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Segment Information and Major Customers | 12 Months Ended
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Jul. 28, 2012
Segment Information and Major Customers | 16. Segment Information and Major Customers (a) Net Sales and Gross Margin by Segment The Company conducts business globally and is primarily managed on a geographic basis consisting of three segments: the Americas; EMEA; and APJC. In fiscal 2011, the Company had been organized into the following four segments: United States and Canada, European Markets, Emerging Markets, and Asia Pacific Markets. As a result of this segment change effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2012, countries within the former Emerging Markets segment were consolidated into either EMEA or the Americas segment depending on their respective geographic locations. The Company has reclassified the segment data for the prior period to conform to the current year’s presentation. The Company’s management makes financial decisions and allocates resources based on the information it receives from its internal management system. Sales are attributed to a segment based on the ordering location of the customer. The Company does not allocate research and development, sales and marketing, or general and administrative expenses to its segments in this internal management system because management does not include the information in its measurement of the performance of the operating segments. In addition, the Company does not allocate amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, charges related to asset impairments and restructurings, and certain other charges to the gross margin for each segment because management does not include this information in its measurement of the performance of the operating segments. Summarized financial information by segment for fiscal 2012, 2011, and 2010, based on the Company’s internal management system and as utilized by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), is as follows (in millions):
Years Ended |  | July 28, 2012 |  |  | July 30, 2011 |  |  | July 31, 2010 |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 26,501 |  |  | $ | 25,015 |  |  | $ | 23,334 |
EMEA |  |  | 12,075 |  |  |  | 11,604 |  |  |  | 10,825 |
APJC |  |  | 7,485 |  |  |  | 6,599 |  |  |  | 5,881 |
Total |  | $ | 46,061 |  |  | $ | 43,218 |  |  | $ | 40,040 |
Gross margin: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  |  | 16,639 |  |  |  | 15,766 |  |  |  | 15,042 |
EMEA |  |  | 7,605 |  |  |  | 7,452 |  |  |  | 7,235 |
APJC |  |  | 4,519 |  |  |  | 4,143 |  |  |  | 3,842 |
Segment total |  |  | 28,763 |  |  |  | 27,361 |  |  |  | 26,119 |
Unallocated corporate items |  |  | (554 | ) |  |  | (825 | ) |  |  | (476 | )
Total |  | $ | 28,209 |  |  | $ | 26,536 |  |  | $ | 25,643 |
Net sales in the United States, which is included in the Americas, were $22.6 billion, $21.5 billion, and $20.4 billion for fiscal 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. (b) Net Sales for Groups of Similar Products and Services The Company designs, manufactures, and sells Internet Protocol (“IP”)-based networking and other products related to the communications and IT industry and provides services associated with these products and their use. The Company formerly grouped its products and technologies into categories of Switches, Routers, New Products, and Other. Effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2012, the Company recategorized its products and technologies into the following categories: Switching, NGN Routing, Collaboration, Service Provider Video, Wireless, Security, Data Center, and Other Products. These products, primarily integrated by Cisco IOS Software, link geographically dispersed local-area networks (“LANs”), metropolitan-area networks (“MANs”), and wide-area networks (“WANs”). The Company has reclassified the prior periods to conform to the current year’s presentation. The following table presents net sales for groups of similar products and services (in millions):
Years Ended |  | July 28, 2012 |  |  | July 30, 2011 |  |  | July 31, 2010 |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Switching |  | $ | 14,531 |  |  | $ | 14,130 |  |  | $ | 14,074 |
NGN Routing |  |  | 8,425 |  |  |  | 8,264 |  |  |  | 7,868 |
Collaboration |  |  | 4,139 |  |  |  | 4,013 |  |  |  | 2,981 |
Service Provider Video |  |  | 3,858 |  |  |  | 3,483 |  |  |  | 3,294 |
Wireless |  |  | 1,699 |  |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  | 1,134 |
Security |  |  | 1,349 |  |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | 1,302 |
Data Center |  |  | 1,298 |  |  |  | 694 |  |  |  | 196 |
Other |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  | 1,315 |  |  |  | 1,571 |
Product |  |  | 36,326 |  |  |  | 34,526 |  |  |  | 32,420 |
Service |  |  | 9,735 |  |  |  | 8,692 |  |  |  | 7,620 |
Total |  | $ | 46,061 |  |  | $ | 43,218 |  |  | $ | 40,040 |
(c) Additional Segment Information The majority of the Company’s assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents and investments, as of July 28, 2012 and July 30, 2011 were attributable to its U.S. operations. The Company’s total cash and cash equivalents and investments held by various foreign subsidiaries were $42.5 billion and $39.8 billion as of July 28, 2012 and July 30, 2011, respectively, and the remaining $6.2 billion and $4.8 billion at the respective fiscal year ends was available in the United States. In fiscal 2012, 2011, and 2010, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s net sales. Property and equipment information is based on the physical location of the assets. The following table presents property and equipment information for geographic areas (in millions):
|  | July 28, 2012 |  |  | July 30, 2011 |  |  | July 31, 2010 |
Property and equipment, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 2,842 |  |  | $ | 3,284 |  |  | $ | 3,283 |
International |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 658 |
Total |  | $ | 3,402 |  |  | $ | 3,916 |  |  | $ | 3,941 |

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