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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
NATURE OF BUSINESS | NATURE OF BUSINESS The Company franchises and operates McDonald’s restaurants in the global restaurant industry. All restaurants are operated either by the Company or by franchisees, including conventional franchisees under franchised arrangements, and developmental licensees or affiliates under license agreements. The following table presents restaurant information by ownership type:
Restaurants at December 31, | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Conventional franchised | 21,837 |  |  | 21,685 |  |  | 21,366 |
Developmental licensed | 7,648 |  |  | 7,225 |  |  | 6,945 |
Foreign affiliated | 6,574 |  |  | 6,175 |  |  | 5,797 |
Total Franchised | 36,059 |  |  | 35,085 |  |  | 34,108 |
Company-operated | 2,636 |  |  | 2,770 |  |  | 3,133 |
Total Systemwide restaurants | 38,695 |  |  | 37,855 |  |  | 37,241 |
The results of operations of restaurant businesses purchased and sold in transactions with franchisees were not material either individually or in the aggregate to the consolidated financial statements for periods prior to purchase and sale.
CONSOLIDATION | CONSOLIDATION The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Investments in affiliates owned 50% or less (primarily McDonald’s China and Japan) are accounted for by the equity method. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its business relationships such as those with franchisees, joint venture partners, developmental licensees, suppliers and advertising cooperatives to identify potential variable interest entities. Generally, these businesses qualify for a scope exception under the variable interest entity consolidation guidance. The Company has concluded that consolidation of any such entity is not appropriate for the periods presented.
ESTIMATES IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | ESTIMATES IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION | FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION Generally, the functional currency of operations outside the U.S. is the respective local currency.
RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS | RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Lease Accounting The Company adopted ASC Topic 842, "Leases" ("ASC 842") as of January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective method. As discussed further in the “Franchise Arrangements” and “Leasing Arrangements” footnotes, the Company is engaged in a significant amount of leasing activity, both from a lessor and a lessee perspective. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients, which allows the Company to retain the classification of existing leases; therefore, there was minimal initial impact in the Consolidated Statement of Income, and no cumulative adjustment to retained earnings was recognized upon adoption. As the Company enters into new ground leases or as existing ground leases are modified, many of these may be reclassified from operating classification to financing classification, which will change the timing and classification of a portion of lease expense between Operating income and Interest expense. It is not possible to quantify the impact at this time, due to the unknown timing of new leases and lease modifications, however the Company does not expect the impact to be material to any given year. The Company has also made an accounting policy election to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet. These types of leases primarily relate to leases of office equipment, and are not significant in comparison to the Company’s overall lease portfolio. Payments related to those leases will continue to be recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has certain leases subject to index adjustments. Historically, the Company has calculated and disclosed future minimum payments for these leases using the index as of the end of the reporting period. As part of the transition, the Company used the index in effect at transition for adoption of ASC 842 in its disclosure of future minimum lease payments and its calculation of the lease liability. For leases entered into after January 1, 2019, the index at lease inception date will be used to calculate the lease liability until lease modification. The Company recorded a Right of Use Asset and Lease Liability on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet of $12.5 billion upon adoption. The Lease Liability reflects the present value of the Company's estimated future minimum lease payments over the lease term, which includes options that are reasonably assured of being exercised, discounted using a collateralized incremental borrowing rate. The impact of the new lease guidance is non-cash in nature, therefore, it does not affect the Company’s cash flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Financial Instruments - Credit Losses In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", that modifies the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses on financial assets. The Company will adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2020, prospectively. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
REVENUES | REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company's revenues consist of sales by Company-operated restaurants and fees from restaurants operated by franchisees, developmental licensees and affiliates. Revenues from conventional franchised restaurants include rent and royalties based on a percent of sales with minimum rent payments, and initial fees. Revenues from restaurants licensed to developmental licensees and affiliates include a royalty based on a percent of sales, and generally include initial fees. Sales by Company-operated restaurants are recognized on a cash basis at the time of the underlying sale and are presented net of sales tax and other sales-related taxes. Royalty revenues are based on a percent of sales and recognized at the time the underlying sales occur. Rental income includes both minimum rent payments, which are recognized straight-line over the franchise term, and variable rent payments based on a percent of sales, which are recognized at the time the underlying sales occur. The Company's accounting policy through December 31, 2017, was to recognize initial franchise fees when received, upon a new restaurant opening and at the start of a new franchise term. Beginning in January 2018, initial fees are recognized as the Company satisfies the performance obligation over the franchise term, which is generally 20 years.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment are stated at cost, with depreciation and amortization provided using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: buildings–up to 40 years; leasehold improvements–the lesser of useful lives of assets or lease terms, which generally include certain option periods; and equipment–3 to 12 years.
