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Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Jul. 27, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets
(a) | Goodwill
The following tables present the goodwill allocated to our reportable segments as of July 27, 2019 and July 28, 2018, as well as the changes to goodwill during fiscal 2019 and 2018 (in millions):
| Balance at July 28, 2018 |  | Acquisitions & Divestitures |  | Other |  | Balance at July 27, 2019
Americas | $ | 19,998 |  |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | (118 | ) |  | $ | 21,120 |
EMEA | 7,529 |  |  | 486 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 7,977 |
APJC | 4,179 |  |  | 274 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | 4,432 |
Total | $ | 31,706 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | (177 | ) |  | $ | 33,529 |
| Balance at July 29, 2017 |  | Acquisitions |  | Other |  | Balance at July 28, 2018
Americas | $ | 18,691 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | 19,998 |
EMEA | 7,057 |  |  | 491 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 7,529 |
APJC | 4,018 |  |  | 171 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 4,179 |
Total | $ | 29,766 |  |  | $ | 2,017 |  |  | $ | (77 | ) |  | $ | 31,706 |
“Other” in the tables above primarily consists of foreign currency translation as well as immaterial purchase accounting adjustments.
(b) | Purchased Intangible Assets
The following tables present details of our intangible assets acquired through acquisitions completed during fiscal 2019 and 2018 (in millions, except years):
| FINITE LIVES |  | INDEFINITE LIVES |  | TOTAL
| TECHNOLOGY |  | CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS |  | OTHER |  | IPR&D |
Fiscal 2019 | Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Amount |  | Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Amount |  | Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount
Duo | 5.0 |  | $ | 153 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 342 |
Luxtera | 4.0 |  | 2 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 319 |
Others (three in total) | 4.4 |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Total |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 672 |
| FINITE LIVES |  | INDEFINITE LIVES |  | TOTAL
| TECHNOLOGY |  | CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS |  | OTHER |  | IPR&D |
Fiscal 2018 | Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Amount |  | Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Amount |  | Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount
Viptela | 5.0 |  | $ | 144 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 180 |
Springpath | 4.0 |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 160 |
BroadSoft | 4.0 |  | 255 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 430 |
Accompany | 4.0 |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |
Others (four in total) | 3.9 |  | 39 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Total |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 867 |
The following tables present details of our purchased intangible assets (in millions):
July 27, 2019 |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Purchased intangible assets with finite lives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology |  | $ | 3,270 |  |  | $ | (1,933 | ) |  | $ | 1,337 |
Customer relationships |  | 840 |  |  | (331 | ) |  | 509 |
Other |  | 41 |  |  | (22 | ) |  | 19 |
Total purchased intangible assets with finite lives |  | 4,151 |  |  | (2,286 | ) |  | 1,865 |
In-process research and development, with indefinite lives |  | 336 |  |  | — |  |  | 336 |
Total |  | $ | 4,487 |  |  | $ | (2,286 | ) |  | $ | 2,201 |
July 28, 2018 |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Purchased intangible assets with finite lives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology |  | $ | 3,711 |  |  | $ | (1,888 | ) |  | $ | 1,823 |
Customer relationships |  | 1,538 |  |  | (937 | ) |  | 601 |
Other |  | 63 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 25 |
Total purchased intangible assets with finite lives |  | 5,312 |  |  | (2,863 | ) |  | 2,449 |
In-process research and development, with indefinite lives |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Total |  | $ | 5,415 |  |  | $ | (2,863 | ) |  | $ | 2,552 |
Purchased intangible assets include intangible assets acquired through acquisitions as well as through direct purchases or licenses. Impairment charges related to purchased intangible assets were approximately $47 million for fiscal 2017. Impairment charges were as a result of declines in estimated fair value resulting from the reduction or elimination of expected future cash flows associated with certain of our technology and IPR&D intangible assets. The following table presents the amortization of purchased intangible assets (in millions):
Years Ended |  | July 27, 2019 |  | July 28, 2018 |  | July 29, 2017
Amortization of purchased intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales |  | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 640 |  |  | $ | 556 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of purchased intangible assets |  | 150 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 259 |
Restructuring and other charges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Total |  | $ | 774 |  |  | $ | 861 |  |  | $ | 853 |
The estimated future amortization expense of purchased intangible assets with finite lives as of July 27, 2019 is as follows (in millions):
Fiscal Year | Amount
2020 | $ | 761 |
2021 | $ | 565 |
2022 | $ | 307 |
2023 | $ | 165 |
2024 | $ | 67 |

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