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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
________________________________________________________
Form 10-K
_______________________________________________________

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission file number: 1-10864
__________________________________________________________
UnitedHealth Group Incorporated
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 41-1321939
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1 Health Drive |  | 55344 |  | 655 New York Avenue NW |  | 20001
Eden Prairie, | Minnesota |  |  | Washington, | DC |
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code) |  | (Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(800) 328-5979
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
______________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value |  | UNH |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
_________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐
Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024 was $468,433,146,650 (based on the last reported sale price of $509.26 per share on June 30, 2024 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange), excluding only shares of voting stock held beneficially by directors, executive officers and subsidiaries of the registrant.
As of January 31, 2025, there were 914,712,333 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

UNITEDHEALTH GROUP
Table of Contents

|  | Page
Part I
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 10
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 20
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 21
Item 2. | Properties | 22
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 22
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 22
Part II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 22
Item 6. | Reserved | 23
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 36
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 37
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 67
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 67
Item 9B. | Other Information | 69
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections | 69
Part III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 69
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 70
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 70
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 70
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 70
Part IV
Item 15. | Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules | 71
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 79
Signatures | 80

PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
OUR BUSINESSES
Overview
The terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “its,” “UnitedHealth Group,” or the “Company” used in this report refer to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and its subsidiaries.
UnitedHealth Group Incorporated is a health care and well-being company with a mission to help people live healthier lives and help make the health system work better for everyone. Our two distinct, yet complementary businesses — Optum and UnitedHealthcare — are working to help build a modern, high-performing health system through improved access, affordability, outcomes and experiences for the individuals and organizations we are privileged to serve.
The ability to analyze complex data and apply deep health care expertise and insights allows us to serve patients, consumers, care providers, businesses, communities and governments with more innovative products and complete, end-to-end offerings for many of the biggest challenges facing health care today.
Optum seeks to create a higher-performing, value-oriented and more connected approach to health care. Bringing together clinical expertise, technology and data to make care simpler, more effective and more affordable, we seek to advance whole-person health, creating a seamless consumer experience and supporting clinicians with insights to deliver personalized, evidence-based care. Optum serves the broad health care marketplace, including patients and consumers, payers, care providers, employers, governments and life sciences companies, through its Optum Health, Optum Insight and Optum Rx businesses. These businesses improve overall health system performance by optimizing health care quality and delivery, reducing costs and improving patient, consumer and provider experience, leveraging distinctive capabilities in data and analytics, pharmacy care services, health care operations, population health and health financial services.
UnitedHealthcare offers a full range of health benefits, designed to simplify the health care experience and make it more affordable for consumers to access high-quality care. UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual serves consumers and employers, ranging from sole proprietorships to large, multi-site and national employers and public sector employers. UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement delivers health and well-being benefits to seniors and other Medicare eligible consumers. UnitedHealthcare Community & State serves consumers who are economically disadvantaged, the medically underserved and those without the benefit of employer sponsored health benefits coverage.
We have four reportable segments:
•Optum Health;
•Optum Insight;
•Optum Rx; and
•UnitedHealthcare, which includes UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual, UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement and UnitedHealthcare Community & State.
Optum
Optum is an information and technology-enabled health services business serving the broad health care marketplace, including:
•Those who need care: patients who need the right care, information, resources, products and engagement to improve their health, achieve their health goals and receive an improved patient experience that is personalized, comprehensive and delivered in all care settings, including in-home and virtually.
•Those who provide care: physicians, hospitals, pharmacies and others seeking to improve the health system and reduce the administrative burden, allowing for providers to focus time on patients leading to the best possible patient care and experiences while achieving better health outcomes at lower costs. Improved health outcomes are achieved by utilizing our clinical expertise, data and analytics to better understand, treat and prevent consumers’ health conditions and ensure they receive the best evidence-based care.
•Those who pay for care: consumers; employers; health plans; and state, federal and municipal agencies devoted to ensuring the people they sponsor receive high-quality care, administered and delivered efficiently and effectively, all while driving health equity so that every individual, family and community has access to the care they need.
•Those who innovate for care: global life sciences organizations dedicated to developing more effective approaches to care, enabling technologies and medicines to improve care delivery and health outcomes.
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Optum operates three business segments which combine distinctive capabilities in value-based care, population health, health care operations, data and analytics and pharmacy care services:
•Optum Health delivers patient-centered care, care management, wellness and consumer engagement, and health financial services;
•Optum Insight offers data, analytics, research, consulting, technology and managed services solutions; and
•Optum Rx provides diversified pharmacy care services.
Optum Health
Optum Health provides comprehensive and patient-centered care, addressing the physical, mental, social, and financial well-being of 100 million consumers and serves more than 100 health payer partners. We engage people in the most appropriate care settings, including clinical sites, in-home and virtual. Optum Health delivers primary, specialty and surgical care; helps patients and providers navigate and address complex, chronic and behavioral health needs; offers post-acute care planning services; and serves consumers and care providers through advanced, on-demand digital health technologies, such as telehealth and remote patient monitoring, and innovative health care financial services. Optum Health works directly with patients, consumers, care delivery systems, providers, employers, payers, and public-sector entities to provide high quality, accessible and equitable care with improved health outcomes and reduced total cost of care. Optum Health enables care providers to transition from traditional fee-for-service payment models to performance-based delivery and payment models designed to improve patient health outcomes and experience through value-based care.
Optum Health offerings include fully accountable value-based arrangements, where Optum Health assumes responsibility for health care costs in exchange for a monthly premium. Offerings also include administrative fee arrangements, where Optum Health manages or administers products and services in exchange for a monthly fee, and fee-for-service arrangements, where Optum Health delivers health-related products and medical services for patients at a contracted fee.
Optum Financial, including Optum Bank, serves consumers through more than 27 million consumer accounts with $24 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2024. Organizations across the health system rely on Optum Financial to manage and improve payment flows through its highly automated, scalable, end-to-end digital payment and financing systems and integrated card solutions. For financial services offerings, Optum Financial charges fees and earns investment income on managed funds.
Optum Health sells its products primarily through its direct sales force, strategic collaborations and external producers in three key areas: employers, including large, mid-sized and small employers; payers including health plans, third-party administrators (TPAs), underwriter/stop-loss carriers and individual product intermediaries; and public entities, including the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS), Veterans Affairs, Defense, and other federal, state and local health care agencies.
Optum Insight
Optum Insight connects the health care system with services, analytics and platforms that make clinical, administrative and financial processes simpler and more efficient for all participants in the health care system. Hospital systems, physicians, health plans, public entities, life sciences companies and other organizations comprising the health care industry depend on Optum Insight to help them improve performance and reduce costs through administrative efficiency and payment simplification, advance care quality through evidence-based standards built directly into clinical workflows, meet compliance mandates and modernize their core operating systems to meet the changing needs of the health system.
Health Systems. Serves hospitals, physicians and other care providers to improve operating performance, better coordinate care and reduce administrative costs through technology and services to improve population health management, patient engagement, revenue cycle management and strategic growth plans.
Health Plans. Serves health plans by improving financial performance and enhancing outcomes through proactive analytics, a comprehensive payment integrity portfolio and technology-enabled and staff-supported risk and quality services. Optum Insight helps health plans navigate a dynamic environment defined by shifts in employer vs. public-sector coverage, the demand for affordable benefit plans and the need to leverage new technology to reduce complexity.
State Governments. Provides advanced technology and analytics services to modernize the administration of critical safety net programs, such as Medicaid, while improving cost predictability.
Life Sciences Companies. Combines data and analytics expertise with comprehensive technologies and health care knowledge to help life sciences companies, including those in pharmaceuticals and medical technology, adopt a more comprehensive approach to advancing therapeutic discoveries and improving clinical outcomes.
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Many of Optum Insight’s software and information products and professional services are delivered over extended periods, often several years. Optum Insight maintains an order backlog to track unearned revenues under these long-term arrangements. The backlog consists of estimated revenue from signed contracts, other legally binding agreements and anticipated contract renewals based on historical experience with Optum Insight’s customers. Optum Insight’s aggregate backlog as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $32.8 billion, of which $19.8 billion is expected to be realized within the next 12 months. The aggregate backlog includes $12.5 billion related to affiliated agreements. Optum Insight’s aggregate backlog as of December 31, 2023, was $32.1 billion, including $11.9 billion related to affiliated agreements.
Optum Insight’s products and services are sold primarily through a direct sales force. Optum Insight’s products are also supported and distributed through an array of alliances and business partnerships with other technology vendors, who integrate and interface Optum Insight’s products with their applications.
Optum Rx
Optum Rx provides a full spectrum of pharmacy care services through its network of more than 65,000 retail pharmacies, through home delivery, specialty and community health pharmacies, the provision of in-home and community-based infusion services and through rare disease and gene therapy support services. It also offers direct-to-consumer solutions.
Optum Rx manages a broad range of prescription drug spend, including widely available retail drugs as well as limited and ultra-limited distribution drugs in oncology, HIV, pain management and ophthalmology. Optum Rx serves the growing pharmacy needs of people with behavioral health and substance use disorders. In 2024, Optum Rx managed $178 billion in pharmaceutical spending, including $74 billion in specialty pharmaceutical spending.
Optum Rx serves health benefits providers, large national employer plans, unions and trusts, purchasing coalitions and public-sector entities. Optum Rx sells its services through direct sales, health insurance brokers and other health care consultants.
Optum Rx offers multiple clinical programs, digital tools and services to help clients manage overall pharmacy and health care costs in a clinically appropriate manner which are designed to deliver improved consumer experiences, better health outcomes and a lower total cost of care. Optum Rx provides various utilization management, medication management, quality assurance, adherence and counseling programs to complement each client’s plan design and clinical strategies. Optum Rx is accelerating the integration of medical, pharmacy and behavioral care and treating the whole patient by embedding our pharmacists as key members of the patient care team.
UnitedHealthcare
Through its health benefits offerings, UnitedHealthcare is enabling better health, creating a better health care experience for its customers and helping to control rising health care costs. UnitedHealthcare’s market position is built on:
•strong local-market relationships;
•the breadth of product offerings, based upon extensive expertise in distinct market segments in health care;
•service and advanced technology, including digital consumer engagement;
•competitive medical and operating cost positions;
•effective clinical engagement; and
•innovation for customers and consumers.
UnitedHealthcare arranges for discounted access to care through its extensive networks and uses Optum’s capabilities to help coordinate and provide patient care, improve affordability of medical care, analyze cost trends, manage pharmacy care services, work with care providers more effectively and create a simpler and more satisfying consumer and physician experience.
UnitedHealthcare is subject to extensive government regulation. See further discussion of our regulatory environment below under “Government Regulation” and in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual
Domestically, UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual offers a comprehensive array of consumer-oriented health benefit plans and services for large national employers, public sector employers, mid-sized employers, small businesses, and individuals. As of December 31, 2024, UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual provides access to medical services for 29.7 million people.
Through its risk-based product offerings, UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual assumes the risk of both medical and administrative costs for its customers in return for a monthly premium which is typically a fixed rate per individual served for a one-year period. Through its administrative and other management services arrangements to customers who elect to self-fund the health care costs of their employees and employees’ dependents, UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual receives a fixed
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monthly service fee per individual served. These customers retain the risk of financing medical benefits for their employees and employees’ dependents, while UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual provides services such as coordination and facilitation of medical and related services to customers, consumers and health care professionals, administration of transaction processing and access to a contracted network of physicians, hospitals and other health care professionals, including dental and vision professionals. UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual is focused on providing informed benefit solutions that create customized plan designs and clinical programs for employers that contribute to well-being and reduce the total cost of care along with providing simpler consumer experiences in response to market dynamics.
UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual typically distributes its products through a variety of channels, dependent upon the specific product, including: through consultants or direct sales, in collaboration with brokers and agents, through wholesale agents or agencies who contract with health insurance carriers to distribute individual or group benefits, through professional employer organizations and associations and through both multi-carrier and its own proprietary private exchange marketplaces.
UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual’s major product families include consumer engagement products, such as high-deductible consumer driven benefit plans and a variety of innovative consumer centric products; traditional products; clinical and pharmacy products; and specialty benefits, such as vision, dental, accident protection, critical illness, disability and hospital indemnity offerings.
UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement
UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement provides health and well-being services to seniors and other Medicare eligible consumers, addressing their unique needs. UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement has distinct benefit designs, pricing, underwriting, clinical program management and marketing capabilities dedicated to health products and services in this market.
UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement offers a selection of products allowing people choice in obtaining the health coverage and services they need as their circumstances change. These offerings include care management and health system navigator services, clinical management programs, nurse health line services, 24-hour access to health care information, access to discounted health services from a network of care providers and administrative services.
UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement has extensive distribution capabilities and experience, including direct marketing to consumers on behalf of its key clients, a membership organization, and state and U.S. government agencies. Products are also offered through agents, employer groups and digital channels.
Major product categories include:
Medicare Advantage. Provides health care coverage for seniors and other eligible Medicare beneficiaries through the Medicare Advantage program administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), including Medicare Advantage HMO plans, Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans, Point-of-Service plans, Private-Fee-for-Service plans and Special Needs Plans (SNPs). Under the Medicare Advantage program, UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement provides health benefits coverage in exchange for a fixed monthly premium per member from CMS plus, in some cases, monthly consumer premiums. Premium amounts received from CMS vary based on the geographic areas in which individuals reside; demographic factors such as age, gender and institutionalized status; and the health status of the individual. UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement served 7.8 million people through its Medicare Advantage products as of December 31, 2024.
We have continued to enhance our offerings, focusing on more digital and physical care resources in the home, expanding our concierge navigation services and enabling the home as a safe and effective setting for care. For example, through our HouseCalls program, nurse practitioners performed 2.9 million clinical preventive home care visits in 2024 to address unmet care opportunities and close gaps in care.
Medicare Part D. Provides Medicare Part D benefits to beneficiaries through its Medicare Advantage and stand-alone Medicare Part D plans. The stand-alone Medicare Part D plans address a large spectrum of people’s needs and preferences for their prescription drug coverage, including low-cost prescription options. As of December 31, 2024, UnitedHealthcare enrolled 10.1 million people in the Medicare Part D programs, including 3.1 million individuals in stand-alone Medicare Part D plans, with the remainder in Medicare Advantage plans incorporating Medicare Part D coverage.
Medicare Supplement. Provides a full range of supplemental products at diverse price points. These products cover various levels of coinsurance and deductible gaps to which seniors are exposed in the traditional Medicare program. UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement served 4.3 million seniors nationwide through various Medicare Supplement products as of December 31, 2024.
Premium revenues from CMS represented 40% of UnitedHealth Group’s total consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024, most of which were generated by UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement.
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UnitedHealthcare Community & State
UnitedHealthcare Community & State is dedicated to serving state programs caring for the economically disadvantaged, the medically underserved and those without the benefit of employer-funded health care coverage, typically in exchange for a monthly premium per member from the state program. UnitedHealthcare Community & State’s primary customers oversee Medicaid plans, including Temporary Assistance to Needy Families; Children’s Health Insurance Programs (CHIP); Dual SNPs (DSNPs); Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS); Aged, Blind and Disabled; and other federal, state and community health care programs. As of December 31, 2024, UnitedHealthcare Community & State participated in programs in 33 states and the District of Columbia, and served more than 7.4 million people; including 1.2 million people through Medicaid expansion programs in 20 states under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).
States using managed care services for Medicaid beneficiaries select health plans by using a formal bid process or by awarding individual contracts. These health plans and care programs are designed to address the complex needs of the populations they serve, including the chronically ill, people with disabilities and people with a higher risk of medical, behavioral and social conditions. UnitedHealthcare Community & State administers benefits for the unique needs of children, pregnant women, adults, seniors and those who are institutionalized or are nursing home eligible. These individuals often live in medically underserved areas and are less likely to have a consistent relationship with the medical community or a care provider. They also often face significant social and economic challenges.
GOVERNMENT REGULATION
Our businesses are subject to comprehensive U.S. federal and state and international laws and regulations. We are regulated by agencies which generally have discretion to issue regulations and interpret and enforce laws and rules. U.S. federal and state and international governments continue to consider and enact various legislative and regulatory proposals which could materially impact certain aspects of the health care system. New laws, regulations and rules, or changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations and rules, including as a result of changes in the political environment, could adversely affect our businesses.
See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the risks related to our compliance with U.S. federal and state and international laws and regulations.
U.S. Federal Laws and Regulation
When we contract with the federal government, we are subject to federal laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts. CMS regulates our UnitedHealthcare businesses and certain aspects of our Optum businesses. Payments by CMS to our businesses are subject to regulations, including those governing fee-for-service and the submission of information relating to the health status of enrollees for purposes of determining the amounts of certain payments to us. CMS also has the right to audit our performance to determine our compliance with CMS contracts and regulations and the quality of care we provide to Medicare beneficiaries. Our commercial business is further subject to CMS audits related to medical loss ratios (MLRs) and risk adjustment data.
UnitedHealthcare Community & State has Medicaid and CHIP contracts, which are subject to federal regulations regarding services to be provided to Medicaid enrollees, payment for those services and other aspects of these programs. There are many regulations affecting Medicare and Medicaid compliance, and the regulatory environment with respect to these programs is complex.
Our businesses are also subject to laws and regulations relating to consumer protection, anti-fraud and abuse, anti-kickbacks, false claims, prohibited referrals, inappropriate reduction or limitation of health care services, anti-money laundering and securities and antitrust compliance.
Privacy, Security and Data Standards Regulation. Certain of our operations are subject to regulation under the administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended (HIPAA), which apply to both the group and individual health insurance markets, including self-funded employee benefit plans. Federal regulations related to HIPAA contain minimum standards for electronic transactions and code sets and for the privacy and security of protected health information.
Our businesses must comply with the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), which regulates matters relating to privacy, security and data standards. HITECH imposes requirements on uses and disclosures of health information; includes contracting requirements for HIPAA business associate agreements; extends parts of HIPAA privacy and security provisions to business associates; adds federal data breach notification requirements for covered entities and business associates and reporting requirements to HHS and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and, in some cases, to the local media; strengthens enforcement and imposes higher financial penalties for HIPAA violations and, in certain cases, imposes criminal penalties for individuals, including employees. In the conduct of our business, depending on the circumstances, we may act as either a covered entity or a business associate.
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The use and disclosure of individually identifiable health data by our businesses are also regulated in some instances by other federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) or state statutes implementing GLBA. These federal laws and state statutes generally require insurers to provide customers with notice regarding how their non-public personal health and financial information is used and the opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures before the insurer shares such information with a third party, and generally prescribe safeguards for the protection of personal information. Neither the GLBA nor HIPAA privacy regulations preempt more stringent state laws and regulations, which may apply to us, as discussed below. Federal consumer protection laws may also apply in some instances to privacy and security practices related to personally identifiable information.
ERISA. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), regulates how our services are provided to or through certain types of employer-sponsored health benefit plans. ERISA is a set of laws and regulations subject to interpretation by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) as well as the federal courts. ERISA sets forth standards on how our business units may do business with employers who sponsor employee health benefit plans, particularly those who maintain self-funded plans. Regulations established by the DOL subject us to additional requirements for administration of benefits, claims payment and member appeals under health care plans governed by ERISA.
State Laws and Regulation
Health Care Regulation. Our insurance and HMO subsidiaries must be licensed by the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. All of the states in which our subsidiaries offer insurance and HMO products regulate those products and operations. The states require periodic financial reports and establish minimum capital or restricted cash reserve requirements. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has adopted model regulations, which require expanded governance practices and risk and solvency assessment reporting. Most states have adopted these or similar measures to expand the scope of regulations relating to corporate governance and internal control activities of HMOs and insurance companies. We are required to maintain a risk management framework and file a confidential self-assessment report with state insurance regulators. We file reports annually with Connecticut, our lead regulator, and with New York, as required by the state’s regulation.
Our health plans and insurance companies are regulated under state insurance holding company regulations. Such regulations generally require registration with applicable state departments of insurance and the filing of reports describing capital structure, ownership, financial condition, certain affiliated transactions and general business operations. Most state insurance holding company laws and regulations require prior regulatory approval of acquisitions and material affiliated transfers of assets, as well as transactions between the regulated companies and their parent holding companies or affiliates. These laws may restrict the ability of our regulated subsidiaries to pay dividends to our holding companies.
Some of our business activity is subject to other health care-related regulations and requirements, including PPO, Managed Care Organization (MCO), utilization review (UR), TPA, pharmacy care services, durable medical equipment or care provider-related regulations and licensure requirements. These regulations differ from state to state and may contain network, contracting, product and rate, licensing and financial and reporting requirements. Health care-related laws and regulations set specific standards for delivery of services, appeals, grievances and payment of claims, adequacy of health care professional networks, fraud prevention, protection of consumer health information, pricing and underwriting practices and covered benefits and services. State health care anti-fraud and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of activities, including kickbacks for referral of members, billing for unnecessary medical services and improper marketing. Certain of our businesses are subject to state general agent, broker and sales distribution laws and regulations. UnitedHealthcare Community & State and certain of our Optum businesses are subject to regulation by state Medicaid agencies which oversee the provision of benefits to our Medicaid and CHIP beneficiaries and to our beneficiaries dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. We also contract with state governmental entities and are subject to state laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of state government contracts.
State Privacy and Security Regulations. A number of states have adopted laws and regulations which may affect our privacy and security practices, such as state laws governing the use, disclosure and protection of social security numbers and protected health information or which are designed to implement GLBA or protect credit card account data. State and local authorities increasingly focus on the importance of protecting individuals from identity theft, with a significant number of states enacting laws requiring businesses to meet minimum cyber-security standards and notify individuals of security breaches involving personal information. State consumer protection laws may also apply to privacy and security practices related to personally identifiable information, including information related to consumers and care providers. Different approaches to state privacy and insurance regulation and varying enforcement philosophies may materially and adversely affect our ability to standardize our products and services across state lines. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the risks related to compliance with state privacy and security regulations.
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Corporate Practice of Medicine and Fee-Splitting Laws. Certain of our businesses function as direct medical service providers and, as such, are subject to additional laws and regulations. Some states have corporate practice of medicine laws prohibiting specific types of entities from practicing medicine or employing physicians to practice medicine. Moreover, some states prohibit certain entities from engaging in fee-splitting practices, which involve sharing in the fees or revenues of a professional practice. These prohibitions may be statutory or regulatory, or may be imposed through judicial or regulatory interpretation. The laws, regulations and interpretations in certain states have been subject to limited judicial and regulatory interpretation and are subject to change.
Pharmacy and Pharmacy Benefits Management (PBM) Regulations
Optum Rx’s businesses include home delivery, specialty and compounding pharmacies, as well as clinic-based pharmacies which must be licensed as pharmacies in the states in which they are located. Certain of our pharmacies must also register with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and individual state controlled substance authorities to dispense controlled substances. In addition to adhering to the laws and regulations in the states where our pharmacies are located, we also are required to comply with laws and regulations in some non-resident states where we deliver pharmaceuticals, including those requiring us to register with the board of pharmacy in the non-resident state. These non-resident states generally expect our pharmacies to follow the laws of the state in which the pharmacies are located, but some non-resident states also require us to comply with their laws where pharmaceuticals are delivered. Additionally, certain of our pharmacies which participate in programs for Medicare and state Medicaid providers are required to comply with applicable Medicare and Medicaid provider rules and regulations. Other laws and regulations affecting our pharmacies include federal and state statutes and regulations governing the labeling, packaging, advertising and adulteration of prescription drugs and dispensing of controlled substances. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the risks related to our pharmacy care services businesses.
Federal and state legislation regulating PBM activities affects both our ability to limit access to a pharmacy provider network or remove network providers. Additionally, many states limit our ability to manage and establish maximum allowable costs for generic prescription drugs. With respect to formulary services, a number of government entities, including CMS, HHS and state departments of insurance, regulate the administration of prescription drug benefits offered through federal or state exchanges. Many states also regulate the scope of prescription drug coverage, as well as the delivery channels to receive such prescriptions, for insurers, MCOs and Medicaid managed care plans. These regulations could limit or preclude (i) certain plan designs, (ii) limited networks, (iii) use of particular care providers or distribution channels, (iv) copayment differentials among providers and (v) formulary tiering practices.
Legislation seeking to regulate PBM activities introduced or enacted at the federal or state level could impact our business practices with others in the pharmacy supply chain, including pharmaceutical manufacturers and network providers. In addition, organizations like the NAIC periodically issue model regulations while credentialing organizations, like the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Utilization Review Accreditation Commission (URAC), may establish standards impacting PBM pharmacy activities. Although these model regulations and standards do not have the force of law, they may influence states to adopt their recommendations and impact the services we deliver to our clients.
Consumer Protection Laws
Certain of our businesses participate in direct-to-consumer activities and are subject to regulations applicable to online communications and other general consumer protection laws and regulations such as the Federal Tort Claims Act, the Federal Postal Service Act and the FTC’s Telemarketing Sales Rule. Most states also have similar consumer protection laws.
Certain laws, such as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, give the FTC, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and state attorneys general the ability to regulate, and bring enforcement actions relating to, telemarketing practices and certain automated outbound contacts such as phone calls, texts or emails. Under certain circumstances, these laws may provide consumers with a private right of action. Violations of these laws could result in substantial statutory penalties and other sanctions.
Banking Regulation
Optum Bank is subject to regulation by federal banking regulators, including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which performs annual examinations to ensure the bank is operating in accordance with federal safety and soundness requirements, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which may perform periodic examinations to ensure the bank is in compliance with applicable consumer protection statutes, regulations and agency guidelines. Optum Bank is also subject to supervision and regulation by the Utah State Department of Financial Institutions, which carries out annual examinations to ensure the bank is operating in accordance with state safety and soundness requirements and performs periodic examinations of the bank’s compliance with applicable state banking statutes, regulations and agency guidelines. In the event of unfavorable examination results from any of these agencies, the bank could become subject to increased operational expenses and capital requirements, enhanced governmental oversight and monetary penalties.
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Non-U.S. Regulation
Certain of our businesses operate internationally and are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which they are organized or conduct business. These regulatory regimes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In addition, our non-U.S. businesses and operations are subject to U.S. laws regulating the conduct and activities of U.S.-based businesses operating outside the United States, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which prohibits offering, promising, providing or authorizing others to give anything of value to a foreign government official to obtain or retain business or otherwise secure a business advantage.
COMPETITION
As a diversified health care company, we operate in highly competitive markets across the full expanse of health care benefits and services. Our competitors include organizations ranging from startups to highly sophisticated Fortune 50 global enterprises, for-profit and non-profit companies, and private and government-sponsored entities. New entrants to our markets and business combinations among our competitors and suppliers also contribute to a dynamic and competitive environment. We compete fundamentally on the quality and value we provide to those we serve which can include elements such as product and service innovation; use of technology; consumer and provider engagement and satisfaction; and sales, marketing and pricing. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for additional discussion of our risks related to competition.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
We have obtained trademark registration for the UnitedHealth Group, Optum and UnitedHealthcare names and logos. We own registrations for certain of our other trademarks in the United States and abroad. We hold a portfolio of patents and have patent applications pending from time to time. We are not substantially dependent on any single patent or group of related patents.
Unless otherwise noted, trademarks appearing in this report are trademarks owned by us. We disclaim any proprietary interest in the marks and names of others.
HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our nearly 400,000 employees, as of December 31, 2024, including more than 140,000 clinical professionals, are guided by our mission to help people live healthier lives and help make the health system work better for everyone. Our mission and cultural values of integrity, compassion, inclusion, relationships, innovation, performance and quality align with our long-term business strategy to increase access to care, make care more affordable, enhance the care experience, improve health outcomes and advance health equity. Our mission and values attract individuals who are determined to make a difference – individuals whose talent, innovation, engagement and empowerment are critical in our ability to achieve our mission.
We are committed to developing our people and culture by creating an inclusive environment where people of diverse talents, backgrounds, experiences and perspectives make us better. Our approach is data-driven and leader-led and uses enterprise and business scorecards to ensure our leaders are accountable for a consistent focus on hiring, developing, advancing and retaining diverse talent. We have embedded inclusion and diversity throughout our culture, including in our talent acquisition and talent management practices; leadership development; careers; learning and skills; and systems and processes. We strive to maintain a skilled, sustainable and diverse talent pipeline by building strong strategic partnerships and outreach through early career programs, internships and apprenticeships. We support career coaching, mentorship and accelerated leadership development programs to ensure mobility and advancement for our diverse talent. To foster an engaged workforce and an inclusive culture, we invest in a broad array of skills-based learning and culture development programs. We rely on a shared leadership framework, which clearly and objectively defines our expectations, enables an environment where everyone has the opportunity to learn and grow, and helps us identify, develop and deploy talent to help achieve our mission.
We prioritize pay equity by objectively and regularly evaluating and reviewing our compensation practices by performance, age, experience, gender, ethnicity and race. Receiving on-going feedback from our team members is another way to strengthen and reinforce a culture of inclusion. Our Employee Experience Index measures an employee’s sense of commitment and belonging to our company and is a metric in the Stewardship section of our annual incentive plan. Our Sustainability Report, which can be accessed on our website at www.unitedhealthgroup.com, provides further information about our people and culture.
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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of February 27, 2025, including the business experience of each executive officer during the past five years:

