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Accounting Policies (Policies) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Consolidation, Policy | Consolidation and Classification. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Raytheon Technologies Corporation, and all wholly-owned, majority-owned and otherwise controlled domestic and foreign subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. For classification of certain current assets and liabilities, the duration of our contracts or programs is utilized for our operating cycle, which is generally longer than one year. Included within our current assets and liabilities are contract assets and liabilities related to our aftermarket and development arrangements, which can generally span up to fifteen years. As a result of the Separation Transactions, the Distributions and the Raytheon Merger, certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications include the presentation of current assets and liabilities based upon the duration of our operating cycle, the reclassification of certain unbilled accounts receivable from accounts receivable, net to contract assets, reclassifications of lease amortization within our presentation of cash flows, reclassifications within our segment presentation, and the reclassification of the historical Otis and Carrier results to discontinued operations.
Use of Estimates, Policy | Use of Estimates. Our consolidated financial statements are based on the application of U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. As discussed above, the full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows, including sales, expenses, reserves and allowances, asset recoverability and EAC adjustments, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and related containment and treatment actions, as well as the economic impact on local, regional, national and international customers and markets. We have made estimates of the impact of COVID-19 within our financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods. Other future events, including regarding COVID-19, and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and any such differences may be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy | Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, demand deposits and short-term cash investments that are highly liquid in nature and have original maturities of three months or less. On occasion, we are required to maintain cash deposits with certain banks with respect to contractual obligations related to acquisitions or divestitures or other legal obligations. This restricted cash is excluded from cash and cash equivalents and is included in other assets, current and other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Receivable | Accounts Receivable. Accounts receivable are stated at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is established to provide for the expected lifetime credit losses by evaluating factors such as customer creditworthiness, historical payment and loss experiences, current economic conditions and the age and status of outstanding receivables. See the Accounting Pronouncements section below for additional information as to how we develop our allowance for credit losses under Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Unbilled receivables represent revenues that are not currently billable to the customer under the terms of the contract and include unbilled amounts under commercial contracts where payment is subject to the passage of time. These items are expected to be billed and collected in the normal course of business. Other unbilled receivables not just subject to the passage of time are included in Contract assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, and are generally classified as current.
Contract with Customer, Contract Assets and Liabilities | Contract Assets and Liabilities. Contract assets and liabilities represent the difference in the timing of revenue recognition from receipt of cash from our customers. Contract assets reflect revenue recognized and performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in advance of customer billing. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance under the contract. We receive payments from customers based on the terms established in our contracts. Contract assets and contract liabilities are generally classified as current. See “Note 6: Contract Assets and Liabilities” for further discussion of contract assets and liabilities.
Inventory, Policy | Inventory. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or estimated realizable value and are primarily based on first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost methods. Valuation reserves for excess, obsolete, and slow-moving inventory are estimated by comparing the inventory levels of individual parts to both future sales forecasts or production requirements and historical usage rates in order to identify inventory where the resale value or replacement value is less than inventoriable cost. Other factors that management considers in determining the adequacy of these reserves include whether individual inventory parts meet current specifications and can be substituted for a part currently being sold or used as a service part, overall market conditions, and other inventory management initiatives. Manufacturing costs are allocated to current production contracts.
Equity Method Investments | Equity Method Investments. Investments in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in Other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Under this method of accounting, our share of the net earnings or losses of the investee is included in Operating profit on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations since the activities of the investee are closely aligned with the operations of the business segment holding the investment. We evaluate our equity method investments whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period.
Financing Receivable | Customer Financing Assets. Customer financing assets (CFA) relate to our commercial aerospace businesses in which we provide financing to airline customers. Our financing predominately relates to products under lease, and to a lesser extent, notes and lease receivables. We record revenue from lease assets by applying Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842: Leases, and from interest income on the notes and lease receivables. Interest income from notes and financing leases and rental income from operating lease assets is included in Other income (expense), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, while gains or losses on sales of operating lease assets are included in product sales and cost of sales. The current portion of these financing arrangements are aggregated in Other assets, current and the non-current portion of these financing arrangements are aggregated in CFA in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The increases and decreases in CFA from funding, receipts and certain other activity, are reflected as Investing Activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The products under lease assets are valued at cost and reviewed for impairment when circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Notes and lease receivables are valued at the net amount expected to be collected. Reserves for credit losses on notes and lease receivables relate to specifically identified receivables that are evaluated individually for impairment. For notes and lease receivables, we determine a specific reserve for exposure based on the difference between the carrying value of the receivable and the estimated fair value of the related collateral in connection with the evaluation of credit risk and collectability. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 the reserves related to CFA are not material. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we did not have any significant balances that are considered to be delinquent, on non-accrual status, past due 90 days or more, or considered to be impaired.
