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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended February 27, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-10658
Micron Technology, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  |  | 75-1618004
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
8000 S. Federal Way, Boise, Idaho |  |  |  | 83716-9632
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  |  | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code |  |  |  | (208) 368-4000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |  |  |  |
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.10 per share |  | MU |  | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. |  |  |  |  | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). |  |  |  |  | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Large Accelerated Filer | Accelerated Filer | Non-Accelerated Filer | Smaller Reporting Company | Emerging Growth Company |  |  |  |
☒ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |  |  |  |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). |  |  |  |  | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock as of March 19, 2020 was 1,112,186,006.

Micron Company Profile |  |
Founded over 40 years ago on October 5, 1978 Headquartered in Boise, Idaho, USA 4th Largest semiconductor company in the world* 18 Countries* 13 Manufacturing sites and 13 customer labs* 37,000 Team members* |  | Redefining What’s Possible
|  | The world is moving to a new economic model, where data is driving value creation in ways nobody had imagined just a few years ago.
|  | Who We Are
|  | Data is today’s new business currency, and memory and storage are emerging as strategic differentiators that will redefine how we extract value from data to learn, explore, communicate, and experience. Our more than 37,000 team members, in 18 different countries, work with countless customers to innovate every day and pursue the products that will shape how we live and work tomorrow.
|  | Our Vision
|  | As a global leader in memory and storage solutions, we are transforming how the world uses information to enrich life by enabling technologies to collect, store, and manage data with unprecedented speed and efficiency. We are accelerating the transformation of information into intelligence – inspiring the world to learn, communicate, and advance faster than ever.
|  | Our Commitment
*Micron data as of August 29, 2019. Gartner Market Share: Semiconductors by End Market, Worldwide, 2018 (April 2019) |  | Our day-to-day operations wouldn’t be possible without our team members’ commitment to business integrity and environmental sustainability. Whether it’s adhering to our professional values or valuing the communities we work in, for us, doing business better means doing business right.
Media Inquiries mediarelations@micron.com Government Inquiries govaffairs@micron.com Investor Inquiries investorrelations@micron.com |  |
|  | Global Product Portfolio
|  | DRAM | NAND | 3D XPointTM Memory | NOR | Solid-State Drives High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) | Multichip Packages | Advanced Solutions
|  | Connect with us on micron.com

© 2020 Micron Technology, Inc. Micron, the Micron logo, the M orbit logo, Intelligence AcceleratedTM, and other Micron trademarks are the property of Micron Technology, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Products and specifications are subject to change without notice. Rev 03/20

Table of Contents

Introduction |  | 2
Part I. Financial Statements |  |
Item 1. | Financial Statements: |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 4
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
| Results of Operations | 28
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 32
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 34
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 34
Part II. Other Information |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 34
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 35
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 52
Item 6. | Exhibits | 52
Signatures |  | 53

1

Definitions of Commonly Used Terms
As used herein, “we,” “our,” “us,” and similar terms include Micron Technology, Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. Abbreviations, terms, or acronyms are commonly used or found in multiple locations throughout this report and include the following:

Term | Definition |  | Term | Definition
2024 Term Loan A | Senior Term Loan A due 2024 |  | IMFT | IM Flash Technologies, LLC
2024 Notes | 5.25% Senior Notes due 2024 |  | Intel | Intel Corporation
2025 Notes | 5.50% Senior Notes due 2025 |  | MCP | Multi-Chip Package
2026 Notes | 5.63% Senior Notes due 2026 |  | Micron | Micron Technology, Inc. (Parent Company)
2027 Notes | 4.19% Senior Notes due 2027 |  | MMJ | Micron Memory Japan, G.K.
2029 Notes | 5.33% Senior Notes due 2029 |  | MMT | Micron Memory Taiwan Co., Ltd.
2030 Notes | 4.66% Senior Notes due 2030 |  | MTTW | Micron Technology Taiwan, Inc.
2032D Notes | 3.13% Convertible Senior Notes due 2032 |  | MTU | Micron Technology Utah, LLC
2033F Notes | 2.13% Convertible Senior Notes due 2033 |  | Qimonda | Qimonda AG
DDR | Double Data Rate |  | SSD | Solid State Drive
GDDR | Graphics Double Data Rate |  | VIE | Variable Interest Entity

Micron Technology, Inc., including its consolidated subsidiaries, is an industry leader in innovative memory and storage solutions. Through our global brands — Micron® and Crucial® — our broad portfolio of high-performance memory and storage technologies, including DRAM, NAND, 3D XPoint memory, and NOR, is transforming how the world uses information to enrich life. Backed by more than 40 years of technology leadership, our memory and storage solutions enable disruptive trends, including artificial intelligence, 5G, machine learning, and autonomous vehicles, in key market segments like mobile, data center, client, consumer, industrial, graphics, automotive, and networking.
Micron and the Micron orbit logo are trademarks of Micron Technology, Inc. 3D XPoint is a trademark of Intel in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains trend information and other forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements such as those made regarding underutilization of our Lehi, Utah manufacturing capacity (previously known as IMFT and now known as MTU); the sufficiency of our cash and investments, cash flows from operations, and available financing; and capital spending in 2020. We are under no obligation to update these forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from our historical results and those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to, those identified in “Part II, Other Information – Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
2 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Revenue | $ | 4,797 |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | 9,941 |  | $ | 13,748 |
Cost of goods sold | 3,442 |  | 2,971 |  |  | 7,220 |  | 6,269 |
Gross margin | 1,355 |  | 2,864 |  |  | 2,721 |  | 7,479 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 223 |  | 209 |  |  | 434 |  | 418 |
Research and development | 681 |  | 601 |  |  | 1,321 |  | 1,212 |
Other operating (income) expense, net | 11 |  | 97 |  |  | 8 |  | 133 |
Operating income | 440 |  | 1,957 |  |  | 958 |  | 5,716 |
Interest income | 34 |  | 58 |  |  | 78 |  | 96 |
Interest expense | (46) |  | (27) |  |  | (93) |  | (60) |
Other non-operating income (expense), net | (1) |  | (84) |  |  | 45 |  | (75) |
| 427 |  | 1,904 |  |  | 988 |  | 5,677 |
Income tax (provision) benefit | (21) |  | (280) |  |  | (76) |  | (757) |
Equity in net income (loss) of equity method investees | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  | 1 |
Net income | 407 |  | 1,625 |  |  | 915 |  | 4,921 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (2) |  | (6) |  |  | (19) |  | (9) |
Net income attributable to Micron | $ | 405 |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 896 |  | $ | 4,912 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.37 |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  | $ | 4.37 |
Diluted | 0.36 |  | 1.42 |  |  | 0.79 |  | 4.24 |
Number of shares used in per share calculations |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 1,111 |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,109 |  | 1,123 |
Diluted | 1,133 |  | 1,141 |  |  | 1,131 |  | 1,157 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
3

Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Net income | $ | 407 |  | $ | 1,625 |  |  | $ | 915 |  | 4,921 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments | (18) |  | 6 |  |  |  | (15) |  | (6) |
Gains (losses) on investments | 3 |  | 6 |  |  |  | (2) |  | 3 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | (1) |  |  |  | — |  | (1) |
Pension liability adjustments | — |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (15) |  | 11 |  |  | (18) |  | (4) |
Total comprehensive income | 392 |  | 1,636 |  |  | 897 |  | 4,917 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (2) |  | (6) |  |  | (19) |  | (9) |
Comprehensive income attributable to Micron | $ | 390 |  | $ | 1,630 |  |  | $ | 878 |  | $ | 4,908 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions, except par value amounts)
(Unaudited)

As of | February 27, 2020 | August 29, 2019
Assets |  |
Cash and equivalents | $ | 7,118 |  | $ | 7,152 |
Short-term investments | 363 |  | 803 |
Receivables | 3,049 |  | 3,195 |
Inventories | 5,208 |  | 5,118 |
Other current assets | 238 |  | 235 |
Total current assets | 15,976 |  | 16,503 |
Long-term marketable investments | 586 |  | 1,164 |
Property, plant, and equipment | 29,647 |  | 28,240 |
Intangible assets | 332 |  | 340 |
Deferred tax assets | 764 |  | 837 |
Goodwill | 1,228 |  | 1,228 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 605 |  | — |
Other noncurrent assets | 510 |  | 575 |
Total assets | $ | 49,648 |  | $ | 48,887 |
Liabilities and equity |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 5,077 |  | $ | 4,626 |
Current debt | 237 |  | 1,310 |
Other current liabilities | 508 |  | 454 |
Total current liabilities | 5,822 |  | 6,390 |
Long-term debt | 5,188 |  | 4,541 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 548 |  | — |
Noncurrent unearned government incentives | 586 |  | 636 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 383 |  | 452 |
Total liabilities | 12,527 |  | 12,019 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 98 |  | 98 |
Micron shareholders’ equity |  |
Common stock, $0.10 par value, 3,000 shares authorized, 1,191 shares issued and 1,112 outstanding (1,182 shares issued and 1,106 outstanding as of August 29, 2019) | 119 |  | 118 |
Additional capital | 8,725 |  | 8,214 |
Retained earnings | 31,602 |  | 30,761 |
Treasury stock, 79 shares held (76 shares as of August 29, 2019) | (3,414) |  | (3,221) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | (9) |  | 9 |
Total Micron shareholders’ equity | 37,023 |  | 35,881 |
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary | — |  | 889 |
Total equity | 37,023 |  | 36,770 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 49,648 |  | $ | 48,887 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Micron Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Micron Shareholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiary | Total Equity
| Number of Shares | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at August 29, 2019 | 1,182 |  | $ | 118 |  | $ | 8,214 |  | $ | 30,761 |  | $ | (3,221) |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | 35,881 |  | $ | 889 |  | $ | 36,770 |
Net income |  |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 491 |  | 15 |  | 506 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |
Stock issued under stock plans | 3 |  | 1 |  | 31 |  |  |  |  | 32 |  |  | 32 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 72 |  |  |  |  | 72 |  |  | 72 |
Repurchase of stock | — |  | — |  | (6) |  | (34) |  | (50) |  |  | (90) |  |  | (90) |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest |  |  | 123 |  |  |  |  | 123 |  | (904) |  | (781) |
Conversion and repurchase of convertible notes |  |  | (6) |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |
Balance at November 28, 2019 | 1,185 |  | $ | 119 |  | $ | 8,428 |  | $ | 31,218 |  | $ | (3,271) |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 36,500 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36,500 |
Net income |  |  |  | 405 |  |  |  | 405 |  | — |  | 405 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  |  |  |  | (15) |  | (15) |  |  | (15) |
Stock issued under stock plans | 7 |  | — |  | 121 |  |  |  |  | 121 |  |  | 121 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 85 |  |  |  |  | 85 |  |  | 85 |
Repurchase of stock | (1) |  | — |  | (4) |  | (21) |  | (45) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (70) |
Settlement of capped calls |  |  | 98 |  |  | (98) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Conversion and repurchase of convertible notes |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |
Balance at February 27, 2020 | 1,191 |  | $ | 119 |  | $ | 8,725 |  | $ | 31,602 |  | $ | (3,414) |  | $ | (9) |  | $ | 37,023 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 37,023 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Micron Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Micron Shareholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiary | Total Equity
| Number of Shares | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at August 30, 2018 | 1,170 |  | $ | 117 |  | $ | 8,201 |  | $ | 24,395 |  | $ | (429) |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 32,294 |  | $ | 870 |  | $ | 33,164 |
Cumulative effect of adoption new accounting standard |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  | 92 |
Net income |  |  |  | 3,293 |  |  |  | 3,293 |  | — |  | 3,293 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  |  |  |  | (15) |  | (15) |  |  | (15) |
Stock issued under stock plans | 3 |  | — |  | 15 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | 61 |
Repurchase of stock | (1) |  | — |  | 108 |  | (11) |  | (1,933) |  |  | (1,836) |  |  | (1,836) |
Reclassification of redeemable convertible notes, net |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Conversion and repurchase of convertible notes |  |  | (36) |  |  |  |  | (36) |  |  | (36) |
Balance at November 29, 2018 | 1,172 |  | $ | 117 |  | $ | 8,350 |  | $ | 27,769 |  | $ | (2,362) |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | 33,869 |  | $ | 870 |  | $ | 34,739 |
Net income |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 1,619 |  | 5 | 1,624 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | 11 |  |  |  | 11 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 7 |  | 1 |  | 76 |  |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  | 77 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  | 57 |  |  | 57 |
Repurchase of stock | (1) |  | — |  | (5) |  | (24) |  | (702) |  |  | (731) |  |  | (731) |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | (12) |  | (12) |
Reclassification of redeemable convertible notes, net |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Conversion and repurchase of convertible notes |  |  | (336) |  |  |  |  | (336) |  |  | (336) |
Balance at February 28, 2019 | 1,178 |  | $ | 118 |  | $ | 8,143 |  | $ | 29,364 |  | $ | (3,064) |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 34,567 |  | $ | 863 |  | $ | 35,430 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
7

Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

Six months ended | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities |  |
Net income | $ | 915 |  | $ | 4,921 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |
Depreciation expense and amortization of intangible assets | 2,661 |  | 2,648 |
Amortization of debt discount and other costs | 16 |  | 29 |
Stock-based compensation | 157 |  | 118 |
(Gain) loss on debt prepayments, repurchases, and conversions | (42) |  | 69 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities |  |
Receivables | 104 |  | 1,202 |
Inventories | (90) |  | (800) |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 257 |  | (326) |
Deferred income taxes, net | 38 |  | 320 |
Other | (4) |  | 64 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 4,012 |  | 8,245 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |
Expenditures for property, plant, and equipment | (3,999) |  | (5,349) |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities | (566) |  | (2,566) |
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities | 1,059 |  | 160 |
Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities | 523 |  | 391 |
Proceeds from government incentives | 105 |  | 455 |
Other | (21) |  | (10) |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (2,899) |  | (6,919) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |
Repayments of debt | (1,676) |  | (705) |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest in IMFT | (744) |  | — |
Payments to acquire treasury stock | (159) |  | (2,568) |
Payments on equipment purchase contracts | (29) |  | (37) |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | 1,250 |  | 1,800 |
Other | 151 |  | 27 |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (1,207) |  | (1,483) |
Effect of changes in currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (14) |  | (1) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (108) |  | (158) |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 7,279 |  | 6,587 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 7,171 |  | $ | 6,429 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
8 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Micron Technology, Inc.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(All tabular amounts in millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Micron and our consolidated subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America consistent in all material respects with those applied in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019, except for changes related to recently adopted accounting standards. See “Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” note. Prior year information is presented in accordance with the accounting guidance in effect during that period and has not been recast for recently adopted accounting standards. In the opinion of our management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all necessary adjustments, consisting of a normal recurring nature, to fairly state the financial information set forth herein. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to current period presentation.
Our fiscal year is the 52 or 53-week period ending on the Thursday closest to August 31. Fiscal year 2020 contains 53 weeks and the fourth quarter of 2020 will contain 14 weeks. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019.
Significant Accounting Policies
For a discussion of our significant accounting policies, see “Part I – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Significant Accounting Policies” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019. Except for the significant accounting policy associated with leases as discussed below, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019.
Leases
In the first quarter of 2020, we elected new accounting policies in connection with the adoption of ASC 842 – Leases. We do not recognize a right-of-use asset or lease liability for leases with a term of 12 months or less. For real estate and gas plant leases entered into after adoption, we do not separate lease and non-lease components. Sublease income is presented within lease expense.
Variable Interest Entities
We have interests in entities that are VIEs. If we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we are required to consolidate it. To determine if we are the primary beneficiary, we evaluate whether we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Our evaluation includes identification of significant activities and an assessment of our ability to direct those activities based on governance provisions and arrangements to provide or receive product and process technology, product supply, operations services, equity funding, financing, and other applicable agreements and circumstances. Our assessments of whether we are the primary beneficiary of our VIEs require significant assumptions and judgments.
9

