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Contract Assets and Liabilities
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue Recognition
Note 6: Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets reflect revenue recognized and performance obligations satisfied in advance of customer billing. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance under the contract. We receive payments from customers based on the terms established in our contracts. Total contract assets and contract liabilities were as follows:
(dollars in millions)June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Contract assets$12,970 $11,534 
Contract liabilities(15,162)(14,598)
Net contract liabilities$(2,192)$(3,064)
Contract assets increased $1,436 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to sales in excess of billings on certain contracts at RMD and Pratt & Whitney, partially offset by a decrease in contract assets driven by a customer insolvency charge at Pratt & Whitney. Contract liabilities increased $564 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to billings in excess of sales on certain contracts at Pratt & Whitney. We recognized revenue of $1.5 billion and $3.4 billion during the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, related to contract liabilities as of January 1, 2023 and $1.2 billion and $3.0 billion during the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, related to contract liabilities as of January 1, 2022.
As of June 30, 2023, our Contract liabilities include approximately $405 million of advance payments received from a Middle East customer on contracts for which we no longer believe we will be able to execute on or obtain required regulatory approvals. These advance payments may become refundable to the customer if the contracts are ultimately terminated.
Contract assets include an allowance for expected credit losses of $256 million and $318 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.