Business Combinations Policy | Business Combinations. Once a business is acquired, the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is determined with the excess cost recorded to goodwill. As required, a preliminary fair value is determined once a business is acquired, with the final determination of the fair value being completed within the one year measurement period from the date of acquisition.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy | Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill represents costs in excess of fair values assigned to the underlying net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized, but are subject to impairment testing annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the asset might be impaired. The impairment test compares carrying values of the reporting units to its estimated fair values. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value then the carrying value is reduced to fair value. In developing our estimates for the fair value of our reporting units, significant judgment is required in the determination of the appropriateness of using a qualitative assessment or quantitative assessment. For these quantitative assessments that are performed, fair value is primarily based on income approaches using a discounted cash flow method and relief from royalty method, which have significant assumptions including sales growth rates, projected operating profit, terminal growth rates, discount rates and royalty rates. Such assumptions are subject to variability from year to year and are directly impacted by, among other things, global market conditions. Intangible assets consist of patents, trademarks/tradenames, customer relationships, exclusivity assets, developed technology and other intangible assets including collaboration assets. Acquired intangible assets are recognized at fair value in purchase accounting and then finite lived-intangible assets are amortized to cost of sales and selling, general & administrative expenses over the applicable useful lives. Exclusivity assets are commercial aerospace payments made to secure certain contractual rights to provide product on new aircraft platforms. We classify amortization of such payments as a reduction of sales. Such payments are capitalized when there are distinct rights obtained and there are sufficient incremental cash flows to support the recoverability of the assets established. Otherwise, the applicable portion of the payments are expensed. Consideration paid on these contractual commitments is capitalized when it is no longer conditional. Useful lives of finite-lived intangible assets are estimated based upon the nature of the intangible asset and the industry in which the intangible asset is used. These intangible assets are amortized based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed, as represented by the underlying cash flows, which may result in an amortization method other than straight-line. For both our commercial aerospace collaboration assets and exclusivity arrangements, the pattern of economic benefit generally results in no amortization during the development period with amortization beginning as programs enter full rate production and aftermarket cycles. If a pattern of economic benefit cannot be reliably determined or if straight-line amortization approximates the pattern of economic benefit, a straight-line amortization method may be used. The range of estimated useful lives is as follows:
| Years
Collaboration assets | 30
Customer relationships and related programs | 1 to 32
Developed technology | 5 to 25
Patents & trademarks | 4 to 40
Exclusivity assets | 5 to 25
Leases | Leases. We account for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842: Leases. Under Topic 842, the right-of-use model requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. We enter into lease agreements for the use of real estate space, vehicles, information technology equipment, and certain other equipment under both operating and finance leases. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets, Accrued liabilities for the current portion of our operating lease liabilities, and Operating lease liabilities in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Finance leases are not considered significant to our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet or Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments, and use the implicit rate when readily determinable. We determine our incremental borrowing rate through market sources including relevant industry rates. Our lease right-of-use assets also include any initial direct costs and lease pre-payments made at or before the commencement date and are reduced for any lease incentives received at or before the commencement date. Certain of our leases include variable payments, which may vary based upon changes in facts or circumstances after the start of the lease. We exclude variable payments from lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, to the extent not considered fixed, and instead, expense variable payments as incurred. Variable lease expense and lease expense for short duration contracts are not a material component of lease expense. Some of our leases include the option to extend or terminate the lease. We include these options in the recognition of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. Lease expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In limited instances we act as a lessor, primarily for commercial aerospace engines, the majority of which are classified as operating leases. These leases are not significant to our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet or Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, Policy | Other Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate the potential impairment of other long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the carrying value of other long-lived assets held and used exceeds the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows, the carrying value is written down to fair value. In order for long-lived assets to be considered held for disposal, we must have committed to a plan to dispose of the assets. Once deemed held for disposal, the assets are stated at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value.