Unconsolidated VIE
PTI Xi’an: Powertech Technology Inc. Xi’an (“PTI Xi’an”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Powertech Technology Inc. (“PTI”) and was created to provide assembly services to us at our manufacturing site in Xi’an, China. We do not have an equity interest in PTI Xi’an. PTI Xi’an is a VIE because of the terms of its service agreement with us and its dependency on PTI to finance its operations. We do not have the power to direct the activities of PTI Xi’an that most significantly impact its economic performance, primarily because we do not have governance rights. Therefore, we do not consolidate PTI Xi’an. In connection with our assembly services with PTI, as of February 27, 2020 and August 29, 2019, we had net property, plant, and equipment of $44 million and $50 million, respectively, and finance lease obligations of $41 million and $47 million, respectively.
Consolidated VIE
IMFT: Through the date we acquired Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT, IMFT was a VIE because all of its costs were passed to us and its other member, Intel, through product purchase agreements and because IMFT was dependent upon us or Intel for additional cash requirements. The primary activities of IMFT were driven by the constant introduction of product and process technology. Because we performed a significant majority of the technology development we had the power to direct its key activities. We consolidated IMFT due to this power and our obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from IMFT that could have been potentially significant to it. On October 31, 2019, we acquired Intel’s interest in IMFT at which time IMFT, now known as MTU, became a wholly-owned subsidiary. (See “Equity – Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiary” note.)
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02 – Leases (as amended, “ASC 842”), which amends a number of aspects of lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize operating leases with a term greater than one year on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability, measured at the present value of lease payments. We adopted ASC 842 in the first quarter of 2020 under the modified retrospective method and elected to not recast prior periods. We elected the practical expedients available under the transition guidance, including but not limited to, not reassessing past lease accounting or using hindsight to evaluate lease term. In addition, we elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for real estate or gas plant leases. As a result of adopting ASC 842, we recognized $567 million for operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets and reclassified an additional $66 million of other balances to right-of-use assets to conform to the new presentation requirements of ASC 842.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18 – Collaborative Arrangements, which clarifies that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account and precludes recognizing as revenue consideration received from a collaborative arrangement participant if the participant is not a customer. This ASU will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2021 with early adoption permitted. This ASU requires retrospective adoption to the date we adopted ASC 606, which was August 31, 2018, by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of the earliest annual period presented. We do not anticipate the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on our financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured on the basis of amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. This ASU requires that the income statement reflect the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets as well as the increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. This ASU requires that credit losses of debt securities designated as available-for-sale be recorded through an allowance for credit losses and limits the credit loss to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. This ASU will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2021 with early
10 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

adoption permitted. This ASU requires modified retrospective adoption, with prospective adoption for debt securities for which an other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized before the effective date. We are evaluating the timing and effects of our adoption of this ASU on our financial statements.
Cash and Investments
Substantially all of our marketable debt and equity investments were classified as available-for-sale as of the dates noted below. Cash and equivalents and the fair values of our available-for-sale investments, which approximated amortized costs, were as follows:

| February 27, 2020 |  |  |  |  | August 29, 2019 |  |  |
As of | Cash and Equivalents |  | Short-term Investments |  | Long-term Marketable Investments (1) | Total Fair Value |  |  | Cash and Equivalents |  | Short-term Investments |  | Long-term Marketable Investments (1) | Total Fair Value |
Cash | $ | 3,146 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,146 |  |  | $ | 2,388 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,388 |
Level 1 (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | 1,894 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,894 |  |  | 3,418 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,418 |
Level 2 (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposits | 2,019 |  | 9 |  | 7 |  | 2,035 |  |  | 1,292 |  | 13 |  | 1 |  | 1,306 |
Corporate bonds | — |  | 239 |  | 270 |  | 509 |  |  | — |  | 550 |  | 689 |  | 1,239 |
Government securities | 17 |  | 67 |  | 189 |  | 273 |  |  | 36 |  | 149 |  | 232 |  | 417 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | 34 |  | 120 |  | 154 |  |  | — |  | 67 |  | 242 |  | 309 |
Commercial paper | 42 |  | 14 |  | — |  | 56 |  |  | 18 |  | 24 |  | — |  | 42 |
| 7,118 |  | $ | 363 |  | $ | 586 |  | $ | 8,067 |  |  | 7,152 |  | $ | 803 |  | $ | 1,164 |  | $ | 9,119 |
Restricted cash (4) | 53 |  |  |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 7,171 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,279 |  |  |  |

(1)The maturities of long-term marketable investments range from one year to four years.
(2)The fair value of Level 1 securities is measured based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
(3)The fair value of Level 2 securities is measured using information obtained from pricing services, which obtain quoted market prices for similar instruments, non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated by observable market data, or various other methodologies, to determine the appropriate value at the measurement date. We perform supplemental analyses to validate information obtained from these pricing services. No adjustments were made to the fair values indicated by such pricing information as of February 27, 2020 or August 29, 2019.
(4)Restricted cash is included in other noncurrent assets and primarily relates to certain government incentives received prior to being earned. The restrictions lapse upon achieving certain performance conditions. Restricted cash as of August 29, 2019 also included amounts related to the corporate reorganization proceedings of MMJ.
Gross realized gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were not significant for any period presented. As of February 27, 2020, there were no available-for-sale securities that had been in a loss position for longer than 12 months.
Receivables

As of | February 27, 2020 | August 29, 2019
Trade receivables | $ | 2,695 |  | $ | 2,778 |
Income and other taxes | 186 |  | 242 |
Other | 168 |  | 175 |
| $ | 3,049 |  | $ | 3,195 |

11

Inventories

As of | February 27, 2020 | August 29, 2019
Finished goods | $ | 802 |  | $ | 757 |
Work in process | 3,756 |  | 3,825 |
Raw materials and supplies | 650 |  | 536 |
| $ | 5,208 |  | $ | 5,118 |

Property, Plant, and Equipment

As of | February 27, 2020 | August 29, 2019
Land | $ | 352 |  | $ | 352 |
Buildings | 11,682 |  | 10,931 |
Equipment (1) | 46,577 |  | 44,051 |
Construction in progress (2) | 2,119 |  | 1,700 |
Software | 811 |  | 790 |
| 61,541 |  | 57,824 |
Accumulated depreciation | (31,894) |  | (29,584) |
| $ | 29,647 |  | $ | 28,240 |

(1)Included costs related to equipment not placed into service of $1.38 billion as of February 27, 2020 and $2.33 billion as of August 29, 2019.
(2)Included building-related construction, tool installation, and software costs for assets not placed into service.
We periodically assess the estimated useful lives of our property, plant, and equipment. Based on our assessment of planned technology node transitions, capital spending, and re-use rates, we revised the estimated useful lives of the existing equipment in our NAND wafer fabrication facilities and our research and development (“R&D”) facilities from five years to seven years as of the beginning of the first quarter of 2020. As a result, we estimate the reduction in non-cash depreciation expense for these assets benefited operating income and net income by approximately $125 million and diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.11 for the second quarter of 2020, and benefited operating income and net income by approximately $200 million and diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.17 for the first six months of 2020.
Intangible Assets and Goodwill

| February 27, 2020 |  |  | August 29, 2019 |
As of | Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization
Product and process technology | $ | 595 |  | $ | (263) |  |  | $ | 583 |  | $ | (243) |
Goodwill | 1,228 |  | N/A |  | 1,228 |  | N/A

In the first six months of 2020 and 2019, we capitalized $30 million and $64 million, respectively, for product and process technology with weighted-average useful lives of 11 years and 8 years, respectively. Expected amortization expense is $39 million for the remainder of 2020, $65 million for 2021, $53 million for 2022, $47 million for 2023, and $41 million for 2024.
12 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Leases
We have finance and operating leases through which we acquire or utilize equipment and facilities in our manufacturing operations and R&D activities as well as office space and other facilities used in our selling, general, and administrative (“SG&A”) functions.
Our finance leases consist primarily of equipment used in our manufacturing operations and gas or other supply agreements that are deemed to be embedded leases in which we effectively control the underlying gas plants or other assets used to fulfill the supply agreements.
Our operating leases consist primarily of offices, other facilities, and land used in SG&A, R&D, and certain of our manufacturing operations. Certain of our operating leases include one or more options to extend the lease term for periods from one year to 10 years for real estate and one year to 30 years for land.
Certain supply or service agreements require us to exercise significant judgment to determine whether the agreement contains a lease of a right-of-use asset. Our assessment includes determining whether we or the supplier control the assets used to fulfill the supply or service agreement by identifying whether we or the supplier have the right to change the type, quantity, timing, or location of the output of the assets. In determining the lease term, we assess whether we are reasonably certain to exercise options to renew or terminate a lease, and when or whether we would exercise an option to purchase the right-of-use asset. Measuring the present value of the initial lease liability requires exercising judgment to determine the discount rate, which we base on interest rates for similar borrowings issued by entities with credit ratings similar to ours at the time of issuance.
Short-term and variable lease expenses were not significant and are presented within operating lease costs in the table below. Sublease income was not significant in any period presented. The components of lease expenses are presented below:

| Quarter ended | Six months ended
| February 27, 2020 | February 27, 2020
Finance lease cost |  |
Amortization of right-of-use asset | $ | 39 |  | $ | 79 |
Interest on lease liability | 5 |  | 11 |
Operating lease cost | 24 |  | 48 |
| $ | 68 |  | $ | 138 |

Other information related to our leases were as follows:

Six months ended | February 27, 2020
Cash flows used for operating activities |
Finance leases | $ | 12 |
Operating leases (1) | (10) |
Cash flows used for financing activities |
Finance leases | 129 |
Noncash acquisitions of right of use assets |
Operating leases | 24 |

(1)Included $48 million of reimbursements received for tenant improvements.
13

As of | February 27, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |
Finance leases | 4.1
Operating leases | 7.2
Weighted-average discount rate |
Finance leases | 4.95 | %
Operating leases | 2.67 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities existing as of February 27, 2020 were as follows:

For the year ending | Operating Leases | Finance Leases
Remainder of 2020 |  | $ | 33 |  | $ | 100 |
2021 |  | 68 |  | 109 |
2022 |  | 66 |  | 76 |
2023 |  | 62 |  | 50 |
2024 |  | 53 |  | 40 |
2025 and thereafter | 442 |  | 213 |
Less imputed interest | (126) |  | (92) |
| $ | 598 |  | $ | 496 |

The table above excludes lease liabilities for those leases that have been signed but have not yet commenced. As of February 27, 2020, we had such lease liabilities relating to 1) operating lease payment obligations of $157 million for the initial 10-year lease term for a building, which may, at our election, be terminated after 3 years or extended for an additional 10 years, and 2) finance lease obligations of $907 million over a weighted-average period of 15 years for gas supply arrangements deemed to be embedded leases. We will recognize right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities at the time such assets become available for our use.
As of August 29, 2019, prior to adopting ASC 842, future minimum operating lease commitments with an initial term in excess of one year were $54 million for 2020, $64 million for 2021, $63 million for 2022, $59 million for 2023, and $53 million for 2024 and $459 million in 2025 and thereafter.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

As of | February 27, 2020 | August 29, 2019
Accounts payable | $ | 2,054 |  | $ | 1,677 |
Property, plant, and equipment | 2,057 |  | 1,782 |
Salaries, wages, and benefits | 566 |  | 695 |
Income and other taxes | 209 |  | 309 |
Other | 191 |  | 163 |
| $ | 5,077 |  | $ | 4,626 |

14 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Debt

| February 27, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | August 29, 2019 |  |
|  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  |  |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  |  |
As of | Stated Rate |  | Effective Rate |  | Current |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  |  | Current |  | Long-Term |  | Total |
Finance lease obligations | N/A |  | 4.95 | % | $ | 153 |  | $ | 343 |  | $ | 496 |  |  | $ | 223 |  | $ | 368 |  | $ | 591 |
2024 Notes | 4.64 | % | 4.76 | % | — |  | 597 |  | 597 |  |  | — |  | 597 |  | 597 |
2024 Term Loan A | 2.90 | % | 2.95 | % | 62 |  | 1,186 |  | 1,248 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
2026 Notes | 4.98 | % | 5.07 | % | — |  | 497 |  | 497 |  |  | — |  | 497 |  | 497 |
2027 Notes | 4.19 | % | 4.27 | % | — |  | 895 |  | 895 |  |  | — |  | 895 |  | 895 |
2029 Notes | 5.33 | % | 5.40 | % | — |  | 696 |  | 696 |  |  | — |  | 696 |  | 696 |
2030 Notes | 4.66 | % | 4.73 | % | — |  | 845 |  | 845 |  |  | — |  | 845 |  | 845 |
2032D Notes (1) | 3.13 | % | 6.33 | % | — |  | 129 |  | 129 |  |  | — |  | 127 |  | 127 |
2033F Notes (1) | 2.13 | % | 2.13 | % | 19 |  | — |  | 19 |  |  | 196 |  | — |  | 196 |
MMJ Creditor Payments | N/A |  | — | % | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |  |  | 198 |  | — |  | 198 |
IMFT Member Debt | N/A |  | N/A |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 693 |  | — |  | 693 |
2025 Notes | 5.50 | % | 5.56 | % | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 516 |  | 516 |
|  |  | $ | 237 |  | $ | 5,188 |  | $ | 5,425 |  |  | $ | 1,310 |  | $ | 4,541 |  | $ | 5,851 |

(1)Since the closing price of our common stock exceeded 130% of the conversion price per share for at least 20 trading days in the 30 trading day period ended on December 31, 2019, these notes are convertible by the holders through the calendar quarter ended March 31, 2020. Additionally, the closing price of our common stock also exceeded the thresholds for the calendar quarter ended March 31, 2020; therefore, these notes are convertible by the holders at any time through June 30, 2020.
IMFT Member Debt
In connection with our purchase of Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT on October 31, 2019, we extinguished the remaining IMFT Member Debt as a component of the cash consideration paid to Intel for their interest in IMFT and recognized a non-operating gain of $72 million for the difference between the $505 million of cash consideration allocated to the extinguishment of IMFT Member Debt and its $577 million carrying value. (See “Equity – Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiary” note for the cash consideration allocated to the repurchase of noncontrolling interest.) Prior to our acquisition of Intel’s interests in IMFT, IMFT repaid Intel $116 million of IMFT Member Debt in the first quarter of fiscal 2020.
Convertible Senior Notes
As of February 27, 2020, the $50.58 trading price of our common stock was higher than the conversion prices of our convertible notes and, as a result, the aggregate conversion value of $752 million exceeded the aggregate principal amount of $150 million by $602 million.
Credit Facility
Our credit facility provides for our 2024 Term Loan A and a committed revolving credit facility. The 2024 Term Loan A and revolving credit facility generally bear interest at rates equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% to 2.00%, depending on our corporate credit rating and leverage ratio. Under the terms of the credit facility, we must maintain ratios, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of total indebtedness to adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to net interest expense.
2024 Term Loan A: On October 30, 2019, we drew the $1.25 billion available under our 2024 Term Loan A credit facility. Principal payments are due annually in an amount equal to 5.0% of the initial principal amount with the balance due at maturity in October 2024. The 2024 Term Loan A facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% based on our current corporate credit rating and leverage ratio.
15

Revolving Credit Facility: Subsequent to the second quarter of 2020, on March 13, 2020, we drew the $2.50 billion available under our revolving credit facility. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are scheduled to mature on July 3, 2023 and we may repay amounts borrowed any time without penalty. The revolving credit facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% based on our current corporate credit rating and leverage ratio.
Debt Activity
The table below presents the effects of issuances, prepayments, and conversions of debt in the first six months of 2020. When we receive a notice of conversion for any of our convertible notes and elect to settle in cash any amount of the conversion obligation in excess of the principal amount, the cash settlement obligations become derivative debt liabilities subject to mark-to-market accounting treatment based on the volume-weighted-average price of our common stock over a period of 20 consecutive trading days. Accordingly, at the date of our election to settle a conversion in cash, we reclassify the fair value of the equity component of the converted notes from additional capital to derivative debt liability within current debt in our consolidated balance sheet.

