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Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Taxes on income |
Income Taxes | Year ended December 31 |
| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | (181 | ) |  |  | $ | (382 | ) |  | $ | (623 | )
Deferred | 738 |  |  |  | (2,561 | ) |  | (1,558 | )
State and local |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 183 |  |  |  | (97 | ) |  | (15 | )
Deferred | (16 | ) |  |  | 66 |  |  | (121 | )
Total United States | 724 |  |  |  | (2,974 | ) |  | (2,317 | )
International |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 4,662 |  |  |  | 3,634 |  |  | 2,744 |
Deferred | 329 |  |  |  | (708 | ) |  | (2,156 | )
Total International | 4,991 |  |  |  | 2,926 |  |  | 588 |
Total income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 5,715 |  |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (1,729 | )
Reconciliation between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and the company's effective income tax rate | The reconciliation between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and the company’s effective income tax rate is detailed in the following table:
| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 4,730 |  |  |  | $ | (441 | ) |  | $ | (4,317 | )
International | 15,845 |  |  |  | 9,662 |  |  | 2,157 |
Total income (loss) before income taxes | 20,575 |  |  |  | 9,221 |  |  | (2,160 | )
Theoretical tax (at U.S. statutory rate of 21% - 2018, 35% - 2017 & 2016) | 4,321 |  |  |  | 3,227 |  |  | (756 | )
Effect of U.S. tax reform | (26 | ) |  |  | (2,020 | ) |  | — |
Equity affiliate accounting effect | (1,526 | ) |  |  | (1,373 | ) |  | (704 | )
Effect of income taxes from international operations* | 3,132 |  |  |  | (130 | ) |  | 608 |
State and local taxes on income, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit | 162 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  | (44 | )
Prior year tax adjustments, claims and settlements | (51 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  | (349 | )
Tax credits | (163 | ) |  |  | (199 | ) |  | (188 | )
Other U.S.* | (134 | ) |  |  | 447 |  |  | (296 | )
Total income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 5,715 |  |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (1,729 | )
Effective income tax rate | 27.8 | % |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  | 80.0 | %
* Includes one-time tax costs (benefits) associated with changes in uncertain tax positions and valuation allowances.
Composition of deferred tax balances | The reported deferred tax balances are composed of the following:
|  |  |  | At December 31 |
| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |
Properties, plant and equipment | $ | 20,159 |  |  |  | $ | 19,869 |
Investments and other | 4,943 |  |  |  | 4,796 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 25,102 |  |  |  | 24,665 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |
Foreign tax credits | (10,536 | ) |  |  | (11,872 | )
Asset retirement obligations/environmental reserves | (5,328 | ) |  |  | (5,511 | )
Employee benefits | (2,787 | ) |  |  | (3,129 | )
Deferred credits | (1,373 | ) |  |  | (1,769 | )
Tax loss carryforwards | (4,948 | ) |  |  | (5,463 | )
Other accrued liabilities | (595 | ) |  |  | (842 | )
Inventory | (505 | ) |  |  | (336 | )
Miscellaneous | (3,481 | ) |  |  | (2,415 | )
Total deferred tax assets | (29,553 | ) |  |  | (31,337 | )
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance | 15,973 |  |  |  | 16,574 |
Total deferred taxes, net | $ | 11,522 |  |  |  | $ | 9,902 |
Classification of deferred taxes | At December 31, 2018 and 2017, deferred taxes were classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows:
| At December 31 |
| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |
Deferred charges and other assets | $ | (4,399 | ) |  |  | $ | (4,750 | )
Noncurrent deferred income taxes | 15,921 |  |  |  | 14,652 |
Total deferred income taxes, net | $ | 11,522 |  |  |  | $ | 9,902 |
Changes to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits | The following table indicates the changes to the company’s unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The term “unrecognized tax benefits” in the accounting standards for income taxes refers to the differences between a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit measured and recognized in the financial statements. Interest and penalties are not included.
| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Balance at January 1 | $ | 4,828 |  |  |  | $ | 3,031 |  |  | $ | 3,042 |
Foreign currency effects | (6 | ) |  |  | 43 |  |  | 1 |
Additions based on tax positions taken in current year | 239 |  |  |  | 1,853 |  |  | 245 |
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years | 153 |  |  |  | 1,166 |  |  | 181 |
Reductions for tax positions taken in prior years | (131 | ) |  |  | (90 | ) |  | (390 | )
Settlements with taxing authorities in current year | (13 | ) |  |  | (1,173 | ) |  | (36 | )
Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | — |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (12 | )
Balance at December 31 | $ | 5,070 |  |  |  | $ | 4,828 |  |  | $ | 3,031 |
Taxes other than on income |
Taxes Other Than on Income | Year ended December 31 |
| 2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
United States |  |  |  |  |  |
Excise and similar taxes on products and merchandise* | $ | 4,830 |  |  |  | $ | 4,398 |  |  | $ | 4,335 |
Consumer excise taxes collected on behalf of third parties* | (4,830 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Import duties and other levies | 15 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |
Property and other miscellaneous taxes | 1,577 |  |  |  | 1,824 |  |  | 1,680 |
Payroll taxes | 246 |  |  |  | 241 |  |  | 252 |
Taxes on production | 325 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | 159 |
Total United States | 2,163 |  |  |  | 6,680 |  |  | 6,435 |
International |  |  |  |  |  |
Excise and similar taxes on products and merchandise* | 3,031 |  |  |  | 2,791 |  |  | 2,570 |
Consumer excise taxes collected on behalf of third parties* | (3,031 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Import duties and other levies | 37 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  | 33 |
Property and other miscellaneous taxes | 2,370 |  |  |  | 2,563 |  |  | 2,379 |
Payroll taxes | 132 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  | 145 |
Taxes on production | 165 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  | 106 |
Total International | 2,704 |  |  |  | 5,651 |  |  | 5,233 |
Total taxes other than on income | $ | 4,867 |  |  |  | $ | 12,331 |  |  | $ | 11,668 |
* Beginning in 2018, these taxes are netted in "Taxes other than on income" in accordance with ASU 2014-09. Refer to Note 25, "Revenue" beginning on page 88.

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32639-109319 + Details
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