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Andrew Witty |  | 60 |  | Chief Executive Officer
John Rex |  | 63 |  | President and Chief Financial Officer
Heather Cianfrocco |  | 51 |  | Chief Executive Officer, Optum
Erin McSweeney |  | 60 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer
Timothy Noel |  | 53 |  | Chief Executive Officer, UnitedHealthcare
Thomas Roos |  | 52 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
Christopher Zaetta |  | 53 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary

Our Board of Directors elects executive officers annually. Our executive officers serve until their successors are duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation, removal or disqualification.
Andrew Witty has served as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of UnitedHealth Group since February 2021. Previously, Andrew served as Chief Executive Officer of Optum from July 2018 to April 2021, President of UnitedHealth Group from November 2019 to February 2021 and as a UnitedHealth Group director from August 2017 to March 2018. Prior to joining UnitedHealth Group, he was Chief Executive Officer and a board member of GlaxoSmithKline, a global pharmaceutical company, from 2008 to 2017.
John Rex has served as President and Chief Financial Officer of UnitedHealth Group since April 2024. Previously, John served as Chief Financial Officer of UnitedHealth Group since June 2016. From March 2012 to June 2016, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Optum. Prior to joining Optum in 2012, John was a Managing Director at JP Morgan, a global financial services firm.
Heather Cianfrocco has served as Chief Executive Officer of Optum since April 2024. Previously, Heather served as Optum's President and held numerous leadership roles since joining UnitedHealth Group from 2008 until April 2024, including serving as Chief Executive Officer of Optum Rx, Chief Executive Officer for Optum's Health Services and Chief Executive Officer of UnitedHealthcare Community & State.
Erin McSweeney has served as Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer of UnitedHealth Group since March 2022. From February 2021 to March 2022, Erin served as chief of staff to UnitedHealth Group’s Office of the Chief Executive. From January 2017 to February 2021, she served as Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer at Optum. Prior to joining UnitedHealth Group, Erin was Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer for EMC Corporation, an international technology company.
Tim Noel has served as Chief Executive Officer of UnitedHealthcare since January 2025. Previously, Tim served as Chief Executive Officer of UnitedHealthcare’s Medicare & Retirement business and held numerous leadership roles since joining UnitedHealth Group from 2007 until January 2025, including serving as Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of federal products for Medicare & Retirement.
Tom Roos has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of UnitedHealth Group since August 2015. Prior to joining UnitedHealth Group, Tom was a Partner at Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm.
Chris Zaetta has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary of UnitedHealth Group since May 2024. Previously, Chris served as Chief Legal Officer of Optum from September 2020 until May 2024. Prior to joining Optum in 2020, Chris was Vice President at Johnson & Johnson, a pharmaceutical company. Chris also held several leadership roles at UnitedHealth Group from May 2011 to September 2019, including Head of Litigation and General Counsel of the organization’s government businesses.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Our executive offices are located at 1 Health Drive, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344 and 655 New York Avenue, Washington, DC 20001; our telephone number is (800) 328-5979. You can access our website at www.unitedhealthgroup.com to learn more about our company. We make periodic and current reports and amendments available, free of charge, on our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish these reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Information on or linked to our website is neither part of nor incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other SEC filings.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
The statements, estimates, projections or outlook contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA). When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in future filings by us with the SEC, in our news releases, presentations to securities analysts or investors, and in oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our executive officers, the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “plan,” “project,” “should” or similar words or phrases are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are intended to take advantage of the “safe harbor” provisions of the PSLRA. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties which may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement in this report speaks only as of the date of this report and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances, including unanticipated events, after the date of this report.
The following discussion contains cautionary statements regarding our business, which investors and others should consider. We do not undertake to address in future filings with the SEC or other communications regarding our business or results of operations how any of these factors may have caused our results to differ from discussions or information contained in our previous filings or communications. In addition, any of the matters discussed below may have affected past, as well as current, forward-looking statements about future results. Any or all forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any other SEC filings or public statements we make may turn out to be wrong. Our forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Many factors discussed below will be important in determining our future results. By their nature, forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or results and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions which are difficult to predict or quantify.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
If we fail to estimate, price for and manage our medical costs or design benefits in an effective manner, the profitability of our risk-based products and services could decline and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Through our risk-based benefit products, we assume the risk of both medical and administrative costs for our customers in return for monthly premiums. The profitability of our products depends in large part on our ability to predict and effectively price for and manage medical costs. Our Optum Health business also enters into fully accountable value-based arrangements with payers. Premium revenues from risk-based products constitute nearly 80% of our total consolidated revenues. Estimates of benefit expense payments involve extensive judgement and are subject to considerable inherent variability. Relatively small differences between predicted and actual medical costs, or utilization rates as a percentage of revenues, have resulted and in the future may result in significant changes in our financial results. If we fail to predict accurately, or effectively price for or manage, the costs of providing care under risk-based arrangements, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We manage medical costs through underwriting criteria, product design, negotiation of competitive provider contracts and care management programs. Total medical costs are affected by the number of individual services rendered, the cost of each service and the type of service rendered. Although we base the premiums we charge on our estimates of future medical costs over the fixed contract period, many factors may cause, and have previously caused, actual costs to exceed those estimated and reflected in premiums or bids. These factors may include medical cost inflation, increased use of services, business mix, unexpected differences among new customer populations, increased cost of individual services, costs to deliver care, large-scale medical emergencies, the potential effects of climate change, pandemics, the introduction of new or costly drugs or increases in drug prices, treatments and technology, new treatment guidelines, newly mandated benefits or other regulatory changes and insured population characteristics. Cost increases in excess of our forecasts typically cannot be recovered in the fixed premium period through higher premiums. For Optum Health’s fully accountable value-based care, any inability to provide higher-quality outcomes and better experiences at lower costs or to integrate our care delivery models could impact our results of operations, financial positions and cash flows.
In addition, the financial results we report for any particular period include estimates of costs incurred for which claims are still outstanding. These estimates involve an extensive degree of judgment. If these estimates prove inaccurate, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
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If we fail to maintain properly the integrity or availability of our data or successfully consolidate, integrate, upgrade or expand our existing information systems, or if our technology products do not operate as intended, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
Our business depends on the integrity and timeliness of the data we use to serve our members, customers and health care professionals and to operate our business. If the data we rely upon to run our businesses is found to be inaccurate or unreliable or if we fail to effectively maintain or protect the integrity of our data and information systems, including systems powered by or incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML), we could experience failures in our health, wellness and information technology products; lose existing customers; have difficulty attracting new customers; experience problems in determining medical cost estimates and establishing appropriate pricing; have difficulty preventing, detecting and controlling fraud; have disputes with customers, physicians and other health care professionals; become subject to regulatory sanctions, penalties, investigations or audits; incur increases in operating expenses; or suffer other adverse consequences.
The volume of health care data generated, and the uses of data, including electronic health records, are rapidly expanding. We depend on the integrity of the data in our information systems to implement new and innovative services, automate and deploy new technologies to simplify administrative processes and clinical decision making, price our products and services adequately, provide effective service to our customers and consumers in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion, provide timely payments to care providers, and accurately report our results of operations. In addition, increasing connectivity among technologies and recent trends toward greater consumer engagement in health care require new and enhanced technologies, including more sophisticated applications for mobile devices and new tools and products that leverage AI/ML to improve the customer experience. We anticipate that fast-evolving AI/ML technologies, including generative AI, will play an increasingly important role in our information systems and customer-facing technology products. Our ability to protect and enhance existing systems and develop new systems to keep pace with changes in information processing technology (including AI/ML), regulatory standards and changing customer preferences will require an ongoing commitment of significant development and operational resources. If these commitments fail to provide the anticipated benefits, if we are unable to successfully anticipate future technology developments, or if the cost to keep pace with the technological changes exceeds our estimates, we could be exposed to reputational harm and experience adverse effects on our business.
We may not successfully implement our initiatives to consolidate the number of systems we operate, upgrade and expand our information systems’ capabilities, integrate and enhance our systems and develop new systems to keep pace with recent regulations and changes in information processing technology. Failure to protect, consolidate and integrate our systems successfully could result in higher than expected costs.
Some of our businesses sell and install software products which may contain unexpected design defects or may encounter unexpected complications during installation or when used with other technologies utilized by the customer. A failure of our technology products to operate as intended and in a seamless fashion with other products could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Uncertain and rapidly evolving U.S. federal and state, non-U.S. and international laws and regulations related to health data and health information technologies, including those powered by or incorporating AI/ML, may alter the competitive landscape or impose new compliance requirements and could materially and adversely affect the configuration of our information systems and platforms, and our ability to compete in our markets.
If we or third parties we rely on sustain cyberattacks or other privacy or data security incidents resulting in disruption to our operations or the disclosure of protected personal information or proprietary or confidential information, we could suffer a loss of revenue and increased costs, negative operational effects, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm and other serious negative consequences.
We routinely process, store and transmit large amounts of data in our operations, including protected personal information subject to privacy, security or data breach notification laws, as well as proprietary or confidential information relating to our business or third parties. Some of the data we process, store and transmit may be outside of the United States due to our information technology systems and international business operations. We are regularly the target of attempted cyberattacks and other security threats and have previously been, and may in the future be, subject to compromises of the information technology systems we use, information we hold, or information held on our behalf by third parties. For example, we previously reported our Change Healthcare business, which we had recently acquired, was subject to a cyberattack in 2024, in which the data involved contained protected health information or personally identifiable information.
While we have programs in place to detect, contain and respond to data security incidents and provide employee awareness training regarding phishing, malware and other cyber threats to protect against cybersecurity risks and incidents, we expect that we will continue to experience these incidents, some of which may negatively affect our business. Further, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and are increasing in sophistication, in part due to use of evolving AI/ML technologies (including generative AI), and because our businesses are changing as well, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques and threats, timely detect data security
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incidents or implement adequate preventive measures. Threat actors and hackers have previously been, and may in the future be, able to negatively affect our operations by penetrating our security controls and causing system and operational disruptions or shutdowns, accessing, misappropriating or otherwise compromising protected personal information or proprietary or confidential information or that of third parties, and developing and deploying viruses, ransomware and other malware that can attack our systems, exploit any security vulnerabilities, and disrupt or shutdown our systems and operations. In addition, hardware, software, or applications we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects or other problems which could unexpectedly compromise our information security controls. Our systems may also be vulnerable to financial fraud schemes, misplaced or lost data, error, malicious social engineering, or other events which could negatively affect the data or financial accounts, proprietary or confidential information relating to our business or third parties, or our operations. There have previously been and may be in the future heightened vulnerabilities due to recently-acquired or non-integrated businesses. We rely in some circumstances on third-party vendors to process, store and transmit large amounts of data for our business. The operations of these vendors are subject to similar risks, but are outside our direct oversight and control.
The costs to eliminate or address the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities before or after a cybersecurity incident could be material. We have business continuation and resiliency plans which we maintain, update and test regularly in an effort to contain and remediate potential disruptions or cybersecurity events. If our remediation efforts are not successful, we may experience operational interruptions, delays, or cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers. In addition, compromises of our security measures or the unauthorized dissemination of sensitive personal information, proprietary information or confidential information about us, our customers or other third parties, previously and in the future, could expose us or them to the risk of financial or medical identity theft, negative operational impacts, and loss or misuse of this information, result in litigation and liability, including regulatory penalties, for us, damage our brand and reputation, or otherwise harm our business.
If we fail to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with health care payers, physicians, hospitals and other service providers, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
We depend substantially on our continued ability to contract with health care payers (as a service provider to those payers), as well as physicians, hospitals, pharmaceutical benefit service providers, pharmaceutical manufacturers and other care and service providers at competitive prices. If we fail to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with health care providers, whether in-network or out-of-network, our failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows. In addition, some of our activities related to network design, provider participation in networks and provider payments could result in disputes, which may be costly and attract negative publicity.
In any particular market, physicians and health care providers could refuse to contract with us, demand higher payments, or take other actions which could result in higher medical costs, less desirable products for customers or difficulty meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements. In some markets, certain health care providers, particularly hospitals, physician and hospital organizations or multi-specialty physician groups, may have significant market positions which could diminish our bargaining power. In addition, Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs); physician group management services organizations (which aggregate physician practices for administrative efficiency); and other organizational structures adopted by physicians, hospitals and other care providers may change the way in which these providers do business with us and may change the competitive landscape. Such organizations or groups of physicians may compete directly with us, which could adversely affect our business, and our results of operations, financial position and cash flows by impacting our relationships with these providers or affecting the way we price our products and estimate our costs, which might require us to incur costs to change our operations in an effort to mitigate these impacts. In addition, if these providers refuse to contract with us, use their market position to negotiate favorable contracts or place us at a competitive disadvantage, our ability to market products or to be profitable in those areas could be materially and adversely affected.
Our health care benefits businesses have risk-based arrangements with some physicians, hospitals and other health care providers. These arrangements limit our exposure to the risk of increasing medical costs, but expose us to risk related to the adequacy of the financial and medical care resources of the health care providers. To the extent a risk-based health care provider organization faces financial difficulties or otherwise is unable to perform its obligations under the arrangement, we may be held responsible for unpaid health care claims which should have been the responsibility of the health care provider and for which we have already paid the provider. Further, payment or other disputes between a primary care provider and specialists with whom the primary care provider contracts could result in a disruption in the provision of services to our members or a reduction in the services available to our members. Health care providers with which we contract may not properly manage the costs of services, maintain financial solvency or avoid disputes with other providers. They may also fail to provide us with the information we need to effectively conduct our businesses, such as information enabling us to estimate costs of care. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on the provision of services to our members and our operations.
Some providers that render services to our members do not have contracts with us. In some instances, those providers may dispute the payment for these services and may institute litigation or arbitration relying on state and federal laws that define the compensation that must be paid to out-of-network providers in some circumstances.
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The success of some of our businesses depends on maintaining satisfactory relationships with employed, affiliated, and independently contracted physicians and joint venture partners. The physicians who practice medicine or contract with our affiliated physician organizations could terminate their provider contracts or otherwise become unable or unwilling to continue practicing medicine or contracting with us. We face and will likely continue to face heightened competition to acquire or manage physician practices or to employ or contract with individual physicians. Our revenues could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to maintain or expand satisfactory relationships with physicians, to acquire, recruit or, in some instances, employ physicians, or to retain enrollees following physician departures. In addition, our affiliated physician organizations contract with competitors of UnitedHealthcare. Our businesses could suffer if our affiliated physician organizations fail to maintain relationships with or fail to adequately price their contracts with these third-party payer competitors.
Further, physicians, hospitals, pharmaceutical benefit service providers, pharmaceutical manufacturers and certain health care providers are customers of our Optum businesses. Physicians also provide medical services at facilities owned by our Optum businesses. Given the importance of health care providers and other constituents to our businesses, failure to maintain satisfactory relationships with them could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
If we fail to compete effectively to maintain or increase our market share, including maintaining or increasing enrollments in businesses providing health benefits, our results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
Our businesses face significant competition in all of the markets in which we operate. In many geographies or product segments, our competitors have and may continue to have certain competitive advantages. Our competitive position may also be adversely affected by significant merger and acquisition activity in the industries in which we operate, among both our competitors and suppliers. Consolidation among competitors may make it more difficult for us to retain or increase our customer base, maintain or improve the terms on which we do business with our suppliers, or maintain or increase our profitability.
In addition, our success in the health care marketplace and future growth depends on our ability to develop and deliver innovative and potentially disruptive products and services to satisfy evolving market demands. If we do not continue to innovate and provide products and services which are useful and relevant to health care payers, consumers and our customers, we may not remain competitive and risk losing market share to existing competitors and disruptive new market entrants. We may face risks from new technologies and market entrants which could affect our existing relationship with health plan enrollees in the affected markets. We could sustain competitive disadvantages and loss of market share if we fail to continue developing innovative care models, including by accelerating the transition of care to value-based models that achieve higher quality outcomes and better experiences at lower costs and expand access to virtual and in-home care. If health care payers or providers are unwilling or unable to enter into value-based agreements with us, we may be unable to successfully establish or maintain the contractual or employment relationships necessary to achieve the quality and cost objectives we have for value-based contracting. Additionally, our competitive position could be adversely affected by any failure to develop and apply innovative technologies and other effective data and analytics capabilities or to provide services to our clients focused on these technologies and capabilities.
Our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows also could be materially and adversely affected if we do not compete effectively in our markets, if our reputation suffers harm, if we set rates too high or too low in highly competitive markets, if we do not design and price our products properly and competitively, if we are unable to innovate and deliver products and services demonstrating value to our customers, if we do not provide a satisfactory level of services, if membership or demand for other services does not increase as we expect or declines, or if we lose accounts with more profitable products while retaining or increasing membership in accounts with less profitable products.
We are routinely subject to various private party and governmental legal actions and investigations, which could damage our reputation and, if resolved unfavorably, could result in substantial penalties or monetary damages and materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
We are routinely made party to a variety of private party and governmental legal actions and investigations related to, among other matters, the design, management and delivery of our product and service offerings. Any failure by us to adhere to the laws and regulations applicable to our businesses could subject us to civil and criminal penalties.
Legal actions to which we are a party have included and in the future could include matters related to health care benefits coverage and payment of claims (including disputes with enrollees, customers and contracted and non-contracted physicians, hospitals and other health care professionals), tort claims (including claims related to the delivery of health care services, such as medical malpractice by personnel at our affiliates’ facilities, or by health care practitioners who are employed by us, have contractual relationships with us, or serve as providers to our managed care networks, including as a result of a failure to adhere to applicable clinical, quality and/or patient safety standards), antitrust claims (including as a result of changes in the
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enforcement of antitrust laws), whistleblower claims (including claims under the False Claims Act or similar statutes), matters related to our use of or alleged failure to adequately safeguard personal information or other proprietary data, claims related to alleged failure of our technology products to operate properly or fairly, contract and labor disputes, tax claims and claims related to disclosure of certain business practices. In addition, some of our pharmacy services operations are subject to clinical quality, patient safety and other risks inherent in the dispensing, packaging and distribution of drugs, including claims related to purported dispensing and other operational errors. We may also be party to certain class action lawsuits brought by health care professional groups and consumers. We operate in jurisdictions outside of the United States where contractual rights, tax positions and applicable regulations may be subject to interpretation or uncertainty to a greater degree than in the United States, and therefore subject to dispute by customers, government authorities or others.
We are largely self-insured with regard to litigation risks, including claims of medical malpractice against our affiliated physicians and us. Although we record liabilities for our estimates of the probable costs resulting from self-insured matters, it is possible the level of actual losses will significantly exceed the liabilities recorded. Additionally, physicians and other healthcare providers have become subject to an increasing number of legal actions alleging medical malpractice and general professional liabilities. Even in states that have imposed caps on damages for such actions, litigants are seeking recoveries under theories of liability that might not be subject to the caps on damages. These actions involve significant defense costs and could result in substantial monetary damages or damage to our reputation.
We cannot predict the outcome of significant legal actions in which we are involved. Even in situations where we engage external insurers, our coverage may be disputed or may not be sufficient to cover the entirety of certain claims. We incur expenses to resolve these matters and current and future legal actions could further increase our cost of doing business, require us to potentially change the way we conduct our business, and materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. Moreover, certain legal actions could result in adverse publicity which could damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our ability to retain our current business or grow our market share in some markets and businesses.
Our business could suffer, and our results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected, if we fail to successfully manage our strategic alliances, or to complete, manage or integrate acquisitions and other significant strategic transactions or relationships.
As part of our business strategy, we frequently engage in discussions with third parties regarding possible investments, acquisitions, divestitures, strategic alliances, joint ventures and outsourcing transactions and often enter into agreements relating to such transactions. If we fail to meet the needs of our alliance or joint venture partners, including by developing additional products and services, providing high levels of service, pricing our products and services competitively or responding effectively to applicable federal and state regulatory changes, our alliances and joint ventures could be damaged or terminated, which in turn could adversely impact our reputation, business and results of operations. Further, governmental actions, such as actions by the FTC or DOJ, may affect our ability to complete strategic transactions, which could adversely affect our future growth. If we fail to identify and successfully complete transactions to meet our strategic objectives, including as a result of antitrust regulatory enforcement actions, such as those that have been brought against us in the past, we may be required to expend resources to develop products and technology internally, be placed at a competitive disadvantage or be adversely affected by negative market perceptions, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Successful acquisitions also require us to effectively integrate the acquired business into our existing operations, including our internal control environment and culture, or otherwise leveraging its operations which may present risks different from those presented by organic growth and may be difficult for us to manage. For example, we have experienced and in the future may encounter more acute information technology system vulnerabilities or different litigation risk profiles in recently acquired business than we have historically managed. We may be unable to address such vulnerabilities, inadequacies, differences, or failures soon after acquiring a business, which could undermine integration activities, delay launch of acquired products, and increase infrastructure risk. In addition, even with appropriate diligence, pre-acquisition practices of an acquired business have exposed us in the past and may expose us in the future to legal challenges and investigations that could subject us to criminal fines or reputational harm. Even if we are ultimately successful in resolving these matters, defending such claims may be costly and result in negative publicity. If we cannot successfully integrate our acquired businesses and realize contemplated revenue growth opportunities, cost savings and other synergies, our business, prospects, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
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We are subject to risks associated with public health crises arising from large-scale medical emergencies, pandemics, natural disasters and other extreme events, which have had and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and financial performance.
Large-scale medical emergencies, pandemics, natural disasters, public health crises and other extreme events could have a material adverse effect on our business operations, cash flows, financial conditions and results of operations. For example, disruptions in public and private infrastructure resulting from such events could increase our operating costs and impair our ability to provide services to our clients and customers. In addition, as a result of these events, the premiums and fees we charge may not be sufficient to cover our medical and administrative costs, deferred medical care could be sought in future periods at potentially higher acuity levels, we could experience reduced demand for our services, and our clinical and non-clinical workforce could be affected and sustain a reduced capacity to handle demand for care. Public health crises arising from natural disasters, such as wildfires, hurricanes, and snowstorms, or effects of climate change could impact our business operations and result in increased medical care costs. Government enactment of emergency powers in response to public health crises could disrupt our business operations, including by restricting availability of, or our ability to deliver, pharmaceuticals or other supplies, and could increase the risk of shortages of necessary items.
Our sales performance will suffer if we do not adequately attract, retain and provide support to a network of independent producers and consultants.
Our products and services are sold in part through nonexclusive producers and consultants for whose services and allegiance we must compete. Our sales could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to attract, retain and support independent producers and consultants or if our sales strategy is not appropriately aligned across distribution channels. Our relationships with producers could be impaired by changes in our business practices and the terms of our relationships, including commission levels.
Our businesses are subject to risks associated with unfavorable economic conditions.
Unfavorable economic conditions may have a range of impacts on the demand for our products and services. Such conditions also have caused and in future periods could continue to cause employers to stop offering certain health care coverage as an employee benefit or elect to offer particular coverage on a voluntary, employee-funded basis to reduce their operating costs. In addition, unfavorable economic conditions could adversely impact our ability to increase premiums or result in the cancellation by certain customers of our products and services. These conditions could lead to a decrease in people served and in the premium and fee revenues we generate.
A prolonged unfavorable economic environment could constrain state and federal budgets and result in reduced reimbursements or payments in our federal and state government health care coverage programs, including Medicare, Medicaid and CHIP. A reduction in state Medicaid reimbursement rates could be implemented retroactively to apply to payments already negotiated or received from the government. In addition, state and federal budgetary pressures could cause the affected governments to impose new or a higher level of taxes or assessments for our commercial programs, such as premium taxes on health insurance and surcharges or fees on select fee-for-service and capitated medical claims. Any of these developments or actions could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
A prolonged unfavorable economic environment could also adversely impact the financial position of hospitals and other care providers which could negatively affect our contracted rates with these parties and increase our medical costs or materially and adversely affect their ability to purchase our service offerings. Further, unfavorable economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial results by impacting the customers of our Optum businesses, including health plans, hospitals, care providers, employers and others.
Our failure to attract, develop, retain, and manage the succession of key employees and executives could adversely affect our business, results of operations and future performance.