Six months ended February 27, 2020 | Increase (Decrease) in Principal | Increase (Decrease) in Carrying Value | Increase (Decrease) in Cash | Decrease in Equity | Gain (Loss)
Issuances |  |  |  |  |
2024 Term Loan A | $ | 1,250 |  | $ | 1,248 |  | $ | 1,248 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Prepayments |  |  |  |  |
2025 Notes | (519) |  | (516) |  | (534) |  | — |  | (18) |
IMFT Member Debt | (693) |  | (693) |  | (621) |  | — |  | 72 |
Settled conversions |  |  |  |  |
2033F Notes | (46) |  | (180) |  | (198) |  | (6) |  | (12) |
Conversions not settled |  |  |  |  |
2033F Notes | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | (3) |  | — |
| $ | (8) |  | $ | (138) |  | $ | (105) |  | $ | (9) |  | $ | 42 |

Contingencies
We have accrued a liability and charged operations for the estimated costs of adjudication or settlement of various asserted and unasserted claims existing as of the balance sheet date, including those described below. We are currently a party to other legal actions arising from the normal course of business, none of which is expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Patent Matters
As is typical in the semiconductor and other high-tech industries, from time to time, others have asserted, and may in the future assert, that our products or manufacturing processes infringe upon their intellectual property rights.
On August 12, 2014, MLC Intellectual Property, LLC filed a patent infringement action against Micron in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint alleges that Micron infringes a single U.S. patent and seeks damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs.
On November 21, 2014, Elm 3DS Innovations, LLC (“Elm”) filed a patent infringement action against Micron; Micron Semiconductor Products, Inc.; and Micron Consumer Products Group, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. On March 27, 2015, Elm filed an amended complaint against the same entities. The amended complaint alleges that unspecified semiconductor products of ours that incorporate multiple stacked die infringe 13 U.S. patents and seeks damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs.
16 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

On December 15, 2014, Innovative Memory Solutions, Inc. (“IMS”) filed a patent infringement action against Micron in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. The complaint alleges that a variety of our NAND products infringe eight U.S. patents and seeks damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. On August 31, 2018, Micron was served with a complaint filed by IMS in Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court in Guangdong Province, China. On November 12, 2019, IMS filed an amended complaint in the same court. The amended complaint alleges that certain of our NAND flash products infringe a Chinese patent. The complaint seeks an order requiring Micron to stop manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale the accused products in China, and to pay damages and costs of 21 million Chinese yuan.
On March 19, 2018, Micron Semiconductor (Xi’an) Co., Ltd. (“MXA”) was served with a patent infringement complaint filed by Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit Co., Ltd. (“Jinhua”) in the Fuzhou Intermediate People’s Court in Fujian Province, China (the “Fuzhou Court”). On April 3, 2018, Micron Semiconductor (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. (“MSS”) was served with the same complaint. The complaint alleges that MXA and MSS infringe a Chinese patent by manufacturing and selling certain Crucial DDR4 DRAM modules. The complaint seeks an order requiring MXA and MSS to destroy inventory of the accused products and equipment for manufacturing the accused products in China; to stop manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale the accused products in China; and to pay damages of 98 million Chinese yuan plus court fees incurred.
On March 21, 2018, MXA was served with a patent infringement complaint filed by United Microelectronics Corporation (“UMC”) in the Fuzhou Court. On April 3, 2018, MSS was served with the same complaint. The complaint alleges that MXA and MSS infringe a Chinese patent by manufacturing and selling certain Crucial DDR4 DRAM modules. The complaint seeks an order requiring MXA and MSS to destroy inventory of the accused products and equipment for manufacturing the accused products in China; to stop manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale the accused products in China; and to pay damages of 90 million Chinese yuan plus court fees incurred.
On April 3, 2018, MSS was served with another patent infringement complaint filed by Jinhua and two additional complaints filed by UMC in the Fuzhou Court. The three additional complaints allege that MSS infringes three Chinese patents by manufacturing and selling certain Crucial MX300 SSDs and certain GDDR5 memory chips. The two complaints filed by UMC each seek an order requiring MSS to destroy inventory of the accused products and equipment for manufacturing the accused products in China, to stop manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale the accused products in China, and to pay damages for each complaint of 90 million Chinese yuan plus court fees incurred. The complaint filed by Jinhua seeks an order requiring MSS to destroy inventory of the accused products and equipment for manufacturing the accused products in China; to stop manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale the accused products in China; and to pay damages of 98 million Chinese yuan plus court fees incurred. On October 9, 2018, UMC withdrew its complaint that alleged MSS infringed a Chinese patent by manufacturing and selling certain GDDR5 memory chips.
On July 5, 2018, MXA and MSS were notified that the Fuzhou Court granted a preliminary injunction against those entities that enjoins them from manufacturing, selling, or importing certain Crucial and Ballistic-branded DRAM modules and solid-state drives in China. The affected products make up slightly more than 1% of our annualized revenue. We are complying with the ruling and have requested the Fuzhou Court to reconsider or stay its decision.
Among other things, the above lawsuits pertain to substantially all of our DRAM, NAND, and other memory and storage products we manufacture, which account for a significant portion of our revenue.
Qimonda
On January 20, 2011, Dr. Michael Jaffé, administrator for Qimonda’s insolvency proceedings, filed suit against Micron and Micron Semiconductor B.V., (“Micron B.V.”), in the District Court of Munich, Civil Chamber. The complaint seeks to void, under Section 133 of the German Insolvency Act, a share purchase agreement between Micron B.V. and Qimonda signed in fall 2008, pursuant to which Micron B.V. purchased substantially all of Qimonda’s shares of Inotera (the “Inotera Shares”), representing approximately 18% of Inotera’s outstanding shares at that time, and seeks an order requiring us to re-transfer those shares to the Qimonda estate. The complaint also seeks, among other things, to recover damages for the alleged value of the joint venture relationship with Inotera and to terminate, under Sections 103 or 133 of the German Insolvency Code, a patent cross-license between us and Qimonda entered into at the same time as the share purchase agreement.
17

Following a series of hearings with pleadings, arguments, and witnesses on behalf of the Qimonda estate, on March 13, 2014, the court issued judgments: (1) ordering Micron B.V. to pay approximately $1 million in respect of certain Inotera Shares sold in connection with the original share purchase; (2) ordering Micron B.V. to disclose certain information with respect to any Inotera Shares sold by it to third parties; (3) ordering Micron B.V. to disclose the benefits derived by it from ownership of the Inotera Shares, including in particular, any profits distributed on the Inotera Shares and all other benefits; (4) denying Qimonda’s claims against Micron for any damages relating to the joint venture relationship with Inotera; and (5) determining that Qimonda’s obligations under the patent cross-license agreement are canceled. In addition, the court issued interlocutory judgments ordering, among other things: (1) that Micron B.V. transfer to the Qimonda estate the Inotera Shares still owned by Micron B.V. and pay to the Qimonda estate compensation in an amount to be specified for any Inotera Shares sold to third parties; and (2) that Micron B.V. pay the Qimonda estate as compensation an amount to be specified for benefits derived by Micron B.V. from ownership of the Inotera Shares. The interlocutory judgments have no immediate, enforceable effect on us, and, accordingly, we expect to be able to continue to operate with full control of the Inotera Shares subject to further developments in the case. On April 17, 2014, Micron and Micron B.V. filed a notice of appeal with the German Appeals Court challenging the District Court’s decision. After opening briefs, the Appeals Court held a hearing on the matter on July 9, 2015, and thereafter appointed two independent experts to perform an evaluation of Dr. Jaffé’s claims that the amount Micron paid for Qimonda was less than fair market value. On January 25, 2018, the court-appointed experts issued their report concluding that the amount paid by Micron was within an acceptable fair-value range. The Appeals Court held a subsequent hearing on April 30, 2019, and on May 28, 2019, the Appeals Court remanded the case to the experts for supplemental expert opinion.
Antitrust Matters
On April 27, 2018, a complaint was filed against Micron and other DRAM suppliers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Subsequently, two substantially identical cases were filed in the same court. The lawsuits purported to be on behalf of a nationwide class of indirect purchasers of DRAM products. On September 3, 2019, the District Court granted Micron’s motion to dismiss and allowed plaintiffs the opportunity to file a consolidated, amended complaint. On October 28, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint that purports to be on behalf of a nationwide class of indirect purchasers of DRAM products. The amended complaint asserts claims based on alleged price-fixing of DRAM products under federal and state law during the period from June 1, 2016 to at least February 1, 2018, and seeks treble monetary damages, costs, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other injunctive and equitable relief.
On June 26, 2018, a complaint was filed against Micron and other DRAM suppliers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Subsequently, four substantially identical cases were filed in the same court. On October 28, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint. The consolidated complaint purports to be on behalf of a nationwide class of direct purchasers of DRAM products. The complaints assert claims based on alleged price-fixing of DRAM products under federal and state law during the period from June 1, 2016 through at least February 1, 2018, and seek treble monetary damages, costs, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other injunctive and equitable relief.
Additionally, six cases have been filed in the following Canadian courts: Superior Court of Quebec, the Federal Court of Canada, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, and the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The substantive allegations in these cases are similar to those asserted in the cases filed in the United States.
On May 15, 2018, the Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”) notified Micron that it was investigating potential collusion and other anticompetitive conduct by DRAM suppliers in China. On May 31, 2018, SAMR made unannounced visits to our sales offices in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen to seek certain information as part of its investigation. We are cooperating with SAMR in its investigation.
18 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Securities Matters
On January 23, 2019, a complaint was filed against Micron and two of our officers, Sanjay Mehrotra and David Zinsner, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The lawsuit purports to be brought on behalf of a class of purchasers of our stock during the period from June 22, 2018 through November 19, 2018. Subsequently two substantially similar cases were filed in the same court adding one of our former officers, Ernie Maddock, as a defendant and alleging a class action period from September 26, 2017 through November 19, 2018. The separate cases were joined, and a consolidated amended complaint was filed on June 15, 2019. The consolidated amended complaint alleges that defendants committed securities fraud through misrepresentations and omissions about purported anticompetitive behavior in the DRAM industry and seeks compensatory and punitive damages, fees, interest, costs, and other appropriate relief. On October 2, 2019, the parties submitted a joint stipulation to dismiss the complaint. The Court approved the stipulation and dismissed the complaint on October 3, 2019. On March 5, 2019, a derivative complaint was filed by a shareholder in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, based on similar allegations to the securities fraud cases, allegedly on behalf of and for the benefit of Micron, against certain current and former officers and directors of Micron for alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties and other violations of law. The complaint seeks damages, fees, interest, costs, and other appropriate relief. Similar shareholder derivative complaints were subsequently filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware and the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho. On November 20, 2019, the plaintiff in the second action filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware voluntarily dismissed his complaint. On November 21, 2019, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his complaint that was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho.
Other
On December 5, 2017, Micron filed a complaint against UMC and Jinhua in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint alleges that UMC and Jinhua violated the Defend Trade Secrets Act, the civil provisions of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, and California’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act by misappropriating Micron’s trade secrets and other misconduct. Micron’s complaint seeks damages, restitution, disgorgement of profits, injunctive relief, and other appropriate relief.
On June 13, 2019, current Micron employee Chris Manning filed a putative class action lawsuit on behalf of Micron employees subject to the Idaho Wage Claim Act who earned a performance-based bonus after the conclusion of fiscal year 2018 whose performance rating was calculated based upon a mandatory percentage distribution range of performance ratings. On behalf of himself and the putative class, Manning asserts claims for violation of the Idaho Wage Claim Act, breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and fraud.
In the normal course of business, we are a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to indemnify the other party. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these types of agreements due to the conditional nature of our obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, our payments under these types of agreements have not had a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are unable to predict the outcome of the patent matters, the Qimonda matter, antitrust matters, securities matters, and other matters noted above and therefore cannot estimate the range of possible loss. A determination that our products or manufacturing processes infringe the intellectual property rights of others or entering into a license agreement covering such intellectual property could result in significant liability and/or require us to make material changes to our products and/or manufacturing processes. Any of the foregoing, as well as the resolution of any other legal matter noted above, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
19

Equity
Micron Shareholders’ Equity
Common Stock Repurchases: Our Board of Directors has authorized the discretionary repurchase of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock through open-market purchases, block trades, privately-negotiated transactions, derivative transactions, and/or pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any common stock and is subject to market conditions and our ongoing determination of the best use of available cash. In the second quarter and first six months of 2020, we repurchased 0.8 million shares of our common stock for $44 million, and 1.9 million shares of our common stock for $94 million, respectively. In the second quarter and first six months of 2019, we repurchased 20.2 million shares of our common stock for $702 million, and 62.6 million shares of our common stock for $2.51 billion, respectively. Through February 27, 2020, we had repurchased an aggregate of $2.76 billion under the authorization. The shares were recorded as treasury stock.
Capped calls: In the second quarter of 2020, we share-settled certain capped calls upon their expiration and received an aggregate of 1.7 million shares of our common stock, equal to a value of $98 million.
Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiary

| February 27, 2020 |  |  | August 29, 2019 |
As of | Balance |  | Percentage |  |  | Balance |  | Percentage |
IMFT | $ | — |  | — | % |  | $ | 889 |  | 49 | %

On October 31, 2019, we purchased Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT, now known as MTU, and IMFT Member Debt for $1.25 billion. In connection therewith, we recognized a $160 million adjustment to equity for the difference between the $744 million of cash consideration allocated to Intel’s noncontrolling interest and its $904 million carrying value. (See “Debt” note for the cash consideration allocated to, and extinguishment of, IMFT Member Debt.)
Pursuant to the terms of the IMFT wafer supply agreement, Intel received supply from MTU from November 2019 through March 6, 2020, at a volume equal to approximately 50% of their volume from IMFT in the six-month period prior to closing. On March 9, 2020, we agreed with Intel to terminate such agreement and entered into a new 3D XPoint wafer supply agreement. IMFT sales to Intel in the first quarter of 2020 through the date of our acquisition of Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT were $158 million. IMFT sales to Intel in the second quarter and first six months of 2019 were $172 million and $347 million, respectively.
Fair Value Measurements
The estimated fair values and carrying values of our outstanding debt instruments (excluding the carrying value of equity components of our convertible notes), were as follows:

| February 27, 2020 |  |  | August 29, 2019 |
As of | Fair Value | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value | Carrying Value
Notes and MMJ Creditor Payments | $ | 5,190 |  | $ | 4,781 |  |  | $ | 5,194 |  | $ | 4,937 |
Convertible notes | 776 |  | 148 |  |  | 852 |  | 323 |

The fair values of our convertible notes in the table above were determined based on Level 2 inputs, including the trading price of our convertible notes when available, our stock price, and interest rates based on similar debt issued by parties with credit ratings similar to ours. The fair values of our other debt instruments were estimated based on Level 2 inputs, including discounted cash flows, the trading price of our notes when available, and interest rates based on similar debt issued by parties with credit ratings similar to ours.
20 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Derivative Instruments

| Gross Notional Amount |  | Fair Value of |  |  |  |
|  | Current Assets (1) | Current Liabilities (2) |  |
As of February 27, 2020 |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments with hedge accounting designation |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow currency hedges | $ | 586 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (16) |  |  |
Derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation |  |  |  |  |
Non-designated currency hedges | 1,240 |  | 1 |  | (3) |  |  |
Convertible notes settlement obligation (3) |  | — |  | (4) |  |  |
|  | 1 |  | (7) |  |  |
|  | $ | 1 |  | $ | (23) |  |  |
As of August 29, 2019 |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments with hedge accounting designation |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow currency hedges | $ | 146 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  |  |
Derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation |  |  |  |  |
Non-designated currency hedges | 1,871 |  | 1 |  | (9) |  |  |
Convertible notes settlement obligation (3) |  | — |  | (179) |  |  |
|  | 1 |  | (188) |  |  |
|  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (188) |  |  |

(1)Included in receivables – other.
(2)Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses – other for forward contracts and in current debt for convertible notes settlement obligations.
(3)Notional amounts of convertible notes settlement obligations were not significant as of February 27, 2020 and were 4 million shares of our common stock as of August 29, 2019.
Derivative Instruments with Hedge Accounting Designation
We utilize currency forward contracts that generally mature within 13 months to hedge our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates. Currency forward contracts are measured at fair value based on market-based observable inputs including currency exchange spot and forward rates, interest rates, and credit-risk spreads (Level 2). We do not use derivative instruments for speculative purposes.
Cash Flow Hedges: We utilize cash flow hedges for our exposure from changes in currency exchange rates for certain capital expenditures and manufacturing costs. We recognized losses of $17 million and $14 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, and gains of $7 million and losses of $6 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively, in accumulated other comprehensive income from the effective portion of cash flow hedges. Neither the amount excluded from hedge effectiveness nor the reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings were significant in the second quarters or first six months of 2020 or 2019. The amounts from cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive income that are expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months were also not significant.
21

Derivative Instruments without Hedge Accounting Designation
Currency Derivatives: We generally utilize a rolling hedge strategy with currency forward contracts that mature within three months to hedge our exposures of monetary assets and liabilities from changes in currency exchange rates. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are remeasured into U.S. dollars and the associated outstanding forward contracts are marked to market. Currency forward contracts are valued at fair values based on the middle of bid and ask prices of dealers or exchange quotations (Level 2). Realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation as well as the changes in the underlying monetary assets and liabilities from changes in currency exchange rates are included in other non-operating income (expense). For derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation, we recognized losses of $1 million and gains of $4 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, and gains of $11 million in the second quarter of 2019 and losses of $11 million in the first quarter of 2019.
Convertible Notes Settlement Obligations: For settlement obligations associated with our convertible notes subject to mark-to-market accounting treatment, the fair values of the underlying derivative settlement obligations were initially determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model (Level 2), which requires inputs of stock price, expected stock-price volatility, estimated option life, risk-free interest rate, and dividend rate. The subsequent measurement amounts were based on the volume-weighted-average trading price of our common stock (Level 2). (See “Debt” note.) We recognized losses of $12 million in the first six months of 2020, and losses of $82 million and $66 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively, in other non-operating income (expense), net for the changes in fair value of the derivative settlement obligations. The gains recognized in the second quarter of 2020 were not significant.
Equity Plans
As of February 27, 2020, 92 million shares of our common stock were available for future awards under our equity plans.
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units (“Restricted Stock Awards”)
Restricted Stock Award activity is summarized as follows:

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Restricted stock award shares granted | — | — |  | 8 | 6
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share | $ | 54.71 |  | $ | 37.01 |  |  | $ | 46.38 |  | $ | 39.83 |

Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
For the six-month ESPP period ended January 2020 and January 2019, we issued 2 million and 1 million shares, respectively, at a per share price of $38.16 and $32.50, respectively. Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model for ESPP grants for the periods below were as follows:

Quarter ended | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share | 14.43 |  | 10.92 |
Average expected life in years | 0.5 | 0.5
Weighted-average expected volatility | 43 | % | 47 | %
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate | 1.5 | % | 2.5 | %
Expected dividend yield | 0 | % | 0 | %

22 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Stock-based Compensation Expense

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Stock-based compensation expense by caption |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 37 |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 49 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 26 |  | 18 |  |  | 48 |  | 37 |
Research and development | 22 |  | 16 |  |  | 41 |  | 32 |
| $ | 85 |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 157 |  | $ | 118 |
Stock-based compensation expense by type of award |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock awards | $ | 70 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 127 |  | $ | 83 |
ESPP | 11 |  | 8 |  |  | 19 |  | 16 |
Stock options | 4 |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |  | 19 |
| $ | 85 |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 157 |  | $ | 118 |

The income tax benefits related to share-based compensation were $53 million and $79 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, and $30 million and $53 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively. As of February 27, 2020, $656 million of total unrecognized compensation costs for unvested awards, before the effect of any future forfeitures, was expected to be recognized through the second quarter of 2024, resulting in a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.
Revenue and Contract Liabilities
Revenue by technology is presented in the table below. (See “Segment and Other Information” note for disclosure of disaggregated revenue by market segments.)