Income Tax, Policy | Income Taxes. In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Where applicable, associated interest expense has also been recognized. We recognize accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense. Penalties, if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. State income tax amounts are generally included in income tax expense; however state income tax payments related to our RIS and RMD segments are generally recoverable through the pricing of products and services to the U.S. government. Accordingly, these state income taxes are allocated to contracts and reclassified to administrative and selling expenses when paid (recovered) or otherwise agreed as allocable with the U.S. government. On December 22, 2017 the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) was enacted. The TCJA includes a provision that imposes a tax on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) beginning in 2018. GILTI is a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The FASB has provided that companies subject to GILTI have the option to account for the GILTI tax as a period cost if and when incurred, or to recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences, including outside basis differences, expected to reverse as GILTI. We have elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, as incurred.
Revenue | Revenue Recognition. The vast majority of our revenues are from long-term contracts associated with the design, development, manufacture or modification of complex aerospace or defense equipment or related services. Collins Aerospace and Pratt & Whitney primarily serve commercial and government customers in both the OEM and aftermarket parts and services markets of the aerospace industry, while RIS and RMD primarily provide products and services to government customers in the defense market. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. For certain contracts that meet the foregoing requirements, primarily contracts that are directly with a foreign government, we are required to obtain certain regulatory approvals. In these cases, we recognize revenue based on the likelihood of obtaining regulatory approvals based upon all known facts and circumstances. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. Some of our contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation, while others contain multiple performance obligations most commonly when a contract contains multiple distinct units (such as engines or certain aerospace components) or spans multiple phases of the product life-cycle such as production, maintenance and support. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as the performance obligation is satisfied. When there are multiple performance obligations within a contract, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price when available. If standalone selling price is not available, we estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation, which is generally based on an expected cost plus a margin approach. We consider the contractual consideration payable by the customer and assess variable consideration that may affect the total transaction price, including contractual discounts, contract incentive payments, estimates of award fees and other sources of variable consideration, when determining the transaction price of each contract. When reasonably able to estimate, we include variable consideration in the transaction price at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. We also consider whether our contracts contain a significant financing component, which they generally do not. Timing of the satisfaction of performance obligations varies across our businesses due to our diverse product and service mix, customer base, and contractual terms. Performance obligations are satisfied as of a point in time for certain aerospace components, engines, and spare parts. Revenue is recognized when control of the product transfers to the customer, generally upon product shipment. Since billing also typically occurs upon product shipment, we generally do not have contract assets or contract liabilities balances related to point in time sales. Performance obligations are satisfied over-time if the customer receives the benefits as we perform work, if the customer controls the asset as it is being produced (continuous transfer of control), or if the product being produced for the customer has no alternative use and we have a contractual right to payment for performance to date. We recognize revenue on an over-time basis for substantially all defense contracts and certain long-term aerospace OEM and aftermarket contracts. Substantially all of our defense business revenue, which primarily relates to our RIS and RMD segments, is recognized over time because of the continuous transfer of control to our customers. For performance obligations satisfied over time, revenue is recognized on a percentage of completion basis using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress. Incurred costs represent work performed, which correspond with and best depict transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs can include labor, materials, subcontractors’ costs, or other direct costs and indirect costs. Our contracts with the U.S. government are typically subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and are priced based on estimated or actual costs of producing goods or providing services. The FAR provides guidance on the types of costs that are allowable in establishing prices for goods and services provided under U.S. government contracts. The pricing for non-U.S. government contracts is based on the specific negotiations with each customer. Under the typical payment terms of our U.S. government fixed-price contracts, the customer pays us either performance-based payments (PBPs) or progress payments. PBPs are interim payments equal to a negotiated percentage of the contract price based on quantifiable measures of performance or on the achievement of specified events or milestones. Progress payments are interim payments up to 80-90% of costs incurred as the work progresses. Because the customer retains a portion of the contract price until completion of the contract, our U.S. government fixed-price contracts generally result in revenue recognized in excess of billings which we