We depend on our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified employees and executives, including those with diverse talents, backgrounds, experiences and perspectives, to operate and expand our business. While we have development and succession plans in place for our key employees and executives, these plans do not guarantee that the services of our key employees and executives will continue to be available to us. If we are unable to attract, develop, retain and effectively manage the development and succession plans for key employees and executives, our business, results of operations and future performance could be adversely affected. Experienced and highly skilled employees and executives in the health care and technology industries are in high demand and the market for their services is competitive. We may have difficulty in replacing key executives because of the limited number of qualified individuals in these industries with the breadth of skills and experience required to operate and successfully expand our business. Adverse changes to our corporate culture could harm our business operations and our ability to retain key employees and executives.
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Our investment portfolio may sustain losses which could adversely affect our profitability.
Market fluctuations could impair the value of our investment portfolio and our profitability. Volatility in interest rates affects our interest income and the market value of our investments in debt securities of varying maturities which constitute the substantial majority of the fair value of our investments as of December 31, 2024. In addition, a delay in payment of principal or interest by issuers, or defaults by issuers (primarily issuers of our investments in corporate and municipal bonds), could reduce our investment income and require us to write down the value of our investments which could adversely affect our profitability and equity.
Our investments may not produce total positive returns and we may sell investments at prices which are less than their carrying values. Changes in the value of our investment assets, as a result of interest rate fluctuations, changes in issuer financial or market conditions, illiquidity or otherwise, could have an adverse effect on our equity. In addition, if it should become necessary for us to liquidate a material portion of our investment portfolio on an accelerated basis, such an action could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and the capital position of our regulated subsidiaries.
If the value of our intangible assets is materially impaired, our results of operations, equity and credit ratings could be materially and adversely affected.
As of December 31, 2024, our goodwill and other intangible assets had a carrying value of $130 billion, representing 44% of our total consolidated assets. We periodically evaluate our goodwill and other intangible assets to determine whether all or a portion of their carrying values may be impaired, in which case a charge to earnings may be necessary. The value of our goodwill may be materially and adversely impacted if businesses we acquire perform in a manner inconsistent with our assumptions. In addition, from time to time we divest businesses, and any such divestiture could result in significant asset impairment and disposition charges, including those related to goodwill and other intangible assets. Any future evaluations requiring an impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and equity in the period in which the impairment occurs. A material decrease in equity could, in turn, adversely affect our credit ratings.
If we are not able to protect our proprietary rights to our databases, software and related products, or other intellectual property, our ability to market our knowledge and information-related businesses could suffer.
We rely on our agreements with customers, confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties, and our trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and patents to protect our proprietary rights. These legal protections and precautions may not prevent misappropriation of our proprietary information. In addition, intellectual property rights inherent in software are the subject of substantial litigation, and we expect our software products to be increasingly subject to third-party infringement claims as the number of products and competitors in the health care-focused software industry segment grows. Such litigation and misappropriation of our proprietary information could hinder our ability to market and sell products and services which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Any downgrades in our credit ratings could increase our borrowing and operating costs.
Claims paying ability, financial strength and debt ratings by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Ratings information is broadly disseminated and generally used by customers and creditors. We believe our claims paying ability and financial strength ratings are important factors in marketing our products to certain of our customers. Our credit ratings impact both the cost and availability of future borrowings. Each of the credit rating agencies reviews its ratings periodically. Our ratings reflect each credit rating agency’s opinion of our financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet our debt obligations or obligations to policyholders. We may not be able to maintain our current credit ratings in the future. Any downgrades in our credit ratings could materially increase our costs of or ability to access funds in the debt capital markets and otherwise materially increase our operating costs.
Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business
Our business activities in the United States and other countries are highly regulated and new laws or regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations or their enforcement or application could materially and adversely affect our business.
We are regulated by federal, state and local governments in the United States and other countries where we do business. Our insurance and HMO subsidiaries must be licensed by and are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. For example, states require periodic financial reports and enforce minimum capital or restricted cash reserve requirements. Health plans and insurance companies are also regulated under state insurance holding company regulations and some of our activities may be subject to other health care-related regulations and requirements, including regulations and licensure requirements related to PPOs, MCOs, UR and TPAs. Under state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies which write the same line or similar lines of business. Any such assessment could expose our
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insurance entities and other insurers to the risk they would be required to pay a portion of an impaired or insolvent insurance company’s claims through state guaranty associations.
Some of our businesses provide products or services to government agencies. For example, some of our Optum and UnitedHealthcare businesses hold government contracts or provide services related to government contracts and are subject to U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. self-referral, anti-kickback, medical necessity, risk adjustment, false claims and other laws and regulations governing government contractors and the use of government funds. Our relationships with these government agencies are subject to the terms of our contracts with the agencies and to laws and regulations regarding government contracts. Among others, certain laws and regulations restrict or prohibit companies from performing work for government agencies which might be viewed to involve an actual or potential conflict of interest. These laws and regulations may limit our ability to pursue and perform certain types of engagements, thereby materially and adversely affecting our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Some of our Optum businesses are also subject to regulations distinct from those faced by our insurance and HMO subsidiaries, some of which could impact our relationships with physicians, hospitals and customers. These regulations include state telemedicine regulations; debt collection laws; banking regulations; distributor and producer licensing requirements; state corporate practice of medicine restrictions; fee-splitting rules; and health care facility licensure and certificate of need requirements. These risks and uncertainties may materially and adversely affect our ability to market or provide our products and services, or to achieve targeted operating margins, or may increase the regulatory burdens under which we operate.
The laws and rules governing our businesses and interpretations of those laws and rules are subject to frequent and often unpredictable change. For example, legislative, administrative and public policy changes to the ACA have been and likely will continue to be considered, and we cannot predict if the ACA will be further modified. Additionally, changes in tax laws or unfavorable resolutions of exams could create additional tax liabilities.
The integration of entities we acquire into our businesses may affect the way in which existing laws and rules apply to us, including by subjecting us to laws and rules which did not previously apply to us. The broad latitude given to the agencies administering, interpreting and enforcing current and future regulations governing our businesses could compel us to change how we do business, renegotiate existing contracts and other arrangements, restrict revenue and enrollment growth, increase our health care and administrative costs and capital requirements, or expose us to increased liability in courts for coverage determinations, resolution of commercial disputes and other actions.
We also must obtain and maintain regulatory approvals to market many of our products and services, increase prices for some regulated products and services and complete or integrate strategic transactions. For example, premium rates for our health insurance and managed care products are subject to regulatory review or approval in many states and by the federal government. Additionally, we must submit data on proposed rate increases to HHS on many of our products for monitoring purposes. Geographic and product expansions of our businesses may be subject to state and federal regulatory approvals. Delays in obtaining necessary approvals or our failure to obtain or maintain adequate approvals could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
We also currently operate outside of the United States and in the future may acquire or commence additional businesses based outside of the United States, increasing our exposure to non-U.S. regulatory regimes. Our failure to comply with U.S. or non-U.S. laws and regulations governing our conduct outside the United States or to establish constructive relationships with non-U.S. regulators could adversely affect our ability to market our products and services or to do so at targeted operating margins, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Non-U.S. regulatory regimes, which vary by jurisdiction, encompass, among other matters, local and cross-border taxation, licensing, tariffs, intellectual property, investment, capital (including minimum solvency margin and reserve requirements), management control, labor, anti-fraud, anti-corruption and privacy and data protection regulations (including requirements for cross-border data transfers). Any foreign regulator or court may take an approach to the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of industry regulations which could differ from the approach taken by U.S. regulators or courts. In addition, our non-U.S. businesses and operations are subject to U.S. laws regulating the conduct and activities of U.S.-based businesses operating outside the United States, such as the FCPA, which prohibits offering, promising, providing or authorizing others to give anything of value to a foreign government official to obtain or retain business or otherwise secure a business advantage.
The health care industry is regularly subject to negative publicity, including as a result of governmental investigations, adverse media coverage and political debate concerning industry regulation. Negative publicity may adversely affect our stock price, damage our reputation, and expose us to unexpected or unwarranted regulatory scrutiny.
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As a result of our participation in various government health care programs, both as a payer and as a service provider to payers, we are exposed to additional risks associated with program funding, enrollments, payment adjustments, audits and government investigations which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
We participate in various federal, state and local government health care benefit programs, including as a payer in Medicare Advantage, Medicare Part D, various Medicaid programs and CHIP, and receive substantial revenues from these programs. Some of our Optum businesses also provide services to payers participating in government health care programs. A reduction or less than expected increase, or a protracted delay, in government funding for these programs or change in allocation methodologies, or termination of the contract at the option of the government, has affected and in future periods may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
The government health care programs in which we participate are generally subject to frequent changes, including changes which may reduce the number of persons enrolled or eligible for coverage (such as Medicaid eligibility redeterminations in certain states), reduce the amount of reimbursement or payment levels, reduce our participation in, or prevent our expansion into, certain service areas or markets, or increase our administrative or medical costs under such programs. Revenues for these programs depend on periodic funding from the federal government or applicable state governments and allocation of the funding through various payment mechanisms. Funding for these government programs depends on many factors outside of our control, including general economic conditions and budgetary constraints at the federal or applicable state level. For example, CMS in the past has reduced or frozen Medicare Advantage benchmarks and additional cuts to Medicare Advantage benchmarks are possible. In addition, from time to time, CMS makes changes to the way it calculates Medicare Advantage risk adjustment payments. Although we have adjusted members’ benefits and premiums on a selective basis, ceased to offer benefit plans in certain counties, and intensified both our medical and operating cost management in response to the benchmark reductions and other funding pressures, these or other strategies may not fully address the funding pressures in the Medicare Advantage program. In addition, payers in the Medicare Advantage program may be subject to reductions in payments from CMS as a result of decreased funding or recoupment pursuant to government audit. States have also made changes in rates and reimbursements for Medicaid members and audits can result in unexpected recoupments.
Under the Medicaid managed care program, state Medicaid agencies solicit bids from eligible health plans to continue their participation in the acute care Medicaid health programs. If we are not successful in obtaining renewals of state Medicaid managed care contracts, we risk losing the members who were enrolled in those Medicaid programs. Under the Medicare Part D program, to qualify for automatic enrollment of low income members, our bids must result in an enrollee premium below a regional benchmark, which is calculated by the government after all regional bids are submitted. If the enrollee premium is not below the government benchmark, we risk losing the members who were auto-assigned to us and will not have additional members auto-assigned to us. Chronic failure to meet the benchmarks could result in termination of these government contracts. In general, our bids are based upon certain assumptions regarding enrollment, utilization, medical costs and other factors. If any of these assumptions are materially incorrect, either as a result of unforeseen changes to the programs on which we bid, implementation of material program or policy changes after our bid submission, or submissions by our competitors at lower rates than our bids, our results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
Many of the government health care coverage programs we participate in are subject to the prior satisfaction of certain conditions or performance standards or benchmarks. For example, as part of the ACA, CMS has a system providing various quality bonus payments to Medicare Advantage plans meeting specified quality star ratings at the individual plan or local contract level. The star rating system considers various measures adopted by CMS, including, among others, quality of care, preventive services, chronic illness management, handling of appeals and customer satisfaction. Plans must have a rating of four stars or higher to qualify for bonus payments, and CMS has and may make changes to the star rating program that impact the ability of plans to achieve four-star or higher ratings. If we do not maintain or continue to improve our star ratings, our plans may not be eligible for quality bonuses and we may experience a negative impact on our revenues and the benefits our plans can offer, which could materially and adversely affect the marketability of our plans and the number of people we serve. Any changes in standards or care delivery models applying to government health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, or our inability to maintain or improve our quality scores and star ratings to meet evolving government performance requirements or to match the performance of our competitors could result in limitations to our participation in or exclusion from these or other government programs, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
CMS uses various payment mechanisms to allocate funding and adjust monthly capitation payments for Medicare programs. For Medicare Advantage plans, these adjustments are made according to the predicted health status of each beneficiary as supported by data from health care providers. For Medicare Part D plans, payment adjustments are driven by risk-sharing provisions based on a comparison of costs forecasted in our annual bids to actual prescription drug costs. Some state Medicaid programs utilize a similar process. For example, our UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement and UnitedHealthcare Community & State businesses submit information relating to the health status of enrollees to CMS or state agencies for
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purposes of determining the amount of certain payments to us. CMS and the Office of Inspector General for HHS periodically perform risk adjustment data validation (RADV) audits of selected Medicare health plans to validate the coding practices of and supporting documentation maintained by health care providers. Some of our local plans have been selected for such audits, which in the past have resulted and in future periods could result in retrospective adjustments to payments made to our health plans, fines, corrective action plans or other adverse action by CMS.
We have been and in the future may become involved in routine, regular and special governmental investigations, audits, reviews and assessments. Such investigations, audits, reviews or assessments sometimes arise out of, or prompt claims by private litigants or whistleblowers regarding, among other allegations, claims that we failed to disclose certain business practices or, as a government contractor, submitted false or erroneous claims to the government. Government investigations, audits, reviews and assessments could lead to government actions, which have resulted and in future periods could result in adverse publicity, the assessment of damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions, including restrictions or changes in the way we conduct business, loss of licensure or exclusion from participation in government programs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Our pharmacy care services businesses face regulatory and operational risks and uncertainties which may differ from the risks of our other businesses.
We provide pharmacy care services through our Optum Rx and UnitedHealthcare businesses. Each business is subject to federal and state anti-kickback, beneficiary inducement and other laws governing the relationships of the business with pharmaceutical manufacturers, physicians, pharmacies, customers and consumers. In addition, federal and state legislatures regularly consider new regulations for the industry which could materially affect current industry practices, including potential new legislation and regulations regarding the receipt or disclosure of rebates and other fees from pharmaceutical companies, the development and use of formularies and other utilization management tools, the use of average wholesale prices or other pricing benchmarks, pricing for specialty pharmaceuticals, limited access to networks and pharmacy network reimbursement methodologies. Further, various governmental agencies have conducted and continue to conduct investigations and studies into certain PBM practices, which have resulted and in future periods may result in PBMs agreeing to civil penalties, including the payment of money and entry into corporate integrity agreements, or could materially and adversely impact the PBM business model. As a provider of pharmacy benefit management services, Optum Rx is also subject to an increasing number of licensure, registration and other laws and accreditation standards. Optum Rx conducts business through home delivery, specialty and compounding pharmacies, pharmacies located in community mental health centers and home infusion, which subjects it to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations, including those of the DEA and individual state controlled substance authorities, the Food and Drug Administration and Boards of Pharmacy.
We could face potential claims in connection with purported errors by our home delivery, specialty or compounding or clinic-based pharmacies or the provision of home infusion services, as well as claims related to the inherent risks in the packaging and distribution of pharmaceuticals and other health care products. Disruptions from any of our home delivery, specialty pharmacy or home infusion services could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
In addition, our pharmacy care services businesses provide services to sponsors of health benefit plans subject to ERISA. A private party or the DOL, which is the agency that enforces ERISA, could assert that fiduciary obligations imposed by the statute apply to some or all of the services provided by our pharmacy care services businesses even where those businesses are not contractually obligated to assume fiduciary obligations. If a court were to determine such fiduciary obligations apply, we could be subject to claims for breaches of fiduciary obligations or claims we entered into prohibited transactions.
If we fail to comply with applicable privacy, security, technology and data laws, regulations and standards, including with respect to third-party service providers utilizing protected personal information on our behalf, our business, reputation, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
The collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure and disposal of protected personal information are regulated at the federal, state, international and industry levels and addressed in requirements of our customer contracts. Additionally, legislative and regulatory action in the United States at the federal, state and local levels, as well as internationally, is emerging in the areas of AI/ML and automation. These laws, regulations and requirements are subject to change. Compliance with new privacy, security, technology and data laws, regulations and requirements may result in increased operating costs, and may constrain or require us to alter our business model or operations.
Internationally, many of the jurisdictions in which we operate have established their own data security and privacy legal framework with which we or our customers must comply. We expect there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection, information security, and AI/ML and automation in the European Union, UK, Chile, India and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impacts such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our businesses or the businesses of our customers.
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Some of our businesses are also subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, which is a multifaceted security standard designed to protect payment card account data.
HIPAA requires business associates as well as covered entities to comply with specified privacy and security requirements. While we provide for appropriate protections through our contracts with our third-party service providers and in certain cases assess their security controls, we have limited oversight or control over their actions and practices. Several of our businesses act as business associates to their covered entity customers and, as a result, collect, use, disclose and maintain protected personal information in order to provide services to these customers. If HHS alleges or finds noncompliance with HIPAA privacy or security requirements, the allegations or findings could damage our reputation and subject us to monetary and other sanctions.
Through our Optum businesses, we maintain a database of administrative and clinical data statistically de-identified in accordance with HIPAA standards. Noncompliance or findings of noncompliance with applicable laws, regulations or requirements, or the occurrence of any privacy or security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of protected personal information, whether by us or by one of our third-party service providers, could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business and, among other consequences, could subject us to mandatory disclosure to affected customers and the media, loss of existing or new customers, significant increases in the cost of managing and remediating privacy or security incidents, and could also result in significant fines, penalties and litigation awards. Any of these consequences could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
As an enterprise, we increasingly rely on new and evolving technologies, including those powered by or incorporating AI/ML, as part of our internal operations and in the delivery of our products and services. New technologies have potential and power to improve and optimize operational processes and clinical outcomes across the healthcare system, but also present ethical, technological, legal, regulatory and other risks. With respect to AI/ML, we have developed and implemented policies and procedures intended to promote and sustain responsible design, development, and use of AI/ML, consistent with industry best practices. Any inadequacy or failure in compliance with our responsible use of AI/ML policies and procedures or emerging laws, regulations and standards governing AI/ML use could cause our technology products not to operate as intended or to produce outcomes, including possible regulatory enforcement action or litigation that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Restrictions on our ability to obtain funds from our regulated subsidiaries could materially and adversely affect our ability to reinvest in our business, service our debt and return capital to our shareholders.
Because we operate as a holding company, we are dependent on dividends and administrative expense reimbursements from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations. Many of these subsidiaries are regulated by state departments of insurance or similar regulatory authorities. We are also required by law or regulation to maintain specific prescribed minimum amounts of capital in these subsidiaries. The levels of capitalization required depend primarily on the volume of premium revenues generated by the applicable subsidiary. In most states, we are required to seek approval by state regulatory authorities before we transfer money or pay dividends from our regulated subsidiaries exceeding specified amounts. An inability of our regulated subsidiaries to pay dividends to their parent companies in the desired amounts or at the time of our choosing could adversely affect our ability to reinvest in our business through capital expenditures or business acquisitions, as well as our ability to maintain our corporate quarterly dividend payment, repurchase shares of our common stock and repay our debt. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funds from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, our results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
UnitedHealth Group manages cybersecurity and data protection through a continuously evolving framework. The framework allows us to identify, assess and mitigate the risks we face, and assists us in establishing policies and safeguards to protect our systems and the information of those we serve.
Our cybersecurity program is managed by our Chief Digital and Technology Officer and our Chief Security Officer. The Audit and Finance Committee of the Board of Directors has oversight of our cybersecurity program and is responsible for reviewing and assessing the effectiveness of the Company’s cybersecurity and data protection policies, procedures and resource commitment, including key risk areas and mitigation strategies. As part of this process, the Audit and Finance Committee receives regular updates from the Chief Digital and Technology Officer and the Chief Security Officer on critical issues related to our information security risks, cybersecurity strategy, supplier risk and business continuity capabilities. The Audit and Finance Committee has also added a leading cybersecurity incident and response firm to serve as its advisor on cybersecurity matters.
The Company’s framework includes an incident management and response program that continuously monitors the Company’s information systems for vulnerabilities, threats and incidents; manages and takes action to contain incidents that occur; remediates vulnerabilities; and communicates the details of significant threats and incidents to management, including the Chief Digital and Technology Officer and the Chief Security Officer, as deemed necessary or appropriate. Pursuant to the Company’s incident response plan, incidents are reported to the Audit and Finance Committee and appropriate government agencies and other authorities, as deemed necessary or appropriate, considering the actual or potential impact, significance and scope.
We require our third-party partners and contractors to handle data in accordance with our data privacy and information security requirements and applicable laws. We regularly engage with our suppliers, partners, contractors, service providers and internal development teams to identify and remediate vulnerabilities in a timely manner and monitor system upgrades to mitigate future risk, and evaluate whether they employ appropriate and effective controls and continuity plans for their systems and operations.
To ensure that our program is designed and operating effectively, our infrastructure and information systems are audited periodically by internal and external auditors. We have obtained various certifications from industry-recognized certifying organizations as a result of certain external audits. We also perform regular vulnerability assessments and penetration tests to improve system security and address emerging security threats. Our internal audit team independently assesses security controls against our enterprise policies to evaluate compliance and leverages a combination of auditing and security frameworks to evaluate how leading practices are applied throughout our enterprise. Audit results and remediation progress are reported to and monitored by senior management and the Audit and Finance Committee. We also periodically partner with industry-leading cybersecurity firms to assess our cybersecurity program. These assessments complement our other assessment work by evaluating our cybersecurity program as a whole.
We complete an enterprise information risk assessment as part of our overall enterprise information security risk management assessment, which is overseen by our Chief Security Officer. This risk assessment is a review of internal and external threats that evaluates changes to the information risk landscape to inform the investments and program enhancements to be made in the future to rapidly respond and recover from potential attacks, including rebuild and recovery protocols for key systems. We evaluate our enterprise information security risk to address unexpected or unforeseen changes in the risk environment or our systems and the resulting impacts are communicated to the Company’s overall enterprise risk management program.
We believe our Chief Digital and Technology Officer and our Chief Security Officer have the appropriate knowledge and expertise to effectively manage our cybersecurity program. The Chief Digital and Technology Officer has experience leading enterprise digital transformation efforts for a large multinational corporation and held several leadership and growth positions at a global technology consulting and services firm before joining UnitedHealth Group. Our Chief Security Officer has more than 30 years of experience as a security professional in both the private and public sectors, including in law enforcement. Prior to joining UnitedHealth Group, he served in security leadership roles at several large multinational corporations and has additionally served on cybersecurity advisory boards for some of the largest corporations in the country.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not identified any risks from cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, but there can be no assurance that any such risk will not materially affect the Company in the future. For further information about the cybersecurity risks we face, and potential impacts, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We own and lease real properties to support our business operations in the United States and other countries. Our reportable segments use these facilities for their respective business purposes, and we believe the current facilities are suitable for their respective uses and are adequate for our anticipated future needs.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information required by this Item 3 is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Legal Matters” and “Government Investigations, Audits and Reviews” in Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not Applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
MARKET AND HOLDERS
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol UNH. On January 31, 2025, there were 9,323 holders of record of our common stock.
DIVIDEND POLICY
In June 2024, our Board of Directors increased the Company’s quarterly cash dividend to shareholders to an annual rate of $8.40 compared to $7.52 per share, which the Company had paid since June 2023. Declaration and payment of future quarterly dividends is at the discretion of the Board and may be adjusted as business needs or market conditions change.
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (a)
Fourth Quarter 2024

For the Month Ended |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under The Plans or Programs
|  | (in millions) |  |  |  | (in millions) |  | (in millions)
October 31, 2024 |  | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 568.70 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 39.6
November 30, 2024 |  | 0.9 |  |  | 593.39 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 38.7
December 31, 2024 |  | 5.6 |  |  | 513.93 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 33.1
Total |  | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 537.14 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |

(a) In November 1997, our Board of Directors adopted a share repurchase program, which the Board of Directors evaluates periodically. In June 2024, the Board of Directors amended our share repurchase program to authorize the repurchase of up to 35 million shares of our common stock in open market purchases or other types of transactions (including prepaid or structured repurchase programs), in addition to all remaining shares authorized to be repurchased under the Board’s 2018 renewal of the program. There is no established expiration date for the program. The Board of Directors from time to time may further amend the share repurchase program in order to increase the authorized number of shares which may be repurchased under the program.
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PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following performance graph compares the cumulative five-year total return to shareholders on our common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Health Care Index, the Dow Jones US Industrial Average Index and the S&P 500 Index for the five-year period ended December 31, 2024. The comparisons assume the investment of $100 on December 31, 2019 in our common stock and in each index, and the reinvestment of dividends when paid.

| 12/19 |  | 12/20 |  | 12/21 |  | 12/22 |  | 12/23 |  | 12/24
UnitedHealth Group | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 121.20 |  |  | $ | 176.01 |  |  | $ | 188.23 |  |  | $ | 189.73 |  |  | $ | 185.15 |
S&P 500 Health Care Index | 100.00 |  |  | 113.45 |  |  | 143.09 |  |  | 140.29 |  |  | 143.18 |  |  | 146.87 |
Dow Jones US Industrial Average | 100.00 |  |  | 109.72 |  |  | 132.71 |  |  | 123.60 |  |  | 143.60 |  |  | 165.12 |
S&P 500 Index | 100.00 |  |  | 118.40 |  |  | 152.39 |  |  | 124.79 |  |  | 157.59 |  |  | 197.02 |