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
DRAM | $ | 3,083 |  | $ | 4,151 |  |  | $ | 6,552 |  | $ | 10,044 |
NAND | 1,514 |  | 1,387 |  |  | 2,936 |  | 3,047 |
Other (primarily 3D XPoint memory and NOR) | 200 |  | 297 |  |  | 453 |  | 657 |
| $ | 4,797 |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | 9,941 |  | $ | 13,748 |

Beginning in 2020, revenues for MCPs and SSDs, which contain both DRAM and NAND, are disaggregated into DRAM and NAND based on the relative values of each component. The three and six months ended February 28, 2019 in the table above have been conformed to current period presentation.
Our contract liabilities from customer advances are for advance payments received from customers to secure product in future periods. Other contract liabilities consist of amounts received in advance of satisfying performance obligations. These balances are reported within other current liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities. Revenue and interest expense associated with contract liabilities for the time value of advance payments was not significant in any period presented. As of February 27, 2020, our future performance obligations beyond one year were not significant. Contract liabilities were as follows:

As of | February 27, 2020 | August 29, 2019
Contract liabilities from customer advances | $ | 39 |  | $ | 61 |
Other contract liabilities | 36 |  | 69 |
| $ | 75 |  | $ | 130 |

23

Revenue recognized during the first six months of 2020 from the beginning balance as of August 29, 2019 included $70 million from meeting performance obligations of other contract liabilities and shipments against customer advances. Contract liabilities from customer advances also decreased $22 million due to the return of unutilized customer advances upon expiration of the contract.
As of February 27, 2020, other current liabilities included $436 million for estimates of consideration payable to customers, including estimates for pricing adjustments and returns.
Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Restructure and asset impairments | $ | 10 |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 84 |
Other | 1 |  | 46 |  |  | 2 |  | 49 |
| $ | 11 |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 133 |

Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Gain (loss) on debt prepayments, repurchases, and conversions | $ | — |  | $ | (83) |  |  | $ | 42 |  | $ | (69) |
Loss from changes in currency exchange rates | (2) |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  | (8) |
Other | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |
| $ | (1) |  | $ | (84) |  |  | $ | 45 |  | $ | (75) |

Income Taxes
Our income tax (provision) benefit consisted of the following:

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Income tax (provision) benefit, excluding items below | $ | 1 |  | $ | (216) |  |  | $ | (30) |  | $ | (594) |
Utilization of and other changes in net deferred tax assets of MMJ, MMT, and MTTW | (22) |  | (78) |  |  | (46) |  | (130) |
Repatriation tax, net of adjustments related to uncertain tax positions | — |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | (33) |
| $ | (21) |  | $ | (280) |  |  | $ | (76) |  | $ | (757) |

The decrease in our income tax provision in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 was due primarily to reductions in profit before tax and the foreign minimum tax.
As of February 27, 2020, gross unrecognized tax benefits were $383 million, substantially all of which would affect our effective tax rate in the future, if recognized. The amount accrued for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions was not significant for any period presented.
24 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside the United States, including Singapore, where we have tax incentive arrangements, which expire in whole or in part at various dates through 2034, that are conditional, in part, upon meeting certain business operations and employment thresholds. The effect of tax incentive arrangements were not significant to our tax provision for the second quarter or first six months of 2020. These arrangements reduced our tax provision by $244 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.21) and $671 million ($0.58 per diluted share) for the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively.
Earnings Per Share

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Net income attributable to Micron – Basic | $ | 405 |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 896 |  | $ | 4,912 |
Assumed conversion of debt | — |  | (2) |  |  | (4) |  | (2) |
Net income attributable to Micron – Diluted | $ | 405 |  | $ | 1,617 |  |  | $ | 892 |  | $ | 4,910 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – Basic | 1,111 |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,109 |  | 1,123 |
Dilutive effect of equity plans and convertible notes | 22 |  | 27 |  |  | 22 |  | 34 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – Diluted | 1,133 |  | 1,141 |  |  | 1,131 |  | 1,157 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.37 |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  | $ | 4.37 |
Diluted | 0.36 |  | 1.42 |  |  | 0.79 |  | 4.24 |

Antidilutive potential common stock shares that could dilute basic earnings per share in the future were 1 million and 4 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, and 11 million and 9 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively.
Segment and Other Information
Segment information reported herein is consistent with how it is reviewed and evaluated by our chief operating decision maker. We have the following four business units, which are our reportable segments:
Compute and Networking Business Unit (“CNBU”): Includes memory products sold into client, cloud server, enterprise, graphics, and networking markets and sales of certain 3D XPoint products.
Mobile Business Unit (“MBU”): Includes memory products sold into smartphone and other mobile-device markets.
Storage Business Unit (“SBU”): Includes SSDs and component-level solutions sold into enterprise and cloud, client, and consumer storage markets, other discrete storage products sold in component and wafer form to the removable storage market, and sales of certain 3D XPoint products.
Embedded Business Unit (“EBU”): Includes memory and storage products sold into automotive, industrial, and consumer markets.
Certain operating expenses directly associated with the activities of a specific segment are charged to that segment. Other indirect operating income and expenses are generally allocated to segments based on their respective percentage of cost of goods sold or forecasted wafer production. We do not identify or report internally our assets (other than goodwill) or capital expenditures by segment, nor do we allocate gains and losses from equity method investments, interest, other non-operating income or expense items, or taxes to segments.
25

| Quarter ended |  |  | Six months ended |
| February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019 |  | February 27, 2020 | February 28, 2019
Revenue |  |  |  |  |
CNBU | $ | 1,967 |  | $ | 2,382 |  |  | $ | 3,946 |  | $ | 5,986 |
MBU | 1,258 |  | 1,611 |  |  | 2,715 |  | 3,823 |
SBU | 870 |  | 1,022 |  |  | 1,838 |  | 2,165 |
EBU | 696 |  | 799 |  |  | 1,430 |  | 1,732 |
All Other | 6 |  | 21 |  |  | 12 |  | 42 |
| $ | 4,797 |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | 9,941 |  | $ | 13,748 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |
CNBU | $ | 283 |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 684 |  | $ | 3,371 |
MBU | 183 |  | 707 |  |  | 478 |  | 1,910 |
SBU | (2) |  | (20) |  |  | (219) |  | 60 |
EBU | 79 |  | 262 |  |  | 192 |  | 649 |
All Other | (1) |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | 7 |
| 542 |  | 2,110 |  |  | 1,136 |  | 5,997 |
Unallocated |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | (85) |  | (57) |  |  | (157) |  | (118) |
Restructure and asset impairments | (10) |  | (51) |  |  |  | (6) |  | (81) |
Employee severance | — |  | (17) |  |  |  | (1) |  | (37) |
Start-up and preproduction costs | — |  | (15) |  |  | — |  | (23) |
Other | (7) |  | (13) |  |  | (14) |  | (22) |
| (102) |  | (153) |  |  | (178) |  | (281) |
Operating income | $ | 440 |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | $ | 958 |  | $ | 5,716 |

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. Our fiscal year is the 52 or 53-week period ending on the Thursday closest to August 31. Fiscal year 2020 contains 53 weeks and the fourth quarter of 2020 will contain 14 weeks. All tabular dollar amounts are in millions, except per share amounts.
Overview
Micron Technology, Inc., including its consolidated subsidiaries, is an industry leader in innovative memory and storage solutions. Through our global brands — Micron® and Crucial® — our broad portfolio of high-performance memory and storage technologies, including DRAM, NAND, 3D XPoint memory, and NOR, is transforming how the world uses information to enrich life. Backed by more than 40 years of technology leadership, our memory and storage solutions enable disruptive trends, including artificial intelligence, 5G, machine learning, and autonomous vehicles, in key market segments like mobile, data center, client, consumer, industrial, graphics, automotive, and networking.
We manufacture our products at our wholly-owned facilities and also utilize subcontractors to perform certain manufacturing processes. In recent years, we have increased our manufacturing scale and product diversity
26 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

through strategic acquisitions, expansion, and various partnering arrangements. On October 31, 2019, we purchased Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT and IMFT Member Debt for $1.25 billion, at which time IMFT, now known as MTU, became a wholly-owned subsidiary.
We make significant investments to develop proprietary product and process technology, which are implemented in our manufacturing facilities. We generally increase the density per wafer and reduce manufacturing costs of each generation of product through advancements in product and process technology, such as our leading-edge line-width process technology and 3D NAND architecture. We continue to introduce new generations of products that offer improved performance characteristics, including higher data transfer rates, advanced packaging solutions to meet industry standards, lower power consumption, improved read/write reliability, and increased memory density. Our managed NAND and SSD storage products, which incorporate NAND, a controller, and firmware, constitute a significant portion of our revenue. We have developed proprietary firmware and controllers, which are included in certain of our SSDs. Development of advanced technologies enables us to diversify our product portfolio toward a richer mix of differentiated, high-value solutions and to target high-growth markets.
We market our products through our internal sales force, independent sales representatives, and distributors primarily to original equipment manufacturers and retailers located around the world. We face intense competition in the semiconductor memory and storage markets and, to remain competitive, we must continuously develop and implement new products and technologies and decrease manufacturing costs. Our success is largely dependent on obtaining returns on our R&D investments, efficient utilization of our manufacturing infrastructure, development and integration of advanced product and process technologies, market acceptance of our diversified portfolio of semiconductor-based memory and storage solutions, and return-driven capital spending.
Impact of COVID-19 to our Business
The impacts of the global emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) on our business are currently unknown. In an effort to protect the health and safety of our employees, we took proactive, aggressive action from the earliest signs of the outbreak in China to adopt social distancing policies at our locations around the world, including working from home, limiting the number of employees attending meetings, reducing the number of people in our sites at any one time, and suspending employee travel. In an effort to contain COVID-19 or slow its spread, governments around the world have also enacted various measures, including orders to close all businesses not deemed “essential,” isolate residents to their homes or places of residence, and practice social distancing when engaging in essential activities.
We anticipate that these actions and the global health crisis caused by COVID-19 will negatively impact business activity across the globe. While we have observed demand increases for server DRAM and NAND, as well as our products used in networking infrastructure, gaming, and similar applications, we anticipate declining demand in other categories such as smartphones, automobiles, and PCs as business and consumer activity decelerates across the globe. When COVID-19 is demonstrably contained, we anticipate a rebound in economic activity, depending on the rate, pace, and effectiveness of the containment efforts deployed by various national, state, and local governments.
We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions altering our business operations that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, suppliers, and stakeholders, or as required by federal, state, or local authorities. It is not clear what the potential effects any such alterations or modifications may have on our business, including the effects on our customers, employees, and prospects, or on our financial results for the remainder of fiscal 2020.
Products
Our product portfolio of memory and storage solutions, advanced solutions, and storage platforms are based on our high-performance semiconductor memory and storage technologies, including DRAM, NAND, 3D XPoint memory, NOR, and other technologies. We sell our products into various markets through our business units in various forms, including wafers, components, modules, SSDs, managed NAND, and MCP products. MCP products combine DRAM, NAND, and/or NOR and in some cases also include a controller and firmware.
DRAM: DRAM products are dynamic random access memory semiconductor devices with low latency that provide high-speed data retrieval with a variety of performance characteristics. DRAM products lose content when power is
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turned off (“volatile”) and are most commonly used in client, cloud server, enterprise, networking, industrial, and automotive markets. Low-power DRAM products, which are engineered to meet standards for performance and power consumption, are sold into smartphone and other mobile-device markets, as well as into the automotive, industrial, and consumer markets.
NAND: NAND products are non-volatile, re-writeable semiconductor storage devices that provide high-capacity, low-cost storage with a variety of performance characteristics. NAND is used in SSDs for the enterprise and cloud, client, and consumer markets and in removable storage markets. Managed NAND is used in smartphones and other mobile-devices, consumer, automotive, and embedded markets. Low-density NAND is ideal for applications like automotive, surveillance, machine-to-machine, automation, printers, and home networking.
3D XPoint Technology: 3D XPoint is a new class of non-volatile technology between DRAM and NAND in the memory and storage hierarchy, offering higher capacity and non-volatility over DRAM along with lower latency and higher endurance as compared to NAND. 3D XPoint technology is ideal for data center and other markets requiring high-bandwidth storage and low-latency performance.
NOR: NOR products are non-volatile re-writable semiconductor memory devices that provide fast read speeds. NOR is most commonly used for reliable code storage (i.e., boot, application, operating system, and execute-in-place code in an embedded system) and for frequently-changing small data storage and is ideal for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications.
Results of Operations
Consolidated Results

| Second Quarter |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Six Months |  |  |
| 2020 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Revenue | $ | 4,797 |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,144 |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,835 |  | 100 | % | $ | 9,941 |  | 100 | % | $ | 13,748 |  | 100 | %
Cost of goods sold | 3,442 |  | 72 | % | 3,778 |  | 73 | % | 2,971 |  | 51 | % | 7,220 |  | 73 | % | 6,269 |  | 46 | %
Gross margin | 1,355 |  | 28 | % | 1,366 |  | 27 | % | 2,864 |  | 49 | % | 2,721 |  | 27 | % | 7,479 |  | 54 | %
Selling, general, and administrative | 223 |  | 5 | % | 211 |  | 4 | % | 209 |  | 4 | % | 434 |  | 4 | % | 418 |  | 3 | %
Research and development | 681 |  | 14 | % | 640 |  | 12 | % | 601 |  | 10 | % | 1,321 |  | 13 | % | 1,212 |  | 9 | %
Other operating (income) expense, net | 11 |  | — | % | (3) |  | — | % | 97 |  | 2 | % | 8 |  | — | % | 133 |  | 1 | %
Operating income | 440 |  | 9 | % | 518 |  | 10 | % | 1,957 |  | 34 | % | 958 |  | 10 | % | 5,716 |  | 42 | %
Interest income (expense), net | (12) |  | — | % | (3) |  | — | % | 31 |  | 1 | % | (15) |  | — | % | 36 |  | — | %
Other non-operating income (expense), net | (1) |  | — | % | 46 |  | 1 | % | (84) |  | (1) | % | 45 |  | — | % | (75) |  | (1) | %
Income tax (provision) benefit | (21) |  | — | % | (55) |  | (1) | % | (280) |  | (5) | % | (76) |  | (1) | % | (757) |  | (6) | %
Equity in net income (loss) of equity method investees | 1 |  | — | % | 2 |  | — | % | 1 |  | — | % | 3 |  | — | % | 1 |  | — | %
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (2) |  | — | % | (17) |  | — | % | (6) |  | — | % | (19) |  | — | % | (9) |  | — | %
Net income attributable to Micron | $ | 405 |  | 8 | % | $ | 491 |  | 10 | % | $ | 1,619 |  | 28 | % | $ | 896 |  | 9 | % | $ | 4,912 |  | 36 | %

Total Revenue: Total revenue for the second quarter of 2020 decreased 7% as compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily as a result of decreases in sales of DRAM products partially offset by higher sales of NAND products. Sales of DRAM products for the second quarter of 2020 decreased 11% from the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to declines in bit shipment volumes from lower seasonal demand. Sales of NAND products for the second quarter of 2020 increased 6% from the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to increases in average selling prices as a result of improved market conditions.
28 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Total revenue for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 decreased 18% and 28%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 primarily due to price declines resulting from imbalances between supply and market demand over the last several quarters. Sales of DRAM products for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 decreased 26% and 35%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 primarily due to declines in average selling prices in the 40 to 50-percent range, partially offset by growth in bit shipments in the mid-20-percent range. Sales of NAND products for the second quarter of 2020 increased 9% as compared to the second quarter of 2019 primarily due to increases in bit shipments in the low-20-percent range partially offset by declines in average selling prices of approximately 10%. Sales of NAND products for the first six months of 2020 decreased 4% as compared to the first six months of 2019 primarily due to declines in average selling prices in the mid-20-percent range, partially offset by increases in bit shipments in the high-20-percent range.
Overall Gross Margin: Our overall gross margin percentage increased to 28% for the second quarter of 2020 from 27% for the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to increases in NAND margins as a result of higher average selling prices. Our gross margins included the impact of underutilization costs at MTU of approximately $142 million for the second quarter of 2020 and approximately $125 million for the first quarter of 2020. We expect that underutilization charges associated with MTU will average approximately $150 million per quarter in the second half of 2020.
Our overall gross margin percentage decreased to 28% for the second quarter of 2020 from 49% for the second quarter of 2019 and decreased to 27% for the first six months of 2020 from 54% for the first six months of 2019, primarily due to declines in average selling prices, partially offset by the effect of decreases in non-cash depreciation expense from the revision in estimated useful lives of equipment in our NAND wafer fabrication facilities described below, cost reductions resulting from strong execution in delivering products featuring advanced technologies, and continuous improvement initiatives to reduce production costs.
We periodically assess the estimated useful lives of our property, plant, and equipment. Based on our assessment of planned technology node transitions, capital spending, and re-use rates, we revised the estimated useful lives of equipment in our NAND wafer fabrication facilities from five years to seven years as of the beginning of the first quarter of 2020. This change reduced our NAND manufacturing non-cash depreciation expense by approximately $140 million for the second quarter of 2020 and by approximately $150 million for the first quarter of 2020. After adjusting for impact on items remaining in inventory, the lower depreciation reduced cost of goods sold by approximately $95 million for the second quarter of 2020 and approximately $40 million for the first quarter of 2020.
Revenue by Business Unit

| Second Quarter |  | First Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | Six Months |  |  |  |
| 2020 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |
CNBU | $ | 1,967 |  | 41 | % | $ | 1,979 |  | 38 | % | $ | 2,382 |  | 41 | % | $ | 3,946 |  | 40 | % | $ | 5,986 |  | 44 | %
MBU | 1,258 |  | 26 | % | 1,457 |  | 28 | % | 1,611 |  | 28 | % | 2,715 |  | 27 | % | 3,823 |  | 28 | %
SBU | 870 |  | 18 | % | 968 |  | 19 | % | 1,022 |  | 18 | % | 1,838 |  | 18 | % | 2,165 |  | 16 | %
EBU | 696 |  | 15 | % | 734 |  | 14 | % | 799 |  | 14 | % | 1,430 |  | 14 | % | 1,732 |  | 13 | %
All Other | 6 |  | — | % | 6 |  | — | % | 21 |  | — | % | 12 |  | — | % | 42 |  | — | %
| $ | 4,797 |  |  | $ | 5,144 |  |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | 9,941 |  |  | $ | 13,748 |  |

