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Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Our property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Machinery, equipment, vehicles and office furniture$16,372 $13,558 
Tooling3,147 2,579 
Leasehold improvements3,168 2,366 
Land and buildings9,505 7,751 
Computer equipment, hardware and software3,799 2,072 
Construction in progress5,791 4,263 
 41,782 32,589 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(12,057)(9,041)
Total$29,725 $23,548 
Construction in progress is primarily comprised of ongoing construction and expansion of our facilities, and equipment and tooling related to the manufacturing of our products. Completed assets are transferred to their respective asset classes and depreciation begins when an asset is ready for its intended use.
Depreciation expense during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $3.33 billion, $2.42 billion and $1.91 billion, respectively.
Panasonic has partnered with us on Gigafactory Nevada with investments in the production equipment that it uses to manufacture and supply us with battery cells. Under our arrangement with Panasonic, we plan to purchase the full output from their production equipment at negotiated prices. As the terms of the arrangement convey a finance lease under ASC 842, we account for their production equipment as leased assets when production commences. We account for each lease and any non-lease components associated with that lease as a single lease component for all asset classes, except production equipment classes embedded in supply agreements. This results in us recording the cost of their production equipment within Property, plant and equipment, net, on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding liability recorded to debt and finance leases. Depreciation on Panasonic production equipment is computed using the units-of-production method whereby capitalized costs are amortized over the total estimated productive life of the respective assets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cumulatively capitalized gross costs of $2.02 billion and $2.01 billion, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets in relation to the production equipment under our Panasonic arrangement.