CAPITALIZED SOFTWARE | CAPITALIZED SOFTWARE Capitalized software is stated at cost and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, which primarily ranges from 2 to 7 years. Customer facing software is typically amortized over a shorter useful life, while back office and Corporate systems may have a longer useful life. Capitalized software less accumulated amortization is recorded within Miscellaneous Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and was (in millions): 2019-$665.4; 2018-$609.7; 2017-$535.6.
LONG-LIVED ASSETS | LONG-LIVED ASSETS Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. For purposes of annually reviewing McDonald’s restaurant assets for potential impairment, assets are initially grouped together in the U.S. at a field office level, and internationally, at a market level. The Company manages its restaurants as a group or portfolio with significant common costs and promotional activities; as such, an individual restaurant’s cash flows are not generally independent of the cash flows of others in a market. If an indicator of impairment exists for any grouping of assets, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows produced by each individual restaurant within the asset grouping is compared to its carrying value. If an individual restaurant is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured by the excess of the carrying amount of the restaurant over its fair value as determined by an estimate of discounted future cash flows. Losses on assets held for disposal are recognized when management and the Board of Directors, as required, have approved and committed to a plan to dispose of the assets, the assets are available for disposal and the disposal is probable of occurring within 12 months, and the net sales proceeds are expected to be less than its net book value, among other factors. Generally, such losses are related to restaurants that have closed and ceased operations as well as other assets that meet the criteria to be considered “available for sale."
GOODWILL | GOODWILL Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets of acquired restaurants and other businesses. The Company's goodwill primarily results from purchases of McDonald's restaurants from franchisees and ownership increases in subsidiaries or affiliates, and it is generally assigned to the reporting unit (defined as each individual market) expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. If a Company-operated restaurant is sold within 24 months of acquisition, the goodwill associated with the acquisition is written off in its entirety. If a restaurant is sold beyond 24 months from the acquisition, the amount of goodwill written off is based on the relative fair value of the business sold compared to the reporting unit. The following table presents the 2019 activity in goodwill by segment:
In millions | U.S. |  | International Operated Markets |  | International Developmental Licensed Markets & Corporate |  | Consolidated |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 1,276.5 |  |  | $ | 1,055.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,331.5 |
Business acquisitions | 348.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 348.8 |
Net restaurant purchases (sales) | (9.5 | ) |  | 5.7 |  |  | 99.4 |  |  | 95.6 |
Impairment losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | (99.4 | ) |  | (99.4 | )
Currency translation | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,615.8 |  |  | $ | 1,061.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,677.4 |
The Company conducts goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter of each year or whenever an indicator of impairment exists. If an indicator of impairment exists (e.g., estimated earnings multiple value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value), the goodwill impairment test compares the fair value of a reporting unit, generally based on discounted future cash flows, with its carrying amount including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is measured as the difference between the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill and the carrying amount of goodwill. Historically, goodwill impairment has not significantly impacted the consolidated financial statements. Goodwill on the Consolidated Balance Sheet reflects accumulated impairment losses of $113.9 million and $15.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
ADVERTISING COSTS | ADVERTISING COSTS Advertising costs included in operating expenses of Company-operated restaurants primarily consist of contributions to advertising cooperatives and were (in millions): 2019–$365.8; 2018–$388.8; 2017–$532.9. Production costs for radio and television advertising are expensed when the commercials are initially aired. These production costs, primarily in the U.S., as well as other marketing-related expenses are included in Selling, general & administrative expenses and were (in millions): 2019–$81.5; 2018–$88.0; 2017–$100.2. Costs related to the Olympics sponsorship are included in the expenses for 2018. In addition, significant advertising costs are incurred by franchisees through contributions to advertising cooperatives in individual markets. The costs incurred by these advertising cooperatives are approved and managed jointly by vote of both Company-operated restaurants and franchisees.