Percentages of total revenue may not total 100% due to rounding.
Changes in revenue for each business unit for the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2020 were as follows:
•CNBU revenue decreased 1% due to sales volume declines from lower seasonal bit demand in certain DRAM markets partially offset by higher revenue from 3D XPoint activities. Consistent with our view that our technology and product roadmap are more closely aligned with our CNBU business unit, beginning in the second quarter of 2020, we have included all activities for 3D XPoint within CNBU.
•MBU revenue decreased 14% primarily due to lower seasonal demand in certain markets and low-power DRAM price declines partially offset by increased sales of high-value MCP products.
•SBU revenue decreased 10% primarily due to including 3D XPoint activities for the second quarter of 2020 within CNBU, mitigated by a high-single-digit increase in NAND sales due to significant growth in SSD shipment volumes and improved pricing.
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•EBU revenue decreased 5% primarily due to lower shipment volumes to consumer markets as a result of seasonal demand and declines in selling prices.
Changes in revenue for each business unit for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 were as follows:
•CNBU revenue decreased 17% and 34%, respectively, primarily due to price declines driven by imbalances in supply and demand, partially offset by bit sales growth across key markets.
•MBU revenue decreased 22% and 29%, respectively, primarily due to price declines, partially offset by bit sales growth for high-value mobile MCP products.
•SBU revenue decreased 15% for both periods primarily due to price declines and lower 3D XPoint revenue, partially offset by bit sales growth for SSDs.
•EBU revenue decreased 13% and 17%, respectively, primarily due to price declines partially offset by bit sales growth in industrial multimarkets and automotive markets.
Operating Income (Loss) by Business Unit

| Second Quarter |  |  | First Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | Six Months |  |  |  |
| 2020 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |
CNBU | $ | 283 |  | 14 | % | $ | 401 |  | 20 | % | $ | 1,160 |  | 49 | % | $ | 684 |  | 17 | % | $ | 3,371 |  | 56 | %
MBU | 183 |  | 15 | % | 295 |  | 20 | % | 707 |  | 44 | % | 478 |  | 18 | % | 1,910 |  | 50 | %
SBU | (2) |  | — | % | (217) |  | (22) | % | (20) |  | (2) | % | (219) |  | (12) | % | 60 |  | 3 | %
EBU | 79 |  | 11 | % | 113 |  | 15 | % | 262 |  | 33 | % | 192 |  | 13 | % | 649 |  | 37 | %
All Other | (1) |  | (17) | % | 2 |  | 33 | % | 1 |  | 5 | % | 1 |  | 8 | % | 7 |  | 17 | %
| $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | 2,110 |  |  | $ | 1,136 |  |  | $ | 5,997 |  |

Percentages reflect operating income (loss) as a percentage of revenue for each business unit.
Changes in operating income or loss for each business unit for the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2020 were as follows:
•CNBU operating income decreased primarily due to increased underutilization costs for 3D XPoint activities and declines in DRAM sales volumes. Consistent with our view that our technology and product roadmaps are more closely aligned with our CNBU business unit, beginning in the second quarter of 2020, we have included all activities for 3D XPoint within CNBU.
•MBU operating income decreased primarily due to declines in low-power DRAM pricing and sales volumes.
•SBU operating loss improved primarily due to increases in NAND pricing and lower underutilization costs as 3D XPoint activities were included in CNBU for the second quarter of 2020.
•EBU operating income decreased primarily as a result DRAM price declines and higher costs due to technology transfers.
Changes in operating income or loss for each business unit for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 as compared to the corresponding periods of 2020 were as follows:
•CNBU operating income decreased primarily due to declines in DRAM pricing, partially offset by cost reductions.
•MBU operating income decreased primarily due to declines in low-power DRAM and NAND pricing, partially offset by increases in sales of high-value MCP products and manufacturing cost reductions.
•SBU operating margin declined primarily due to decreases in NAND pricing, partially offset by manufacturing cost reductions and increases in sales volumes.
•EBU operating income decreased as a result of declines in pricing, partially offset by increases in sales volumes.
30 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Operating Expenses and Other
Selling, General, and Administrative: SG&A expenses for the second quarter of 2020 increased 6% as compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to increases in employee compensation. SG&A expenses for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 increased 7% and 4%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 as a result of increases in employee compensation.
Research and Development: R&D expenses vary primarily with the number of development and pre-qualification wafers processed, amounts reimbursed under R&D cost-sharing agreements, the cost of advanced equipment dedicated to new product and process development, and personnel costs. Because of the lead times necessary to manufacture our products, we typically begin to process wafers before completion of performance and reliability testing. Development of a product is deemed complete when it is qualified through reviews and tests for performance and reliability. R&D expenses can vary significantly depending on the timing of product qualification.
R&D expenses for the second quarter of 2020 were 6% higher than the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to increases in volumes of development and pre-qualification wafers and employee compensation. R&D expenses for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 were 13% and 9% higher, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019, primarily due to increases in volumes of development and pre-qualification wafers, a reduction of R&D reimbursements from our partners, and increases in employee compensation, partially offset by lower depreciation expense from the revision of the estimated useful lives of equipment. R&D expenses were reduced by $29 million and $62 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, due to the revision of the estimated useful lives of equipment. R&D expenses were reduced by $23 million and $53 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively, due to reimbursements, primarily from our joint development activities with Intel for 3D NAND and 3D XPoint technologies, which were substantially completed in the third quarter of 2019 and first quarter of 2020, respectively.
Income Taxes: Our income tax (provision) benefit consisted of the following:

| Second Quarter |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Six Months |  |
| 2020 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Income tax (provision) benefit, excluding items below | $ | 1 |  | $ | (31) |  | $ | (216) |  | $ | (30) |  | $ | (594) |
Utilization of and other changes in net deferred tax assets of MMJ, MMT, and MTTW | (22) |  | (24) |  | (78) |  | (46) |  | (130) |
Repatriation tax, net of adjustments related to uncertain tax positions | — |  | — |  | 14 |  | — |  | (33) |
| $ | (21) |  | $ | (55) |  | $ | (280) |  | $ | (76) |  | $ | (757) |
Effective tax rate | 4.9 | % | 9.8 | % | 14.7 | % | 7.7 | % | 13.3 | %

The decrease in our income tax provision in the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2020 and second quarter of 2019 was due primarily to reductions in our profit before tax. Our provision for income tax and the effective tax rate decreased in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 as compared to the second quarter and first six months of 2019 primarily as a result of reductions in our profit before tax and the foreign minimum tax. Our income taxes include the effect of operations outside the United States, including Singapore, where we have tax incentive arrangements that further decrease our effective tax rates.
We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside the United States, including Singapore, where we have tax incentive arrangements, which expire in whole or in part at various dates through 2034, that are conditional, in part, upon meeting certain business operations and employment thresholds. The effect of tax incentive arrangements were not significant for the second quarter, first quarter, or first six months of 2020 and reduced our tax provision by $244 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.21) and $671 million ($0.58 per diluted share) for the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively.
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Other: Interest expense for the second quarter of 2020 was relatively unchanged as compared to the first quarter of 2020. Interest income for the second quarter of 2020 decreased 23% as compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to decreases in our cash and investment balances and interest rates.
Interest expense for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 increased 66% and 54% as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 primarily due to increases in debt obligations and a reduction of capitalized interest from lower levels of capital projects in process. Interest income for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 decreased 39% and 17% as compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 as a result of decreases in interest rates and, for the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the second quarter of 2019, lower cash and investment balances.
Further discussion of other operating and non-operating income and expenses can be found in the notes contained in “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Equity Plans, Other Operating Income (Expense), Net, and Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net” notes.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations and financing obtained from capital markets and financial institutions. Cash generated from operations is highly dependent on selling prices for our products, which can vary significantly from period to period. We are continuously evaluating alternatives for efficiently funding our capital expenditures and ongoing operations. We expect, from time to time, to engage in a variety of financing transactions for such purposes, including the issuance of securities. As of February 27, 2020, we had an undrawn revolving credit facility that provides for borrowings of up to $2.50 billion. Subsequent to the second quarter of 2020, on March 13, 2020, we drew the $2.50 billion available under our revolving credit facility. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are scheduled to mature on July 3, 2023, and we may repay amounts borrowed any time without penalty. The revolving credit facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% based on our current corporate credit rating and leverage ratio. We expect that our cash and investments, cash flows from operations, and available financing will be sufficient to meet our requirements at least through the next 12 months.
To develop new product and process technology, support future growth, achieve operating efficiencies, and maintain product quality, we must continue to invest in manufacturing technologies, facilities and equipment, and R&D. We estimate that capital expenditures in 2020 for property, plant, and equipment, net of partner contributions, to be $7 billion to $8 billion, focused on technology transitions and product enablement. Actual amounts for 2020 will vary depending on market conditions. As of February 27, 2020, we had commitments of approximately $3.21 billion for the acquisition of property, plant, and equipment, of which approximately $2.65 billion is expected to be paid within one year.
Our Board of Directors has authorized the discretionary repurchase of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock through open-market purchases, block trades, privately-negotiated transactions, derivative transactions, and/or pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any common stock and is subject to market conditions and our ongoing determination of the best use of available cash. Through February 27, 2020, we had repurchased an aggregate of $2.76 billion of the authorized amount. See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Equity.”
Cash and marketable investments totaled $8.07 billion as of February 27, 2020 and $9.12 billion as of August 29, 2019. Our investments consist primarily of bank deposits, money market funds, and liquid investment grade, fixed-income securities, diversified among industries and individual issuers. To mitigate credit risk, we invest through high-credit-quality financial institutions and by policy generally limit the concentration of credit exposure by restricting the amount of investments with any single obligor. As of February 27, 2020, $3.26 billion of our cash and marketable investments was held by our foreign subsidiaries.
32 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

Limitations on the Use of Cash and Investments: Cash and marketable investments as of February 27, 2020 included $330 million held by MMJ. As a result of the corporate reorganization proceedings of MMJ initiated in March 2012, and for so long as such proceedings are continuing, MMJ is prohibited from paying dividends to us. In addition, pursuant to an order of the Tokyo District Court, MMJ cannot make loans or advances, other than certain ordinary course advances, to us without the consent of the Tokyo District Court and may, under certain circumstances, be subject to the approval of the legal trustee. As a result, the assets of MMJ are not available for use by us in our other operations. Furthermore, certain uses of the assets of MMJ, including investments in certain capital expenditures, may require consent of MMJ’s trustees and/or the Tokyo District Court.
Cash Flows:

| Six Months |
| 2020 | 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 4,012 |  | $ | 8,245 |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (2,899) |  | (6,919) |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (1,207) |  | (1,483) |
Effect of changes in currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (14) |  | (1) |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | (108) |  | $ | (158) |

Operating Activities: For the first six months of 2020, cash provided by operating activities was due primarily to cash generated by our operations and the effects of an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses from timing of payments and a decrease in receivables, partially offset by an increase in inventories. For the first six months of 2019, cash provided by operating activities was due primarily to cash generated by our operations and the effects of decreases in receivables and deferred tax assets, partially offset by an increase in inventories and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses from timing of payments.
Investing Activities: For the first six months of 2020, net cash used for investing activities consisted primarily of $3.86 billion of expenditures for property, plant, and equipment (net of partner contributions) partially offset by $1.02 billion of net inflows from sales, maturities, and purchases of available-for-sale securities. For the first six months of 2019, net cash used for investing activities consisted primarily of $4.89 billion of expenditures for property, plant, and equipment (net of partner contributions) and $2.02 billion of net outflows from sales, maturities, and purchases of available-for-sale securities.
Financing Activities: For the first six months of 2020, net cash used for financing activities consisted primarily of $1.68 billion cash payments to reduce our debt, including $621 million for IMFT Member Debt repayments, $534 million to prepay the 2025 Notes, $198 million to settle conversions of notes, and $129 million for scheduled repayment of finance leases; $744 million for the acquisition of noncontrolling interest in IMFT; and $94 million for the acquisition of 1.9 million shares of our common stock under our $10 billion share repurchase authorization. Cash used for financing activities was partially offset by net proceeds of $1.25 billion from issuance of the 2024 Term Loan A. For the first six months of 2019, net cash used for financing activities consisted primarily of $2.51 billion for the acquisition of 63 million shares of common stock, $506 million of scheduled repayments of other notes and capital leases, and $199 million of payments to settle conversions of notes, partially offset by net proceeds of $1.79 billion from the aggregate issuance of the 2024 Notes, 2026 Notes, and 2029 Notes.
Potential Settlement Obligations of Convertible Notes: Since the closing price of our common stock exceeded 130% of the conversion price per share of all our convertible notes for at least 20 trading days in the 30 trading day period ended on December 31, 2019, holders may convert these notes through the calendar quarter ended March 31, 2020. Additionally, the closing price of our common stock also exceeded the thresholds for the calendar quarter ended March 31, 2020; therefore, such notes are convertible by the holders at any time through June 30, 2020. The following table summarizes the potential settlements that we could be required to make for the calendar quarter ending March 31, 2020 if all holders converted their notes. The amounts in the table below are based on our closing share price of $50.58 as of February 27, 2020.
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| Settlement Option |  |  | If Settled With Minimum Cash Required |  | If Settled Entirely With Cash
| Principal Amount | Amount in Excess of Principal | Underlying Shares | Cash | Remainder in Shares |
2032D Notes | Cash and/or shares | Cash and/or shares | 13 |  | $ | — |  | 13 |  | $ | 677 |
2033F Notes | Cash | Cash and/or shares | 1 |  | 19 |  | 1 |  | 75 |
|  |  | 14 |  | $ | 19 |  | 14 |  | $ | 752 |

Contractual Obligations:
See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Leases” and “– Debt.”
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Recently Adopted Accounting Standards.”
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Recently Issued Accounting Standards.”
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are affected by changes in currency exchange and interest rates. For further discussion about market risk and sensitivity analysis related to changes in currency exchange rates, see “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that those disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decision regarding disclosure.
During the second quarter of 2020, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see “Part I – Item 3. Legal Proceedings” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2019 and “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Contingencies” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” herein.
34 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, the following are important factors, the order of which is not necessarily indicative of the level of risk that each poses to us, which could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or stock price. Our operations could also be affected by other factors that are presently unknown to us or not considered significant.
The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The effects of a public health crisis caused by the COVID-19 outbreak and the measures being taken to limit COVID-19’s spread are uncertain and difficult to predict, but may include:
•A decrease in short-term and/or long-term demand and/or pricing for our products, and a global economic recession that could further reduce demand and/or pricing for our products, resulting from actions taken by governments, businesses, and/or the general public in an effort to limit exposure to and spreading of such infectious diseases, such as travel restrictions, quarantines, and business shutdowns or slowdowns;
•Negative impacts to our operations, including reductions in production levels, R&D activities, and qualification activities with our customers, and increased costs resulting from our efforts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 through social-distancing measures we have enacted at certain of our locations around the world in an effort to protect our employees’ health and well-being (including working from home, limiting the number of employees attending meetings, reducing the number of people in our sites at any one time and suspending employee travel);
•Deterioration of worldwide credit and financial markets that could limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures, result in losses on our holdings of cash and investments due to failures of financial institutions and other parties, and result in a higher rate of losses on our accounts receivables due to credit defaults; and
•Disruptions to our supply chain in connection with the sourcing of materials, equipment and engineering support, and services from geographic areas that have been impacted by COVID-19 and by efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19.
The resumption of normal business operations after such interruptions may be delayed or constrained by lingering effects of COVID-19 on our suppliers, third-party service providers, and/or customers.
These effects, alone or taken together, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, legal exposure, or financial condition. A sustained or prolonged outbreak could exacerbate the adverse impact of such measures.
Volatility in average selling prices for our semiconductor memory and storage products may adversely affect our business.
We have experienced significant volatility in our average selling prices, including dramatic declines as noted in the table below, and may continue to experience such volatility in the future. In some prior periods, average selling prices for our products have been below our manufacturing costs and we may experience such circumstances in the future. Average selling prices for our products that decline faster than our costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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| DRAM | NAND
| (percentage change in average selling prices) |  |
2019 from 2018 | (30) | % | (47) | %
2018 from 2017 | 36 | % | (13) | %
2017 from 2016 | 18 | % | (10) | %
2016 from 2015 | (34) | % | (16) | %
2015 from 2014 | (11) | % | (20) | %

