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Variable Interest Entities
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2019
Variable Interest Entities
9.
Variable Interest Entities
Pursuant to GAAP consolidation guidance, Blackstone consolidates certain VIEs in which​​​​​​​ it is determined that Blackstone is the primary beneficiary either directly or indirectly, through a consolidated entity or affiliate. VIEs include certain private equity, real estate, credit-focused or funds of hedge funds entities and CLO vehicles. The purpose of such VIEs is to provide strategy specific investment opportunities for investors in exchange for management and performance based fees. The investment strategies of the Blackstone Funds differ by product; however, the fundamental risks of the Blackstone Funds have similar characteristics, including loss of invested capital and loss of management fees and performance based fees. In Blackstone’s role as general partner, collateral manager or investment adviser, it generally considers itself the sponsor of the applicable Blackstone Fund. Blackstone does not provide performance guarantees and has no other financial obligation to provide funding to consolidated VIEs other than its own capital commitments.
The assets of consolidated variable interest entities may only be used to settle obligations of these entities. In addition, there​​​​​​​ is no recourse to Blackstone for the consolidated VIEs’ liabilities including the liabilities of the consolidated CLO vehicles.
Blackstone holds variable interests in certain VIEs which are not consolidated as it is determined that Blackstone is not the primary beneficiary. Blackstone’s involvement with such entities is in the form of direct and indirect equity interests and fee arrangements. The maximum exposure to loss represents the loss of assets recognized by Blackstone relating to non-consolidated VIEs and any clawback obligation relating to previously distributed Performance Allocations. Blackstone’s maximum exposure to loss relating to non-consolidated VIEs were as follows:
 
                 
 
June 30,
 
December 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Investments
   $     
1,042,214
     $     
942,700
 
Due from Affiliates
   
390,467
     
254,744
 
Potential Clawback Obligation
   
181,283
     
159,691
 
                 
Maximum Exposure to Loss
   $
1,613,964
     $
1,357,135
 
                 
                 
Amounts Due to
Non-Consolidated
VIEs
   $
1,994
     $
207