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Fair Value | 12 Months Ended
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Jul. 27, 2019
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value | Fair Value
(a) | Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
| JULY 27, 2019 |  | JULY 28, 2018
| FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS |  | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total Balance |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total Balance
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 10,083 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,083 |  |  | $ | 6,890 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,890 |
Available-for-sale debt investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities | — |  |  | 808 |  |  | 808 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,275 |  |  | 7,275 |
U.S. government agency securities | — |  |  | 169 |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | 727 |  |  | 727 |
Non-U.S. government and agency securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 208 |  |  | 208 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 19,262 |  |  | 19,262 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,364 |  |  | 27,364 |
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 1,421 |  |  | 1,421 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 1,435 |
Equity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 605 |  |  | — |  |  | 605 |
Derivative assets | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total | $ | 10,086 |  |  | $ | 21,749 |  |  | $ | 31,835 |  |  | $ | 7,495 |  |  | $ | 37,011 |  |  | $ | 44,506 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 74 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 74 |
Level 1 marketable equity securities are determined by using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2 available-for-sale debt investments are priced using quoted market prices for similar instruments or nonbinding market prices that are corroborated by observable market data. Our derivative instruments are primarily classified as Level 2, as they are not actively traded and are valued using pricing models that use observable market inputs. We did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the periods presented.
(b) | Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The following table presents gains and losses on assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (in millions):
| TOTAL GAINS (LOSSES) FOR THE YEARS ENDED
| July 27, 2019 |  | July 28, 2018 |  | July 29, 2017
Non-marketable equity securities and equity method investments | $ | (32 | ) |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | (177 | )
Purchased intangible assets (impaired) | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (47 | )
Property held for sale - land and buildings | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | (30 | )
Total gains (losses) for nonrecurring measurements | $ | (32 | ) |  | $ | (43 | ) |  | $ | (254 | )
These assets were measured at fair value due to events or circumstances we identified as having significant impact on their fair value during the respective periods. The carrying value of our non-marketable equity securities recorded to fair value on a non-recurring basis is adjusted for observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer or impairment. These securities are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because we estimate the value based on valuation methods using the observable transaction price at the transaction date and other unobservable inputs such as volatility, rights, and obligations of the securities we hold. The fair value for purchased intangibles assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis was categorized as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs in the valuation. Significant unobservable inputs that were used included expected revenues and net income related to the assets and the expected life of the assets. The difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the assets was recorded as an impairment charge, which was included in product cost of sales and operating expenses as applicable. See Note 5. The fair value of property held for sale was measured with the assistance of third-party valuation models, which used discounted cash flow techniques as part of their analysis. The fair value measurement was categorized as Level 3, as significant unobservable inputs were used in the valuation report. The impairment charges as a result of the valuations, which represented the difference between the fair value less cost to sell and the carrying amount of the assets held for sale, were included in restructuring and other charges.
(c) | Other Fair Value Disclosures
The fair value of our short-term loan receivables and financed service contracts approximates their carrying value due to their short duration. The aggregate carrying value of our long-term loan receivables and financed service contracts as of July 27, 2019 and July 28, 2018 was $3.7 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively. The estimated fair value of our long-term loan receivables and financed service contracts approximates their carrying value. We use significant unobservable inputs in determining discounted cash flows to estimate the fair value of our long-term loan receivables and financed service contracts, and therefore they are categorized as Level 3. As of July 27, 2019 and July 28, 2018, the estimated fair value of our short-term debt approximates its carrying value due to the short maturities. As of July 27, 2019, the fair value of our senior notes and other long-term debt was $22.1 billion, with a carrying amount of $20.5 billion. This compares to a fair value of $26.4 billion and a carrying amount of $25.6 billion as of July 28, 2018. The fair value of the senior notes and other long-term debt was determined based on observable market prices in a less active market and was categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=117815213&loc=d3e19207-110258 + Details
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