Beginning in 2020, revenue and units for MCPs and SSDs, which contain both DRAM and NAND, are disaggregated based on the relative values of each component. Prior periods presented in the table above have been conformed to current period presentation.
We may be unable to maintain or improve gross margins.
Our gross margins are dependent in part upon continuing decreases in per gigabit manufacturing costs achieved through improvements in our manufacturing processes and product designs, including, but not limited to, process line-width, additional 3D memory layers, additional bits per cell (i.e., cell levels), architecture, number of mask layers, number of fabrication steps, and yield. In future periods, we may be unable to reduce our per gigabit manufacturing costs at sufficient levels to maintain or improve gross margins. Factors that may limit our ability to maintain or reduce costs include, but are not limited to, strategic product diversification decisions affecting product mix, the increasing complexity of manufacturing processes, difficulties in transitioning to smaller line-width process technologies, 3D memory layers, NAND cell levels, transitioning to replacement gate technology for NAND, process complexity including number of mask layers and fabrication steps, manufacturing yield, technological barriers, changes in process technologies, and new products that may require relatively larger die sizes.
Many factors may result in a reduction of our output or a delay in ramping production, which could lead to underutilization of our production assets. These factors may include, among others, a weak demand environment, industry oversupply, inventory surpluses, our ramp of emerging technologies in dedicated manufacturing capacity, declining selling prices, and changes in supply agreements. A significant portion of our manufacturing costs are fixed and do not vary proportionally with changes in production output. As a result, lower utilization and increases in our per gigabit manufacturing costs may adversely affect our gross margins, business, results of operations, or financial condition.
In addition, per gigabit manufacturing costs may also be affected by a broader product portfolio, which may have smaller production quantities and shorter product lifecycles. Our business and the markets we serve are subject to rapid technological changes and material fluctuations in demand based on end-user preferences. As a result, we may have work in process or finished goods inventories that could become obsolete or in amounts that are in excess of our customers’ demand. As a result, we may incur charges in connection with obsolete or excess inventories, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. In addition, due to the customized nature of certain of the products we manufacture, we may be unable to sell certain finished goods inventory to alternative customers or manufacture in-process inventory to different specifications, which may result in excess and obsolescence charges in future periods. Our inability to maintain or improve gross margins could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
The semiconductor memory and storage markets are highly competitive.
We face intense competition in the semiconductor memory and storage markets from a number of companies, including Intel; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; SK Hynix Inc.; Kioxia Holdings Corporation (formerly Toshiba Memory Corporation); and Western Digital Corporation. Some of our competitors are large corporations or conglomerates that may have greater resources to invest in technology, capitalize on growth opportunities, and withstand downturns in the semiconductor markets in which we compete. Consolidation of industry competitors could put us at a competitive disadvantage. In addition, some governments have provided, and may continue to provide, significant assistance, financial or otherwise, to some of our competitors or to new entrants and may intervene in support of national industries and/or competitors. In particular, we face the threat of increasing competition as a result of significant investment in the semiconductor industry by the Chinese government and various state-owned or affiliated entities that is intended to advance China’s stated national policy objectives. In
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addition, the Chinese government may restrict us from participating in the China market or may prevent us from competing effectively with Chinese companies. Some of our competitors may use aggressive pricing to obtain market share or take business of our key customers.
Our competitors generally seek to increase wafer capacity, improve yields, and reduce die size in their product designs which may result in significant increases in worldwide supply and downward pressure on prices. Increases in worldwide supply of semiconductor memory and storage also result from fabrication capacity expansions, either by way of new facilities, increased capacity utilization, or reallocation of other semiconductor production to semiconductor memory and storage production. Our competitors may increase capital expenditures resulting in future increases in worldwide supply. We and some of our competitors have plans to ramp, or are constructing or ramping, production at new fabrication facilities. Increases in worldwide supply of semiconductor memory and storage, if not accompanied by commensurate increases in demand, could lead to further declines in average selling prices for our products and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. If competitors are more successful at developing or implementing new product or process technology, their products could have cost or performance advantages.
The competitive nature of our industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain access to external financing necessary to fund our operations, make scheduled debt payments, and make adequate capital investments.
Our cash flows from operations depend primarily on the volume of semiconductor memory and storage products sold, average selling prices, and manufacturing costs. To develop new product and process technology, support future growth, achieve operating efficiencies, and maintain product quality, we must make significant capital investments in manufacturing technology, capital equipment, facilities, R&D, and product and process technology.
We estimate that capital expenditures in 2020 for property, plant, and equipment, net of partner contributions, will be approximately $7 billion to $8 billion, focused on technology transitions and product enablement. Investments in capital expenditures may not generate expected returns or cash flows. Delays in completion and ramping of new production facilities could significantly impact our ability to realize expected returns on our capital expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
As a result of the corporate reorganization proceedings of MMJ initiated in 2012, and for so long as such proceedings are continuing, MMJ is prohibited from paying dividends, including any cash dividends, to us and such proceedings require that excess earnings be used in MMJ’s business or to fund the MMJ creditor payments. In addition, pursuant to an order of the Tokyo District Court, MMJ cannot make loans or advances, other than certain ordinary course advances, to us without the consent of the Tokyo District Court and may, under certain circumstances, be subject to approval of the legal trustee. As a result, the assets of MMJ are not available for use by us in our other operations. Furthermore, certain uses of the assets of MMJ, including certain capital expenditures of MMJ, may require consent of MMJ’s trustees and/or the Tokyo District Court.
In the past we have utilized external sources of financing when needed. As a result of our debt levels, expected debt amortization, and general economic conditions, it may be difficult for us to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us. We have experienced volatility in our cash flows and operating results and may continue to experience such volatility in the future, which may negatively affect our credit rating. Our credit rating may also be affected by our liquidity, financial results, economic risk, or other factors, which may increase the cost of future borrowings and make it difficult for us to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us. In 2019, we suspended the security interest in the collateral under our credit facility upon achieving specified credit ratings and the prepayment of our Senior Secured Term Loan B due 2022; however, the security interest would be automatically reinstated upon a decline in our corporate credit rating below a certain level. There can be no assurance that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flows, use cash held by MMJ to fund its capital expenditures, access capital or credit markets or find other sources of financing to fund our operations, make debt payments, and make adequate capital investments to remain competitive in terms of technology development and cost efficiency. Our inability to do any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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A downturn in the worldwide economy may harm our business.
Downturns in the worldwide economy have harmed our business in the past and future downturns could also adversely affect our business. For example, the health crisis caused by COVID-19 could cause a downturn in the worldwide economy and cause adverse economic conditions across the world. If these adverse conditions materialize, we anticipate a reduction in demand for our products and/or devices that incorporate our products, such as personal computers, mobile devices, SSDs, and servers. Reduced demand for these products could result in significant decreases in our average selling prices and product sales. A deterioration of current conditions in worldwide credit markets could limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures. In addition, we may experience losses on our holdings of cash and investments due to failures of financial institutions and other parties. Difficult economic conditions may also result in a higher rate of losses on our accounts receivables due to credit defaults. As a result, a downturn in the worldwide economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Increases in tariffs or other trade restrictions or taxes on our or our customers’ products or equipment and supplies could have an adverse impact on our operations.
In 2019, 89% of our revenue was from products shipped to customer locations outside the United States. We also purchase a significant portion of equipment and supplies from suppliers outside the United States. Additionally, a significant portion of our facilities are located outside the United States, including in Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, and China.
The United States and other countries have levied tariffs and taxes on certain goods. General trade tensions between the U.S. and China have been escalating since 2018, with U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods and retaliatory Chinese tariffs on U.S. goods. Some of our products are included in these tariffs. Higher duties on existing tariffs and further rounds of tariffs have been announced or threatened by U.S. and Chinese leaders. Additionally, the U.S. has threatened to impose tariffs on goods imported from other countries, which could also impact certain of our customers’ or our operations. If the U.S. were to impose current or additional tariffs on components that we or our suppliers source, our cost for such components would increase. We may also incur increases in manufacturing costs and supply chain risks due to our efforts to mitigate the impact of tariffs on our customers and our operations. Additionally, tariffs on our customers’ products could impact their sales of such end products, resulting in lower demand for our products.
We cannot predict what further actions may ultimately be taken with respect to tariffs or trade relations between the U.S. and other countries, what products may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by other countries in retaliation. Further changes in trade policy, tariffs, additional taxes, restrictions on exports or other trade barriers, or restrictions on supplies, equipment, and raw materials including rare earth minerals, may limit our ability to produce products, increase our selling and/or manufacturing costs, decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of our products, or inhibit our ability to sell products or purchase necessary equipment and supplies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
U.S. trade regulations have restricted our ability to sell our products to a significant customer and could restrict our ability to sell our products to other customers.
On May 16, 2019, the Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) of the U.S. Department of Commerce added Huawei to the BIS’s Entity List, which imposes limitations on the supply of certain U.S. items and product support to Huawei. In 2019, our sales to Huawei accounted for 12% of our total revenue. To ensure compliance with the Entity List restrictions, we suspended shipments of all products to Huawei, effective May 16, 2019. We have determined that certain products Huawei purchases from us are not subject to the Export Administration Regulations and consequently can be lawfully sold and shipped to Huawei. Accordingly, we resumed shipping certain products to Huawei in the fourth quarter of 2019.
We applied for, and recently received, licenses that enable us to provide support for the products we sell that are not subject to the Export Administration Regulations, as well as qualify new products for Huawei’s mobile and server businesses. Additionally, these licenses allow us to ship previously restricted products that we manufacture in the United States, which represent a very small portion of our sales. However, there are still some products outside of the mobile and server markets that we are unable to sell to Huawei. While Huawei remains on the Entity List, and in the absence of additional licenses from the BIS, we may be unable to work with Huawei on product development for
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uses other than in mobile and server end-products, which may have a negative effect on our ability to sell products to Huawei in the future. Despite the receipt of licenses, Entity List restrictions may also encourage Huawei to seek to obtain a greater supply of similar or substitute products from our competitors that are not subject to these restrictions, thereby decreasing our long-term competitiveness as a supplier to Huawei. Moreover, although Huawei is not prohibited from paying (and we are not restricted from collecting) accounts receivable for products we sell to Huawei, the credit risks associated with these accounts may have increased as a result of the BIS’s actions.
We cannot predict what additional actions the U.S. government may take with respect to Huawei, including modifications to, or interpretations of, Entity List restrictions, export restrictions, tariffs, or other trade limitations or barriers. We may be unable to sell certain inventories to alternative customers, which may result in excess and obsolescence charges in future periods. The licenses we have received may not be effective against such additional or heightened restrictions.
The Entity List trade restrictions enacted during our third quarter of 2019 had an adverse effect on our business. Although we received licenses in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, we are unable to predict the impact these licenses will have on our sales to Huawei, nor the impact existing or future trade restrictions may have on our business with Huawei. Other companies may be added to the Entity List and/or subject to trade restrictions. For example, in October 2019, the U.S. government added several additional organizations to the Entity List, effective October 9, 2019. In addition, there may be indirect impacts to our business which we cannot reasonably quantify, including that some of our other customer’s products which incorporate our solutions may also be impacted by these and other trade restrictions that may be imposed by the U.S., China, or other countries. Restrictions on our ability to sell and ship our products to Huawei have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. In addition, if there are changes to Export Administration Regulations or Entity List restrictions, our revenue with Huawei or other customers could be negatively impacted, and the licenses we have received could be rendered ineffective. Any such changes may have a further adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our future success depends on our ability to develop and produce competitive new memory and storage technologies.
Our key semiconductor memory and storage products and technologies face technological barriers to continue to meet long-term customer needs. These barriers include potential limitations on stacking additional 3D memory layers, increasing bits per cell (i.e., cell levels), meeting higher density requirements, and improving power consumption and reliability. We may face technological barriers to continue to shrink our products at our current or historical rate, which has generally reduced per-unit cost. We have invested and expect to continue to invest in R&D for new and existing products, which involves significant risk and uncertainties. We may be unable to recover our investment in R&D or otherwise realize the economic benefits of reducing die size or increasing memory and storage densities. Our competitors are working to develop new memory and storage technologies that may offer performance and/or cost advantages to existing technologies and render existing technologies obsolete. Accordingly, our future success may depend on our ability to develop and produce viable and competitive new memory and storage technologies. There can be no assurance of the following:
•that we will be successful in developing competitive new semiconductor memory and storage technologies;
•that we will be able to cost-effectively manufacture new products;
•that we will be able to successfully market these technologies; and
•that margins generated from sales of these products will allow us to recover costs of development efforts.
We develop and produce advanced memory technologies, including 3D XPoint memory, a new class of non-volatile technology. There is no assurance that our efforts to develop and market new product technologies will be successful. Unsuccessful efforts to develop new semiconductor memory and storage technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
A significant portion of our revenue is concentrated with a select number of customers.
In each of the last three fiscal years, approximately one-half of our total revenue was from our top ten customers. A disruption in our relationship with any of these customers could adversely affect our business. We could experience fluctuations in our customer base or the mix of revenue by customer as markets and strategies evolve. In addition, any consolidation of our customers could reduce the number of customers to whom our products could be sold. Our
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inability to meet our customers’ requirements or to qualify our products with them could adversely impact our revenue. Meaningful change in the inventory strategy of our customers, particularly those in China, could impact our industry bit demand growth outlook. The loss of one or more of our major customers or any significant reduction in orders from, or a shift in product mix by, these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We face risks associated with our international sales and operations that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
In 2019, 53% of our revenue was to customers who have headquarters located in the United States. We ship our products to the locations specified by our customers. Customers with global supply chains and operations may request we deliver products to countries where they own or operate production facilities or to countries where they utilize third-party subcontractors or warehouses. As a result, 89% of our revenue in 2019 was from products shipped to customer locations outside the United States. In addition, a substantial portion of our manufacturing operations are located outside the United States. In particular, a significant portion of our manufacturing operations are concentrated in Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, and China. Many of our customers, suppliers, and vendors operate internationally and are also subject to the risks described below. In addition, the U.S. government has in the past restricted American firms from selling products and software to certain of our customers and may in the future impose similar bans or other restrictions on sales to one or more of our significant customers. These restrictions may not prohibit our competitors from selling similar products to our customers, which may result in our loss of sales and market share. Even when such restrictions are lifted, financial or other penalties or continuing export restrictions imposed with respect to our customers could have a continuing negative impact on our future revenue and results of operations, and we may not be able to recover any customers or market share we lose while complying with such restrictions. We have experienced restrictions on our ability to sell products to certain foreign customers where sales of products require export licenses or are prohibited by government action. Possible future U.S. government actions could lead to additional or enhanced controls on exports from the United States to China or other countries, bans on sales to other key customers, or other similar restrictions.
Trade-related government actions, by China or other countries, that impose barriers or restrictions that would impact our ability to sell or ship products to Huawei or other customers may have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict the actions government entities may take in this context and may be unable to quickly offset or effectively react to government actions that restrict our ability to sell to certain customers or in certain jurisdictions. Government actions that affect our customers’ ability to sell products or access critical elements of their supply chains may result in a decreased demand for their products, which may consequently reduce their demand for our products.
Our international sales and operations are subject to a variety of risks, including:
•export and import duties, changes to import and export regulations, customs regulations and processes, and restrictions on the transfer of funds;
•imposition of bans on sales of goods or services to one or more of our significant foreign customers;
•public health issues (for example, an outbreak of a contagious disease such as COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (“SARS-CoV”), avian and swine influenza, measles, or Ebola);
•compliance with U.S. and international laws involving international operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, export and import laws, and similar rules and regulations;
•theft of intellectual property;
•political and economic instability;
•government actions or civil unrest preventing the flow of products, including delays in shipping and obtaining products, cancellation of orders, or loss or damage of products;
•problems with the transportation or delivery of products;
•issues arising from cultural or language differences and labor unrest;
•longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;
•compliance with trade, technical standards, and other laws in a variety of jurisdictions;
•contractual and regulatory limitations on the ability to maintain flexibility with staffing levels;
•disruptions to manufacturing operations as a result of actions imposed by foreign governments;
•changes in economic policies of foreign governments; and
•difficulties in staffing and managing international operations.
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If we or our customers, suppliers, or vendors are impacted by these risks, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We have been served with complaints in Chinese courts alleging patent infringement.
We have been served with complaints in Chinese courts alleging that we infringe certain Chinese patents by manufacturing and selling certain products in China. The complaints seek orders requiring us to destroy inventory of the accused products and equipment for manufacturing the accused products in China; to stop manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale the accused products in China; and to pay damages plus court fees.
We are unable to predict the outcome of these assertions of infringement made against us and therefore cannot estimate the range of possible loss. A determination that our products or manufacturing processes infringe the intellectual property rights of others or entering into a license agreement covering such intellectual property could result in significant liability and/or require us to make material changes to our operations in China, products, and/or manufacturing processes. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. (See “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Contingencies.”)
We are subject to allegations of anticompetitive conduct.
On April 27, 2018, a complaint was filed against Micron and other DRAM suppliers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Subsequently, two substantially identical cases were filed in the same court. The lawsuits purported to be on behalf of a nationwide class of indirect purchasers of DRAM products. On September 3, 2019, the District Court granted Micron’s motion to dismiss and allowed plaintiffs the opportunity to file a consolidated, amended complaint. On October 28, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint that purports to be on behalf of a nationwide class of indirect purchasers of DRAM products. The amended complaint asserts claims based on alleged price-fixing of DRAM products under federal and state law during the period from June 1, 2016 to at least February 1, 2018, and seeks treble monetary damages, costs, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other injunctive and equitable relief.
On June 26, 2018, a complaint was filed against Micron and other DRAM suppliers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Subsequently, four substantially identical cases were filed in the same court. On October 28, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint. The consolidated complaint purports to be on behalf of a nationwide class of direct purchasers of DRAM products. The complaints assert claims based on alleged price-fixing of DRAM products under federal and state law during the period from June 1, 2016 through at least February 1, 2018, and seek treble monetary damages, costs, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other injunctive and equitable relief.
Additionally, six cases have been filed in the following Canadian courts: Superior Court of Quebec, the Federal Court of Canada, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, and the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The substantive allegations in these cases are similar to those asserted in the cases filed in the United States.
On May 15, 2018, the Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”) notified Micron that it was investigating potential collusion and other anticompetitive conduct by DRAM suppliers in China. On May 31, 2018, SAMR made unannounced visits to our sales offices in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen to seek certain information as part of its investigation. We are cooperating with SAMR in its investigation.
We are unable to predict the outcome of these matters and therefore cannot estimate the range of possible loss. The final resolution of these matters could result in significant liability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be adversely affected by the limited availability and quality of materials, supplies, and capital equipment, or the dependency on third-party service providers.
Our supply chain and operations are dependent on the availability of materials that meet exacting standards and the use of third parties to provide us with components and services. We generally have multiple sources of supply for our materials and services. However, only a limited number of suppliers are capable of delivering certain materials
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and services that meet our standards and, in some cases, materials, components, or services are provided by a single supplier. Various factors could reduce the availability of materials or components such as chemicals, silicon wafers, gases, photoresist, controllers, substrates, lead frames, printed circuit boards, targets, and reticle glass blanks. Shortages or increases in lead times may occur from time to time in the future. Our manufacturing processes are also dependent on our relationships with third-party manufacturers of controllers used in a number of our products and with outsourced semiconductor assembly and test providers, contract manufacturers, logistic carriers, and other service providers.
Certain materials are primarily available in certain countries, including rare earth elements, minerals, and metals available primarily from China. Trade disputes or other political conditions, economic conditions, or public health issues may limit our availability to obtain such materials. Although these rare earth and other materials are generally available from multiple suppliers, China is the predominant producer of certain of these materials. If China were to stop exporting these materials, our suppliers’ ability to obtain such supply may be constrained and we may be unable to obtain sufficient quantities, or obtain supply in a timely manner, or at a commercially reasonable cost. Constrained supply of rare earth elements, minerals, and metals may restrict our ability to manufacture certain of our products and make it difficult or impossible to compete with other semiconductor memory manufacturers who are able to obtain sufficient quantities of these materials from China.
We and/or our suppliers and service providers could be affected by tariffs, embargoes, or other trade restrictions, as well as laws and regulations enacted in response to concerns regarding climate change, conflict minerals, responsible sourcing practices, public health crises, or contagious disease outbreaks, which could limit the supply of our materials and/or increase the cost. Environmental regulations could limit our ability to procure or use certain chemicals or materials in our operations or products. In addition, disruptions in transportation lines could delay our receipt of materials. Lead times for the supply of materials have been extended in the past. The disruption of our supply of materials, components, services, or the extension of our lead times could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our operations are dependent on our ability to procure advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment that enables the transition to lower cost manufacturing processes. For certain key types of equipment, including photolithography tools, we are sometimes dependent on a single supplier. From time to time, we have experienced difficulties in obtaining some equipment on a timely basis due to suppliers’ limited capacity. Our inability to obtain equipment on a timely basis could adversely affect our ability to transition to next generation manufacturing processes and reduce our costs. Delays in obtaining equipment could also impede our ability to ramp production at new facilities and could increase our overall costs of a ramp. Our inability to obtain advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
New product and market development may be unsuccessful.
We are developing new products, including system-level memory and storage products and solutions, which complement our traditional products or leverage their underlying design or process technology. We have made significant investments in product and process technology and anticipate expending significant resources for new semiconductor product and system-level solution development over the next several years. Additionally, we are increasingly differentiating our products and solutions to meet the specific demands of our customers, which increases our reliance on our customer’s ability to accurately forecast the end-customer’s needs and preferences. As a result, our product demand forecasts may be impacted significantly by the strategic actions of our customers. For certain of our markets, it is important that we deliver products in a timely manner with increasingly advanced performance characteristics at the time our customers are designing and evaluating samples for their products. If we do not meet their product design schedules, our customers may exclude us from further consideration as a supplier for those products. The process to develop new products requires us to demonstrate advanced functionality and performance, often well in advance of a planned ramp of production, in order to secure design wins with our customers. In addition, some of our components have long lead-times, requiring us to place orders several months in advance of anticipated demand. Such long lead-times increase the risk of excess inventory or loss of sales in the event our forecasts vary substantially from actual demand. There can be no assurance of the following:
•that our product development efforts will be successful;
•that we will be able to cost-effectively manufacture new products;
•that we will be able to successfully market these products;
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•that we will be able to establish or maintain key relationships with customers, or that we will not be prohibited from working with certain customers, for specific chip set or design requirements;
•that we will be able to introduce new products into the market and qualify them with our customers on a timely basis; or
•that margins generated from sales of these products will allow us to recover costs of development efforts.
Our unsuccessful efforts to develop new products and solutions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Increases in sales of system solutions may increase our dependency upon specific customers and our costs to develop and qualify our system solutions.
Our development of system-level memory and storage products is dependent, in part, upon successfully identifying and meeting our customers’ specifications for those products. Developing and manufacturing system-level products with specifications unique to a customer increases our reliance upon that customer for purchasing our products in sufficient volume, quantity, and in a timely manner. If we fail to identify or develop products on a timely basis, or at all, that comply with our customers’ specifications or achieve design wins with our customers, we may experience a significant adverse impact on our revenue and margins. Even if our products meet customer specifications, our sales of system-level solutions are dependent upon our customers choosing our products over those of our competitors and purchasing our products at sufficient volumes and prices. Our competitors’ products may be less costly, provide better performance, or include additional features when compared to our products. Our long-term ability to sell system-level memory and storage products is reliant upon our customers’ ability to create, market, and sell their products containing our system-level solutions at sufficient volumes and prices in a timely manner. If we fail to successfully develop and market system-level products, our business, results of operations, or financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Even if we are successful in selling system-level solutions to our customers in sufficient volume, we may be unable to generate sufficient profit if our per-unit manufacturing costs exceed our per-unit selling prices. Manufacturing system-level solutions to customer specifications requires a longer development cycle, as compared to discrete products, to design, test, and qualify, which may increase our costs. Additionally, some of our system solutions are increasingly dependent on sophisticated firmware that may require significant customization to meet customer specifications, which increases our costs and time to market. Additionally, we may need to update our firmware or develop new firmware as a result of new product introductions or changes in customer specifications and/or industry standards, which increases our costs. System complexities and extended warranties for system-level products could also increase our warranty costs. Our failure to cost-effectively manufacture system-level solutions and/or firmware in a timely manner may result in reduced demand for our system-level products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Products that fail to meet specifications, are defective, or that are otherwise incompatible with end uses could impose significant costs on us.