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. The preceding stock performance graph shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates such information by reference, and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under such Acts.
ITEM 6. RESERVED
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read together with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements thereto included in Part II Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Readers are cautioned the statements, estimates, projections or outlook contained in this report, including discussions regarding financial prospects, economic conditions, trends and uncertainties contained in this Item 7, may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the PSLRA. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties which may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. A description of some of the risks and uncertainties can be found further below in this Item 7 and in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Discussions of year-over-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 are not included in this Form 10-K and can be found in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
General
UnitedHealth Group is a health care and well-being company with a mission to help people live healthier lives and help make the health system work better for everyone. Our two distinct, yet complementary businesses — Optum and UnitedHealthcare — are working to help build a modern, high-performing health system through improved access, affordability, outcomes and experiences for the individuals and organizations we are privileged to serve.
We have four reportable segments across our two businesses:
•Optum Health;
•Optum Insight;
•Optum Rx; and
•UnitedHealthcare, which includes UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual, UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement and UnitedHealthcare Community & State.
Further information on our business and reportable segments is presented in Part I, Item 1, “Business” and in Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Change Healthcare Cyberattack
As previously announced, on February 21, 2024, we identified that cybercrime threat actors had gained access to certain Change Healthcare information technology systems. Upon detection of this outside threat, we isolated the impacted systems to protect our partners and customers.
We have substantially mitigated the impact to consumers and care providers of the unprecedented cyberattack on the U.S. health system and restored or replaced the majority of the affected Change Healthcare services. To support care providers we provided interest-free loans of more than $9 billion through December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $2.2 billion of direct response costs, including costs associated with providing interest-free loans; increased medical care expenditures, as we suspended some care management activities to help care providers with their workflow processes; network restoration; and notifications of impacted persons. Optum Insight also experienced estimated business disruption impacts of $867 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, reflecting lost revenue while maintaining full readiness of the affected Change Healthcare services. We expect to continue to incur direct response costs and experience business disruption impacts at a lesser extent in 2025 as we work to bring transaction volumes back to pre-event levels and win new business.
We have determined the estimated total number of individuals impacted by the Change Healthcare cyberattack is approximately 190 million. The vast majority of those people have already been provided individual or substitute notice. The final number will be confirmed and filed with the Office for Civil Rights. Change Healthcare is not aware of any misuse of individuals’ information as a result of this incident and has not seen electronic medical record databases appear in the data during the analysis. It is possible that future risks and uncertainties resulting from the Change Healthcare cyberattack, including risks related to impacted data, litigation, reputational harm, and regulatory actions could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
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Business Trends
Our businesses participate in the United States and certain other international health markets. In the United States, health care spending has grown consistently for many years and comprises 18% of gross domestic product (GDP). We expect overall spending on health care to continue to grow in the future, due to inflation, medical technology and pharmaceutical advancement, regulatory requirements, demographic trends in the population and national interest in health and well-being. The rate of market growth may be affected by a variety of factors, including macroeconomic conditions, which could impact our results of operations, including our continued efforts to control health care costs.
Pricing Trends. To price our health care benefits, products and services, we start with our view of expected future costs, including medical care patterns, inflation and labor market dynamics. We frequently evaluate and adjust our approach in each of the local markets we serve, considering relevant factors, such as product positioning, price competitiveness and environmental, competitive, legislative and regulatory considerations, including minimum medical loss ratio (MLR) thresholds and similar revenue adjustments. We will continue seeking to balance growth and profitability across all these dimensions.
The commercial risk market remains highly competitive in the small group, large group and individual segments. We expect broad-based competition to continue as the industry adapts to individual and employer needs.
Medicare Advantage funding continues to be pressured, as discussed below in “Regulatory Trends and Uncertainties” and we have observed increased care patterns as discussed below in “Medical Cost Trends.” Our 2025 benefit design approach contemplates these trends.
In Medicaid, we believe the payment rate environment creates the risk of continued downward pressure on Medicaid margin percentages. We continue to take a prudent, market-sustainable posture for both new business and maintenance of existing relationships. We continue to advocate for actuarially sound rates commensurate with our medical cost trends and we remain dedicated to partnering with those states that are committed to the long-term viability of their programs.
Medical Cost Trends. Our medical cost trends primarily relate to changes in unit costs, care activity and prescription drug costs. As expected and contemplated in our benefits design, we have continued to observe increased care patterns, which may continue in future periods. We also observed an upshift in hospital coding intensity and an acceleration in the prescribing of certain high-cost medications in early response to the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). We expect these additional factors to continue into future periods. We endeavor to mitigate those increases by engaging hospitals, physicians and consumers with information and helping them make clinically sound choices, with the objective of helping them achieve high-quality, affordable care.
As a result of the Change Healthcare cyberattack, we incurred medical costs related to the impact of the temporary suspension of some care management activities, impacting our UnitedHealthcare and Optum Health businesses, to help care providers with their workflow processes. Early in the second quarter we resumed these activities. For the year ended December 31, 2024, medical costs related to the temporary suspension of some care management activities were approximately $640 million.
Medicaid Redeterminations. Medicaid redeterminations have impacted the number of people served through our Medicaid offerings, partially offset by an increase in consumers served through our commercial offerings as we endeavor to ensure that people and families have continued access to care. The Medicaid redetermination process has also caused a timing mismatch between the current health status of people served through Medicaid and state rate updates, which remained well short of current care activity. We expect this gap between people’s health status and rates will narrow in 2025.
Delivery System and Payment Modernization. The health care market continues to change based on demographic shifts, new regulations, political forces and both payer and patient expectations. Health plans and care providers are being called upon to work together to close gaps in care and improve overall care quality and patient experience, improve the health of populations and reduce costs. We are working to accelerate this vision through the innovation and integration of our care delivery models including in-clinic, in-home, behavioral and virtual care, and by using our data and analytics to provide clinicians with the necessary information in order to provide the best possible care in the most cost efficient setting. We continue to see a greater number of people enrolled in fully accountable value-based plans rewarding high-quality, affordable care and fostering collaboration.
This trend is creating needs for health management services which can coordinate care around the primary care physician, including new primary care channels, and for investments in new clinical and administrative information and management systems, which we believe provide growth opportunities for our Optum business platform. A key focus of our future growth is to accelerate the transition from fee-for-service care delivery and payment models to fully accountable value-based care. This transition requires initial costs such as system enhancements, integrated care coordination technology, physician training and clinical engagement. Enhanced clinical engagement is a critical step to improving the experience and health outcomes of the people we serve and should result in lower costs to the overall health system over time.
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Regulatory Trends and Uncertainties
Following is a summary of management’s view of the trends and uncertainties related to regulatory matters. For additional information regarding regulatory trends and uncertainties, see Part I, Item 1 “Business - Government Regulation” and Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Medicare Advantage Rates. Medicare Advantage rate notices over the years have at times resulted in industry base rates well below industry forward medical trend. For example, the Final Notice for 2024 and 2025 rates resulted in an industry base rate decrease, both of which are well short of what is an increasing industry forward medical cost trend. The Advance Notice for 2026 rates proposes an industry base rate increase also well short of forward medical cost trend, creating continued pressure in the Medicare Advantage program. Further, substantial revisions to the risk adjustment model, which serves to adjust rates to reflect a patient’s health status and care resource needs, will result in reduced funding and potentially benefits for people, especially those with some of the greatest health and social challenges.
As a result of ongoing Medicare funding pressures, there are adjustments we can make to partially offset these rate pressures and reductions for a particular period. For example, we can seek to intensify our medical and operating cost management, make changes to the size and composition of our care provider networks, adjust member benefits and implement or increase the member premiums supplementing the monthly payments we receive from the government. Additionally, we decide annually on a county-by-county basis where we will offer Medicare Advantage plans.
SELECTED OPERATING PERFORMANCE ITEMS
The following summarizes select 2024 year-over-year operating comparisons to 2023 and other financial results.
•Consolidated revenues grew 8%, UnitedHealthcare revenues grew 6% and Optum revenues grew 12%.
•UnitedHealthcare served 2.1 million more people domestically, driven by growth in commercial offerings, partially offset by the impact of Medicaid redeterminations.
•Earnings from operations of $32.3 billion compared to $32.4 billion last year.
•Diluted earnings per common share was $15.51, impacted by the loss on sale of subsidiary and subsidiaries held for sale.
•Cash flows from operations were $24.2 billion.
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RESULTS SUMMARY
The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations and other financial information:

(in millions, except percentages and per share data) |  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs. 2023
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 308,810 |  |  | $ | 290,827 |  |  | $ | 257,157 |  |  | $ | 17,983 |  |  | 6 | %
Products |  | 50,226 |  |  | 42,583 |  |  | 37,424 |  |  | 7,643 |  |  | 18 |
Services |  | 36,040 |  |  | 34,123 |  |  | 27,551 |  |  | 1,917 |  |  | 6 |
Investment and other income |  | 5,202 |  |  | 4,089 |  |  | 2,030 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 27 |
Total revenues |  | 400,278 |  |  | 371,622 |  |  | 324,162 |  |  | 28,656 |  |  | 8 |
Operating costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medical costs |  | 264,185 |  |  | 241,894 |  |  | 210,842 |  |  | 22,291 |  |  | 9 |
Operating costs |  | 53,013 |  |  | 54,628 |  |  | 47,782 |  |  | (1,615) |  |  | (3) |
Cost of products sold |  | 46,694 |  |  | 38,770 |  |  | 33,703 |  |  | 7,924 |  |  | 20 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 4,099 |  |  | 3,972 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 3 |
Total operating costs |  | 367,991 |  |  | 339,264 |  |  | 295,727 |  |  | 28,727 |  |  | 8 |
Earnings from operations |  | 32,287 |  |  | 32,358 |  |  | 28,435 |  |  | (71) |  |  | — |
Interest expense |  | (3,906) |  |  | (3,246) |  |  | (2,092) |  |  | (660) |  |  | 20 |
Loss on sale of subsidiary and subsidiaries held for sale |  | (8,310) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,310) |  |  | nm
Earnings before income taxes |  | 20,071 |  |  | 29,112 |  |  | 26,343 |  |  | (9,041) |  |  | (31) |
Provision for income taxes |  | (4,829) |  |  | (5,968) |  |  | (5,704) |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | (19) |
Net earnings |  | 15,242 |  |  | 23,144 |  |  | 20,639 |  |  | (7,902) |  |  | (34) |
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (837) |  |  | (763) |  |  | (519) |  |  | (74) |  |  | 10 |
Net earnings attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders |  | $ | 14,405 |  |  | $ | 22,381 |  |  | $ | 20,120 |  |  | $ | (7,976) |  |  | (36) | %
Diluted earnings per share attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders |  | $ | 15.51 |  |  | $ | 23.86 |  |  | $ | 21.18 |  |  | $ | (8.35) |  |  | (35) | %
Medical care ratio (a) |  | 85.5 | % |  | 83.2 | % |  | 82.0 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  |
Operating cost ratio |  | 13.2 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  |
Operating margin |  | 8.1 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | (0.6) |  |  |
Tax rate |  | 24.1 |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |
Net earnings margin (b) |  | 3.6 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | (2.4) |  |  |
Return on equity (c) |  | 15.9 | % |  | 27.0 | % |  | 27.2 | % |  | (11.1) | % |  |

________
nm = not meaningful
(a)Medical care ratio (MCR) is calculated as medical costs divided by premium revenue.
(b)Net earnings margin attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders.
(c)Return on equity is calculated as net earnings attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders divided by average shareholders’ equity. Average shareholders’ equity is calculated using the shareholders’ equity balance at the end of the preceding year and the shareholders’ equity balances at the end of each of the four quarters of the year presented.
2024 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS COMPARED TO 2023 RESULTS
Consolidated Financial Results
Revenues
The increases in revenues were primarily driven by growth in Optum Rx, UnitedHealthcare’s domestic offerings and Optum Health, partially offset by the sale of UnitedHealthcare’s Brazil operations.
Medical Costs and MCR
Medical costs increased primarily due to growth in people served through Medicare Advantage and domestic commercial offerings and member mix. The MCR increased as a result of the revenue effects of the Medicare funding reductions, Medicaid timing mismatch between people’s health status and rates, upshift in hospital coding intensity, specialty pharmaceutical prescribing patterns, member mix and due to incremental medical costs for accommodations made to care providers as a result of the Change Healthcare cyberattack.
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Operating Cost Ratio
The operating cost ratio decreased primarily due to operating cost management and gains related to business portfolio refinement, including strategic transactions, partially offset by the impact of our direct response efforts to the Change Healthcare cyberattack and investments to support future growth.
Loss on Sale of Subsidiary and Subsidiaries Held for Sale
On February 6, 2024, the Company completed the sale of its Brazil operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss of $7.1 billion, of which $4.1 billion related to the impact of cumulative foreign currency translation losses previously included in accumulated other comprehensive loss.
In the second quarter of 2024, the Company initiated a plan to sell its remaining South American operations, which were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss of $1.2 billion, of which $855 million related to the impact of cumulative foreign currency translation losses.
Reportable Segments
See Note 14 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for more information on our segments. We utilize various metrics to evaluate and manage our reportable segments, including individuals served by UnitedHealthcare by major market segment and funding arrangement, people served by Optum Health and adjusted scripts for Optum Rx. These metrics are the main drivers of revenue, earnings and cash flows at each business. The metrics also allow management and investors to evaluate and understand business mix, including the level and scope of services provided to people and pricing trends when comparing the metrics to revenue by segment.
The following table presents a summary of the reportable segment financial information:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in millions, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs. 2023
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UnitedHealthcare |  | $ | 298,208 |  |  | $ | 281,360 |  |  | $ | 249,741 |  |  | $ | 16,848 |  |  | 6 | %
Optum Health |  | 105,358 |  |  | 95,319 |  |  | 71,174 |  |  | 10,039 |  |  | 11 |
Optum Insight |  | 18,757 |  |  | 18,932 |  |  | 14,581 |  |  | (175) |  |  | (1) |
Optum Rx |  | 133,231 |  |  | 116,087 |  |  | 99,773 |  |  | 17,144 |  |  | 15 |
Optum eliminations |  | (4,389) |  |  | (3,703) |  |  | (2,760) |  |  | (686) |  |  | 19 |
Optum |  | 252,957 |  |  | 226,635 |  |  | 182,768 |  |  | 26,322 |  |  | 12 |
Eliminations |  | (150,887) |  |  | (136,373) |  |  | (108,347) |  |  | (14,514) |  |  | 11 |
Consolidated revenues |  | $ | 400,278 |  |  | $ | 371,622 |  |  | $ | 324,162 |  |  | $ | 28,656 |  |  | 8 | %
Earnings from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UnitedHealthcare |  | $ | 15,584 |  |  | $ | 16,415 |  |  | $ | 14,379 |  |  | $ | (831) |  |  | (5) | %
Optum Health |  | 7,770 |  |  | 6,560 |  |  | 6,032 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 18 |
Optum Insight |  | 3,097 |  |  | 4,268 |  |  | 3,588 |  |  | (1,171) |  |  | (27) |
Optum Rx |  | 5,836 |  |  | 5,115 |  |  | 4,436 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 14 |
Optum |  | 16,703 |  |  | 15,943 |  |  | 14,056 |  |  | 760 |  |  | 5 |
Consolidated earnings from operations |  | $ | 32,287 |  |  | $ | 32,358 |  |  | $ | 28,435 |  |  | $ | (71) |  |  | — | %
Operating margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UnitedHealthcare |  | 5.2 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | (0.6) | % |  |
Optum Health |  | 7.4 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |
Optum Insight |  | 16.5 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | (6.0) |  |  |
Optum Rx |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  |
Optum |  | 6.6 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | (0.4) |  |  |
Consolidated operating margin |  | 8.1 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 8.8 | % |  | (0.6) | % |  |

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UnitedHealthcare
The following table summarizes UnitedHealthcare revenues by business:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in millions, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs. 2023
UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual - Domestic |  | $ | 74,489 |  |  | $ | 67,187 |  |  | $ | 63,599 |  |  | $ | 7,302 |  |  | 11 | %
UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual - Global |  | 3,667 |  |  | 9,307 |  |  | 8,668 |  |  | (5,640) |  |  | (61) |
UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual - Total |  | 78,156 |  |  | 76,494 |  |  | 72,267 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 2 |
UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement |  | 139,482 |  |  | 129,862 |  |  | 113,671 |  |  | 9,620 |  |  | 7 |
UnitedHealthcare Community & State |  | 80,570 |  |  | 75,004 |  |  | 63,803 |  |  | 5,566 |  |  | 7 |
Total UnitedHealthcare revenues |  | $ | 298,208 |  |  | $ | 281,360 |  |  | $ | 249,741 |  |  | $ | 16,848 |  |  | 6 | %

The following table summarizes the number of individuals served by our UnitedHealthcare businesses, by major market segment and funding arrangement:

|  | December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs. 2023
Commercial - domestic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-based |  | 8,845 |  |  | 8,115 |  |  | 8,045 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 9 | %
Fee-based |  | 20,885 |  |  | 19,200 |  |  | 18,640 |  |  | 1,685 |  |  | 9 |
Total commercial - domestic |  | 29,730 |  |  | 27,315 |  |  | 26,685 |  |  | 2,415 |  |  | 9 |
Medicare Advantage |  | 7,845 |  |  | 7,695 |  |  | 7,105 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 2 |
Medicaid |  | 7,435 |  |  | 7,845 |  |  | 8,170 |  |  | (410) |  |  | (5) |
Medicare Supplement (Standardized) |  | 4,335 |  |  | 4,355 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |
Total community and senior |  | 19,615 |  |  | 19,895 |  |  | 19,650 |  |  | (280) |  |  | (1) |
Total UnitedHealthcare - domestic medical |  | 49,345 |  |  | 47,210 |  |  | 46,335 |  |  | 2,135 |  |  | 5 |
Commercial - global |  | 1,330 |  |  | 5,540 |  |  | 5,360 |  |  | (4,210) |  |  | (76) |
Total UnitedHealthcare - medical |  | 50,675 |  |  | 52,750 |  |  | 51,695 |  |  | (2,075) |  |  | (4) | %
Supplemental Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medicare Part D stand-alone |  | 3,050 |  |  | 3,315 |  |  | 3,295 |  |  | (265) |  |  | (8) | %

UnitedHealthcare’s revenues increased due to growth in the number of people served through Medicare Advantage and domestic commercial offerings, partially offset by decreased people served globally due to the sale of the Brazil operations and in Medicaid offerings due to redeterminations. Earnings from operations decreased due to Medicare Advantage funding reductions, the impacts of Medicaid redeterminations, member mix and incremental medical costs for accommodations to support care providers as a result of the Change Healthcare cyberattack, partially offset by gains related to business portfolio refinement, including strategic transactions, and the growth in the number of people served through Medicare Advantage and domestic commercial offerings.
Optum
Total revenues increased due to growth at Optum Rx and Optum Health. Earnings from operations increased with growth at Optum Health and Optum Rx, partially offset by decreased earnings from operations at Optum Insight. The results by segment were as follows:
Optum Health
Revenues at Optum Health increased primarily due to organic growth in patients served under value-based care arrangements. Earnings from operations increased due to gains related to business portfolio refinement, including strategic transactions, increased investment income and cost management initiatives, partially offset by Medicare Advantage funding reductions, costs associated with serving newly added patients under value-based care arrangements and medical care activity. Optum Health served approximately 100 million people as of December 31, 2024 compared to 103 million people as of December 31, 2023.
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Optum Insight
Revenues at Optum Insight decreased primarily due the business disruption impacts from the Change Healthcare cyberattack, partially offset by growth in technology services. Earnings from operations decreased primarily due to direct response costs and business disruption impacts related to the Change Healthcare cyberattack, partially offset by gains related to business portfolio refinement, including strategic transactions.
Optum Rx
Revenues and earnings from operations at Optum Rx increased due to higher script volumes from both new clients and growth in existing clients and growth in pharmacy services. Earnings from operations also increased due to operating cost efficiencies and supply chain initiatives. Optum Rx fulfilled 1,623 million and 1,542 million adjusted scripts in 2024 and 2023, respectively.
LIQUIDITY, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Liquidity
Introduction
We manage our liquidity and financial position in the context of our overall business strategy. We continually forecast and manage our cash, investments, working capital balances and capital structure to meet the short-term and long-term obligations of our businesses while seeking to maintain liquidity and financial flexibility. Cash flows generated from operating activities are principally derived from earnings before noncash expenses.
Our regulated subsidiaries generate significant cash flows from operations and are subject to, among other things, minimum levels of statutory capital, as defined by their respective jurisdictions, and restrictions on the timing and amount of dividends paid to their parent companies.
Our U.S. regulated subsidiaries paid their parent companies dividends of $9.2 billion and $8.0 billion in 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further detail concerning our regulated subsidiary dividends.
Our nonregulated businesses also generate significant cash flows from operations available for general corporate use. Cash flows generated by these entities, combined with dividends from our regulated entities and financing through the issuance of long-term debt as well as issuance of commercial paper or the ability to draw under our committed credit facilities, further strengthen our operating and financial flexibility. We use these cash flows to expand our businesses through acquisitions, reinvest in our businesses through capital expenditures, repay debt and return capital to our shareholders through dividends and repurchases of our common stock.
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Summary of our Major Sources and Uses of Cash and Cash Equivalents

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs. 2023
Sources of cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 24,204 |  |  | $ | 29,068 |  |  | $ | 26,206 |  |  | $ | (4,864) |
Issuances of long-term debt and short-term borrowings, net of repayments |  | 14,660 |  |  | 4,280 |  |  | 12,536 |  |  | 10,380 |
Proceeds from common share issuances |  | 1,846 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 1,253 |  |  | 493 |
Customer funds administered |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,548 |  |  | — |
Cash received for dispositions |  | 2,041 |  |  | 685 |  |  | 3,414 |  |  | 1,356 |
Sales and maturities of investments, net of purchases |  | 525 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 525 |
Total sources of cash |  | 43,276 |  |  | 35,386 |  |  | 48,957 |  |  | 7,890 |
Uses of cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for acquisitions and other transactions, net of cash assumed |  | (13,408) |  |  | (10,136) |  |  | (21,458) |  |  | (3,272) |
Common share repurchases |  | (9,000) |  |  | (8,000) |  |  | (7,000) |  |  | (1,000) |
Cash dividends paid |  | (7,533) |  |  | (6,761) |  |  | (5,991) |  |  | (772) |
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software |  | (3,499) |  |  | (3,386) |  |  | (2,802) |  |  | (113) |
Purchases of investments, net of sales and maturities |  | — |  |  | (1,777) |  |  | (6,837) |  |  | 1,777 |
Purchases of redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | (280) |  |  | (730) |  |  | (176) |  |  | 450 |
Loans to care providers - cyberattack, net of repayments |  | (4,519) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,519) |
Customer funds administered |  | (1,560) |  |  | (521) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,039) |
Other |  | (3,312) |  |  | (2,110) |  |  | (2,737) |  |  | (1,202) |
Total uses of cash |  | (43,111) |  |  | (33,421) |  |  | (47,001) |  |  | (9,690) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (61) |  |  | 97 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (158) |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents, including cash within businesses held for sale |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 2,062 |  |  | $ | 1,990 |  |  | $ | (1,958) |
Less: cash within businesses held for sale |  | (219) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (219) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (115) |  |  | $ | 2,062 |  |  | $ | 1,990 |  |  | $ | (2,177) |

2024 Cash Flows Compared to 2023 Cash Flows
Decreased cash flows provided by operating activities were primarily driven by CMS Medicare funding reductions, Change Healthcare cyberattack response actions, increased medical costs and changes in working capital accounts. Other significant changes in sources or uses of cash year-over-year included increased net issuances of short-term borrowings and long-term debt, net sales and maturities of investments and cash received from dispositions, offset by loans to care providers in response to the Change Healthcare cyberattack, increased cash paid for acquisitions and other transactions, decreased customer funds administered and increased share repurchases.
Financial Condition
As of December 31, 2024, our cash, cash equivalent, available-for-sale debt securities and equity securities balances of $77.1 billion included $25.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents (of which approximately $800 million was available for general corporate use), $46.9 billion of debt securities and $4.9 billion of equity securities. Given the significant portion of our portfolio held in cash equivalents, we do not anticipate fluctuations in the aggregate fair value of our financial assets to have a material impact on our liquidity or capital position. Other sources of liquidity, primarily from operating cash flows and our commercial paper program, which is fully supported by our bank credit facilities, reduce the need to sell investments during adverse market conditions. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further detail concerning our fair value measurements.
Our available-for-sale debt portfolio had a weighted-average duration of 4.2 years and a weighted-average credit rating of “Double A” as of December 31, 2024. When multiple credit ratings are available for an individual security, the average of the available ratings is used to determine the weighted-average credit rating.
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Capital Resources and Uses of Liquidity
Cash Requirements. The Company’s cash requirements within the next twelve months include medical costs payable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, short-term borrowings and current maturities of long-term debt, other current liabilities, and purchase commitments and other obligations. We expect the cash required to meet these obligations to be primarily generated through cash flows from current operations; cash available for general corporate use; and the realization of current assets, such as accounts receivable.
Our long-term cash requirements under our various contractual obligations and commitments include:
•Debt obligations. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further detail of our long-term debt and the timing of expected future payments. Interest coupon payments are typically paid semi-annually.
•Operating leases. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further detail of our obligations and the timing of expected future payments.
•Purchase and other obligations. These include $11.5 billion, $2.4 billion of which is expected to be paid within the next twelve months, of fixed or minimum commitments under existing purchase obligations for goods and services, including agreements cancelable with the payment of an early termination penalty, and remaining capital commitments for venture capital funds, strategic transactions and other funding commitments. These amounts exclude agreements cancelable without penalty and liabilities to the extent recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024.
•Other liabilities. These include other long-term liabilities reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024, including obligations associated with certain employee benefit programs, unrecognized tax benefits and various long-term liabilities, which have some inherent uncertainty in the timing of these payments.
•Redeemable noncontrolling interests. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further detail. We do not have any material potential required redemptions in the next twelve months.
We expect the cash required to meet our long-term obligations to be primarily generated through future cash flows from operations. However, we also have the ability to generate cash to satisfy both our current and long-term requirements through the issuance of commercial paper, issuance of long-term debt, or drawing under our committed credit facilities or the ability to sell investments. We believe our capital resources are sufficient to meet future, short-term and long-term, liquidity needs.
Short-Term Borrowings. Our revolving bank credit facilities provide liquidity support for our commercial paper borrowing program, which facilitates the private placement of senior unsecured debt through independent broker-dealers, and are available for general corporate purposes. For more information on our commercial paper and bank credit facilities, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the various covenants under our bank credit facilities.
Long-Term Debt. Periodically, we access capital markets to issue long-term debt for general corporate purposes, such as to meet our working capital requirements, to refinance debt, to finance acquisitions or for share repurchases. For more information on our debt, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Credit Ratings. Our credit ratings as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

| Moody’s |  | S&P Global |  | Fitch |  | A.M. Best
| Ratings |  | Outlook |  | Ratings |  | Outlook |  | Ratings |  | Outlook |  | Ratings |  | Outlook
Senior unsecured debt | A2 |  | Stable |  | A+ |  | Stable |  | A |  | Stable |  | A |  | Stable
Commercial paper | P-1 |  | n/a |  | A-1 |  | n/a |  | F1 |  | n/a |  | AMB-1+ |  | n/a