present as Contract assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. For our U.S. government cost-type contracts, the customer generally pays us for our costs incurred within a short period of time. For non-U.S. government contracts, we typically receive interim payments as work progresses, although for some contracts, we may be entitled to receive an advance payment. We recognize a liability for advance payments in excess of revenue recognized and present it as Contract liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. For certain of our long-term aftermarket contracts, revenue is recognized over the contract period. We generally account for such contracts as a series of daily performance obligations to stand ready to provide spare parts, product maintenance and aftermarket services. These arrangements include the sale of spare parts with integral services to our customers, and are generally classified as Service sales, with the corresponding costs classified in Cost of services sold, within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. Revenue is primarily recognized on a percentage of completion basis using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress, as sufficient historical evidence indicates that the cost of performing services under the contract is incurred on an other-than-straight-line basis. For some of our long-term aftermarket contracts, we receive payment prior to our work being completed, resulting in a contract liability balance, while for others, we perform work in advance of payment, resulting in a contract asset balance. Contract modifications are routine as contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications or requirements. We consider contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for goods or services that are not distinct are accounted for as part of the existing contract either on a cumulative catch-up basis or prospective basis depending on the nature of the modification. Loss provisions on contracts are recognized to the extent that estimated contract costs exceed the estimated consideration from the products or services contemplated under the contractual arrangement. For new commitments, we generally record loss provisions at contract signing except for certain contracts under which losses are recorded upon receipt of the purchase order that obligates us to perform. For existing commitments, anticipated losses on contractual arrangements are recognized in the period in which losses become evident. In estimating losses, products contemplated under contractual arrangements include firm quantities of product sold under contract and, in the commercial engine and wheels and brakes businesses, future highly probable sales of replacement parts required by regulation that are expected to be sold subsequently for incorporation into the original equipment. In our commercial engine and wheels and brakes businesses, when the OEM product is sold for a loss, but the combined OEM and aftermarket arrangement for each individual sales campaign is profitable, we record OEM product losses at the time of product delivery. We review our Estimate at Completion (EACs) on significant contracts on a periodic basis and for others, no less than annually or when a change in circumstances warrant a modification to a previous estimate. Due to the nature of the work required to be performed on many of the Company’s performance obligations, the estimation of total revenue and cost at completion is complex, subject to many variables and requires significant judgment by management on a contract by contract basis. As part of this process, management reviews information including, but not limited to, any outstanding key contract matters, progress towards completion and the related program schedule, identified risks and opportunities and the related changes in estimates of revenues and costs. The risks and opportunities include management’s judgment about the ability and cost to achieve the schedule including consideration of customer-directed delays or reductions in scheduled deliveries, and technical and other specific contract requirements including customer activity levels and variable consideration based upon that activity. Management’s judgment related to these considerations has become increasingly more significant given the current economic environment primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Management must make assumptions and estimates regarding contract revenue and costs, including estimates of labor productivity and availability, the complexity and scope of the work to be performed, the availability and cost of materials, the length of time to complete the performance obligation, execution by our subcontractors, the availability and timing of funding from our customer, overhead cost rates, and current and past service cost and frequency driven by estimated aircraft and engine utilization and estimated useful lives of components, among others. Cost estimates may also include the estimated cost of satisfying our industrial cooperation agreements, sometimes in the form of either offset obligations or in-country industrial participation (ICIP) agreements, required under certain contracts. These obligations may or may not be distinct depending on their nature. If cash is paid to a customer to satisfy our offset obligations it is recorded as a reduction in the transaction price. Changes in estimates of net sales, cost of sales and the related impact to operating profit are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis, which recognizes the cumulative effect of the profit changes on current and prior periods based on a performance obligation’s percentage of completion in the current period. A significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of one or more of our performance obligations. Our EAC adjustments also include the establishment of loss provisions on our contracts accounted for on a percentage of completion basis. Net EAC adjustments had the following impact on our operating results:
|  | Quarter Ended September 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating profit (loss) |  | $ | (462) |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (592) |  |  | $ | (77) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common shareowners(1) |  | (365) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (468) |  |  | (61) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations attributable to common shareholders (1) |  | $ | (0.24) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.36) |  |  | $ | (0.07) |
