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Reserves for Losses | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2011
Reserves For Losses Cardmember Receivables And Loans Disclosure [Abstract] |
Reserve for Losses | note 5 reserves for losses R eserves for losses relating to cardmember loans and receivables represent management's best estimate of the losses inherent in the Company's outstanding portfolio of loans and recei vables. Management's evaluation process requires certain estimates and judgments. Reserves for these losses are primarily based upon statistical models that analyze portfolio perf ormance and reflect management's judgment regarding overall reserve adequacy. The models take into account several factors, including loss migration rates and average losses and recoveries over an appropriate historical period. Management considers whether to adjust the models for specific factors such as increased risk in certain portfolios, impact of risk management initiatives on portfolio performance and concentration of credit risk based on factors such as vintage, industry or geographic regions. In addition, management may increase or decrease the reserves for losses on cardmember loans for other external envir onmental factors including leading econom ic and market indicators such as the unemployment rate, home price indices, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), non-farm payrolls, personal consu mption expenditures index, consumer conf idence index, bankruptcy filings and the legal and regulatory environment. Generally, d ue to the short-term nature of cardmember receivables, the impact of additional e xternal factors on the losses inherent within the cardmember receivable portfolio is not significant. As part of this evaluation process, management also considers various reserve coverage metrics, such as r eserves as a percentage of past due amounts, reserves as a percentage of cardmember receivables or loans and net write-off coverage. Cardmember loans and receivables balances are written off when management deems amounts to be uncollectible, which is generally determined by the number of days past due and is typically no later than 180 days. Cardmember loans and r eceivables in bankruptcy or owed by deceased individuals are written off upon notification. Recoveries are recognized on a cash basis. Ch anges in Cardmember Receivables Reserve for Losses The following table presents changes in the cardmember receivables reserve for losses for the years ended December 31:
(Millions) |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 386 |  | $ | 546 |  | $ | 810
Additions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cardmember receivables provisions(a) |  |  | 603 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 773
| Cardmember receivables provisions ― |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | other(b) |  |  | 167 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 84
|  | Total provision |  |  | 770 |  |  | 595 |  |  | 857
Deductions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cardmember receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | net write-offs(c)(d) |  |  | (560) |  |  | (598) |  |  | (1,131)
| Cardmember receivables ― other(e) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (157) |  |  | 10
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 438 |  | $ | 386 |  | $ | 546
Represents loss provisions for cardmember receivables consisting of principal (resulting from authorized transactions) and fee reserve components. Primarily represents loss provisions for cardmember receivables resulting from unauthorized transact ions. Represents write-offs consisting of principal (resulting from authorized transactions) and fee components, less recoveries of $349 million, $357 million and $349 million for 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. For the year ended Decemb er 31, 2009, these amounts also include net write-offs for cardmember receivables resulting from unauthorized transactions. Through December 31, 2009, cardmember receivables in the ICS and GCS segments were written off when 360 days past billing or earlier. During the first quarter of 2010, consistent with applicable bank regulatory guidance, the Company modified its methodology to write off cardmember receivables in the ICS and GCS segments whe n 180 days past due or earlier. Therefore, n et write-offs for cardmember receivables for the first quarter of 2010 include d approximately $108 million resulting from this ch ange in write-off methodology. The impact of this change to the provision for charge card losses was not material. For the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, these amounts include net write-offs related to unauthorized transactions and, for all periods, foreign currency translation adjustment s. Cardmember Receivables Evaluated Separately and Collectively for Impairment The fo llowing table presents cardmember receivables evaluated separately and collectively for impairment and related reserves as of December 31:
(Millions) |  | 2011 |  | 2010 |  | 2009
Cardmember receivables evaluated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| separately for impairment(a) |  | $ | 174 |  | $ | 114 |  | $ | 94
Reserves on cardmember receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| evaluated separately for impairment(a) |  | $ | 118 |  | $ | 63 |  |  | 64
Cardmember receivables evaluated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| collectively for impairment |  | $ | 40,716 |  | $ | 37,152 |  | $ | 33,649
Reserves on cardmember receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| evaluated collectively for impairment |  | $ | 320 |  | $ | 323 |  |  | 482
Represents receivables modified in a TDR and related reserves. Refer to the Impaired Loans and Receivables discussion in Note 4 for further information. Changes in Cardmember Loans Reserve for Losses The following table presents changes in the cardmember loans reserve for losses for the years ended December 31:
(Millions) |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2009
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 3,646 |  | $ | 3,268 |  | $ | 2,570
Reserves established for |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| consolidation of a variable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | interest entity(a) |  |  | ― |  |  | 2,531 |  |  | ―
Total adjusted balance, January 1 |  |  | 3,646 |  |  | 5,799 |  |  | 2,570
Additions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cardmember loans provisions(b) |  |  | 145 |  |  | 1,445 |  |  | 4,209
| Cardmember loans provisions ― |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | other(c) |  |  | 108 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 57
|  | Total provision |  |  | 253 |  |  | 1,527 |  |  | 4,266
Deductions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cardmember loans net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | write-offs ― principal(d) |  |  | (1,720) |  |  | (3,260) |  |  | (2,949)
| Cardmember loans net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | write-offs ― interest and fees(d) |  |  | (201) |  |  | (359) |  |  | (448)
| Cardmember loans ― other(e) |  |  | (104) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (171)
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 1,874 |  | $ | 3,646 |  | $ | 3,268
Represents the establishment of cardmember reserves for losses for cardmember loans issued by the American Express Credit Account Master Trust (the Lending Trust) for the securitized loan portfolio that was consolidated under accounting guidance for consolidation of VIEs effective January 1, 2010. The establishment of the $2.5 billion reserve for losses for the securitized loan portfolio was determined by applying the same methodology as is used for the Company's unsecuritized loan portfolio. There was no incremental reserve required nor were any charge-offs recorded in conjunction with the consolidation of the Lending Trust. Represents loss provisions for cardmember loans consisting of principal (resulting from authorized transactions), interest and fee reserves components. Primarily represents loss provisions for cardmember loans resulting from unauthorized transactions. Cardmember loans net write-offs – principal for 2011, 2010 and 2009 include recoveries of $578 million, $568 million and $327 million, respectively. Recoveries of interest and fees were de minimis. These amounts include net write-offs related to unauthorized transactions and foreign currency translation adjustments. Cardmember Loans Evaluated Separately and Collectively for Impairment The fo llowing table presents cardmember loans evaluated separately and collectively for impairment and related reserves as of December 31:
(Millions) |  | 2011 |  | 2010 |  | 2009
Cardmember loans evaluated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| separately for impairment(a) |  | $ | 744 |  | $ | 1,087 |  | $ | 721
Reserves on cardmember loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| evaluated separately for impairment(a) |  | $ | 176 |  | $ | 279 |  | $ | 187
Cardmember loans evaluated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| collectively for impairment(b) |  | $ | 61,877 |  | $ | 59,763 |  | $ | 32,051
Reserves on cardmember loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| evaluated collectively for impairment(b) |  | $ | 1,698 |  | $ | 3,367 |  | $ | 3,081
Represents loans modified in a TDR and related reserves. Refer to the Impaired Loans and Receivables discussion in Note 4 for further information. Represents current loans and loans less than 90 days past due, loans over 90 days past due and accruing interest, and non-accrual loans and related reserves. The reserves include the results of analytical models that are specific to individual pools of loans and reserves for external environmental factors that apply broadly to all loans collectively evaluated for impairment and are not specific to any individual pool of loans.

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