INCOME TAXES | INCOME TAXES Income Tax Uncertainties The Company, like other multi-national companies, is regularly audited by federal, state and foreign tax authorities, and tax assessments may arise several years after tax returns have been filed. Accordingly, tax liabilities are recorded when, in management’s judgment, a tax position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition. For tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold, a tax liability may still be recorded depending on management’s assessment of how the tax position will ultimately be settled. The Company records interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes. Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") The Tax Act requires a U.S. shareholder of a foreign corporation to include GILTI in taxable income. The accounting policy of the Company is to record any tax on GILTI in the provision for income taxes in the year it is incurred.
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, and certain non-financial assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value disclosures are reflected in a three-level hierarchy, maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability on the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:
▪ | Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for an identical asset or liability in an active market.
▪ | Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for a similar asset or liability in an active market or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
▪ | Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.
Certain of the Company’s derivatives are valued using various pricing models or discounted cash flow analyses that incorporate observable market parameters, such as interest rate yield curves, option volatilities and currency rates, classified as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy. Derivative valuations incorporate credit risk adjustments that are necessary to reflect the probability of default by the counterparty or the Company.
▪ | Certain Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The following tables present financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by the valuation hierarchy as defined in the fair value guidance:
12/31/2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
In millions | Level 1 (1) |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Carrying Value |
Derivative assets | $ | 179.1 |  |  | $ | 45.6 |  |  |  | $ | 224.7 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | (11.3 | ) |  |  | $ | (11.3 | )
12/31/2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
In millions | Level 1 (1) |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Carrying Value |
Derivative assets | $ | 167.1 |  |  | $ | 39.2 |  |  |  | $ | 206.3 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | (16.6 | ) |  |  | $ | (16.6 | )
(1) | Level 1 is comprised of derivatives that hedge market driven changes in liabilities associated with the Company’s supplemental benefit plans.
▪ | Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (e.g., when there is evidence of impairment). For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded fair value adjustments to its long-lived assets, primarily to goodwill, based on Level 3 inputs which includes the use of a discounted cash flow valuation approach.