(1) Amounts reflect a U.S. statutory tax rate of 21%, which approximates our effective tax rate on our EAC adjustments. For additional discussion on significant unfavorable EAC adjustments see the COVID-19 Pandemic discussion above. In the quarters ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, revenue was reduced by $231 million and increased by $1 million, respectively, for performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, revenue was reduced by $432 million and $114 million, respectively, for performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods. This primarily relates to EAC adjustments that impacted revenue. As a result of the Raytheon Merger, Raytheon Company’s contracts accounted for on a percentage of completion basis were reset to zero percent complete as of the date of completion of the Raytheon Merger, since only the unperformed portion of the contract at such date represents the obligation of the Company. This will have the impact of reducing gross favorable and unfavorable EAC adjustments for these segments in the short-term, with the exception of EAC adjustments related to loss contracts. For additional information related to the Raytheon Merger, see “Note 2: Acquisitions, Dispositions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.” In our Collins Aerospace and Pratt & Whitney businesses, we incur contract fulfillment costs for engineering and development of aerospace OEM products directly related to existing or anticipated contracts with customers. Such costs generate or enhance our ability to satisfy our performance obligations under these contracts. We capitalize these costs as contract fulfillment costs to the extent the costs are recoverable from the associated contract margin and subsequently amortize the costs as the related performance obligations are satisfied. In instances where intellectual property does not transfer to the customer, we generally defer the customer funding of product engineering and development and recognize revenue when the related performance obligations are satisfied. Capitalized contract fulfillment costs were $1,912 million and $1,519 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively and are recognized in Other assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and are included in Other operating activities, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. We regularly assess capitalized contract fulfillment costs for impairment. Costs to obtain contracts are not material. In view of the risks and costs associated with developing new engines, Pratt & Whitney has entered into certain collaboration arrangements in which sales, costs and risks are shared. Sales generated from engine programs, spare parts sales, and aftermarket business under collaboration arrangements, primarily at our Pratt & Whitney business, are recorded consistent with our revenue recognition policies in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Amounts attributable to our collaborators for their share of sales are recorded as cost of sales in our Consolidated Financial Statements based upon the terms and nature of the arrangement. Costs associated with engine programs under collaborative arrangements are expensed as incurred. Under these arrangements, collaborators contribute their program share of engine parts, incur their own production costs and make certain payments for shared or joint program costs. The reimbursement from collaborators of their share of program costs is recorded as a reduction of the related expense item at that time. As of September 30, 2020, the collaborators’ interests in all commercial engine programs ranged from 13% to 49%, inclusive of a portion of Pratt & Whitney’s interests held by other participants. Pratt & Whitney is the principal participant in all existing collaborative arrangements, with the exception of the Engine Alliance (EA), a joint venture with GE Aviation, which markets and manufactures the GP7000 engine for the Airbus A380 aircraft. There are no individually significant collaborative arrangements, and none of the collaborators individually exceed a 31% share in an individual program. In our Collins Aerospace and Pratt & Whitney businesses, we may offer customers incentives to purchase our products, which may result in payments made to those customers. In addition, we make participation payments to certain aerospace customers to secure certain contractual rights. To the extent these rights are incremental and are supported by the incremental cash flows obtained, they are capitalized as intangible assets. Otherwise, such payments are recorded as a reduction in sales. We classify the subsequent amortization of the capitalized acquired intangible assets from our customers as a reduction in sales.
Remaining Performance Obligations | Remaining Performance Obligations (RPO). RPO represent the aggregate amount of total contract transaction price that is unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied. Total RPO was $152.3 billion as of September 30, 2020. Of the total RPO as of September 30, 2020, we expect approximately 30% will be recognized as sales over the next 12 months. This percentage of RPO to be recognized as sales over the next 12 months depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the scope, severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, actions to contain its spread or treat its impact, and governmental, business and individuals’ actions taken in response to the pandemic, which may result in customer delays or order cancellations.
Research and Development Expense, Policy | Research and Development. Company-sponsored research and development costs, including those costs related to the Company’s portion in connection with cost-sharing arrangements, are charged to expense as incurred and recovery on these cost-sharing arrangements is recorded as a reduction to research and development expense as earned. Customer-sponsored research and development projects performed under contracts with customers are accounted for as contract costs and reported as cost of sales on the related revenue generating contracts.
Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy | Foreign Exchange. We conduct business in many different currencies and, accordingly, are subject to the inherent risks associated with foreign exchange rate movements. The financial position and results of operations of many of our foreign subsidiaries are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates, and income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates during the respective periods. The aggregate effects of translating the balance sheets of these subsidiaries are deferred as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) in shareowners’ equity.
Derivatives, Policy | Derivatives and Hedging Activity. From time to time, we use derivative instruments, including swaps, forward contracts and options, to help manage certain foreign currency, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Derivative instruments are viewed as risk management tools by us and are not used for trading or speculative purposes. By their nature, all financial instruments involve market and credit risks. We enter into derivative and other financial instruments with major investment grade financial institutions and have policies to monitor the credit risk of those counterparties. We limit counterparty exposure and concentration of risk by diversifying counterparties. While there can be no assurance, we do not anticipate any material non-performance by any of these counterparties. We enter into transactions that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements with various counterparties. However, we have not elected to offset multiple contracts with a single counterparty and, as a result, the fair value of the derivative instruments in a loss position is not offset against the fair value of derivative instruments in a gain position. Derivatives used for hedging purposes may be designated and effective as a hedge of the identified risk exposure at the inception of the contract. All derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives used to hedge foreign currency denominated balance sheet items are reported directly in earnings along with offsetting transaction gains and losses on the items being hedged. Derivatives used to hedge forecasted cash flows associated with foreign currency commitments or forecasted commodity purchases may be accounted for as cash flow hedges, as deemed appropriate. Gains and losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income and reclassified to earnings as a component of product sales or expenses, as applicable, when the hedged transaction occurs. Gains and losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in Other operating activities, net within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. To the extent that a previously designated hedging transaction is no longer an effective hedge, any ineffectiveness measured in the hedging relationship is recorded currently in earnings in the period it occurs. To the extent the hedge accounting criteria are not met, the foreign currency forward contracts are utilized as economic hedges and changes in the fair value of these contracts are recorded currently in earnings in the period in which they occur. Cash receipts or payments related to the settlement of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recorded as investing cash flows within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Additional information pertaining to foreign currency forward contracts and net investment hedging is included in “Note 12: Financial Instruments.”
Environmental Costs, Policy | Environmental. Environmental investigatory, remediation, operating and maintenance costs are accrued when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The most likely cost to be incurred is accrued based on an evaluation of currently available facts with respect to each individual site, including existing technology, current laws and regulations and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, the minimum is accrued. For sites with multiple responsible parties, we consider our likely proportionate share of the anticipated remediation costs and the ability of the other parties to fulfill their obligations in establishing a provision for those costs. Liabilities with fixed or reliably determinable future cash payments are discounted. A portion of these costs is eligible for future recovery through the pricing of our products and services to the U.S. government. We regularly assess the probability of recovery of these costs, which requires us to make assumptions about the extent of cost recovery under our contracts and the amount of future contract activity with the U.S. government. We consider such recovery probable based on government contracting regulations and our history of receiving reimbursement for such costs, and accordingly have recorded the future recovery of these costs from the U.S. government within Other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Accrued environmental liabilities are not reduced by potential insurance reimbursements or potential recoveries from pursuing other parties. See “Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies” for additional details on the environmental remediation activities.
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, Policy | Pension and Postretirement Obligations. U.S. GAAP requires balance sheet recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of pension and postretirement benefit (PRB) plans. Funded status is measured at least annually in the fourth quarter and represents the difference between the plans’ projected benefit obligation (PBO) and the fair market value of the plans’ assets. Changes to our pension and PRB plans’ funded status can result from company actions, such as contributions or changes in plan provisions, or by gains and losses. Gains and losses are primarily a result of changes in discount rates, differences between actual and expected asset returns, and differences between actual and assumed demographic experience. These gains or losses are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax effects, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic benefit (income) cost. A calculated “market-related value” of our plan assets is used to develop the amount of deferred asset gains or losses to be amortized. The market-related value of assets is equal to the fair value of assets adjusted to reflect the recognition, and subsequent amortization, of the difference between actual and expected asset return over a five-year period. The market-related value of assets is used to calculate the expected return on assets included in the net periodic benefit (income) cost. The company has elected to use the “corridor” approach in the amortization of gains and losses, which limits the expense recognition to the net outstanding gains and losses in excess of the greater of 10% of the PBO or 10% of the market-related value of assets. Gains and losses exceeding the corridor are amortized in net periodic benefit (income) cost over either the projected average remaining employee service period or the projected average remaining lifetime of inactive participants depending on the plan. Net periodic benefit (income) cost is split between operating profit and non-operating income, whereby only the service cost component is included in operating profit and the remaining components are included in Non-service pension (income) expense.
