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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended February 27, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-10658
Micron Technology, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  |  | 75-1618004
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
Address of principal executive offices, including zip code |  |  |  | 8000 S. Federal Way, Boise, Idaho 83716-9632
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code |  |  |  | (208) 368-4000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.10 per share |  | MU |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer | Accelerated Filer | Non-Accelerated Filer | Smaller Reporting Company | Emerging Growth Company
☒ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock as of March 13, 2025 was 1,117,571,525.

Table of Contents

Introduction | 3
PART I. Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements: | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 6
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 10
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
| Results of Operations | 31
| Liquidity and Capital Resources | 34
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 37
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 37
PART II. Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 37
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 38
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 58
Item 5. | Other Information | 58
Item 6. | Exhibits | 59
Signatures |  | 61

2

Table of Contents
Definitions of Commonly Used Terms
As used herein, “we,” “our,” “us,” and similar terms include Micron Technology, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. Abbreviations, terms, or acronyms are commonly used or found in multiple locations throughout this report and include the following:

Term | Definition |  | Term | Definition
2024 Term Loan A | Senior Term Loan A due October 2024, repaid January 2024 |  | 2035 Notes | 5.800% Senior Notes due January 2035
2025 Term Loan A | Senior Term Loan A due November 2025, repaid May 2024 |  | 2041 Notes | 3.366% Senior Notes due November 2041
2026 Term Loan A | Senior Term Loan A due November 2026, repaid January 2025 |  | 2051 Notes | 3.477% Senior Notes due November 2051
2027 Term Loan A | Senior Term Loan A due November 2027, repaid January 2025 |  | AI | Artificial intelligence
2026 Notes | 4.975% Senior Notes due February 2026, repaid February 2025 |  | CAC | China’s Cyberspace Administration
2027 Notes | 4.185% Senior Notes due February 2027 |  | CHIPS Act | U.S. CHIPS and Science Act of 2022
2028 Notes | 5.375% Senior Notes due April 2028 |  | DDR | Double data rate DRAM
2029 A Notes | 5.327% Senior Notes due February 2029 |  | EBITDA | Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization
2029 B Notes | 6.750% Senior Notes due November 2029 |  | EUV | Extreme ultraviolet lithography
2029 Term Loan A | Senior Term Loan A due January 2029 |  | HBM | High-bandwidth memory
2030 Notes | 4.663% Senior Notes due February 2030 |  | Micron | Micron Technology, Inc. (Parent Company)
2031 Notes | 5.300% Senior Notes due January 2031 |  | Revolving Credit Facility | $3.5 billion Revolving Credit Facility due March 2030
2032 Green Bonds | 2.703% Senior Notes due April 2032 |  | SOFR | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
2033 A Notes | 5.875% Senior Notes due February 2033 |  | SSD | Solid state drive
2033 B Notes | 5.875% Senior Notes due September 2033 |  |  |

We are an industry leader in innovative memory and storage solutions transforming how the world uses information to enrich life for all. With a relentless focus on our customers, technology leadership, manufacturing, and operational excellence, Micron delivers a rich portfolio of high-performance DRAM, NAND, and NOR memory and storage products through our Micron® and Crucial® brands. Every day, the innovations that our people create fuel the data economy, enabling advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and compute-intensive applications that unleash opportunities — from the data center to the intelligent edge and across the client and mobile user experience.
Micron, Crucial, any associated logos, and all other Micron trademarks are the property of Micron. Other product names or trademarks that are not owned by Micron are for identification purposes only and may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
Available Information
Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information about our business and products through a variety of means, including our investor relations website (investors.micron.com), filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), press releases, public conference calls, blog posts (micron.com/about/blog), and webcasts. We use these channels to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in our company to review the information we post on such channels. Web links throughout this document are inactive textual references provided for convenience only, and the content on the referenced websites is not incorporated herein by reference and does not constitute a part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
3 | 2025 Q2 10-Q

Table of Contents
Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains trend information and other forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as "anticipate," "expect," "intend," "pledge," "committed," "plan," "opportunities," "future," "believe," "target," "on track," "estimate," "continue," "likely," "may," "will," "would," "should," "could," and variations of such words and similar expressions. However, the absence of these words or similar expressions does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Specific forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements such as those made regarding expected production ramp of certain products; plans to invest in research and development, including the plans to implement EUV lithography; anticipated technological developments; potential change and impact in our effective tax rate; the timing for construction, expansion, and ramping of production for our facilities, including new memory manufacturing fabs in the United States; receipt, timing, and utilization of government incentives and our ability to satisfy conditions attached to these incentives; the payment of future cash dividends; market conditions and profitability in our industry; future demand for our products and factors that may impact such demand; DRAM bit shipments in future periods; actions to align our NAND supply and the pace of ramp of our new technology node, fab utilization and inventories with industry demand trends; the impact of the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) decision; capital spending in 2025; the potential impact of business, economic, political, legal and regulatory developments upon our global operations; and the sufficiency of our cash and investments. Our actual results could differ materially from our historical results and those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to, those identified in “Part II. Other Information – Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
4

