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Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Taxes
 
Note 17
Taxes

Income Taxes
    Year ended December 31  
     
2023
      2022     2021  
Income tax expense (benefit)
   
 
     
U.S. federal
   
 
     
Current
   
$
895
 
    $ 1,723     $ 174  
Deferred
   
 
666
 
      2,240       1,004  
State and local
   
 
     
Current
   
 
211
 
      482       222  
Deferred
   
 
1
 
      39       202  
Total United States
   
 
   1,773
 
         4,484          1,602  
International
   
 
     
Current
   
 
6,745
 
      9,738       4,854  
Deferred
   
 
(345
) 
      (156 )      (506 ) 
Total International
   
 
6,400
 
      9,582       4,348  
Total income tax expense (benefit)
   
$
8,173
 
    $ 14,066     $ 5,950  
The reconciliation between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and the company’s effective income tax rate is detailed in the following table:
 
     Year ended December 31  
 
   
 
2023
 
      2022       2021  
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
 
     
United States
   
$
8,565
 
    $ 21,005     $ 9,674  
International
   
 
21,019
 
      28,669       11,965  
Total income (loss) before income taxes
   
 
29,584
 
      49,674       21,639  
Theoretical tax (at U.S. statutory rate of 21%)
   
 
   6,213
 
      10,432       4,544  
Equity affiliate accounting effect
   
 
(1,072
) 
      (1,678 )      (890 ) 
Effect of income taxes from international operations
   
 
3,001
 
         5,041          2,692  
State and local taxes on income, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit
   
 
252
 
      508       216  
Prior year tax adjustments, claims and settlements
1
   
 
(32
) 
      (90 )      362  
Tax credits
   
 
(20
) 
      (6 )      (173 ) 
Other U.S.
1, 2
   
 
(169
) 
      (141 )      (801 ) 
Total income tax expense (benefit)
   
$
8,173
 
    $ 14,066     $ 5,950  
 
Effective income tax rate
3
   
 
27.6
 % 
      28.3  %      27.5  % 
 
1
Includes
one-time
tax costs (benefits) associated with changes in uncertain tax positions.
 
2
 
Includes
one-time
tax costs (benefits) associated with changes in valuation allowances (2023 - $(84); 2022 - $(36); 2021 - $(624)).
 
3
 
The company’s effective tax rate is reflective of equity income reported on an
after-tax
basis as part of the “Total Income (Loss) Before Income Tax Expense,” in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Chevron’s share of its equity affiliates’ total income tax expense in 2023 was $1,724.
The 2023 decrease in income tax expense of $5,893 is a result of the year-over-year decrease in total income before income tax expense, which is primarily due to lower upstream realizations and downstream margins. The company’s effective tax rate changed from 28.3 percent in 2022 to 27.6 percent in 2023. The change in effective tax rate is mainly due to mix effects resulting from the absolute level of earnings or losses and whether they arose in higher or lower tax rate jurisdictions.
 
 
The company records its deferred taxes on a
tax-jurisdiction
basis. The reported deferred tax balances are composed of the following:
 
     At December 31  
     
2023
      2022  
Deferred tax liabilities
   
 
   
Properties, plant and equipment
   
$
20,303
 
    $ 18,295   
Investments and other
   
 
4,263
 
      4,492   
Total deferred tax liabilities
   
 
24,566
 
      22,787   
Deferred tax assets
   
 
   
Foreign tax credits
   
 
(13,560
) 
      (12,599)  
Asset retirement obligations/environmental reserves
   
 
(4,543
) 
      (4,518)  
Employee benefits
   
 
(1,785
) 
      (2,087)  
Deferred credits
   
 
(268
) 
      (446)  
Tax loss carryforwards
   
 
(3,492
) 
      (3,887)  
Other accrued liabilities
   
 
(1,416
) 
      (746)  
Inventory
   
 
(126
) 
      (219)  
Operating leases
   
 
(1,479
) 
      (1,134)  
Miscellaneous
   
 
(3,652
) 
      (4,057)  
Total deferred tax assets
   
 
(30,321
) 
      (29,693)  
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance
   
 
  20,416
 
      19,532   
Total deferred taxes, net
   
$
14,661
 
    $   12,626   
Deferred tax liabilities increased by $1,779 from
year-end
2022, driven by an increase to properties, plant and equipment. Deferred tax assets increased by $628 from
year-end
2022. This increase was primarily related to increases in foreign tax credits and other accrued liabilities, partially offset by decreases in tax loss carryforwards and employee benefits.
The overall valuation allowance relates to deferred tax assets for U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards, tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences. The valuation allowance reduces the deferred tax assets to amounts that are, in management’s assessment, more likely than not to be realized. At the end of 2023, the company had gross tax loss carryforwards of approximately $9,600 and tax credit carryforwards of approximately $260, primarily related to various international tax jurisdictions. Whereas some of these tax loss carryforwards do not have an expiration date, others expire at various times from 2024 through 2042. U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards of $13,560 will expire between 2024 and 2033.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, deferred taxes were classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows:
 