Products that do not meet specifications or that contain, or are perceived by our customers to contain, defects or that are otherwise incompatible with end uses could impose significant costs on us or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. From time to time, we experience problems with nonconforming, defective, or incompatible products after we have shipped such products. In recent periods, we have further diversified and expanded our product offerings, which could potentially increase the chance that one or more of our products could fail to meet specifications in a particular application. Our products and solutions may be deemed fully or partially responsible for functions in our customers’ products and may result in sharing or shifting of product or financial liability from our customers to us for costs incurred by the end user as a result of our customers’ products failing to perform as specified. We could be adversely affected in several ways, including the following:
•we may be required or agree to compensate customers for costs incurred or damages caused by defective or incompatible products and to replace products;
•we could incur a decrease in revenue or adjustment to pricing commensurate with the reimbursement of such costs or alleged damages; and
•we may encounter adverse publicity, which could cause a decrease in sales of our products or harm our relationships with existing or potential customers.
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Any of the foregoing items could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may be unable to protect our intellectual property or retain key employees who are knowledgeable of and develop our intellectual property.
We maintain a system of controls over our intellectual property, including U.S. and foreign patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, licensing arrangements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants, and vendors, and a general system of internal controls. Despite our system of controls over our intellectual property, it may be possible for our current or future competitors to obtain, copy, use, or disclose, illegally or otherwise, our product and process technology or other proprietary information. The laws of some foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property to the same degree as do U.S. laws and our confidentiality, non-disclosure, and non-compete agreements may be unenforceable or difficult and costly to enforce.
Additionally, our ability to maintain and develop intellectual property is dependent upon our ability to attract, develop, and retain highly skilled employees. Global competition for such skilled employees in our industry is intense. Due to the volatile nature of our industry and our operating results, a decline in our operating results and/or stock price may adversely affect our ability to retain key employees whose compensation is dependent, in part, upon the market price of our common stock, achieving certain performance metrics, levels of company profitability, or other financial or company-wide performance. If our competitors or future entrants into our industry are successful in hiring our employees, they may directly benefit from the knowledge these employees gained while they were under our employment.
Our inability to protect our intellectual property or retain key employees who are knowledgeable of and develop our intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Claims that our products or manufacturing processes infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, or failure to obtain or renew license agreements covering such intellectual property, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
As is typical in the semiconductor and other high technology industries, from time to time others have asserted, and may in the future assert, that our products or manufacturing processes infringe upon, misappropriate, misuse, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. We are unable to predict the outcome of these assertions made against us. Any of these types of claims, regardless of the merits, could subject us to significant costs to defend or resolve such claims and may consume a substantial portion of management’s time and attention. As a result of these claims, we may be required to:
•pay significant monetary damages, fines, royalties, or penalties;
•enter into license or settlement agreements covering such intellectual property rights;
•make material changes to or redesign our products and/or manufacturing processes; and/or
•cease manufacturing, having made, selling, offering for sale, importing, marketing, or using products and/or manufacturing processes in certain jurisdictions.
We may not be able to take any of the actions described above on commercially reasonable terms and any of the foregoing results could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. (See “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Contingencies.”)
We have a number of intellectual property license agreements. Some of these license agreements require us to make one-time or periodic payments. We may need to obtain additional licenses or renew existing license agreements in the future. We are unable to predict whether these license agreements can be obtained or renewed on terms acceptable to us. The failure to obtain or renew licenses as necessary could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
From time to time we are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise out of the ordinary conduct of our business or otherwise, both domestically and internationally. Any claim, with or without merit, could result in significant legal fees that could negatively impact our financial results, disrupt our operations, and require significant attention from our management. We could be subject to litigation or arbitration disputes arising from our relationships with vendors or customers, supply agreements, or contractual obligations with our subcontractors or business partners. We may also be associated with and subject to litigation arising from the actions of our subcontractors or business partners. We may also be subject to litigation as a result of indemnities we issue, primarily with our customers, the terms of our product warranties, and from product liability claims. As we continue to focus on developing system solutions with manufacturers of consumer products, including autonomous driving, augmented reality, and others, we may be exposed to greater potential for personal liability claims against us as a result of consumers’ use of those products. There can be no assurance that we are adequately insured to protect against all claims and potential liabilities, and we may elect to self-insure with respect to certain matters. Exposures to various litigation could lead to significant costs and expenses as we defend claims, are required to pay damage awards, or enter into settlement agreements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are subject to allegations of securities violations and related wrongful acts.
On January 23, 2019, a complaint was filed against Micron and two of our officers, Sanjay Mehrotra and David Zinsner, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The lawsuit purports to be brought on behalf of a class of purchasers of our stock during the period from June 22, 2018 through November 19, 2018. Subsequently two substantially similar cases were filed in the same court adding one of our former officers, Ernie Maddock, as a defendant and alleging a class action period from September 26, 2017 through November 19, 2018. The separate cases were joined, and a consolidated amended complaint was filed on June 15, 2019. The consolidated amended complaint alleges that defendants committed securities fraud through misrepresentations and omissions about purported anticompetitive behavior in the DRAM industry and seek compensatory and punitive damages, fees, interest, costs, and other appropriate relief. On October 2, 2019, the parties submitted a joint stipulation to dismiss the complaint. The Court approved the stipulation and dismissed the complaint on October 3, 2019. On March 5, 2019, a derivative complaint was filed by a shareholder in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, based on similar allegations to the securities fraud cases, allegedly on behalf of and for the benefit of Micron, against certain current and former officers and directors of Micron for alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties and other violations of law. The complaint seeks damages, fees, interest, costs, and other appropriate relief. Similar shareholder derivative complaints were subsequently filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware and the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho. On November 20, 2019, the plaintiff in the second action filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware voluntarily dismissed his complaint. On November 21, 2019, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his complaint that was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho.
We are unable to predict the outcome of these matters and therefore cannot estimate the range of possible loss. The final resolution of these matters could result in significant liability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
If our manufacturing process is disrupted by operational issues, natural disasters, or other events, our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
We and our subcontractors manufacture products using highly complex processes that require technologically advanced equipment and continuous modification to improve yields and performance. Difficulties in the manufacturing process or the effects from a shift in product mix can reduce yields or disrupt production and may increase our per gigabit manufacturing costs. We and our subcontractors maintain operations and continuously implement new product and process technology at manufacturing facilities, which are widely dispersed in multiple locations in several countries including the United States, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, and China.
From time to time, there have been disruptions in the manufacturing process as a result of power outages, improperly functioning equipment, disruptions in supply of raw materials or components, or equipment failures. We have manufacturing and other operations in locations subject to natural occurrences such as severe weather and geological events, including earthquakes or tsunamis, that could disrupt operations. In addition, our suppliers and
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customers also have operations in such locations. Additionally, public health crises, such as an outbreak of contagious diseases like COVID-19, SARS-CoV, avian and swine influenza, measles, or Ebola, may affect our production capabilities or that of our suppliers, including as a result of quarantines, closures of production facilities, lack of supplies, or delays caused by restrictions on travel. For example, on March 16, 2020, the government of Malaysia announced measures to restrict movement in that country until March 31, 2020 in an effort to suppress the number of COVID-19 cases. These restrictions could limit our ability to operate our manufacturing facilities in that country. The events noted above have occurred from time to time in the past and may occur in the future. As a result, in addition to disruptions to operations, our insurance premiums may increase or we may not be able to fully recover any sustained losses through insurance.
If production is disrupted for any reason, manufacturing yields may be adversely affected, or we may be unable to meet our customers’ requirements and they may purchase products from other suppliers. This could result in a significant increase in manufacturing costs, loss of revenue, or damage to customer relationships, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Breaches of our security systems, or those of our customers, suppliers, or business partners, could expose us to losses.
We maintain a system of controls over the physical security of our facilities. We also manage and store various proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data relating to our operations. In addition, we process, store, and transmit large amounts of data relating to our customers and employees, including sensitive personal information. Unauthorized persons or employees may gain access to our facilities or network systems to steal trade secrets or other proprietary information, compromise confidential information, create system disruptions, or cause shutdowns. These parties may also be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that disrupt our operations and create security vulnerabilities. Breaches of our physical security and attacks on our network systems, or breaches or attacks on our customers, suppliers, or business partners who have confidential or sensitive information regarding us and our customers and suppliers, could result in significant losses and damage our reputation with customers and suppliers and may expose us to litigation if the confidential information of our customers, suppliers, or employees is compromised. The foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our acquisition of Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT involves numerous risks.
On October 31, 2019, we purchased Intel’s noncontrolling interest in IMFT, now known as MTU. Our acquisition involves risks including, but not limited to, an inability to sell the product MTU produces, increases in underutilization charges, increase in R&D expenses, retention of key employees, and successful integration of MTU. We may also face risks from disputes in connection with joint venture activities, or difficulties or delays in collecting amounts due to us. The foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Debt obligations could adversely affect our financial condition.
We have incurred in the past, and expect to incur in the future, debt to finance our capital investments, business acquisitions, and restructure of our capital structure. As of February 27, 2020, we had debt with a carrying value of $5.43 billion. Subsequent to the second quarter of 2020, on March 13, 2020, we drew the $2.50 billion available under our revolving credit facility. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are scheduled to mature on July 3, 2023, and we may repay amounts borrowed any time without penalty. The revolving credit facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% based on our current corporate credit rating and leverage ratio. As of February 27, 2020, the conversion value in excess of principal of our convertible notes was $602 million, based on the trading price of our common stock of $50.58 per share on such date.
Our debt obligations could adversely impact us. For example, these obligations could:
•require us to use a large portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest on debt, which will reduce the amount of cash flow available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, R&D expenditures, and other business activities;
•require us to use cash and/or issue shares of our common stock to settle any conversion obligations of our convertible notes;
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•result in certain of our debt instruments being accelerated to be immediately due and payable or being deemed to be in default if certain terms of default are triggered, such as applicable cross payment default and/or cross-acceleration provisions;
•adversely impact our credit rating, which could increase future borrowing costs;
•limit our future ability to raise funds for capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, R&D, and other general corporate requirements;
•restrict our ability to incur specified indebtedness, create or incur certain liens, and enter into sale-leaseback financing transactions;
•increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and semiconductor memory and storage industry conditions;
•increase our exposure to interest rate risk from variable rate indebtedness;
•continue to dilute our earnings per share as a result of the conversion provisions in our convertible notes; and
•require us to continue to pay cash amounts substantially in excess of the principal amounts upon settlement of our convertible notes to minimize dilution of our earnings per share.
Our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt instruments depends on our ability to generate significant cash flows in the future. This, to some extent, is subject to market, economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that additional capital will be available to us, in amounts sufficient to enable us to meet our debt payment obligations and to fund other liquidity needs. Additionally, events and circumstances may occur which would cause us to not be able to satisfy applicable draw-down conditions and utilize our revolving credit facility. In 2019, we suspended the security interest in the collateral under our credit facility upon achieving a specified credit rating and prepaying our Senior Secured Term Loan B due 2022; however, if our corporate credit rating were to decline below a certain level, the security interest would be automatically reinstated. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows to service our debt payment obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may be unable to meet our debt payment obligations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We must attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled employees.
To remain competitive, we must attract, retain, and motivate executives and other highly skilled employees. Competition for experienced employees in our industry can be intense and hiring and retaining qualified executives, engineers, technical staff, and sales representatives are critical to our business. Our inability to attract and retain key employees may inhibit our ability to maintain or expand our business operations. Additionally, changes to immigration policies in the numerous countries in which we operate, including the United States, may limit our ability to hire and/or retain talent in specific locations as well as restrictions on global travel as a result of local or global public health crises requiring quarantines or other precautions to limit exposure to infectious diseases. If our total compensation programs and workplace culture cease to be viewed as competitive, our ability to attract, retain, and motivate employees could be weakened, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
The acquisition of our ownership interest in Inotera from Qimonda has been challenged by the administrator of the insolvency proceedings for Qimonda.
On January 20, 2011, Dr. Michael Jaffé, administrator for Qimonda’s insolvency proceedings, filed suit against Micron and Micron Semiconductor B.V. (“Micron B.V.”), in the District Court of Munich, Civil Chamber. The complaint seeks to void, under Section 133 of the German Insolvency Act, a share purchase agreement between Micron B.V. and Qimonda signed in fall 2008, pursuant to which Micron B.V. purchased substantially all of Qimonda’s shares of Inotera (the “Inotera Shares”), representing approximately 18% of Inotera’s outstanding shares at that time, and seeks an order requiring us to re-transfer those shares to the Qimonda estate. The complaint also seeks, among other things, to recover damages for the alleged value of the joint venture relationship with Inotera and to terminate, under Sections 103 or 133 of the German Insolvency Code, a patent cross-license between us and Qimonda entered into at the same time as the share purchase agreement.
Following a series of hearings with pleadings, arguments, and witnesses on behalf of the Qimonda estate, on March 13, 2014, the court issued judgments: (1) ordering Micron B.V. to pay approximately $1 million in respect of certain
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Inotera Shares sold in connection with the original share purchase; (2) ordering Micron B.V. to disclose certain information with respect to any Inotera Shares sold by it to third parties; (3) ordering Micron B.V. to disclose the benefits derived by it from ownership of the Inotera Shares, including in particular, any profits distributed on the Inotera Shares and all other benefits; (4) denying Qimonda’s claims against Micron for any damages relating to the joint venture relationship with Inotera; and (5) determining that Qimonda’s obligations under the patent cross-license agreement are canceled. In addition, the Court issued interlocutory judgments ordering, among other things: (1) that Micron B.V. transfer to the Qimonda estate the Inotera Shares still owned by Micron B.V. and pay to the Qimonda estate compensation in an amount to be specified for any Inotera Shares sold to third parties; and (2) that Micron B.V. pay the Qimonda estate as compensation an amount to be specified for benefits derived by Micron B.V. from ownership of the Inotera Shares. The interlocutory judgments have no immediate, enforceable effect on us, and, accordingly, we expect to be able to continue to operate with full control of the Inotera Shares subject to further developments in the case. On April 17, 2014, Micron and Micron B.V. filed a notice of appeal with the German Appeals Court challenging the District Court’s decision. After opening briefs, the Appeals Court held a hearing on the matter on July 9, 2015, and thereafter appointed two independent experts to perform an evaluation of Dr. Jaffé’s claims that the amount Micron paid for Qimonda was less than fair market value. On January 25, 2018, the court-appointed experts issued their report concluding that the amount paid by Micron was within an acceptable fair-value range. The Appeals Court held a subsequent hearing on April 30, 2019, and on May 28, 2019, the Appeals Court remanded the case to the experts for supplemental expert opinion.
We are unable to predict the outcome of the matter and, therefore, cannot estimate the range of possible loss. The final resolution of this lawsuit could result in the loss of the Inotera Shares or monetary damages, unspecified damages based on the benefits derived by Micron B.V. from the ownership of the Inotera Shares, and/or the termination of the patent cross-license, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may incur additional tax expense or become subject to additional tax exposure.
We operate in a number of locations outside the United States, including Singapore, where we have tax incentive arrangements that are conditional, in part, upon meeting certain business operations and employment thresholds. Our domestic and international taxes are dependent upon the geographic mix of our earnings among these jurisdictions. Our provision for income taxes and cash tax liabilities in the future could be adversely affected by numerous factors, including challenges by tax authorities to our tax positions and intercompany transfer pricing arrangements, failure to meet performance obligations with respect to tax incentive agreements, expanding our operations in various countries, and changes in tax laws and regulations. Additionally, we file income tax returns with the U.S. federal government, various U.S. states, and various other jurisdictions throughout the world and certain tax returns may remain open to examination for several years. The results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns and continuing assessments of our tax exposures may have an adverse effect on our provision for income taxes and cash tax liability. The foregoing items could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
A change in tax laws in key jurisdictions could materially increase our tax expense.
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions. Changes to income tax laws and regulations in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate, or in the interpretation of such laws, could significantly increase our effective tax rate and ultimately reduce our cash flow from operating activities and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. For example, our effective tax rate increased from 1.2% for 2018 to 9.8% for 2019 primarily as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted on December 22, 2017 by the United States and for which the U.S. Treasury Department continues to issue interpretive guidance. Additionally, various levels of government are increasingly focused on tax reform and other legislative actions to increase tax revenue. Further changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project undertaken by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, which represents a coalition of member countries and recommended changes to numerous long-standing tax principles. If adopted by countries, such changes, as well as changes in U.S. federal and state tax laws or in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies, and positions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Our incentives from various governments are conditional upon achieving or maintaining certain performance obligations and are subject to reduction, termination, or clawback.
We have received, and may in the future continue to receive, benefits and incentives from national, state, and local governments in various regions of the world designed to encourage us to establish, maintain, or increase investment, workforce, or production in those regions. These incentives may take various forms, including grants, loan subsidies, and tax arrangements, and typically require us to perform or maintain certain levels of investment, capital spending, employment, technology deployment, or research and development activities to qualify for such incentives. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully achieve performance obligations required to qualify for these incentives or that the granting agencies will provide such funding. These incentive arrangements typically provide the granting agencies with rights to audit our performance with the terms and obligations. Such audits could result in modifications to, or termination of, the applicable incentive program. The incentives we receive could be subject to reduction, termination, or clawback, and any decrease or clawback of government incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may make future acquisitions and/or alliances, which involve numerous risks.
Acquisitions and the formation or operation of alliances, such as joint ventures and other partnering arrangements, involve numerous risks, including the following:
•integrating the operations, technologies, and products of acquired or newly formed entities into our operations;
•increasing capital expenditures to upgrade and maintain facilities;
•increased debt levels;
•the assumption of unknown or underestimated liabilities;
•the use of cash to finance a transaction, which may reduce the availability of cash to fund working capital, capital expenditures, R&D expenditures, and other business activities;
•diverting management’s attention from daily operations;
•managing larger or more complex operations and facilities and employees in separate and diverse geographic areas;
•hiring and retaining key employees;
•requirements imposed by governmental authorities in connection with the regulatory review of a transaction, which may include, among other things, divestitures or restrictions on the conduct of our business or the acquired business;
•inability to realize synergies or other expected benefits;
•failure to maintain customer, vendor, and other relationships;
•inadequacy or ineffectiveness of an acquired company’s internal financial controls, disclosure controls and procedures, compliance programs, and/or environmental, health and safety, anti-corruption, human resource, or other policies or practices; and
•impairment of acquired intangible assets, goodwill, or other assets as a result of changing business conditions, technological advancements, or worse-than-expected performance of the acquired business.
In previous years, supply of memory and storage products has significantly exceeded customer demand resulting in significant declines in average selling prices. The global memory and storage industry has experienced consolidation and may continue to consolidate. We engage, from time to time, in discussions regarding potential acquisitions and similar opportunities. To the extent we are successful in completing any such transactions, we could be subject to some or all of the risks described above, including the risks pertaining to funding, assumption of liabilities, integration challenges, and increases in debt that may accompany such transactions. Acquisitions of, or alliances with, technology companies are inherently risky and may not be successful and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Across our global operations, significant transactions and balances are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency), primarily the euro, Singapore dollar, New Taiwan dollar, and yen. In addition, a significant portion of our manufacturing costs are denominated in foreign currencies. Exchange rates for some of
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these currencies against the U.S. dollar have been volatile and may be volatile in future periods. If these currencies strengthen against the U.S. dollar, our manufacturing costs could significantly increase. Exchange rates for the U.S. dollar that adversely change against our foreign currency exposures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may incur additional restructuring charges in future periods.
From time to time, we have, and may in the future, enter into restructure initiatives in order to, among other items, streamline our operations, respond to changes in business conditions, our markets or product offerings, or to centralize certain key functions. We may not realize expected savings or other benefits from our restructure activities and may incur additional restructure charges or other losses in future periods associated with other initiatives. In connection with any restructure initiatives, we could incur restructure charges, loss of production output, loss of key personnel, disruptions in our operations, and difficulties in the timely delivery of products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Compliance with customer and responsible sourcing requirements and related regulations could limit the supply and increase the cost of certain materials, supplies, and services used in manufacturing our products.
Many of our customers have adopted responsible sourcing programs that require us to periodically report on our supply chain and responsible sourcing efforts to ensure we source the materials, supplies, and services we use and incorporate into the products we sell in a manner that is consistent with their programs. Some of our customers may elect to disqualify us as a supplier or reduce purchases from us if we are unable to verify that our products meet the specifications of their responsible sourcing programs. Meeting customer requirements may limit the sourcing and availability of some of the materials, supplies, and services we use, particularly when the availability of such is concentrated to a limited number of suppliers. This in turn may affect our ability and/or the cost to obtain materials, supplies, and services necessary for the manufacture of our products in sufficient quantities.
This increased focus on environmental protection and social responsibility initiatives led to the passage of Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and its implementing SEC regulations. The act imposes supply chain diligence and disclosure requirements for certain manufacturers of products containing specific minerals that may originate in or near the Democratic Republic of the Congo and finance or benefit local armed groups. These conflict minerals are commonly found in materials used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
Our inability to comply with customers’ requirements for responsible sourcing or with regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We and others are subject to a variety of laws, regulations, or industry standards that may result in additional costs and liabilities.
The manufacturing of our products requires the use of facilities, equipment, and materials that are subject to a broad array of laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions in which we operate. Additionally, we are subject to a variety of other laws and regulations relative to the construction, maintenance, and operations of our facilities. Any changes in laws, regulations, or industry standards could cause us to incur additional direct costs, as well as increased indirect costs related to our relationships with our customers and suppliers, and otherwise harm our operations and financial condition. Any failure to comply with laws, regulations, or industry standards could adversely impact our reputation and our financial results. Additionally, we engage various third parties to represent us or otherwise act on our behalf who are also subject to a broad array of laws, regulations, and industry standards. Our engagement with these third parties may also expose us to risks associated with their respective compliance with laws and regulations. As a result of these items, we could experience the following:
•suspension of production;
•remediation costs;
•alteration of our manufacturing processes;
•regulatory penalties, fines, and legal liabilities; and
•reputational challenges.
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Our failure, or the failure of our third-party agents, to comply with laws, regulations, or industry standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are subject to counterparty default risks.
We have numerous arrangements with financial institutions that subject us to counterparty default risks, including cash deposits, investments, and derivative instruments. As a result, we are subject to the risk that the counterparty to one or more of these arrangements will default on its performance obligations. A counterparty may not comply with their contractual commitments which could then lead to their defaulting on their obligations with little or no notice to us, which could limit our ability to take action to mitigate our exposure. Additionally, our ability to mitigate our exposures may be constrained by the terms of our contractual arrangements or because market conditions prevent us from taking effective action. If one of our counterparties becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy, our ability to recover any losses suffered as a result of that counterparty’s default may be limited by the liquidity of the counterparty or the applicable laws governing the bankruptcy proceedings. In the event of such default, we could incur significant losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
The operations of MMJ are subject to continued oversight by the Tokyo District Court during the pendency of the corporate reorganization proceedings.
Because MMJ’s plan of reorganization provides for ongoing payments to creditors following the closing of the MMJ acquisition, the reorganization proceedings in Japan (the “Japan Proceedings”) are continuing and MMJ remains subject to the oversight of the Tokyo District Court and of the trustees (including a trustee designated by us, who we refer to as the business trustee, and a trustee designated by the Tokyo District Court, who we refer to as the legal trustee), pending completion of the reorganization proceedings. The business trustee is responsible for overseeing the operation of the business of the MMJ, other than oversight in relation to acts that need to be carried out in connection with the Japan Proceedings, which are the responsibility of the legal trustee. As of February 27, 2020, substantially all creditor payments had been paid under MMJ’s plan of reorganization. Following distribution of the final payment and the Tokyo District Court’s approval and issuance of an order concluding the reorganization proceedings, MMJ’s reorganization proceedings in Japan and oversight by the Tokyo District Court will terminate.
During the pendency of the reorganization proceedings in Japan, MMJ is obligated to provide periodic financial reports to the Tokyo District Court and may be required to obtain the consent of the Tokyo District Court prior to taking a number of significant actions relating to its businesses, including transferring or disposing of, or acquiring, certain material assets, incurring or guaranteeing material indebtedness, settling material disputes, or entering into certain material agreements. The consent of the legal trustee may also be required for matters that would likely have a material impact on the operations or assets of MMJ or for transfers of material assets, to the extent the matters or transfers would reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect execution of MMJ’s plan of reorganization. Accordingly, during the pendency of the reorganization proceedings in Japan, our ability to operate MMJ as part of our global business or to cause MMJ to take certain actions that we deem advisable for its business could be adversely affected if the Tokyo District Court or the legal trustee is unwilling to consent to various actions that we may wish to take with respect to MMJ.
The operations of MMJ being subject to the continued oversight by the Tokyo District Court during the pendency of the corporate reorganization proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
In May 2018, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the discretionary repurchase of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock through open-market purchases, block trades, privately-negotiated transactions, derivative transactions, and/or pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any common stock and is subject to market conditions and our ongoing determination of the best use of available cash.