Extended Product Warranty, Policy | Product Performance Obligations. We extend performance and operating cost guarantees beyond our normal service and warranty policies for extended periods on some of our products, particularly commercial aircraft engines. Liability under such guarantees is based upon future product performance and durability. We accrue for such costs that are probable and can be reasonably estimated. In addition, we incur discretionary costs to service our products in connection with product performance issues. The costs associated with these product performance and operating cost guarantees require estimates over the full terms of the agreements, and require management to consider factors such as the extent of future maintenance requirements and the future cost of material and labor to perform the services. These cost estimates are largely based upon historical experience. See “Note 16: Guarantees” for further discussion.
New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Text Block] | Accounting Pronouncements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU and its related amendments (collectively, the Credit Loss Standard) modifies the impairment model to utilize an expected loss methodology in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments, including trade receivables, contract assets and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The Credit Loss Standard requires consideration of a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses, including historical information, current economic conditions and a reasonable forecast period. This ASU requires that the statement of operations reflect estimates of expected credit losses for newly recognized financial assets as well as changes in the estimate of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period, which may result in earlier recognition of certain losses. We adopted this standard effective January 1, 2020 utilizing a modified retrospective approach. A cumulative-effect non-cash adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2020 was recorded in the amount of $59 million. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. We are exposed to credit losses primarily through our sales of products and services to commercial customers which are recorded as trade receivables, contract assets, long-term receivables, and notes and lease receivables on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. We do not have exposure for credit losses related to sales of products and services to our government customers. Our method for developing our allowance for credit losses involves making informed judgments regarding whether an adjustment is necessary to our historical loss experiences to reflect our expectations around current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecast periods, where applicable. We utilize current economic market data as well as other internal and external information available to us to inform our decision making. In certain circumstances we may be able to develop reasonable and supportable forecasts over the contractual term of the financial asset or off-balance sheet exposure. For periods beyond which we are able to make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts, we revert to historical loss experience and information. We determine credit ratings for each customer in our portfolio based upon public information and information obtained directly from our customers. We conduct a review of customer credit ratings, published historical credit default rates for different rating categories, and multiple third-party aircraft value publications as a basis to validate the reasonableness of the allowance for credit losses on these balances quarterly or when events and circumstances warrant. In addition to credit quality indicators, factors considered in our evaluation of assessing collectability and risk include: underlying value of any collateral or security interests, significant past due balances, historical losses, and existing economic conditions, including geographic and political risk. A credit limit is established for each customer based on the outcome of this review. Customer credit ratings range from customers with an extremely strong capacity to meet financial obligations, to customers whose uncollateralized receivable is in default. We may require collateral or prepayment to mitigate credit risk. To estimate expected credit losses of financial assets with similar risk characteristics, we determine an asset is impaired when, based on historical experience, current information and a reasonable forecast period, there is risk that we will be unable to collect amounts due according to the contractual terms of the agreement. We monitor our ongoing credit exposure through reviews of customer balances against contract terms and due dates, current economic conditions, and dispute resolution. Estimated credit losses are written off in the period in which the financial asset is no longer collectible. We can also be exposed to credit losses from off-balance sheet exposures, such as certain financial guarantees and financing commitments. We have assessed these potential exposures and concluded that there are no associated credit losses as of September 30, 2020. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this update remove certain exceptions of Topic 740 including: exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or gain from other items; exception to the requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability for equity method investments when a foreign subsidiary becomes an equity method investment; exception to the ability not to recognize a deferred tax liability for a foreign subsidiary when a foreign equity method investment becomes a subsidiary; exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. There are also additional areas of guidance in regards to: franchise and other taxes partially based on income and the interim recognition of enactment of tax laws and rate changes. The provisions of this ASU are effective for years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Other new pronouncements adopted and issued but not effective until after September 30, 2020 did not and are not expected to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

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