     At December 31  
     
2023
      2022   
Deferred charges and other assets
   
$
(4,169
) 
    $ (4,505)  
Noncurrent deferred income taxes
   
 
18,830
 
      17,131   
Total deferred income taxes, net
   
$
  14,661
 
    $   12,626   
Income taxes, including U.S. state and foreign withholding taxes, are not accrued for unremitted earnings of international operations that have been or are intended to be reinvested indefinitely, or where no taxable temporary differences exist that are attributable to unremitted earnings from an investment in a foreign entity. The indefinite reinvestment assertion continues to apply for the purpose of determining deferred tax liabilities for U.S. state and foreign withholding tax purposes. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of state and foreign withholding taxes that might be payable on the possible remittance of earnings that are intended to be reinvested indefinitely. The company does not anticipate incurring significant additional taxes on remittances of earnings that are not indefinitely reinvested.
Uncertain Income Tax Positions
The company recognizes a tax benefit in the financial statements for an uncertain tax position only if management’s assessment is that the position is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood greater than 50 percent) to be allowed by the tax jurisdiction based solely on the technical merits of the position. The term “tax position” in the accounting standards for income taxes refers to a position in a previously filed tax return or a position expected to be taken in a future tax return that is reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities for interim or annual periods.
The following table indicates the changes to the company’s unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The term “unrecognized tax benefits” in the accounting standards for income taxes refers to the
 
differences between a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit measured and recognized in the financial statements. Interest and penalties are not included.
 
     
2023
      2022     2021  
Balance at January 1
   
$
5,323
 
    $ 5,288     $ 5,018  
Foreign currency effects
   
 
(27
) 
      (2 )      (1 ) 
Additions based on tax positions taken in current year
   
 
248
 
      30       194  
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years
   
 
265
 
      234       218  
Reductions based on tax positions taken in current year
   
 
(104
) 
      —       —  
Reductions for tax positions taken in prior years
   
 
(251
) 
      (117 )      (36 ) 
Settlements with taxing authorities in current year
   
 
(2
) 
      (110 )      (18 ) 
Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations
   
 
—
 
      —       (87 ) 
Balance at December 31
   
$
   5,452
 
    $    5,323     $    5,288  
Approximately 79 percent of the $5,452 of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023, would have an impact on the effective tax rate if subsequently recognized. Certain of these unrecognized tax benefits relate to tax carryforwards that may require a full valuation allowance at the time of any such recognition.
The company and its subsidiaries are subject to income taxation and audits throughout the world. With certain exceptions, income tax examinations are completed through 2016 for the United States and 2007 for other major jurisdictions.
The company engages in ongoing discussions with tax authorities regarding the resolution of tax matters in the various jurisdictions. Both the outcome of these tax matters and the timing of resolution and/or closure of the tax audits are highly uncertain. Given the number of years that still remain subject to examination and the number of matters being examined in the various tax jurisdictions, the company is unable to estimate the range of possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits.
On the Consolidated Statement of Income, the company reports interest and penalties related to liabilities for uncertain tax positions as “Income Tax Expense (Benefit).” As of December 31, 2023, accrued expense of $229 for anticipated interest and penalties was included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, compared with accrued benefit of $112 as of
year-end
2022. Income tax expense (benefit) associated with interest and penalties was $124, $152 and $19 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 
Taxes Other Than on Income
    Year ended December 31  
     
2023
      2022      2021  
United States
   
 
      
Import duties and other levies
   
$
(9
) 
    $ 10      $ 7  
Property and other miscellaneous taxes
   
 
818
 
      609        552  
Payroll taxes
   
 
286
 
      248        302  
Taxes on production
   
 
801
 
      989        628  
Total United States
   
 
1,896
 
      1,856        1,489  
International
   
 
      
Import duties and other levies
   
 
72
 
      63        49  
Property and other miscellaneous taxes
   
 
2,004
 
      1,789        2,174  
Payroll taxes
   
 
121
 
      122        113  
Taxes on production
   
 
127
 
      202        138  
Total International
   
 
2,324
 
      2,176        2,474  
Total taxes other than on income
   
$
  4,220
 
    $    4,032      $    3,963