▪ | Certain Financial Assets and Liabilities not Measured at Fair Value
At December 31, 2019, the fair value of the Company’s debt obligations was estimated at $37.6 billion, compared to a carrying amount of $34.2 billion. The fair value was based on quoted market prices, Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy. The carrying amount for both cash equivalents and notes receivable approximate fair value.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES | FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES The Company is exposed to global market risks, including the effect of changes in interest rates and foreign currency fluctuations. The Company uses foreign currency denominated debt and derivative instruments to mitigate the impact of these changes. The Company does not hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. The Company documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedging transactions, as well as all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items. The Company’s derivatives that are designated for hedge accounting consist mainly of interest rate swaps, foreign currency forwards, and cross-currency interest rate swaps, and are classified as either fair value, cash flow or net investment hedges. Further details are explained in the "Fair Value," "Cash Flow" and "Net Investment" hedge sections. The Company also enters into certain derivatives that are not designated for hedge accounting. The Company has entered into equity derivative contracts, including total return swaps, to hedge market-driven changes in certain of its supplemental benefit plan liabilities. In addition, the Company uses foreign currency forwards to mitigate the change in fair value of certain foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. Further details are explained in the “Undesignated Derivatives” section. All derivatives (including those not designated for hedge accounting) are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value and classified based on the instruments’ maturity dates. Changes in the fair value measurements of the derivative instruments are reflected as adjustments to AOCI and/or current earnings. The following table presents the fair values of derivative instruments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
| Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
In millions | Balance Sheet Classification |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Balance Sheet Classification |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | $ | 30.9 |  |  | Accrued payroll and other liabilities |  | $ | (5.2 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | )
Interest rate | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  |  |  |  | Accrued payroll and other liabilities |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )
Foreign currency | Miscellaneous other assets |  | 9.5 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (1.3 | )
Interest rate | Miscellaneous other assets |  | 12.1 |  |  | — |  |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | — |  |  | (11.8 | )
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 34.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | (6.4 | ) |  | $ | (13.9 | )
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 167.1 |  |  | Accrued payroll and other liabilities |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (2.7 | )
Foreign currency | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 12.4 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | Accrued payroll and other liabilities |  | (4.8 | ) |  | — |
Equity | Miscellaneous other assets |  | 179.1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 193.1 |  |  | $ | 171.6 |  |  |  |  | (4.9 | ) |  | $ | (2.7 | )
Total derivatives |  | $ | 224.7 |  |  | $ | 206.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | (11.3 | ) |  | $ | (16.6 | )
The following table presents the pre-tax amounts from derivative instruments affecting income and AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively:
| Location of Gain or Loss Recognized in Income on Derivative | Gain (Loss) Recognized in AOCI |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from AOCI |  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative
In millions |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Foreign currency | Nonoperating income/expense | $ | 22.5 |  |  | $ | 60.0 |  |  | $ | 50.3 |  |  | $ | (2.2 | ) |  |  |  |
Interest rate | Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | $ | 22.5 |  |  | $ | 60.0 |  |  | $ | 49.0 |  |  | $ | (3.4 | ) |  |  |  |
Foreign currency denominated debt | Nonoperating income/expense | $ | 317.3 |  |  | $ | 682.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | Nonoperating income/expense | 11.8 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives(1) | Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11.7 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Net investment hedges | $ | 329.1 |  |  | $ | 684.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11.7 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Foreign currency | Nonoperating income/expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14.2 |  |  | $ | 22.1 |
Equity | Selling, general & administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71.8 |  |  | 0.4 |
Undesignated derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 86.0 |  |  | $ | 22.5 |
(1)The amount of gain (loss) recognized in income related to components excluded from effectiveness testing.
Fair Value Hedges The Company enters into fair value hedges to reduce the exposure to changes in fair values of certain liabilities. The Company enters into fair value hedges that convert a portion of its fixed rate debt into floating rate debt by use of interest rate swaps. At December 31, 2019, the carrying amount of fixed-rate debt that was effectively converted was an equivalent notional amount of $998.5 million, which included an increase of $12.1 million of cumulative hedging adjustments. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized a $24.0 million gain on the fair value of interest rate swaps, and a corresponding loss on the fair value of the related hedged debt instrument to interest expense. Cash Flow Hedges The Company enters into cash flow hedges to reduce the exposure to variability in certain expected future cash flows. To protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows (such as royalties denominated in foreign currencies), the Company uses foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of anticipated exposures. The hedges cover the next 18 months for certain exposures and are denominated in various currencies. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had derivatives outstanding with an equivalent notional amount of $754.7 million that hedged a portion of forecasted foreign currency denominated cash flows. Based on market conditions at December 31, 2019, the $12.0 million in cumulative cash flow hedging gains, after tax, is not expected to have a significant effect on earnings over the next 12 months. Net Investment Hedges The Company primarily uses foreign currency denominated debt (third party and intercompany) to hedge its investments in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates. Realized and unrealized translation adjustments from these hedges are included in shareholders' equity in the foreign currency translation component of Other comprehensive income ("OCI") and offset translation adjustments on the underlying net assets of foreign subsidiaries and affiliates, which also are recorded in OCI. As of December 31, 2019, $11.9 billion of the Company's third party foreign currency denominated debt and $642.6 million of intercompany foreign currency denominated debt were designated to hedge investments in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates. Undesignated Derivatives The Company enters into certain derivatives that are not designated for hedge accounting, therefore the changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recognized immediately in earnings together with the gain or loss from the hedged balance sheet position. As an example, the Company enters into equity derivative contracts, including total return swaps, to hedge market-driven changes in certain of its supplemental benefit plan liabilities. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded in selling, general & administrative expenses together with the changes in the supplemental benefit plan liabilities. In addition, the Company uses foreign currency forwards to mitigate the change in fair value of certain foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. The changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recognized in nonoperating (income) expense, net, along with the currency gain or loss from the hedged balance sheet position. Credit Risk The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by its derivative counterparties. The Company did not have significant exposure to any individual counterparty at December 31, 2019 and has master agreements that contain netting arrangements. For financial reporting purposes, the Company presents gross derivative balances in the financial statements and supplementary data, including for counterparties subject to netting arrangements. Some of these agreements also require each party to post collateral if credit ratings fall below, or aggregate exposures exceed, certain contractual limits. At December 31, 2019, the Company was required to post an immaterial amount of collateral due to the negative fair value of certain derivative positions. The Company's counterparties were not required to post collateral on any derivative position, other than on certain hedges of the Company’s supplemental benefit plan liabilities where the counterparties were required to post collateral on their liability positions.
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION Share-based compensation includes the portion vesting of all share-based awards granted based on the grant date fair value. Share-based compensation expense and the effect on diluted earnings per common share were as follows:
In millions, except per share data | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Share-based compensation expense | $ | 109.6 |  |  | $ | 125.1 |  |  | $ | 117.5 |
After tax | $ | 94.2 |  |  | $ | 108.1 |  |  | $ | 82.0 |
Earnings per common share-diluted | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Compensation expense related to share-based awards is generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period in Selling, general & administrative expenses. As of December 31, 2019, there was $107.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years. The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using a closed-form pricing model. The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used in the option pricing model for the 2019, 2018 and 2017 stock option grants. The expected life of the options represents the period of time the options are expected to be outstanding and is based on historical trends. Expected stock price volatility is generally based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock for a period approximating the expected life. The expected dividend yield is based on the Company’s most recent annual dividend rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant with a term equal to the expected life. Weighted-average assumptions
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Expected dividend yield | 2.7 | % | 2.6 | % | 3.1 | %
Expected stock price volatility | 18.9 | % | 18.7 | % | 18.4 | %
Risk-free interest rate | 2.5 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.2 | %
Expected life of options (in years) | 5.8 |  | 5.8 |  | 5.9 |
Fair value per option granted | $ | 25.60 |  | $ | 23.80 |  | $ | 16.10 |
The fair value of each RSU granted is equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at date of grant, and prior to 2018 included a reduction for the present value of expected dividends over the vesting period. For performance-based RSUs, the Company includes a relative TSR modifier to determine the number of shares earned at the end of the performance period. The fair value of performance-based RSUs that include the TSR modifier is determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model.
PER COMMON SHARE INFORMATION | Diluted earnings per common share is calculated using net income divided by diluted weighted-average shares. Diluted weighted-average shares include weighted-average shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of share-based compensation calculated using the treasury stock method, of (in millions of shares): 2019–6.8; 2018–7.3; 2017–8.1. Share-based compensation awards that were not included in diluted weighted-average shares because they would have been antidilutive were (in millions of shares): 2019–0.1; 2018–0.5; 2017–0.1.
CASH AND EQUIVALENTS | The Company considers short-term, highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents.

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