The availability of financing in the form of debt or equity is influenced by many factors, including our profitability, operating cash flows, debt levels, credit ratings, debt covenants and other contractual restrictions, regulatory requirements and economic and market conditions. A significant downgrade in our credit ratings or adverse conditions in the capital markets may increase the cost of borrowing for us or limit our access to capital.
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Share Repurchase Program. In June 2024, our Board of Directors amended our share repurchase program to authorize the repurchase of up to 35 million shares of Common Stock, in addition to all remaining shares authorized to be repurchased under the Board’s 2018 renewal of the program. As of December 31, 2024, we had Board of Directors’ authorization to purchase up to 33 million shares of our common stock. The Board of Directors from time to time may further amend the share repurchase program in order to increase the authorized number of shares which may be repurchased under the program. For more information on our share repurchase program, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Dividends. In June 2024, our Board of Directors increased the Company’s quarterly cash dividend to shareholders to an annual rate of $8.40 compared to $7.52 per share. For more information on our dividend, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Pending Acquisitions. As of December 31, 2024, we have entered into agreements to acquire companies in the health care sector, subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions. The total anticipated capital required for these acquisitions, excluding the payoff of acquired indebtedness, is approximately $4 billion.
We do not have other significant contractual obligations or commitments requiring cash resources. However, we continually evaluate opportunities to expand our operations, which include internal development of new products, programs and technology applications and may include acquisitions.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates requiring management to make challenging, subjective or complex judgments, often because they must estimate the effects of matters inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Critical accounting estimates involve judgments and uncertainties which are sufficiently sensitive and may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions.
Medical Costs Payable
Medical costs and medical costs payable include estimates of our obligations for medical care services rendered on behalf of consumers, but for which claims have either not yet been received or processed. Depending on the health care professional and type of service, the typical billing lag for services can be up to 90 days from the date of service. Approximately 90% of claims related to medical care services are known and settled within 90 days from the date of service.
In each reporting period, our operating results include the effects of more completely developed medical costs payable estimates associated with previously reported periods. If the revised estimate of prior period medical costs is less than the previous estimate, we will decrease reported medical costs in the current period (favorable development). If the revised estimate of prior period medical costs is more than the previous estimate, we will increase reported medical costs in the current period (unfavorable development). Medical costs in 2024, 2023 and 2022 included favorable medical cost development related to prior years of $700 million, $840 million and $410 million, respectively.
In developing our medical costs payable estimates, we apply different estimation methods depending on the month for which incurred claims are being estimated. For example, for the most recent two months, we estimate claim costs incurred by applying observed medical cost trend factors to the average per member per month (PMPM) medical costs incurred in prior months for which more complete claim data is available, supplemented by a review of near-term completion factors.
Completion Factors. A completion factor is an actuarial estimate, based upon historical experience and analysis of current trends, of the percentage of incurred claims during a given period adjudicated by us at the date of estimation. Completion factors are the most significant factors we use in developing our medical costs payable estimates for periods prior to the most recent two months. Completion factors include judgments in relation to claim submissions such as the time from date of service to claim receipt, claim levels and processing cycles, as well as other factors. If actual claims submission rates from providers (which can be influenced by a number of factors, including provider mix and electronic versus manual submissions), actual care activity incurred (which can be influenced by pandemics or seasonal illnesses, such as influenza), or our claim processing patterns are different than estimated, our reserve estimates may be significantly impacted.
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The following table illustrates the sensitivity of these factors and the estimated potential impact on our medical costs payable estimates for those periods as of December 31, 2024:

Completion Factors (Decrease) Increase in Factors |  | Increase (Decrease) In Medical Costs Payable
|  | (in millions)
(0.75)% |  | $ | 973 |
(0.50) |  | 647 |
(0.25) |  | 322 |
0.25 |  | (321) |
0.50 |  | (640) |
0.75 |  | (958) |

Medical Cost Per Member Per Month Trend Factors. Medical cost PMPM trend factors are significant factors we use in developing our medical costs payable estimates for the most recent two months. Medical cost trend factors are developed through a comprehensive analysis of claims incurred in prior months, provider contracting and expected unit costs, benefit design and a review of a broad set of health care utilization indicators. These factors include but are not limited to pharmacy utilization trends, inpatient hospital authorization data and seasonal and other incidence data from the National Centers for Disease Control. We also consider macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, employment and disposable income. A large number of factors can cause the medical cost trend to vary from our estimates, including: our ability and practices to manage medical and pharmaceutical costs, changes in level and mix of services utilized; mix of benefits offered, including the impact of co-pays and deductibles; changes in medical practices; and catastrophes, epidemics and pandemics.
The following table illustrates the sensitivity of these factors and the estimated potential impact on our medical costs payable estimates for the most recent two months as of December 31, 2024:

Medical Cost PMPM Quarterly Trend Increase (Decrease) in Factors |  | Increase (Decrease) In Medical Costs Payable
|  | (in millions)
3% |  | $ | 1,264 |
2 |  | 843 |
1 |  | 421 |
(1) |  | (421) |
(2) |  | (843) |
(3) |  | (1,264) |

The completion factors and medical costs PMPM trend factors analyses above include outcomes considered reasonably likely based on our historical experience estimating liabilities for incurred but not reported benefit claims.
Management believes the amount of medical costs payable is reasonable and adequate to cover our liability for unpaid claims as of December 31, 2024; however, actual claim payments may differ from established estimates as discussed above. Assuming a hypothetical 1% difference between our December 31, 2024 estimates of medical costs payable and actual medical costs payable, 2024 net earnings would have increased or decreased by approximately $260 million.
For more detail related to our medical cost estimates, see Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Goodwill
We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change indicating the carrying value may not be recoverable. When testing goodwill for impairment, we may first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. During a qualitative analysis, we consider the impact of changes, if any, to the following factors: macroeconomic, industry and market factors; cost factors; changes in overall financial performance; and any other relevant events and uncertainties impacting a reporting unit. If our qualitative assessment indicates a goodwill impairment is more likely than not, we perform additional quantitative analyses. We may also elect to skip the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. For reporting units where a quantitative analysis is performed, we perform a test measuring the fair values of the reporting units and comparing them to their carrying values, including goodwill. If the fair value is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, an impairment is recognized for the difference, up to the carrying amount of goodwill.
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We estimate the fair values of our reporting units using a discounted cash flow method which includes assumptions about a wide variety of internal and external factors. Significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow method include financial projections of free cash flow, including revenue trends, medical costs trends, operating productivity, income taxes and capital levels; long-term growth rates for determining terminal value beyond the discretely forecasted periods; and discount rates. For each reporting unit, comparative market multiples are used to corroborate the results of our discounted cash flow test.
Financial projections and long-term growth rates used for our reporting units are consistent with, and use inputs from, our internal long-term business plan and strategies. Discount rates are determined for each reporting unit and include consideration of the implied risk inherent in their forecasts. Our most significant estimate in the discount rate determinations involves our adjustments to the peer company weighted average costs of capital reflecting reporting unit-specific factors. We have not made any adjustments to decrease a discount rate below the calculated peer company weighted average cost of capital for any reporting unit. Company-specific adjustments to discount rates are subjective and thus are difficult to measure with certainty. The passage of time and the availability of additional information regarding areas of uncertainty with respect to the reporting units’ operations could cause these assumptions to change in the future. Additionally, as part of our quantitative impairment testing, we perform various sensitivity analyses on certain key assumptions, such as discount rates and cash flow projections to analyze the potential for a material impact. As of October 1, 2024, we completed our annual impairment tests for goodwill with all of our reporting units having fair values substantially in excess of their carrying values.
LEGAL MATTERS
A description of our legal proceedings is presented in Note 12 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
Investments in financial instruments such as marketable securities and accounts receivable may subject us to concentrations of credit risk. Our investments in marketable securities are managed under an investment policy authorized by our Board of Directors. This policy limits the amounts which may be invested in any one issuer and generally limits our investments to U.S. government and agency securities, state and municipal securities and corporate debt obligations of investment grade. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of employer groups and other customers constituting our client base. As of December 31, 2024, there were no significant concentrations of credit risk.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our primary market risks are exposures to changes in interest rates impacting our investment income and interest expense and the fair value of certain of our fixed-rate investments and debt.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $33 billion of financial assets on which the interest rates received vary with market interest rates, which may significantly impact our investment income. Also as of December 31, 2024, $27 billion of our financial liabilities, which include debt and deposit liabilities, were at interest rates which vary with market rates, either directly or through the use of related interest rate swap contracts.
The fair value of our fixed-rate investments and debt also varies with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, $46 billion of our investments were fixed-rate debt securities and $49 billion of our debt was non-swapped fixed-rate term debt. An increase in market interest rates decreases the market value of fixed-rate investments and fixed-rate debt. Conversely, a decrease in market interest rates increases the market value of fixed-rate investments and fixed-rate debt.
We manage exposure to market interest rates by diversifying investments across different fixed-income market sectors and debt across maturities, as well as by matching a portion of our floating-rate assets and liabilities, either directly or through the use of interest rate swap contracts. Unrealized gains and losses on investments in available-for-sale debt securities are reported in comprehensive income.
The following tables summarize the impact of hypothetical changes in market interest rates across the entire yield curve by 1% point or 2% points as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 on our investment income and interest expense per annum and the fair value of our investments and debt (in millions, except percentages):

|  | December 31, 2024
Increase (Decrease) in Market Interest Rate |  | Investment Income Per Annum |  | Interest Expense Per Annum |  | Fair Value of Financial Assets |  | Fair Value of Financial Liabilities
2 % |  | $ | 666 |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | (4,151) |  |  | $ | (8,866) |
1 |  | 333 |  |  | 268 |  |  | (2,182) |  |  | (4,828) |
(1) |  | (333) |  |  | (252) |  |  | 2,082 |  |  | 5,831 |
(2) |  | (666) |  |  | (503) |  |  | 4,311 |  |  | 12,935 |
|  | December 31, 2023
Increase (Decrease) in Market Interest Rate |  | Investment Income Per Annum |  | Interest Expense Per Annum |  | Fair Value of Financial Assets |  | Fair Value of Financial Liabilities
2% |  | $ | 688 |  |  | $ | 393 |  |  | $ | (3,642) |  |  | $ | (8,142) |
1 |  | 344 |  |  | 196 |  |  | (1,871) |  |  | (4,444) |
(1) |  | (344) |  |  | (180) |  |  | 1,954 |  |  | 5,391 |
(2) |  | (688) |  |  | (360) |  |  | 3,964 |  |  | 11,992 |

Note: The impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates may not reflect the full 100 or 200 basis point change on interest income and interest expense or on the fair value of financial assets and liabilities as the rates are assumed to not fall below zero.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $4.9 billion of investments in equity securities, primarily consisting of venture investments and employee savings plan related investments.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No 34) | 38
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 40
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 41
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 42
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 43
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 44
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 45
1. Description of Business | 45
2. Basis of Presentation, Use of Estimates and Significant Accounting Policies | 45
3. Investments | 50
4. Fair Value | 51
5. Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software | 54
6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | 54
7. Medical Costs Payable | 55
8. Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt | 57
9. Income Taxes | 58
10. Shareholders’ Equity | 60
11. Share-Based Compensation | 61
12. Commitments and Contingencies | 63
13. Dispositions and Held for Sale | 64
14. Segment Financial Information | 65

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Subsidiaries:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 27, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the Audit and Finance Committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Medical Care Services Incurred but not Reported (IBNR) - Refer to Notes 2 and 7 to the financial statements.
Critical Audit Matter Description
Medical costs payable includes estimates of the Company’s obligations for medical care services rendered on behalf of insured consumers, for which claims have either not yet been received or processed. The Company develops estimates for medical care services incurred but not reported (IBNR) using an actuarial model that requires management to exercise certain judgments in developing its estimates. Judgments made by management include medical cost per member per month trend factors and completion factors, which include assumptions over the time from date of service to claim receipt, the impact of actual care activity, and processing cycles.
We identified medical care services IBNR as a critical audit matter because it requires significant management assumptions in estimating the liability. This required complex auditor judgment, and an increased extent of effort, including the involvement of actuarial specialists in performing procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s methods, assumptions, and judgments in developing estimates for medical care services IBNR.
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How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to medical care services IBNR included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s estimate of the IBNR for these services, including controls over the judgments in both the completion factors and the medical cost per member per month trend factors, as well as controls over the claims and membership data used in the estimation process.
•We tested the underlying claims and membership data and other information that served as the basis for the actuarial analysis, to test that the inputs to the actuarial estimate were complete and accurate.
•With the assistance of actuarial specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the actuarial methods and assumptions used by management to estimate IBNR for these services by:
–Performing an overlay of the historical claims data used in management’s current year model to the data used in prior periods to validate that there were no material changes to the claims data tested in prior periods.
–Developing an independent estimate of the IBNR for these services and comparing our estimate to management’s estimate.
–Performing a retrospective review comparing management’s prior year estimate of IBNR to claims processed in 2024 with dates of service in 2023 or prior.

/S/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 27, 2025

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
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UnitedHealth Group
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in millions, except per share data) |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 25,312 |  |  | $ | 25,427 |
Short-term investments |  | 3,801 |  |  | 4,201 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $985 and $1,000 |  | 22,365 |  |  | 21,276 |
Other current receivables, net of allowances of $2,864 and $2,084 |  | 26,089 |  |  | 17,694 |
Assets under management |  | — |  |  | 3,755 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 8,212 |  |  | 6,084 |
Total current assets |  | 85,779 |  |  | 78,437 |
Long-term investments |  | 52,354 |  |  | 47,609 |
Property, equipment and capitalized software, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $6,971 and $7,039 |  | 10,553 |  |  | 11,450 |
Goodwill |  | 106,734 |  |  | 103,732 |
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $8,350 and $7,279 |  | 23,268 |  |  | 15,194 |
Other assets |  | 19,590 |  |  | 17,298 |
Total assets |  | $ | 298,278 |  |  | $ | 273,720 |
Liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Medical costs payable |  | $ | 34,224 |  |  | $ | 32,395 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 34,337 |  |  | 31,958 |
Short-term borrowings and current maturities of long-term debt |  | 4,545 |  |  | 4,274 |
Unearned revenues |  | 3,317 |  |  | 3,355 |
Other current liabilities |  | 27,346 |  |  | 27,072 |
Total current liabilities |  | 103,769 |  |  | 99,054 |
Long-term debt, less current maturities |  | 72,359 |  |  | 58,263 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 3,620 |  |  | 3,021 |
Other liabilities |  | 15,939 |  |  | 14,463 |
Total liabilities |  | 195,687 |  |  | 174,801 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | 4,323 |  |  | 4,498 |
Equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value - 10 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value - 3,000 shares authorized; 915 and 924 issued and outstanding |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Retained earnings |  | 96,036 |  |  | 95,774 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (3,387) |  |  | (7,027) |
Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  | 5,610 |  |  | 5,665 |
Total equity |  | 98,268 |  |  | 94,421 |
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |  | $ | 298,278 |  |  | $ | 273,720 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
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UnitedHealth Group
Consolidated Statements of Operations

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 308,810 |  |  | $ | 290,827 |  |  | $ | 257,157 |
Products |  | 50,226 |  |  | 42,583 |  |  | 37,424 |
Services |  | 36,040 |  |  | 34,123 |  |  | 27,551 |
Investment and other income |  | 5,202 |  |  | 4,089 |  |  | 2,030 |
Total revenues |  | 400,278 |  |  | 371,622 |  |  | 324,162 |
Operating costs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Medical costs |  | 264,185 |  |  | 241,894 |  |  | 210,842 |
Operating costs |  | 53,013 |  |  | 54,628 |  |  | 47,782 |
Cost of products sold |  | 46,694 |  |  | 38,770 |  |  | 33,703 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 4,099 |  |  | 3,972 |  |  | 3,400 |
Total operating costs |  | 367,991 |  |  | 339,264 |  |  | 295,727 |
Earnings from operations |  | 32,287 |  |  | 32,358 |  |  | 28,435 |
Interest expense |  | (3,906) |  |  | (3,246) |  |  | (2,092) |
Loss on sale of subsidiary and subsidiaries held for sale |  | (8,310) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Earnings before income taxes |  | 20,071 |  |  | 29,112 |  |  | 26,343 |
Provision for income taxes |  | (4,829) |  |  | (5,968) |  |  | (5,704) |
Net earnings |  | 15,242 |  |  | 23,144 |  |  | 20,639 |
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (837) |  |  | (763) |  |  | (519) |
Net earnings attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders |  | $ | 14,405 |  |  | $ | 22,381 |  |  | $ | 20,120 |
Earnings per share attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 15.64 |  |  | $ | 24.12 |  |  | $ | 21.47 |
Diluted |  | $ | 15.51 |  |  | $ | 23.86 |  |  | $ | 21.18 |
Basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding |  | 921 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 937 |
Dilutive effect of common share equivalents |  | 8 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 13 |
Diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding |  | 929 |  |  | 938 |  |  | 950 |
Anti-dilutive shares excluded from the calculation of dilutive effect of common share equivalents |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
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UnitedHealth Group
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net earnings |  | $ | 15,242 |  |  | $ | 23,144 |  |  | $ | 20,639 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities during the period |  | 29 |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | (4,292) |
Income tax effect |  | (7) |  |  | (263) |  |  | 984 |
Total unrealized gains (losses), net of tax |  | 22 |  |  | 876 |  |  | (3,308) |
Gross reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses included in net earnings |  | (369) |  |  | (90) |  |  | 139 |
Income tax effect |  | 92 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (32) |
Total reclassification adjustment, net of tax |  | (277) |  |  | (69) |  |  | 107 |
Foreign currency translation (losses) gains |  | (319) |  |  | 559 |  |  | 192 |
Reclassification adjustment for translation losses included in net earnings |  | 4,214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total foreign currency translation gains |  | 3,895 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 192 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 3,640 |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | (3,009) |
Comprehensive income |  | 18,882 |  |  | 24,510 |  |  | 17,630 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (837) |  |  | (763) |  |  | (519) |
Comprehensive income attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders |  | $ | 18,045 |  |  | $ | 23,747 |  |  | $ | 17,111 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
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UnitedHealth Group
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
(in millions, except per share data) |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |  | Foreign Currency Translation (Losses) Gains |  |
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  | 941 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77,134 |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | (5,807) |  |  | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | 75,045 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,120 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 406 |  |  | 20,526 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,201) |  |  | 192 |  |  |  |  | (3,009) |
Issuances of common stock, and related tax effects |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 903 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 903 |
Share-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 875 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 875 |
Common share repurchases |  | (14) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1,892) |  |  | (5,107) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,000) |
Cash dividends paid on common shares ($6.40 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,991) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,991) |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests fair value and other adjustments |  |  |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 114 |
Acquisition and other adjustments of nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 374 |  |  | 374 |
Distributions to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (387) |  |  | (387) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 934 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,156 |  |  | (2,778) |  |  | (5,615) |  |  | 3,678 |  |  | 81,450 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,381 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 575 |  |  | 22,956 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 807 |  |  | 559 |  |  |  |  | 1,366 |
Issuances of common stock, and related tax effects |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,231 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,231 |
Share-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,027 |
Common share repurchases |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,057) |  |  | (6,002) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,059) |
Cash dividends paid on common shares ($7.29 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,761) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,761) |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests fair value and other adjustments |  |  |  |  |  | (201) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (201) |
Acquisition and other adjustments of nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,928 |  |  | 1,928 |
Distributions to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (516) |  |  | (516) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 924 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 95,774 |  |  | (1,971) |  |  | (5,056) |  |  | 5,665 |  |  | 94,421 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,405 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 663 |  |  | 15,068 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (255) |  |  | 3,895 |  |  |  |  | 3,640 |
Issuances of common stock, and related tax effects |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,485 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,485 |
Share-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 963 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 963 |
Common share repurchases |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,395) |  |  | (6,610) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,005) |
Cash dividends paid on common shares ($8.18 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,533) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,533) |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests fair value and other adjustments |  |  |  |  |  | (53) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (53) |
Acquisition and other adjustments of nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |
Distributions to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (744) |  |  | (744) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | 915 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 96,036 |  |  | $ | (2,226) |  |  | $ | (1,161) |  |  | $ | 5,610 |  |  | $ | 98,268 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
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UnitedHealth Group
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 15,242 |  |  | $ | 23,144 |  |  | $ | 20,639 |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 4,099 |  |  | 3,972 |  |  | 3,400 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (296) |  |  | (245) |  |  | (673) |
Share-based compensation |  | 1,018 |  |  | 1,059 |  |  | 925 |
Loss on sale of subsidiary and subsidiaries held for sale |  | 8,310 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gains on dispositions and other strategic transactions |  | (3,333) |  |  | (489) |  |  | (588) |
Other, net |  | (28) |  |  | (16) |  |  | 257 |
Net change in other operating items, net of effects from acquisitions and dispositions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (1,437) |  |  | (3,114) |  |  | (2,523) |
Other assets |  | (4,140) |  |  | (2,444) |  |  | (1,374) |
Medical costs payable |  | 2,503 |  |  | 3,482 |  |  | 4,053 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  | 2,463 |  |  | 3,516 |  |  | 1,964 |
Unearned revenues |  | (197) |  |  | 203 |  |  | 126 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  | 24,204 |  |  | 29,068 |  |  | 26,206 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investments |  | (27,308) |  |  | (18,314) |  |  | (18,825) |
Sales of investments |  | 18,514 |  |  | 7,307 |  |  | 5,907 |
Maturities of investments |  | 9,319 |  |  | 9,230 |  |  | 6,081 |
Cash paid for acquisitions and other transactions, net of cash assumed |  | (13,408) |  |  | (10,136) |  |  | (21,458) |
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software |  | (3,499) |  |  | (3,386) |  |  | (2,802) |
Loans to care providers - cyberattack |  | (9,033) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments of care provider loans - cyberattack |  | 4,514 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cash received from dispositions and other strategic transactions, net |  | 2,041 |  |  | 685 |  |  | 3,414 |
Other, net |  | (1,667) |  |  | (960) |  |  | (793) |
Cash flows used for investing activities |  | (20,527) |  |  | (15,574) |  |  | (28,476) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Common share repurchases |  | (9,000) |  |  | (8,000) |  |  | (7,000) |
Cash dividends paid |  | (7,533) |  |  | (6,761) |  |  | (5,991) |
Proceeds from common stock issuances |  | 1,846 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 1,253 |
Repayments of long-term debt |  | (3,000) |  |  | (2,125) |  |  | (3,015) |
(Repayments of) proceeds from short-term borrowings, net |  | (151) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 732 |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  | 17,811 |  |  | 6,394 |  |  | 14,819 |
Customer funds administered |  | (1,560) |  |  | (521) |  |  | 5,548 |
Purchases of redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | (280) |  |  | (730) |  |  | (176) |
Other, net |  | (1,645) |  |  | (1,150) |  |  | (1,944) |
Cash flows (used for) from financing activities |  | (3,512) |  |  | (11,529) |  |  | 4,226 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (61) |  |  | 97 |  |  | 34 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents, including cash within businesses held for sale |  | 104 |  |  | 2,062 |  |  | 1,990 |
Less: cash within businesses held for sale |  | (219) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (115) |  |  | 2,062 |  |  | 1,990 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 25,427 |  |  | 23,365 |  |  | 21,375 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 25,312 |  |  | $ | 25,427 |  |  | $ | 23,365 |
Supplemental cash flow disclosures |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 3,594 |  |  | $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | 1,945 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | 4,620 |  |  | 6,078 |  |  | 5,222 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
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UnitedHealth Group
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
1.Description of Business
UnitedHealth Group Incorporated (individually and together with its subsidiaries, “UnitedHealth Group” and “the Company”) is a health care and well-being company with a mission to help people live healthier lives and help make the health system work better for everyone. The Company’s two distinct, yet complementary businesses — Optum and UnitedHealthcare — are working to help build a modern, high-performing health system through improved access, affordability, outcomes and experiences for the individuals and organizations the Company is privileged to serve.
2.Basis of Presentation, Use of Estimates and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The Company has prepared the Consolidated Financial Statements according to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and has included the accounts of UnitedHealth Group and its subsidiaries.
Use of Estimates
These Consolidated Financial Statements include certain amounts based on the Company’s best estimates and judgments. The Company’s most significant estimates relate to estimates and judgments for medical costs payable and goodwill. Certain of these estimates require the application of complex assumptions and judgments, often because they involve matters inherently uncertain and will likely change in subsequent periods. The impact of any change in estimates is included in earnings in the period in which the estimate is adjusted.
Revenues
Premiums
Premium revenues are primarily derived from risk-based arrangements in which the premium is typically at a fixed rate per individual served for a one-year period, and the Company assumes the economic risk of funding its customers’ health care and related administrative costs.
Premium revenues are recognized in the period in which eligible individuals are entitled to receive health care benefits. Health care premium payments received from the Company’s customers in advance of the service period are recorded as unearned revenues. Fully insured commercial products of U.S. health plans, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit (Medicare Part D) plans with medical loss ratios (MLRs) as calculated under the definitions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) and related federal and state regulations and implementing regulation, falling below certain targets are required to rebate ratable portions of their premiums annually. Commercial premiums within the Company’s individual and small group markets are also subject to the ACA risk adjustment program. Medicare Advantage premium revenue includes the impact of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) quality bonuses based on plans’ Star rating. Certain of the Company’s Medicaid business is also subject to state minimum MLR rebates.
Premium revenues are recognized based on the estimated premiums earned, net of projected rebates, because the Company is able to reasonably estimate the ultimate premiums of these contracts. The Company also records premium revenues for certain value-based arrangements at its Optum Health care delivery businesses. Under these value-based arrangements, the Company enters into agreements with health plans to stand ready to deliver, integrate, direct and control certain health care services for patients. In exchange, the Company receives a premium that is typically paid on a per-patient per-month basis. The Company considers these value-based arrangements to represent a single performance obligation where premium revenues are recognized in the period in which health care services are made available.
The Company’s Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D premium revenues are subject to periodic adjustment under CMS’ risk adjustment payment methodology. CMS deploys a risk adjustment model which apportions premiums paid to all health plans according to health severity and certain demographic factors. The CMS risk adjustment model provides higher per member payments for enrollees diagnosed with certain conditions and lower payments for enrollees who are healthier. Under this risk adjustment methodology, CMS calculates the risk adjusted premium payment using diagnosis and encounter data from hospital inpatient, hospital outpatient and physician treatment settings. The Company and health care providers collect, capture and submit the necessary and available data to CMS within prescribed deadlines. The Company estimates risk adjustment premium revenues based upon the data submitted and expected to be submitted to CMS. Risk adjustment data for the Company’s plans are subject to review by the government, including audit by regulators. See Note 12 for additional information regarding these audits.
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Products and Services
For the Company’s Optum Rx pharmacy care services business, the majority of revenues are derived from products sold through a contracted network of retail pharmacies or home delivery, specialty and community health pharmacies. Product revenues include the cost of pharmaceuticals (net of rebates), a negotiated dispensing fee and customer co-payments. Pharmacy products are billed to customers based on the number of transactions occurring during the billing period. Product revenues are recognized when the prescriptions are dispensed. The Company has entered into contracts in which it is primarily obligated to pay its network pharmacy providers for benefits provided to their customers regardless of whether the Company is paid. The Company is also involved in establishing the prices charged by retail pharmacies, determining which drugs will be included in formulary listings and selecting which retail pharmacies will be included in the network offered to plan sponsors’ members and accordingly, product revenues are reported on a gross basis.
Services revenue includes a number of services and products sold through Optum. Optum Health’s service revenues include net patient service revenues recorded based upon established billing rates, less allowances for contractual adjustments, and are recognized as services are provided. For its financial services offerings, Optum Health charges fees and earns investment income on managed funds. Optum Insight provides software and information products, advisory consulting arrangements and managed services outsourcing contracts, which may be delivered over several years. Optum Insight revenues are generally recognized over time and measured for each period based on the progress to date as services are performed or made available to customers.
Services revenue also consists of fees derived from services performed for customers who self-insure the health care costs of their employees and employees’ dependents. Under service fee contracts, the Company receives a monthly fixed fee per employee, which is recognized as revenue as the Company performs, or makes available, the applicable services to the customer. The customers retain the risk of financing health care costs for their employees and employees’ dependents, and the Company administers the payment of customer funds to physicians and other health care professionals from customer-funded bank accounts. As the Company has neither the obligation for funding the health care costs, nor the primary responsibility for providing the medical care, the Company does not recognize premium revenue and medical costs for these contracts in its Consolidated Financial Statements. For these fee-based customer arrangements, the Company provides coordination and facilitation of medical services; transaction processing; customer, consumer and care professional services; and access to contracted networks of physicians, hospitals and other health care professionals. These services are performed throughout the contract period.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, accounts receivables related to products and services were $9.9 billion and $8.6 billion, respectively. In 2024 and 2023, the Company had no material bad-debt expense and there were no material contract assets, contract liabilities or deferred contract costs recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods (for example, due to changes in transaction price) was not material.
As of December 31, 2024, revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts having an original expected duration of one year or less, contracts where revenue is recognized as invoiced and contracts with variable consideration related to undelivered performance obligations, was $12.7 billion, of which approximately half is expected to be recognized in the next three years.
See Note 14 for disaggregation of revenue by segment and type.
Medical Costs and Medical Costs Payable
The Company’s estimate of medical costs payable represents management’s best estimate of its liability for unpaid medical costs as of December 31, 2024.
Each period, the Company re-examines previously established medical costs payable estimates based on actual claim submissions and other changes in facts and circumstances. As more complete claim information becomes available, the Company adjusts the amount of the estimates and includes the changes in estimates in medical costs in the period in which the change is identified. Approximately 90% of claims related to medical care services are known and settled within 90 days from the date of service and substantially all within twelve months.
Medical costs and medical costs payable include estimates of the Company’s obligations for medical care services rendered on behalf of consumers, but for which claims have either not yet been received, processed, or paid. The Company develops estimates for medical care services incurred but not reported (IBNR), which includes estimates for claims which have not been received or fully processed, using an actuarial process consistently applied, centrally controlled and automated. The actuarial models consider factors such as time from date of service to claim processing, seasonal variances in medical care consumption, health care professional contract rate changes, care activity and other medical cost trends, membership volume and
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demographics, the introduction of new technologies, benefit plan changes and business mix changes related to products, customers and geography.
In developing its medical costs payable estimates, the Company applies different estimation methods depending on which incurred claims are being estimated. For the most recent two months, the Company estimates claim costs incurred by applying observed medical cost trend factors to the average per member per month medical costs incurred in prior months for which more complete claim data are available, supplemented by a review of near-term completion factors (actuarial estimates, based upon historical experience and analysis of current trends, of the percentage of incurred claims during a given period adjudicated by the Company at the date of estimation). For months prior to the most recent two months, the Company applies the completion factors to actual claims adjudicated-to-date to estimate the expected amount of ultimate incurred claims for those months.
Cost of Products Sold
The Company’s cost of products sold includes the cost of pharmaceuticals dispensed to unaffiliated customers either directly at its home delivery, specialty and community pharmacy locations, or indirectly through its nationwide network of participating pharmacies. Rebates attributable to unaffiliated clients are accrued as rebates receivable and a reduction of cost of products sold, with a corresponding payable for the amounts of the rebates to be remitted to those unaffiliated clients in accordance with their contracts and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a reduction of product revenue. Cost of products sold also includes the cost of personnel to support the Company’s transaction processing services, system sales, maintenance and professional services.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments
Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments having an original maturity of three months or less. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates their carrying value because of the short maturity of the instruments. Investments with maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term. Because of regulatory requirements, certain investments are included in long-term investments regardless of their maturity date. The Company classifies these investments as held-to-maturity and reports them at amortized cost. Substantially all other investments are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value based on quoted market prices, where available. Equity investments are measured at fair value, with certain exceptions where the Company has elected to measure investments with unobservable inputs at cost, subject to fair value adjustments upon an impairment or a transaction of the same or similar security. Changes in fair value of equity investments are recognized in net earnings.
The Company excludes unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities from net earnings and reports them as comprehensive income and, net of income tax effects, as a separate component of equity. To calculate realized gains and losses on the sale of debt securities, the Company specifically identifies the cost of each investment sold.
The Company evaluates an available-for-sale debt security for credit-related impairment by considering the present value of expected cash flows relative to a security’s amortized cost, the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and specific events or circumstances which may influence the operations of the issuer. Credit-related impairments are recorded as an allowance, with an offset to investment and other income. Non-credit related impairments are recorded through other comprehensive income. If the Company intends to sell an impaired security, or will likely be required to sell a security before recovery of the entire amortized cost, the entire impairment is included in net earnings.
New information and the passage of time can change these judgments. The Company manages its investment portfolio to limit its exposure to any one issuer or market sector, and largely limits its investments to investment grade quality.
Assets Under Management
In July 2024, the Company amended its Medicare Supplement Program with a membership organization (the Medicare Supplement Program). The amendments provide the Company the right to use a trade name and other intellectual property in marketing efforts for Medicare Supplement offerings. Amounts previously reported as assets under management are now included within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet based upon their classification.
For periods prior to the amended Medicare Supplement Program, the Company excluded the effects of certain balance sheet amounts in its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, while these effects are included for periods after the amendments.
Other Current Receivables
Other current receivables include amounts due from pharmaceutical manufacturers for rebates and Medicare Part D drug discounts, loans to care providers in response to the Change Healthcare cyberattack, accrued interest and other miscellaneous amounts due to the Company.
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The Company’s pharmacy care services businesses contract with pharmaceutical manufacturers, some of which provide rebates based on use of the manufacturers’ products by its affiliated and unaffiliated clients. The Company accrues rebates as they are earned by its clients on a monthly basis based on the terms of the applicable contracts, historical data and current estimates. The pharmacy care services businesses bill these rebates to the manufacturers on a monthly or quarterly basis depending on the contractual terms and record rebates attributable to affiliated clients as a reduction to medical costs. The Company generally receives rebates two to five months after billing. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, total pharmaceutical manufacturer rebates receivable included in other receivables in the Consolidated Balance Sheets amounted to $12.5 billion and $11.0 billion, respectively.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets included pharmaceutical drug and supplies inventory of $3.8 billion and $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software
Property, equipment and capitalized software are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Capitalized software consists of certain costs incurred in the development of internal-use software, including external direct costs of materials and services and applicable payroll costs of employees devoted to specific software development.
The Company calculates depreciation and amortization using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The useful lives for property, equipment and capitalized software are:

Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 3 to 10 years
Buildings | 35 to 40 years
Capitalized software | 3 to 5 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remaining lease term or their estimated useful economic life.
Operating Leases
The Company leases facilities and equipment under long-term operating leases which are non-cancelable and expire on various dates. At the lease commencement date, lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term, which includes all fixed obligations arising from the lease contract. If an interest rate is not implicit in a lease, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate for a period closely matching the lease term.
The Company’s ROU assets are included in other assets, and lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Goodwill
To determine whether goodwill is impaired, annually or more frequently if needed, the Company performs impairment tests. The Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If our qualitative assessment indicates a goodwill impairment is more likely than not, we perform additional quantitative analyses. The Company may also elect to skip the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. When performing quantitative testing, the Company first estimates the fair values of its reporting units using discounted cash flows. To determine fair values, the Company must make assumptions about a wide variety of internal and external factors. Significant assumptions used in the impairment analysis include financial projections of free cash flow (including significant assumptions about operations, capital levels and income taxes), long-term growth rates for determining terminal value and discount rates. Comparative market multiples are used to corroborate the results of the discounted cash flow test. If the fair value is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, an impairment is recognized for the difference, up to the carrying amount of goodwill.
There was no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Intangible Assets
The Company’s finite-lived intangible assets are subject to impairment tests when events or circumstances indicate an intangible asset (or asset group) may be impaired. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets are also tested for impairment annually. There was no impairment of intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities include health savings account deposits ($13.7 billion and $13.5 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively), accruals for premium rebates payable, the current portion of future policy benefits and customer balances.
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Policy Acquisition Costs
The Company’s short duration health insurance contracts typically have a one-year term and may be canceled by the customer with at least 30 days’ notice. Costs related to the acquisition and renewal of short duration customer contracts are primarily charged to expense as incurred.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Company’s subsidiaries whose redemption is outside of the Company’s control are classified as temporary equity. These interests primarily relate to put options on unowned shares, which are typically redeemable at fair value after a certain time period. The Company accretes changes in the redemption value to the earliest redemption date utilizing the interest method. If all interests were currently redeemable, the difference between the carrying value and the estimated redemption value is not material. The following table provides details of the Company's redeemable noncontrolling interests’ activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Redeemable noncontrolling interests, beginning of period |  | $ | 4,498 |  |  | $ | 4,897 |
Net earnings |  | 174 |  |  | 188 |
Acquisitions |  | 33 |  |  | 122 |
Redemptions |  | (280) |  |  | (730) |
Distributions |  | (125) |  |  | (144) |
Fair value and other adjustments |  | 23 |  |  | 165 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests, end of period |  | $ | 4,323 |  |  | $ | 4,498 |

Share-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes compensation expense for share-based awards, including stock options and restricted stock and restricted stock units (collectively, restricted shares), on a straight-line basis over the related service period (generally the vesting period) of the award, or to an employee’s eligible retirement date under the award agreement, if earlier. Restricted shares vest ratably, primarily over four years, and compensation expense related to restricted shares is based on the share price on the date of grant. Stock options vest ratably primarily over four years and may be exercised up to 10 years from the date of grant. Compensation expense related to stock options is based on the fair value at the date of grant, which is estimated on the date of grant using a binomial option-pricing model. Under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), eligible employees are allowed to purchase the Company’s stock at a discounted price, which is 90% of the market price of the Company’s common stock at the end of the six-month purchase period. Share-based compensation expense for all programs is recognized in operating costs in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Net Earnings Per Common Share
The Company computes basic earnings per common share attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders by dividing net earnings attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company determines diluted net earnings per common share attributable to UnitedHealth Group common shareholders using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for potentially dilutive shares associated with stock options, restricted shares and the ESPP (collectively, common stock equivalents), using the treasury stock method. The treasury stock method assumes a hypothetical issuance of shares to settle the share-based awards, with the assumed proceeds used to purchase common stock at the average market price for the period. Assumed proceeds include the amount the employee must pay upon exercise and the average unrecognized compensation cost. The difference between the number of shares assumed issued and number of shares assumed purchased represents the dilutive shares.
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3. Investments
A summary of debt securities by major security type is as follows:

(in millions) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities - available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | $ | 4,600 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (274) |  |  | $ | 4,327 |
State and municipal obligations |  | 7,357 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (375) |  |  | 6,984 |
Corporate obligations |  | 24,391 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (1,140) |  |  | 23,307 |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 10,577 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (994) |  |  | 9,584 |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 2,890 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (175) |  |  | 2,717 |
Total debt securities - available-for-sale |  | 49,815 |  |  | 62 |  |  | (2,958) |  |  | 46,919 |
Debt securities - held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | 444 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 442 |
State and municipal obligations |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 26 |
Corporate obligations |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |
Total debt securities - held-to-maturity |  | 512 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | 508 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 50,327 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | (2,962) |  |  | $ | 47,427 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities - available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | $ | 4,674 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (234) |  |  | $ | 4,443 |
State and municipal obligations |  | 7,636 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (322) |  |  | 7,353 |
Corporate obligations |  | 23,136 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (1,186) |  |  | 22,017 |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 8,982 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (708) |  |  | 8,296 |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 3,023 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (240) |  |  | 2,786 |
Total debt securities - available-for-sale |  | 47,451 |  |  | 134 |  |  | (2,690) |  |  | 44,895 |
Debt securities - held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | 506 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 501 |
State and municipal obligations |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 26 |
Corporate obligations |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Total debt securities - held-to-maturity |  | 603 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 596 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 48,054 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | (2,698) |  |  | $ | 45,491 |

Nearly all of the Company’s investments in mortgage-backed securities were rated “Double A” or better as of December 31, 2024.
The Company held $4.9 billion of equity securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s investments in equity securities primarily consist of venture investments and employee savings plan related investments. Additionally, the Company’s investments included $3.8 billion and $1.4 billion of equity method investments primarily in operating businesses in the health care sector, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was not material.
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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, were as follows:

|  | Available-for-Sale |  | Held-to-Maturity
(in millions) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 3,952 |  |  | $ | 3,932 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | $ | 319 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 14,845 |  |  | 14,384 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 161 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 12,110 |  |  | 11,213 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 13 |
Due after ten years |  | 5,441 |  |  | 5,089 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 15 |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 10,577 |  |  | 9,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 2,890 |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 49,815 |  |  | $ | 46,919 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 508 |

The fair value of available-for-sale debt securities with gross unrealized losses by major security type and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows:

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
(in millions) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | $ | 1,475 |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | 2,152 |  |  | $ | (223) |  |  | $ | 3,627 |  |  | $ | (274) |
State and municipal obligations |  | 2,593 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 4,085 |  |  | (317) |  |  | 6,678 |  |  | (375) |
Corporate obligations |  | 7,402 |  |  | (213) |  |  | 11,449 |  |  | (927) |  |  | 18,851 |  |  | (1,140) |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 4,791 |  |  | (191) |  |  | 4,674 |  |  | (803) |  |  | 9,465 |  |  | (994) |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 416 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1,863 |  |  | (170) |  |  | 2,279 |  |  | (175) |
Total debt securities - available-for-sale |  | $ | 16,677 |  |  | $ | (518) |  |  | $ | 24,223 |  |  | $ | (2,440) |  |  | $ | 40,900 |  |  | $ | (2,958) |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | $ | 1,270 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 2,077 |  |  | $ | (227) |  |  | $ | 3,347 |  |  | $ | (234) |
State and municipal obligations |  | 907 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 4,063 |  |  | (315) |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | (322) |
Corporate obligations |  | 1,826 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 14,696 |  |  | (1,169) |  |  | 16,522 |  |  | (1,186) |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,337 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 5,069 |  |  | (696) |  |  | 6,406 |  |  | (708) |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 279 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 2,202 |  |  | (234) |  |  | 2,481 |  |  | (240) |
Total debt securities - available-for-sale |  | $ | 5,619 |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | 28,107 |  |  | $ | (2,641) |  |  | $ | 33,726 |  |  | $ | (2,690) |

The Company’s unrealized losses from all securities as of December 31, 2024 were generated from approximately 34,000 positions out of a total of 43,000 positions. The Company believes it will timely collect the principal and interest due on its debt securities that have an amortized cost in excess of fair value. The unrealized losses were primarily caused by interest rate increases and not by unfavorable changes in the credit quality associated with these securities which impacted the Company’s assessment on collectibility of principal and interest. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates available-for-sale debt securities for any credit-related impairment when the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost. The Company evaluated the expected cash flows, the underlying credit quality and credit ratings of the issuers, noting no significant credit deterioration since purchase. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have the intent to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position. Therefore, the Company believes these losses to be temporary. The allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was not material.
4. Fair Value
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements or have fair values disclosed in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. These assets and liabilities are classified into one of three levels of a hierarchy defined by GAAP. In instances in which the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety based on the lowest level input which is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular item to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, including the consideration of inputs specific to the asset or liability.
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The fair value hierarchy is summarized as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets/liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 — Other observable inputs, either directly or indirectly, including:
•Quoted prices for similar assets/liabilities in active markets;
•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets/liabilities in inactive markets (e.g., few transactions, limited information, noncurrent prices, high variability over time);
•Inputs other than quoted prices observable for the asset/liability (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, implied volatilities, credit spreads); and
•Inputs corroborated by other observable market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs cannot be corroborated by observable market data.
There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 financial assets or liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Nonfinancial assets and liabilities or financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances, such as when the Company records an impairment. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $710 million, $276 million and $211 million respectively, of unrealized gains in investment and other income related to fair value adjustments on equity securities primarily in the Company’s venture portfolio, based upon transactions of the same or similar security. The assets and liabilities within our South American operations held for sale as of December 31, 2024 were measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is measured based upon unobservable amounts, such as estimated selling price derived from Company-specific information and market conditions. There were no other significant fair value adjustments for these assets and liabilities recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value and determine the fair value hierarchy classification of each class of financial instrument included in the tables below:
Cash and Cash Equivalents. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value as maturities are less than three months. Fair values of cash equivalent instruments which do not trade on a regular basis in active markets are classified as Level 2.
Debt and Equity Securities. Fair values of debt securities and equity securities reported at fair value on a recurring basis are based on quoted market prices, where available. The Company obtains one price for each security primarily from a third-party pricing service (pricing service), which generally uses quoted or other observable inputs for the determination of fair value. The pricing service normally derives the security prices through recently reported trades for identical or similar securities, and, if necessary, makes adjustments through the reporting date based upon available observable market information. For securities not actively traded, the pricing service may use quoted market prices of comparable instruments or discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating inputs currently observable in the markets for similar securities. Inputs often used in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, benchmark yields, credit spreads, default rates, prepayment speeds and nonbinding broker quotes. As the Company is responsible for the determination of fair value, it performs quarterly analyses on the prices received from the pricing service to determine whether the prices are reasonable estimates of fair value. Specifically, the Company compares the prices received from the pricing service to prices reported by a secondary pricing source, such as its custodian, its investment consultant and third-party investment advisors. Additionally, the Company compares changes in the reported market values and returns to relevant market indices to test the reasonableness of the reported prices. The Company’s internal price verification procedures and reviews of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment to the prices obtained from the pricing service.
Fair values of debt securities which do not trade on a regular basis in active markets but are priced using other observable inputs are classified as Level 2.
Fair value estimates for Level 1 and Level 2 equity securities reported at fair value on a recurring basis are based on quoted market prices for actively traded equity securities and/or other market data for the same or comparable instruments and transactions in establishing the prices.
The fair values of Level 3 investments in corporate bonds, which are not a significant portion of our investments, are estimated using valuation techniques relying heavily on management assumptions and qualitative observations.
Throughout the procedures discussed above in relation to the Company’s processes for validating third-party pricing information, the Company validates the understanding of assumptions and inputs used in security pricing and determines the proper classification in the hierarchy based on such understanding.
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Long-Term Debt. The fair values of the Company’s long-term debt are estimated and classified using the same methodologies as the Company’s investments in debt securities.
The following table presents a summary of fair value measurements by level and carrying values for items measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

(in millions) |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Fair and Carrying Value
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 25,248 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,312 |
Debt securities - available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | 4,194 |  |  | 133 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,327 |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 6,984 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,984 |
Corporate obligations |  | 29 |  |  | 22,841 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 23,307 |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 9,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,584 |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |
Total debt securities - available-for-sale |  | 4,223 |  |  | 42,259 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 46,919 |
Equity securities |  | 1,859 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 1,948 |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | 31,330 |  |  | $ | 42,347 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 74,179 |
Percentage of total assets at fair value |  | 42 | % |  | 57 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 100 | %
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 25,345 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,427 |
Debt securities - available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations |  | 4,167 |  |  | 276 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,443 |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 7,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,353 |
Corporate obligations |  | 15 |  |  | 21,800 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 22,017 |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 8,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,296 |
Non-U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 2,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,786 |
Total debt securities - available-for-sale |  | 4,182 |  |  | 40,511 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 44,895 |
Equity securities |  | 2,468 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 2,553 |
Assets under management |  | 1,505 |  |  | 2,140 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 3,755 |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | 33,500 |  |  | $ | 42,749 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 76,630 |
Percentage of total assets at fair value |  | 44 | % |  | 55 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 100 | %

The following table presents a summary of fair value measurements by level and carrying values for certain financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

(in millions) |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Fair Value |  | Total Carrying Value
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities - held-to-maturity |  | $ | 482 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | $ | 512 |
Long-term debt and other financing obligations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70,565 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70,565 |  |  | $ | 75,604 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities - held-to-maturity |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 603 |
Long-term debt and other financing obligations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 59,851 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 59,851 |  |  | $ | 61,449 |

The carrying amounts reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for other current financial assets and liabilities approximate fair value because of their short-term nature. These assets and liabilities are not listed in the table above.
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5. Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software
A summary of property, equipment and capitalized software is as follows:

(in millions) |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Land and improvements |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 712 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 4,215 |  |  | 5,573 |
Computer equipment |  | 2,267 |  |  | 2,007 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 1,694 |  |  | 2,375 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (3,645) |  |  | (4,210) |
Property and equipment, net |  | 4,895 |  |  | 6,457 |
Capitalized software |  | 8,984 |  |  | 7,822 |
Less accumulated amortization |  | (3,326) |  |  | (2,829) |
Capitalized software, net |  | 5,658 |  |  | 4,993 |
Total property, equipment and capitalized software, net |  | $ | 10,553 |  |  | $ | 11,450 |

Depreciation expense for property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $1.0 billion, $1.1 billion, and $1.1 billion, respectively. Amortization expense for capitalized software for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $1.4 billion, $1.2 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively.
6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reportable segment, were as follows:

(in millions) |  | UnitedHealthcare |  | Optum Health |  | Optum Insight |  | Optum Rx |  | Consolidated
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 27,395 |  |  | $ | 29,238 |  |  | $ | 17,244 |  |  | $ | 19,475 |  |  | $ | 93,352 |
Acquisitions |  | 296 |  |  | 8,023 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,121 |
Foreign currency effects and other adjustments, net |  | 187 |  |  | (182) |  |  | 261 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 259 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 27,878 |  |  | 37,079 |  |  | 19,307 |  |  | 19,468 |  |  | 103,732 |
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  | 2,071 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,305 |  |  | 4,376 |
Dispositions, foreign currency effects and other adjustments, net |  | (717) |  |  | (324) |  |  | (327) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (1,374) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 27,161 |  |  | $ | 38,826 |  |  | $ | 18,980 |  |  | $ | 21,767 |  |  | $ | 106,734 |

The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization and net carrying value of other intangible assets were as follows:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions) |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
Customer-related |  | $ | 17,190 |  |  | $ | (6,675) |  |  | $ | 10,515 |  |  | $ | 16,636 |  |  | $ | (5,909) |  |  | $ | 10,727 |
Trademarks and technology |  | 2,917 |  |  | (1,284) |  |  | 1,633 |  |  | 2,508 |  |  | (958) |  |  | 1,550 |
Trade names, trademarks, operating licenses and certificates and other indefinite-lived |  | 10,454 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,454 |  |  | 2,116 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,116 |
Other |  | 1,057 |  |  | (391) |  |  | 666 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | (412) |  |  | 801 |
Total |  | $ | 31,618 |  |  | $ | (8,350) |  |  | $ | 23,268 |  |  | $ | 22,473 |  |  | $ | (7,279) |  |  | $ | 15,194 |

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The fair values and weighted-average useful lives assigned to intangible assets as a result of transactions completed during years ended:

|  | 2024 |  | 2023
(in millions, except years) |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Useful Life |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Useful Life
Customer-related |  | $ | 1,258 |  |  | 12 years |  | $ | 477 |  |  | 12 years
Trademarks and technology |  | 527 |  |  | 6 years |  | 226 |  |  | 5 years
Other |  | 22 |  |  | 8 years |  | 44 |  |  | 9 years
Total finite-lived |  | $ | 1,807 |  |  | 10 years |  | $ | 747 |  |  | 9 years
Total indefinite-lived - trade names, trademarks, operating licenses and certificates and other |  | 8,795 |  |  |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 10,602 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,174 |  |  |

Estimated full year amortization expense relating to intangible assets for each of the next five years ending December 31 is as follows:

(in millions) |  |
2025 |  | $ | 1,655 |
2026 |  | 1,503 |
2027 |  | 1,424 |
2028 |  | 1,344 |
2029 |  | 1,211 |

Amortization expense relating to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $1.7 billion, $1.6 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively.
7. Medical Costs Payable
The following table shows the components of the change in medical costs payable for the years ended December 31:

(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Medical costs payable, beginning of period |  | $ | 32,395 |  |  | $ | 29,056 |  |  | $ | 24,483 |
Acquisitions (dispositions), net |  | (755) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 308 |
Reported medical costs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | 264,885 |  |  | 242,734 |  |  | 211,252 |
Prior years |  | (700) |  |  | (840) |  |  | (410) |
Total reported medical costs |  | 264,185 |  |  | 241,894 |  |  | 210,842 |
Medical payments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments for current year |  | (231,890) |  |  | (211,380) |  |  | (184,049) |
Payments for prior years |  | (29,532) |  |  | (27,176) |  |  | (22,528) |
Total medical payments |  | (261,422) |  |  | (238,556) |  |  | (206,577) |
Less: medical costs payable included within businesses held for sale |  | (179) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Medical costs payable, end of period |  | $ | 34,224 |  |  | $ | 32,395 |  |  | $ | 29,056 |

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, prior years’ medical cost reserve development included no individual factors that were significant. Medical costs payable included IBNR of $23.7 billion and $22.3 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Substantially all of the IBNR balance as of December 31, 2024 relates to the current year.
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The following is information about incurred and paid medical cost development as of December 31, 2024:

|  | Net Incurred Medical Costs
(in millions) |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
Year |  | 2023 |  | 2024
2023 |  | $ | 242,734 |  |  | $ | 242,156 |
2024 |  |  |  | 264,885 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 507,041 |
|  | Net Cumulative Medical Payments
(in millions) |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
Year |  | 2023 |  | 2024
2023 |  | $ | (211,380) |  |  | $ | (240,112) |
2024 |  |  |  | (231,890) |
Total |  |  |  | (472,002) |
Net remaining outstanding liabilities prior to 2023 |  |  |  | 119 |
Acquisitions (dispositions), net |  |  |  | (755) |
Medical costs payable included within businesses held for sale |  |  |  | (179) |
Total medical costs payable |  |  |  | $ | 34,224 |

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8. Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt
Short-term borrowings and senior unsecured long-term debt consisted of commercial paper and notes as follows:

|  | Carrying Value as of December 31, |  |  |  | Carrying Value as of December 31,
(in millions, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | (continued) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Commercial paper |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $1,000 4.625%, Jul 2035 |  | 971 |  |  | 1,014 |
$750 3.5%, Feb 2024 |  | — |  |  | 750 |  |  | $850 5.8%, Mar 2036 |  | 838 |  |  | 838 |
$1,000 0.55%, May 2024 |  | — |  |  | 999 |  |  | $500 6.5%, Jun 2037 |  | 492 |  |  | 491 |
$750 2.375%, Aug 2024 |  | — |  |  | 750 |  |  | $650 6.625%, Nov 2037 |  | 641 |  |  | 640 |
$500 5%, Oct 2024 |  | — |  |  | 499 |  |  | $1,100 6.875%, Feb 2038 |  | 1,079 |  |  | 1,078 |
$2,000 3.75%, Jul 2025 |  | 1,999 |  |  | 1,997 |  |  | $1,250 3.5%, Aug 2039 |  | 1,243 |  |  | 1,242 |
$750 5.15%, Oct 2025 |  | 749 |  |  | 748 |  |  | $1,000 2.75%, May 2040 |  | 970 |  |  | 968 |
$300 3.7%, Dec 2025 |  | 300 |  |  | 299 |  |  | $300 5.7%, Oct 2040 |  | 296 |  |  | 296 |
$500 1.25%, Jan 2026 |  | 499 |  |  | 498 |  |  | $350 5.95%, Feb 2041 |  | 346 |  |  | 346 |
$1,000 3.1%, Mar 2026 |  | 999 |  |  | 998 |  |  | $1,500 3.05%, May 2041 |  | 1,485 |  |  | 1,484 |
$1,000 1.15%, May 2026 |  | 953 |  |  | 924 |  |  | $600 4.625%, Nov 2041 |  | 590 |  |  | 590 |
$500 floating rate, Jul 2026 |  | 499 |  |  | — |  |  | $502 4.375%, Mar 2042 |  | 487 |  |  | 486 |
$650 4.75%, Jul 2026 |  | 648 |  |  | — |  |  | $625 3.95%, Oct 2042 |  | 610 |  |  | 609 |
$750 3.45%, Jan 2027 |  | 749 |  |  | 748 |  |  | $750 4.25%, Mar 2043 |  | 737 |  |  | 736 |
$500 4.6%, Apr 2027 |  | 496 |  |  | — |  |  | $1,500 5.5%, Jul 2044 |  | 1,475 |  |  | — |
$625 3.375%, Apr 2027 |  | 623 |  |  | 622 |  |  | $2,000 4.75%, Jul 2045 |  | 1,976 |  |  | 1,975 |
$600 3.7%, May 2027 |  | 598 |  |  | 598 |  |  | $750 4.2%, Jan 2047 |  | 739 |  |  | 739 |
$950 2.95%, Oct 2027 |  | 946 |  |  | 944 |  |  | $725 4.25%, Apr 2047 |  | 718 |  |  | 718 |
$1,000 5.25%, Feb 2028 |  | 998 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | $950 3.75%, Oct 2047 |  | 935 |  |  | 935 |
$1,150 3.85%, Jun 2028 |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,146 |  |  | $1,350 4.25%, Jun 2048 |  | 1,332 |  |  | 1,331 |
$850 3.875%, Dec 2028 |  | 847 |  |  | 846 |  |  | $1,100 4.45%, Dec 2048 |  | 1,087 |  |  | 1,087 |
$1,250 4.25%, Jan 2029 |  | 1,221 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | $1,250 3.7%, Aug 2049 |  | 1,237 |  |  | 1,236 |
$400 4.7%, Apr 2029 |  | 398 |  |  | — |  |  | $1,250 2.9%, May 2050 |  | 1,212 |  |  | 1,211 |
$900 4%, May 2029 |  | 854 |  |  | 862 |  |  | $2,000 3.25%, May 2051 |  | 1,972 |  |  | 1,972 |
$1,000 2.875%, Aug 2029 |  | 902 |  |  | 908 |  |  | $2,000 4.75%, May 2052 |  | 1,966 |  |  | 1,966 |
$1,250 4.8%, Jan 2030 |  | 1,225 |  |  | — |  |  | $2,000 5.875%, Feb 2053 |  | 1,968 |  |  | 1,968 |
$1,250 5.3%, Feb 2030 |  | 1,243 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | $2,000 5.05%, Apr 2053 |  | 1,969 |  |  | 1,969 |
$1,250 2%, May 2030 |  | 1,240 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | $1,750 5.375%, Apr 2054 |  | 1,729 |  |  | — |
$1,000 4.9%, Apr 2031 |  | 982 |  |  | — |  |  | $2,750 5.625%, Jul 2054 |  | 2,724 |  |  | — |
$1,500 2.3%, May 2031 |  | 1,271 |  |  | 1,290 |  |  | $1,250 3.875%, Aug 2059 |  | 1,229 |  |  | 1,229 |
$1,500 4.95%, Jan 2032 |  | 1,489 |  |  | — |  |  | $1,000 3.125%, May 2060 |  | 967 |  |  | 966 |
$1,500 4.2%, May 2032 |  | 1,372 |  |  | 1,412 |  |  | $1,000 4.95%, May 2062 |  | 981 |  |  | 981 |
$2,000 5.35%, Feb 2033 |  | 1,966 |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | $1,500 6.05%, Feb 2063 |  | 1,466 |  |  | 1,466 |
$1,500 4.5%, Apr 2033 |  | 1,410 |  |  | 1,463 |  |  | $1,750 5.2%, Apr 2063 |  | 1,710 |  |  | 1,709 |
$1,250 5%, Apr 2034 |  | 1,214 |  |  | — |  |  | $1,100 5.5%, Apr 2064 |  | 1,085 |  |  | — |
$2,000 5.15%, Jul 2034 |  | 1,959 |  |  | — |  |  | $1,850 5.75%, Jul 2064 |  | 1,822 |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  | Total short-term borrowings and long-term debt |  | $ | 76,180 |  |  | $ | 61,473 |

The Company’s long-term debt obligations also included $0.7 billion and $1.1 billion of other financing obligations, of which $197 million and $188 million were current as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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Maturities of short-term borrowings and long-term debt for the years ending December 31 are as follows:

(in millions) |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4,548 |
2026 |  | 3,756 |
2027 |  | 3,531 |
2028 |  | 3,106 |
2029 |  | 3,656 |
Thereafter |  | 59,908 |

Short-Term Borrowings
Commercial paper consists of short-duration, senior unsecured debt privately placed on a discount basis through broker-dealers. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s outstanding commercial paper had a weighted-average annual interest rate of 4.4%.
The Company has $7.0 billion five-year, $7.0 billion three-year and $7.0 billion 364-day revolving bank credit facilities with 26 banks, which mature in December 2029, December 2027 and December 2025, respectively. These facilities provide full liquidity support for the Company’s commercial paper program and are available for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2024, no amounts had been drawn on any of the bank credit facilities. The annual interest rates, which are variable based on term, are calculated based on one-month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus a SOFR Adjustment of 10 basis points plus a credit spread based on the Company’s senior unsecured credit ratings. If amounts had been drawn on the bank credit facilities as of December 31, 2024, annual interest rates would have ranged from 4.9% to 7.5%.
Debt Covenants
As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the various covenants under its bank credit facilities.
9. Income Taxes
The current income tax provision reflects the tax consequences of revenues and expenses currently taxable or deductible on various income tax returns for the year reported. The deferred income tax provision or benefit generally reflects the net change in deferred income tax assets and liabilities during the year, excluding any deferred income tax assets and liabilities of acquired businesses.
The components of income before income taxes, based upon tax jurisdiction, for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 28,264 |  |  | $ | 29,210 |  |  | $ | 26,685 |
Foreign |  | (8,193) |  |  | (98) |  |  | (342) |
Total income before income taxes |  | $ | 20,071 |  |  | $ | 29,112 |  |  | $ | 26,343 |

The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current Provision: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 3,453 |  |  | $ | 4,418 |  |  | $ | 4,842 |
State and local |  | 416 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 855 |
Foreign |  | 1,256 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 680 |
Total current provision |  | 5,125 |  |  | 6,213 |  |  | 6,377 |
Deferred benefit |  | (296) |  |  | (245) |  |  | (673) |
Total provision for income taxes |  | $ | 4,829 |  |  | $ | 5,968 |  |  | $ | 5,704 |

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The reconciliation of the tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes and the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

(in millions, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate |  | $ | 4,215 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 6,114 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 5,532 |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  | 343 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 2.4 |
Share-based awards - excess tax benefit |  | (96) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (110) |  |  | (0.4) |
Non-deductible compensation |  | 171 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 0.6 |
Foreign rate differential |  | (369) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (442) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | (265) |  |  | (1.0) |
Tax effect of dispositions and other strategic transactions |  | 1,215 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (215) |  |  | (0.8) |
Other, net |  | (650) |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (341) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (0.1) |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 4,829 |  |  | 24.1 | % |  | $ | 5,968 |  |  | 20.5 | % |  | $ | 5,704 |  |  | 21.7 | %

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the differences between the financial and income tax reporting bases of assets and liabilities based on enacted tax rates and laws. The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 are as follows:

(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and allowances |  | $ | 1,055 |  |  | $ | 754 |
U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards |  | 442 |  |  | 417 |
Share-based compensation |  | 189 |  |  | 173 |
Nondeductible liabilities |  | 343 |  |  | 329 |
Non-U.S. tax loss carryforwards |  | 21 |  |  | 1,061 |
Lease liability |  | 846 |  |  | 930 |
Net unrealized losses on investments |  | 669 |  |  | 586 |
Other-domestic |  | 597 |  |  | 327 |
Other-non-U.S. |  | 59 |  |  | 484 |
Subtotal |  | 4,221 |  |  | 5,061 |
Less: valuation allowances |  | (397) |  |  | (366) |
Total deferred income tax assets |  | 3,824 |  |  | 4,695 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
U.S. federal and state intangible assets |  | (4,479) |  |  | (3,712) |
Non-U.S. goodwill and intangible assets |  | (82) |  |  | (731) |
Capitalized software |  | (288) |  |  | (415) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (400) |  |  | (371) |
Prepaid expenses |  | (374) |  |  | (326) |
Outside basis in partnerships |  | (960) |  |  | (811) |
Lease right-of-use asset |  | (833) |  |  | (914) |
Other-non-U.S. |  | (28) |  |  | (436) |
Total deferred income tax liabilities |  | (7,444) |  |  | (7,716) |
Net deferred income tax liabilities |  | $ | (3,620) |  |  | $ | (3,021) |

Valuation allowances are provided when it is considered more likely than not deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowances primarily relate to future tax benefits on certain federal, state and non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards. Substantially all of the federal net operating loss carryforwards have indefinite carryforward periods; state net operating loss carryforwards expire beginning in 2025 through 2044, with some having an indefinite carryforward period. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, the Company has historical non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards for which a deferred tax asset and valuation allowance of $4.1 billion are not established because realization of the loss carryforwards is remote.
As of December 31, 2024, except for subsidiaries held for sale, the Company’s undistributed earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in non-U.S. operations, and therefore no U.S. deferred taxes have been recorded. Taxes payable on the remittance of such earnings would be minimal.
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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31 is as follows:

(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period |  | $ | 3,716 |  |  | $ | 3,081 |  |  | $ | 2,310 |
Gross increases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year tax positions |  | 578 |  |  | 782 |  |  | 586 |
Prior year tax positions |  | 10 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 206 |
Gross decreases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior year tax positions |  | (121) |  |  | (212) |  |  | (21) |
Statute of limitations lapses and settlements |  | (60) |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, end of period |  | $ | 4,123 |  |  | $ | 3,716 |  |  | $ | 3,081 |

The Company believes it is reasonably possible its liability for unrecognized tax benefits will decrease in the next twelve months by $101 million as a result of audit settlements and the expiration of statutes of limitations.
The Company classifies net interest and penalties associated with uncertain income tax positions as income taxes within its Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $210 million, $177 million and $64 million of net interest and penalties, respectively. The Company had $637 million and $430 million of accrued interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts are not included in the reconciliation above. As of December 31, 2024, there were $2.0 billion of unrecognized tax benefits which, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.
The Company currently files income tax returns in the United States, various states and localities and non-U.S. jurisdictions. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has completed exams on the consolidated income tax returns for fiscal years 2016 and prior. The Company’s 2017 through 2020 tax years are under review by the IRS under its Compliance Assurance Program. The Company is no longer subject to state income tax examinations prior to the 2015 tax year. The Company is subject to examination in non-U.S. jurisdictions for years 2015 and forward.
10. Shareholders' Equity
Regulatory Capital and Dividend Restrictions
The Company’s regulated insurance and HMO subsidiaries are subject to regulations and standards in their respective jurisdictions. These standards, among other things, require these subsidiaries to maintain specified levels of statutory capital, as defined by each jurisdiction, and restrict the timing and amount of dividends and other distributions which may be paid to their parent companies. In the United States, most of these state regulations and standards are generally consistent with model regulations established by the NAIC. These standards generally permit dividends to be paid from statutory unassigned surplus of the regulated subsidiary and are limited based on the regulated subsidiary’s level of statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus. These dividends are referred to as “ordinary dividends” and generally may be paid without prior regulatory approval. If the dividend, together with other dividends paid within the preceding twelve months, exceeds a specified statutory limit or is paid from sources other than earned surplus, it is generally considered an “extraordinary dividend” and must receive prior regulatory approval.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s domestic insurance and HMO subsidiaries paid their parent companies dividends of $9.2 billion, including $2.6 billion of extraordinary dividends. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s domestic insurance and HMO subsidiaries paid their parent companies dividends of $8.0 billion, including $4.9 billion of extraordinary dividends.
The Company's financially regulated subsidiaries had estimated aggregate statutory capital and surplus of $37.8 billion as of December 31, 2024. The estimated statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements of the Company's financially regulated subsidiaries was approximately $20.4 billion as of December 31, 2024.
Optum Bank must meet minimum capital requirements of the FDIC under the capital adequacy rules to which it is subject. At December 31, 2024, the Company believes Optum Bank met the FDIC requirements to be considered “Well Capitalized.”
Share Repurchase Program
Under its Board of Directors’ authorization, the Company maintains a share repurchase program. The objectives of the share repurchase program are to optimize the Company’s capital structure and cost of capital, thereby improving returns to shareholders, as well as to offset the dilutive impact of share-based awards. Repurchases may be made from time to time in open market purchases or other types of transactions (including prepaid or structured share repurchase programs), subject to certain restrictions. In June 2024, the Board of Directors amended the Company’s share repurchase program to authorize the
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repurchase of up to 35 million shares of its common stock, in addition to all remaining shares authorized to be repurchased under the Board’s 2018 renewal of the program. The Board of Directors from time to time may further amend the share repurchase program in order to increase the authorized number of shares which may be repurchased under the program.
A summary of common share repurchases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Common share repurchases, shares |  | 17 |  |  | 16 |
Common share repurchases, average price per share |  | $ | 529.85 |  |  | $ | 493.79 |
Common share repurchases, aggregate cost |  | $ | 8,942 |  |  | $ | 8,000 |
Board authorized shares remaining |  | 33 |  |  | 15 |

Dividends
In June 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the Company’s quarterly cash dividend to shareholders to an annual rate of $8.40 compared to $7.52 per share, which the Company had paid since June 2023. Declaration and payment of future quarterly dividends is at the discretion of the Board and may be adjusted as business needs or market conditions change.
The following table provides details of the Company’s 2024 dividend payments:

Payment Date |  | Amount per Share |  | Total Amount Paid
|  |  |  | (in millions)
March 19 |  | $ | 1.88 |  |  | $ | 1,729 |
June 25 |  | 2.10 |  |  | 1,935 |
September 24 |  | 2.10 |  |  | 1,937 |
December 17 |  | 2.10 |  |  | 1,932 |

11. Share-Based Compensation
The Company’s outstanding share-based awards consist mainly of non-qualified stock options and restricted shares. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 48 million shares available for future grants of share-based awards under the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2024, there were 16 million shares of common stock available for issuance under the ESPP.
Stock Options
Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized in the table below:

| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
| (in millions) |  |  |  | (in years) |  | (in millions)
Outstanding at beginning of period | 21 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 3 |  |  | 522 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (6) |  |  | 253 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (1) |  |  | 480 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at end of period | 17 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 5.6 |  | $ | 2,338 |
Exercisable at end of period | 10 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 4.2 |  | 2,115 |
Vested and expected to vest, end of period | 17 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 5.5 |  | 2,335 |

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Restricted Shares
Restricted share activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized in the table below:

(shares in millions) |  | Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at beginning of period |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 449 |
Granted |  | 2 |  |  | 523 |
Vested |  | (2) |  |  | 435 |
Nonvested at end of period |  | 4 |  |  | 489 |

Other Share-Based Compensation Data

(in millions, except per share amounts) |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Stock Options |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average grant date fair value of shares granted, per share |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 116 |
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised |  | 1,886 |  |  | 1,325 |  |  | 1,419 |
Restricted Shares |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average grant date fair value of shares granted, per share |  | 523 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 483 |
Total fair value of restricted shares vested |  | 690 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 760 |
Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of shares purchased |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Share-Based Compensation Items |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense, before tax |  | $ | 1,018 |  |  | $ | 1,059 |  |  | $ | 925 |
Share-based compensation expense, net of tax effects |  | 896 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 836 |
Income tax benefit realized from share-based award exercises |  | 216 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 207 |

(in millions, except years) |  | December 31, 2024
Unrecognized compensation expense related to share awards |  | $ | 1,099 |
Weighted-average years to recognize compensation expense |  | 1.3

Share-Based Compensation Recognition and Estimates
The principal assumptions the Company used in calculating grant-date fair value for stock options were as follows:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Risk-free interest rate |  | 3.6% - 4.4% |  | 3.8% - 4.6% |  | 1.9% - 4.3%
Expected volatility |  | 25.5% - 30.7% |  | 29.7% - 30.6% |  | 30.6% - 30.8%
Expected dividend yield |  | 1.4% - 1.5% |  | 1.3% - 1.5% |  | 1.2%
Forfeiture rate |  | 5.0% |  | 5.0% |  | 5.0%
Expected life in years |  | 4.6 |  | 4.6 |  | 4.7

Risk-free interest rates are based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant. Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and the implied volatility from exchange-traded options on the Company’s common stock. Expected dividend yields are based on the per share cash dividend paid by the Company. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercises and forfeitures within the valuation model. The expected lives of options granted represent the periods of time the awards granted are expected to be outstanding based on historical exercise patterns.
Other Employee Benefit Plans
The Company offers a 401(k) plan for its employees. Compensation expense related to this plan was not material for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
In addition, the Company maintains non-qualified, deferred compensation plans, which allow certain members of senior management and executives to defer portions of their salary or bonus. The deferrals are recorded within long-term investments
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with an approximately equal amount in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The total deferrals are distributable based upon termination of employment or other periods, as elected under each plan and were $2.1 billion and $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
12. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
Operating lease costs, including immaterial variable and short-term lease costs, were $1.4 billion, $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash payments made on the Company’s operating lease liabilities were $1.1 billion, $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were classified within operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for its operating leases were 9.5 years and 4.7%, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, future minimum annual lease payments under all non-cancelable operating leases were as follows:

(in millions) |  | Future Minimum Lease Payments
2025 |  | $ | 1,014 |
2026 |  | 876 |
2027 |  | 688 |
2028 |  | 568 |
2029 |  | 583 |
Thereafter |  | 2,465 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | 6,194 |
Less imputed interest |  | (1,305) |
Total |  | $ | 4,889 |

Other Commitments
The Company provides guarantees related to its service level under certain contracts. If minimum standards are not met, the Company may be financially at risk up to a stated percentage of the contracted fee or a stated dollar amount. None of the amounts accrued, paid or charged to income for service level guarantees were material as of December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.
Pending Acquisitions
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has entered into agreements to acquire companies in the health care sector, subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions. The total anticipated capital required for these acquisitions, excluding the payoff of acquired indebtedness, is approximately $4 billion.
Legal Matters
The Company is frequently made party to a variety of legal actions and regulatory inquiries, including class actions and suits brought by members, care providers, consumer advocacy organizations, customers and regulators, relating to the Company’s businesses, including management and administration of health benefit plans and other services. These matters include medical malpractice, employment, intellectual property, antitrust, privacy and contract claims and claims related to health care benefits coverage and other business practices.
The Company records liabilities for its estimates of probable costs resulting from these matters where appropriate. Estimates of costs resulting from legal and regulatory matters involving the Company are inherently difficult to predict, particularly where the matters: involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages or may involve fines, penalties or punitive damages; present novel legal theories or represent a shift in regulatory policy; involve a large number of claimants or regulatory bodies; are in the early stages of the proceedings; or could result in a change in business practices. Accordingly, the Company is often unable to estimate the losses or ranges of losses for those matters where there is a reasonable possibility or it is probable a loss may be incurred.
Government Investigations, Audits and Reviews
The Company has been involved or is currently involved in various governmental investigations, audits and reviews. These include routine, regular and special investigations, audits and reviews by CMS, state insurance and health and welfare departments, state attorneys general, the Office of the Inspector General, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office for Civil Rights, the Government Accountability Office, the Federal Trade Commission, U.S. Congressional committees, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the SEC, the IRS, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, the U.S. Department of Labor, the
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FDIC, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Food and Drug Administration and other governmental authorities. Similarly, the Company’s international businesses are also subject to investigations, audits and reviews by applicable foreign governments and other non-U.S. governmental authorities. Certain of the Company’s businesses have been reviewed or are currently under review, including for, among other matters, compliance with coding and other requirements under the Medicare risk-adjustment model. CMS has selected certain of the Company’s local plans for risk adjustment data validation (RADV) audits to validate the coding practices of and supporting documentation maintained by health care providers and such audits may result in retrospective adjustments to payments made to the Company’s health plans. On February 14, 2017, the DOJ announced its decision to pursue certain claims within a lawsuit initially asserted against the Company and filed under seal by a whistleblower in 2011. The whistleblower’s complaint, which was unsealed on February 15, 2017, alleges the Company made improper risk adjustment submissions and violated the False Claims Act. On February 12, 2018, the court granted in part and denied in part the Company’s motion to dismiss. In May 2018, the DOJ moved to dismiss the Company’s counterclaims, which were filed in March 2018, and moved for partial summary judgment. In March 2019, the court denied the government’s motion for partial summary judgment and dismissed the Company’s counterclaims without prejudice. The Company cannot reasonably estimate the outcome which may result from this matter given its procedural status.
13. Dispositions and Held for Sale
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed or initiated various business portfolio refinement and asset disposition activities. The Company recorded a loss of $7.1 billion related to the sale of its Brazil operations, of which $4.1 billion related to the impact of cumulative foreign currency translation losses previously included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, and a loss of $1.2 billion related to the reclassification of the Company’s remaining South American operations as held for sale, of which $855 million related to the impact of cumulative foreign currency translation losses.
As these losses relate to our strategic exit of South American markets and include significant losses related to foreign currency translation effects, these losses are included within loss on sale of subsidiary and subsidiaries held for sale on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The sales of the Company’s remaining South American assets are expected to close within a year, subject to regulatory and other customary closing conditions. Assets and liabilities held for sale have been included within prepaid and other current assets and other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively.
The assets and liabilities of the Brazil and held for sale disposal groups as of the date of the sale and as of December 31, 2024, respectively, were as follows:

(in millions) |  | Brazil Disposition |  | Businesses Held for Sale
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 778 |  |  | $ | 219 |
Accounts receivable and other current assets |  | 515 |  |  | 573
Long-term investments |  | 788 |  |  | 41
Property, equipment and capitalized software |  | 1,052 |  |  | 641
Deferred tax assets |  | 1,035 |  |  | — |
Goodwill and other intangible assets |  | 317 |  |  | 413
Other long-term assets |  | 439 |  |  | 231
Remeasurement of assets of businesses held for sale to fair value less cost to sell(1) |  | — |  |  | (1,224) |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,924 |  |  | $ | 894 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Medical costs payable |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 179 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  | 834 |  |  | 338
Other long-term liabilities |  | 136 |  |  | 504
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 1,021 |

