury. In January 2025, the Board of Directors approved a plan to purchase up to an additional $10 billion of Merck’s common stock for its treasury.
Item 5. Other Information
Insider Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Number |  | Description
3.1 | — | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Merck & Co., Inc. (November 3, 2009) – Incorporated by reference to Merck & Co., Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 4, 2009 (No. 1-6571)
3.2 | — | By-Laws of Merck & Co., Inc. (effective November 19. 2024) – Incorporated by reference to Merck & Co., Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 22, 2024 (No. 1-6571)
31.1 |  | — | Rule 13a – 14(a)/15d – 14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2 |  | — | Rule 13a – 14(a)/15d – 14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1 |  | — | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
32.2 |  | — | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
101.INS | — | XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | — | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | MERCK & CO., INC.
Date: May 2, 2025 |  | /s/ Jennifer Zachary
|  | JENNIFER ZACHARY
|  | Executive Vice President and General Counsel
Date: May 2, 2025 |  | /s/ Dalton Smart
|  | DALTON SMART
|  | Senior Vice President Finance - Global Controller

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