Period |  |  | Total number of shares purchased | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs | Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under publicly announced plans or programs
November 29, 2019 | – |  | January 2, 2020 | — |  | $ | — |  | — |  |
January 3, 2020 | – |  | January 30, 2020 | — |  | — |  | — |  |
January 31, 2020 | – |  | February 27, 2020 | 784,879 |  | 56.07 |  | 784,879 |  |
|  |  | 784,879 |  | 56.07 |  |  | $ | 7,243,838,523 |

Shares of common stock withheld as payment of withholding taxes and exercise prices in connection with the vesting or exercise of equity awards are also treated as common stock repurchases. Those withheld shares of common stock are not considered common stock repurchases under an authorized common stock repurchase plan and accordingly are excluded from the amounts in the table above.
In the second quarter of 2020, we share-settled certain capped calls and received an aggregate of 1.7 million shares of our common stock, equal to a value of $98 million.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibit | Filed Herewith | Form | Period Ending | Exhibit/ Appendix | Filing Date
3.2 |  | Bylaws of the Registrant, Amended and Restated |  | 8-K/A |  | 99.1 | 1/23/20
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer | X |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer | X |  |  |  |
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 | X |  |  |  |
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 | X |  |  |  |
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document | X |  |  |  |
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | X |  |  |  |
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | X |  |  |  |

52 | 2020 Q2 10-Q

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | Micron Technology, Inc.
|  |  | (Registrant)
Date: | March 26, 2020 | By: | /s/ David A. Zinsner
|  |  | David A. Zinsner
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
|  |  | /s/ Paul Marosvari
|  |  | Paul Marosvari
|  |  | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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