(1) Includes the effect of $855 million of cumulative foreign currency translation losses and $56 million of noncontrolling interests.
As a result of continued portfolio refinement, the Company sold other businesses and assets and entered into strategic transactions. These transactions resulted in total consideration received of $3.0 billion and an additional $1.9 billion of equity method investments related to the valuation of our retained interests in certain transactions. The carrying value for these transactions was $1.0 billion, primarily related to goodwill. The gains from business portfolio refinement, including strategic
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transactions, were recorded within operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and contributed about 80 basis points ($3.3 billion) to the operating cost ratio, nearly half ($1.4 billion) related to Optum Health with the remainder split between UnitedHealthcare ($1.1 billion) and Optum Insight ($800 million). Certain transactions also included various put and call options, which were valued at $630 million and included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2024 the total estimated future obligation under these arrangements if the Company decided or was required to repurchase these interests was up to $3.4 billion.
14. Segment Financial Information
Factors used to determine the Company’s reportable segments include the nature of operating activities, economic characteristics, existence of separate senior management teams and the type of information used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM), which is the Chief Executive Officer, to evaluate its results of operations. Reportable segments with similar economic characteristics, products and services, customers, distribution methods and operational processes which operate in a similar regulatory environment are combined. The CODM uses consolidated expense information and segment earnings from operations to assess performance and determine allocation of resources.
The following is a description of the types of products and services from which each of the Company’s four reportable segments derives its revenues:
•UnitedHealthcare includes the combined results of operations of UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual, UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement and UnitedHealthcare Community & State. The businesses share significant common assets, including a contracted network of physicians, health care professionals, hospitals and other facilities, information technology and consumer engagement infrastructure and other resources. UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual offers an array of consumer-oriented health benefit plans and services for employers and individuals. UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement provides health care coverage and health and well-being services to individuals age 50 and older, addressing their unique needs. UnitedHealthcare Community & State provides diversified health care benefits products and services to state programs caring for the economically disadvantaged, the medically underserved and those without the benefit of employer-funded health care coverage.
•Optum Health focuses on care delivery, including value-based care; care management; wellness and consumer engagement and health financial services. Optum Health is building a comprehensive, connected health care delivery and engagement platform by directly providing high-quality care, helping people manage chronic and complex health needs, and proactively engaging consumers in managing their health through in-person, in-home, virtual and digital clinical platforms.
•Optum Insight brings together advanced analytics, technology and health care expertise to deliver integrated services and solutions. Hospital systems, physicians, health plans, governments, life sciences companies and other organizations depend on Optum Insight to help them improve performance, achieve efficiency, reduce costs, meet compliance mandates and modernize their core operating systems to meet the changing needs of the health system.
•Optum Rx offers pharmacy care services and programs, including retail network contracting, home delivery, specialty and community health pharmacy services, infusion, purchasing and clinical capabilities, and develops programs in areas such as step therapy, formulary management, drug adherence and disease and drug therapy management. Optum Rx integrates pharmacy and medical care and is positioned to serve patients with complex clinical needs and consumers looking for a better digital pharmacy experience with transparent pricing.
The Company’s accounting policies for reportable segment operations are consistent with those described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (see Note 2). Transactions between reportable segments principally consist of sales of pharmacy care products and services to UnitedHealthcare customers by Optum Rx; care delivery, care management services and certain product offerings sold to UnitedHealthcare by Optum Health; and health information and technology solutions, consulting and other services sold to UnitedHealthcare by Optum Insight. These transactions are recorded at management’s estimate of fair value. Transactions with affiliated customers are eliminated in consolidation. Assets and liabilities jointly used are assigned to each reportable segment using estimates of pro-rata usage. Cash and investments are assigned so each reportable segment has working capital and/or at least minimum specified levels of regulatory capital.
As a percentage of the Company’s total consolidated revenues, premium revenues from CMS were 40%, 40% and 38% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, most of which were generated by UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement and included in the UnitedHealthcare segment. U.S. customer revenue represented approximately 99%, 97% and 97% of consolidated total revenues for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Long-lived fixed assets located in the United States represented approximately 92% and 82% of the total long-lived fixed assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The non-U.S. revenues and fixed assets are primarily related to UnitedHealthcare Employer & Individual’s international businesses.
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The following table presents the reportable segment financial information:

|  |  |  | Optum |  |  |  |
(in millions) |  | UnitedHealthcare |  | Optum Health |  | Optum Insight |  | Optum Rx |  | Optum Eliminations |  | Optum |  | Corporate and Eliminations |  | Consolidated
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - unaffiliated customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 286,004 |  |  | $ | 22,806 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,806 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 308,810 |
Products |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 49,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,226 |
Services |  | 9,791 |  |  | 16,153 |  |  | 6,466 |  |  | 3,630 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,249 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,040 |
Total revenues - unaffiliated customers |  | 295,795 |  |  | 39,236 |  |  | 6,640 |  |  | 53,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 395,076 |
Total revenues - affiliated customers |  | — |  |  | 63,883 |  |  | 11,881 |  |  | 79,512 |  |  | (4,389) |  |  | 150,887 |  |  | (150,887) |  |  | — |
Investment and other income |  | 2,413 |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 314 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,202 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 298,208 |  |  | $ | 105,358 |  |  | $ | 18,757 |  |  | $ | 133,231 |  |  | $ | (4,389) |  |  | $ | 252,957 |  |  | $ | (150,887) |  |  | $ | 400,278 |
Total operating costs (a) |  | $ | 282,624 |  |  | $ | 97,588 |  |  | $ | 15,660 |  |  | $ | 127,395 |  |  | $ | (4,389) |  |  | $ | 236,254 |  |  | $ | (150,887) |  |  | $ | 367,991 |
Earnings from operations |  | $ | 15,584 |  |  | $ | 7,770 |  |  | $ | 3,097 |  |  | $ | 5,836 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,703 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,287 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,906) |  |  | (3,906) |
Loss on sale of subsidiary and subsidiaries held for sale |  | (8,310) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,310) |
Earnings before income taxes |  | $ | 7,274 |  |  | $ | 7,770 |  |  | $ | 3,097 |  |  | $ | 5,836 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,703 |  |  | $ | (3,906) |  |  | $ | 20,071 |
Total assets |  | $ | 119,009 |  |  | $ | 96,472 |  |  | $ | 34,452 |  |  | $ | 59,086 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 190,010 |  |  | $ | (10,741) |  |  | $ | 298,278 |
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software |  | 781 |  |  | 1,008 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | 419 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,718 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,499 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 889 |  |  | 1,123 |  |  | 1,294 |  |  | 793 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,210 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,099 |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - unaffiliated customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 269,052 |  |  | $ | 21,775 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,775 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 290,827 |
Products |  | — |  |  | 207 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 42,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,583 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,583 |
Services |  | 10,057 |  |  | 14,109 |  |  | 7,760 |  |  | 2,197 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,066 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,123 |
Total revenues - unaffiliated customers |  | 279,109 |  |  | 36,091 |  |  | 7,922 |  |  | 44,411 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 367,533 |
Total revenues - affiliated customers |  | — |  |  | 57,696 |  |  | 10,896 |  |  | 71,484 |  |  | (3,703) |  |  | 136,373 |  |  | (136,373) |  |  | — |
Investment and other income |  | 2,251 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,089 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 281,360 |  |  | $ | 95,319 |  |  | $ | 18,932 |  |  | $ | 116,087 |  |  | $ | (3,703) |  |  | $ | 226,635 |  |  | $ | (136,373) |  |  | $ | 371,622 |
Total operating costs (a) |  | $ | 264,945 |  |  | $ | 88,759 |  |  | $ | 14,664 |  |  | $ | 110,972 |  |  | $ | (3,703) |  |  | $ | 210,692 |  |  | $ | (136,373) |  |  | $ | 339,264 |
Earnings from operations |  | $ | 16,415 |  |  | $ | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 5,115 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,943 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,358 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,246) |  |  | (3,246) |
Earnings before income taxes |  | $ | 16,415 |  |  | $ | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 5,115 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,943 |  |  | $ | (3,246) |  |  | $ | 29,112 |
Total assets |  | $ | 110,943 |  |  | $ | 89,432 |  |  | $ | 34,173 |  |  | $ | 51,266 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 174,871 |  |  | $ | (12,094) |  |  | $ | 273,720 |
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software |  | 866 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 974 |  |  | 347 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,520 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,386 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 989 |  |  | 1,058 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 696 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,972 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues - unaffiliated customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 238,783 |  |  | $ | 18,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 257,157 |
Products |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 37,172 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,424 |
Services |  | 10,035 |  |  | 10,917 |  |  | 4,996 |  |  | 1,603 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,516 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,551 |
Total revenues - unaffiliated customers |  | 248,818 |  |  | 29,363 |  |  | 5,176 |  |  | 38,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,314 |  |  | — |  |  | 322,132 |
Total revenues - affiliated customers |  | — |  |  | 40,883 |  |  | 9,288 |  |  | 60,936 |  |  | (2,760) |  |  | 108,347 |  |  | (108,347) |  |  | — |
Investment and other income |  | 923 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,107 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,030 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 249,741 |  |  | $ | 71,174 |  |  | $ | 14,581 |  |  | $ | 99,773 |  |  | $ | (2,760) |  |  | $ | 182,768 |  |  | $ | (108,347) |  |  | $ | 324,162 |
Total operating costs (a) |  | $ | 235,362 |  |  | $ | 65,142 |  |  | $ | 10,993 |  |  | $ | 95,337 |  |  | $ | (2,760) |  |  | $ | 168,712 |  |  | $ | (108,347) |  |  | $ | 295,727 |
Earnings from operations |  | $ | 14,379 |  |  | $ | 6,032 |  |  | $ | 3,588 |  |  | $ | 4,436 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,056 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,435 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,092) |  |  | (2,092) |
Earnings before income taxes |  | $ | 14,379 |  |  | $ | 6,032 |  |  | $ | 3,588 |  |  | $ | 4,436 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,056 |  |  | $ | (2,092) |  |  | $ | 26,343 |
Total assets |  | $ | 107,094 |  |  | $ | 68,950 |  |  | $ | 31,090 |  |  | $ | 47,476 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 147,516 |  |  | $ | (8,905) |  |  | $ | 245,705 |
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software |  | 799 |  |  | 997 |  |  | 698 |  |  | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,003 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,802 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 973 |  |  | 943 |  |  | 841 |  |  | 643 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,427 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,400 |

(a) Total operating costs include medical costs, operating costs, cost of products sold and depreciation and amortization, as applicable for each reportable segment.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) designed to provide reasonable assurance the information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms; and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
In connection with the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, management evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Based upon their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2024.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting as of December 31, 2024
Management of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Subsidiaries (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment and the COSO criteria, we believe that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm has audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, as stated in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, appearing under Item 9A.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Subsidiaries:
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 27, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting as of December 31, 2024. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 27, 2025

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Trading Arrangements
During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act or under any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not Applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The following sets forth certain information regarding our directors as of February 27, 2025, including their name and principal occupation or employment:

Charles Baker |  | Michele Hooper
President National Collegiate Athletic Association |  | Lead Independent Director UnitedHealth Group President and Chief Executive Officer The Directors’ Council
Timothy Flynn |  | F. William McNabb III
Retired Chair KPMG International |  | Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer The Vanguard Group, Inc.
Paul Garcia |  | Valerie Montgomery Rice, M.D.
Retired Chair and Chief Executive Officer Global Payments Inc. |  | President and Chief Executive Officer Morehouse School of Medicine
Kristen Gil |  | John Noseworthy, M.D.
Former Vice President and Business Finance Officer Alphabet Inc. |  | Former Chief Executive Officer and President Mayo Clinic
Stephen Hemsley |  | Andrew Witty
Chair UnitedHealth Group |  | Chief Executive Officer UnitedHealth Group

Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K and the Instruction to Item 401 of Regulation S-K, information regarding our executive officers is provided in Part I, Item 1 under the caption “Information About our Executive Officers.”
We have adopted a code of ethics applicable to our principal executive officer and other senior financial officers, who include our principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller and persons performing similar functions. The code of ethics, entitled Code of Conduct: Our Principles of Ethics and Integrity, is posted on our website at www.unitedhealthgroup.com. For information about how to obtain the Code of Conduct, see Part I, Item 1, “Business.” We intend to satisfy the SEC’s disclosure requirements regarding amendments to, or waivers of, the code of ethics for our senior financial officers by posting such information on our website indicated above.
The remaining information required by Items 401, 405, 406 and 407(c)(3), (d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the headings “Corporate Governance” and “Proposal 1-Election of Directors” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference.
The information required by Item 408(b) of Regulation S-K will be included under the heading “Insider Trading Policy” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.
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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Items 402 and 407(e)(4) and (e)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the headings “Executive Compensation,” “Director Compensation,” “Corporate Governance - Risk Oversight” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2024, concerning shares of common stock authorized for issuance under all of our equity compensation plans:

Plan category |  | (a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | (b) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | (c) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
|  | (in millions) |  |  |  | (in millions) |
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders (1) |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | 64 | (3)
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders (2) |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |
Total (2) |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | 64 |

(1)Consists of the UnitedHealth Group Incorporated 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Stock Incentive Plan”), as amended, and the UnitedHealth Group 1993 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”).
(2)Excludes 60,000 shares underlying stock options assumed by us in connection with acquisitions. These options have a weighted-average exercise price of $373 and an average remaining term of approximately 2.4 years. These options are administered pursuant to the terms of the plans under which the options originally were granted. No future awards will be granted under these acquired plans.
(3)Includes 16 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP as of December 31, 2024, and 48 million shares available under the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2024. Shares available under the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan may become the subject of future awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance awards and other stock-based awards.
The information required by Item 403 of Regulation S-K will be included under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Items 404 and 407(a) of Regulation S-K will be included under the headings “Certain Relationships and Transactions” and “Corporate Governance” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Item 9(e) of Schedule 14A will be included under the heading “Disclosure of Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such required information is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) 1. Financial Statements
The financial statements are included under Item 8 of this report:
•Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
•Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 202 4 and 202 3.
•Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 202 4, 202 3, and 202 2.
•Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 202 4, 202 3, and 202 2.
•Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 202 4, 202 3, and 202 2.
•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 202 4, 202 3, and 202 2.
•Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
The following financial statement schedule of the Company is included in Item 15(c):
•Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only).
All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements, and therefore have been omitted.
(b) The following exhibits are filed or incorporated by reference herein in response to Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Company files Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 under Commission File No. 1‑10864.
EXHIBIT INDEX**

3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A/A, Commission File No. 1-10864, filed on July 1, 2015)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated, effective February 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2021)
4.1 |  | Amended and Restated Indenture, dated as of April 27, 2023, between UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Wilmington Trust Company, as successor trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2023)
4.2 |  | Indenture, dated as of February 4, 2008, between UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, SEC File Number 333-149031, filed on February 4, 2008)
4.3 |  | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 18, 2023, between UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 6.875% Senior Notes due 2038 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 24, 2023)
4.4 |  | Description of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019)
*10.1 |  | UnitedHealth Group 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, SEC File Number 333-238854, filed on June 1, 2020)
*10.2 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (2024 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.3 |  | Form of Agreement for Nonqualified Stock Option Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (2024 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.4 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (2024 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)

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*10.5 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (2024 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.6 |  | Form of Agreement for Nonqualified Stock Option Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (2024 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.7 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (2024 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.8 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (2023 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.9 |  | Form of Agreement for Nonqualified Stock Option Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (2023 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.10 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (2023 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.11 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (2023 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.12 |  | Form of Agreement for Nonqualified Stock Option Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (2023 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.13 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (2023 Version) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.14 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.15 |  | Form of Agreement for Nonqualified Stock Option Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.16 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.17 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.18 |  | Form of Agreement for Nonqualified Stock Option Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.19 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Witty) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.20 |  | UnitedHealth Group Incorporated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018)
*10.21 |  | Form of Agreement for Non-Qualified Stock Option Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in 2015, for awards made after January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015)
*10.22 |  | Form of Agreement for Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in 2015, for awards made after January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015)
*10.23 |  | Form of Agreement for Performance-based Restricted Stock Unit Award to Executives under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in 2015, for awards made after January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015)

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*10.24 |  | Form of Agreement for Deferred Stock Unit Award to Non-Employee Directors under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 27, 2011)
*10.25 |  | Form of Agreement for Deferred Stock Unit Award to Non-Employee Directors under UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.26 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2015)
*10.27 |  | Amended and Restated UnitedHealth Group Incorporated 2008 Executive Incentive Plan, effective as of December 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.30 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.28 |  | UnitedHealth Group Executive Savings Plan (2024 Statement) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
*10.29 |  | Executive Long-Term Disability Program, dated as of January 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.30 |  | Summary of Non-Management Director Compensation, effective as of October 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.31 |  | UnitedHealth Group Directors’ Compensation Deferral Plan (2023 Statement) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.32 |  | Avery Parent Holdings, Inc. 2020 Stock Option and Grant Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022)
*10.33 |  | Change Healthcare Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, SEC File Number 333-267716, filed on October 3, 2022)
*10.34 |  | Amended and Restated HCIT Holdings, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, SEC File Number 333-267716, filed on October 3, 2022)
*10.35 |  | Audax Health Solutions, Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-8, SEC File Number 333-205826, filed on February 15, 2017)
*10.36 |  | Surgical Care Affiliates, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, SEC File Number 333-216153, filed on March 27, 2017)
*10.37 |  | Surgical Care Affiliates, Inc. 2013 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, SEC File Number 333-216153, filed on March 27, 2017)
*10.38 |  | Surgical Care Affiliates, Inc. Management Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, SEC File Number 333-216153, filed on March 27, 2017)
*10.39 |  | Surgical Care Affiliates, Inc. Directors and Consultants Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, SEC File Number 333-216153, filed on March 27, 2017)
*10.40 |  | The Advisory Board Company Amended and Restated 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to The Advisory Board Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2015)
*10.41 |  | The Advisory Board Company 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to The Advisory Board Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2005)
*10.42 |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of June 7, 2016, between United HealthCare Services, Inc. and John Rex (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016)
*10.43 |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated February 3, 2021, between the Company and Andrew P Witty (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 5.02 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2021)
*10.44 |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of February 12, 2018, between United HealthCare Services, Inc. and Brian R. Thompson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021)
*10.45 |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of April 1, 2024, between United HealthCare Services, Inc. and Heather Cianfrocco

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*10.46 |  | Employment Agreement, effective as of January 9, 2017, between United HealthCare Services, Inc. and Erin McSweeney
*10.47 |  | Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of March 1, 2021, between United HealthCare Services, Inc. and Erin McSweeney
*10.48 |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of June 4, 2024, between United HealthCare Services, Inc. and Christopher Zaetta
19.1 |  | Insider Trading Policy
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
24.1 |  | Power of Attorney
31.1 |  | Certifications pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  | Certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97.1 |  | UnitedHealth Group Dodd-Frank Clawback Policy, effective December 1, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to UnitedHealth Group Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023)
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and embedded within Exhibit 101).

________________________________________________

* |  | Denotes management contracts and compensation plans in which certain directors and named executive officers participate and which are being filed pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K.
** |  | Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of certain holders of long-term debt are not filed. The Company will furnish copies thereof to the SEC upon request.

(c) Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only).
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Schedule I
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Subsidiaries:
Opinion on the Financial Statement Schedule
We have audited the consolidated financial statements of UnitedHealth Group Incorporated and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, and have issued our reports thereon dated February 27, 2025; such reports are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule of the Company listed in the Index at Item 15. This financial statement schedule is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statement schedule based on our audits. In our opinion, the financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 27, 2025

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Schedule I
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
(Parent Company Only)
UnitedHealth Group
Condensed Balance Sheets

(in millions, except per share data) |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 776 |
Other current assets |  | 411 |  |  | 570 |
Total current assets |  | 645 |  |  | 1,346 |
Equity in net assets of subsidiaries |  | 179,209 |  |  | 153,692 |
Long-term notes receivable from subsidiaries |  | 6,062 |  |  | 5,693 |
Other assets |  | 920 |  |  | 831 |
Total assets |  | $ | 186,836 |  |  | $ | 161,562 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 1,501 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |
Short-term notes payable to subsidiaries |  | 2,016 |  |  | 9,887 |
Short-term borrowings and current maturities of long-term debt |  | 4,348 |  |  | 4,086 |
Total current liabilities |  | 7,865 |  |  | 15,089 |
Long-term debt, less current maturities |  | 71,831 |  |  | 57,387 |
Long-term notes payable to subsidiaries |  | 14,405 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  | 77 |  |  | 330 |
Total liabilities |  | 94,178 |  |  | 72,806 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 4) |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value -10 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value - 3,000 shares authorized; 915 and 924 issued and outstanding |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Retained earnings |  | 96,036 |  |  | 95,774 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (3,387) |  |  | (7,027) |
Total UnitedHealth Group shareholders’ equity |  | 92,658 |  |  | 88,756 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 186,836 |  |  | $ | 161,562 |

See Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements of Registrant
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Schedule I
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
(Parent Company Only)
UnitedHealth Group
Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment and other income |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 255 |
Total revenues |  | 368 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 255 |
Operating costs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating costs |  | 108 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 121 |
Interest expense |  | 4,544 |  |  | 3,469 |  |  | 2,110 |
Total operating costs |  | 4,652 |  |  | 3,504 |  |  | 2,231 |
Loss before income taxes |  | (4,284) |  |  | (3,192) |  |  | (1,976) |
Benefit for income taxes |  | 1,032 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 429 |
Loss of parent company |  | (3,252) |  |  | (2,538) |  |  | (1,547) |
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries |  | 17,657 |  |  | 24,919 |  |  | 21,667 |
Net earnings |  | 14,405 |  |  | 22,381 |  |  | 20,120 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 3,640 |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | (3,009) |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 18,045 |  |  | $ | 23,747 |  |  | $ | 17,111 |

See Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements of Registrant
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Schedule I
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
(Parent Company Only)
UnitedHealth Group
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities |  | $ | 4,852 |  |  | $ | 17,443 |  |  | $ | 14,754 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuances of notes to subsidiaries |  | (349) |  |  | (41) |  |  | (567) |
Repayments of notes to subsidiaries |  | 225 |  |  | 817 |  |  | 281 |
Cash paid for acquisitions and other transactions |  | (13,750) |  |  | (8,144) |  |  | (20,728) |
Return of capital to parent company |  | 21 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 1,424 |
Capital contributions to subsidiaries |  | — |  |  | (2,472) |  |  | (570) |
Cash received from dispositions, net |  | 2,444 |  |  | 624 |  |  | 2,787 |
Other, net |  | 30 |  |  | 286 |  |  | — |
Cash flows used for investing activities |  | (11,379) |  |  | (8,291) |  |  | (17,373) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock repurchases |  | (9,000) |  |  | (8,000) |  |  | (7,000) |
Proceeds from common stock issuances |  | 1,846 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 1,253 |
Cash dividends paid |  | (7,533) |  |  | (6,761) |  |  | (5,991) |
(Repayments of) proceeds from short-term borrowings, net |  | (151) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 732 |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  | 17,811 |  |  | 6,394 |  |  | 14,819 |
Repayments of long-term debt |  | (3,000) |  |  | (2,125) |  |  | (3,015) |
(Repayments of) proceeds from short-term notes from subsidiaries, net |  | (7,966) |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | 594 |
Proceeds from long-term notes from subsidiaries |  | 14,396 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term notes from subsidiaries |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other, net |  | (390) |  |  | (702) |  |  | (674) |
Cash flows from (used for) financing activities |  | 5,985 |  |  | (8,642) |  |  | 718 |
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (542) |  |  | 510 |  |  | (1,901) |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 776 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 2,167 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 776 |  |  | $ | 266 |
Supplemental cash flow disclosures |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 4,241 |  |  | $ | 3,257 |  |  | $ | 1,969 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | 2,450 |  |  | 4,426 |  |  | 4,298 |

See Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements of Registrant
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Schedule I
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
(Parent Company Only)
UnitedHealth Group
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
1. Basis of Presentation
UnitedHealth Group’s parent company financial information has been derived from its consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The accounting policies for the registrant are the same as those described in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
2. Subsidiary Transactions
Investment in Subsidiaries. UnitedHealth Group’s investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries.
Dividends and Capital Distributions. Cash dividends received from subsidiaries and included in Cash Flows from Operating Activities in the Condensed Statements of Cash Flows were $19.3 billion, $18.5 billion and $15.6 billion in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, $21 million, $639 million and $1.4 billion in cash were received as a return of capital to the parent company during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
3. Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt
Discussion of short-term borrowings and long-term debt can be found in Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Long-term debt obligations of the parent company do not include other financing obligations at subsidiaries which totaled $0.7 billion and $1.1 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Maturities of short-term borrowings and long-term debt for the years ending December 31 are as follows:

(in millions) |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4,350 |
2026 |  | 3,650 |
2027 |  | 3,425 |
2028 |  | 3,000 |
2029 |  | 3,550 |
Thereafter |  | 59,802 |

UnitedHealth Group’s parent company had short-term notes payable to subsidiaries of $2.0 billion and $9.9 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which included on-demand features. UnitedHealth Group’s parent company had long-term notes payable to subsidiaries of $14.4 billion as of December 31, 2024.
4. Commitments and Contingencies
Certain subsidiaries are guaranteed by UnitedHealth Group’s parent company in the event of insolvency. UnitedHealth Group’s parent company also provides guarantees related to its service level under certain contracts. None of the amounts accrued, paid or charged to income for service level guarantees were material as of December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.
For a summary of commitments and contingencies, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: February 27, 2025

UNITEDHEALTH GROUP INCORPORATED
By | /s/ A NDREW W ITTY
| Andrew Witty Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ A NDREW W ITTY |  | Director and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) |  | February 27, 2025
Andrew Witty |  |  |
/s/ J OHN R EX |  | President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) |  | February 27, 2025
John Rex |  |  |
/s/ T HOMAS R OOS |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (principal accounting officer) |  | February 27, 2025
Thomas Roos |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Charles Baker |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Timothy Flynn |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Paul Garcia |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Kristen Gil |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Stephen Hemsley |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Michele Hooper |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
F. William McNabb III |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
Valerie Montgomery Rice, M.D. |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | February 27, 2025
John Noseworthy, M.D. |  |  |  |

*By | /s/ C HRISTOPHER Z AETTA
| Christopher Zaetta As Attorney-in-Fact

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