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Revenue | $ | 8,053 |  | $ | 5,824 |  |  | $ | 16,762 |  | $ | 10,550 |
Cost of goods sold | 5,090 |  | 4,745 |  |  | 10,451 |  | 9,506 |
Gross margin | 2,963 |  | 1,079 |  |  | 6,311 |  | 1,044 |
Research and development | 898 |  | 832 |  |  | 1,786 |  | 1,677 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 285 |  | 280 |  |  | 573 |  | 543 |
Other operating (income) expense, net | 7 |  | (224) |  |  | 5 |  | (239) |
Operating income (loss) | 1,773 |  | 191 |  |  | 3,947 |  | (937) |
Interest income | 108 |  | 130 |  |  | 215 |  | 262 |
Interest expense | (112) |  | (144) |  |  | (230) |  | (276) |
Other non-operating income (expense), net | (11) |  | (7) |  |  | (22) |  | (34) |
| 1,758 |  | 170 |  |  | 3,910 |  | (985) |
Income tax (provision) benefit | (177) |  | 622 |  |  | (460) |  | 549 |
Equity in net income (loss) of equity method investees | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  | (5) |
Net income (loss) | $ | 1,583 |  | $ | 793 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  | $ | (441) |
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.42 |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 3.10 |  | $ | (0.40) |
Diluted | 1.41 |  | 0.71 |  |  | 3.08 |  | (0.40) |
Number of shares used in per share calculations |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 1,115 |  | 1,104 |  |  | 1,113 |  | 1,102 |
Diluted | 1,123 |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,123 |  | 1,102 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5 | 2025 Q2 10-Q

Table of Contents
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Net income (loss) | $ | 1,583 |  | $ | 793 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  | $ | (441) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments | 29 |  | (11) |  |  | (56) |  | 33 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 2 |  | 9 |  |  | — |  | 16 |
Pension liability adjustments | (1) |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  | (1) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 30 |  | (4) |  |  | (57) |  | 48 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 1,613 |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 3,396 |  | $ | (393) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6

Table of Contents
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions, except par value amounts)
(Unaudited)

As of | February 27, 2025 | August 29, 2024
Assets |  |
Cash and equivalents | $ | 7,552 |  | $ | 7,041 |
Short-term investments | 663 |  | 1,065 |
Receivables | 6,504 |  | 6,615 |
Inventories | 9,007 |  | 8,875 |
Other current assets | 963 |  | 776 |
Total current assets | 24,689 |  | 24,372 |
Long-term marketable investments | 1,375 |  | 1,046 |
Property, plant, and equipment | 42,528 |  | 39,749 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 637 |  | 645 |
Intangible assets | 423 |  | 416 |
Deferred tax assets | 552 |  | 520 |
Goodwill | 1,150 |  | 1,150 |
Other noncurrent assets | 1,699 |  | 1,518 |
Total assets | $ | 73,053 |  | $ | 69,416 |
Liabilities and equity |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 6,176 |  | $ | 7,299 |
Current debt | 504 |  | 431 |
Other current liabilities | 1,197 |  | 1,518 |
Total current liabilities | 7,877 |  | 9,248 |
Long-term debt | 13,851 |  | 12,966 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 599 |  | 610 |
Noncurrent unearned government incentives | 836 |  | 550 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 1,257 |  | 911 |
Total liabilities | 24,420 |  | 24,285 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |
Common stock, $0.10 par value, 3,000 shares authorized, 1,262 shares issued and 1,118 outstanding (1,253 shares issued and 1,109 outstanding as of August 29, 2024) | 126 |  | 125 |
Additional capital | 12,711 |  | 12,115 |
Retained earnings | 43,839 |  | 40,877 |
Treasury stock, 144 shares held (144 shares as of August 29, 2024) | (7,852) |  | (7,852) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (191) |  | (134) |
Total equity | 48,633 |  | 45,131 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 73,053 |  | $ | 69,416 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
7 | 2025 Q2 10-Q

Table of Contents
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(In millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock | Additional Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Shareholders’ Equity
| Number of Shares | Amount
Balance at August 29, 2024 | 1,253 | $ | 125 |  | $ | 12,115 |  | $ | 40,877 |  | $ | (7,852) |  | $ | (134) |  | $ | 45,131 |
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,870 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,870 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (87) |  | (87) |
Stock issued under equity compensation plans | 7 | 1 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 220 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 220 |
Repurchase of stock - withholdings on employee equity awards | (2) | — |  | (19) |  | (188) |  | — |  | — |  | (207) |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.115 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (132) |  | — |  | — |  | (132) |
Balance at November 28, 2024 | 1,258 | $ | 126 |  | $ | 12,317 |  | $ | 42,427 |  | $ | (7,852) |  | $ | (221) |  | $ | 46,797 |
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,583 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,583 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 30 |  | 30 |
Stock issued under equity compensation plans | 4 | — |  | 150 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 150 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 249 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 249 |
Repurchase of stock - withholdings on employee equity awards | — | — |  | (5) |  | (40) |  | — |  | — |  | (45) |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.115 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (131) |  | — |  | — |  | (131) |
Balance at February 27, 2025 | 1,262 | $ | 126 |  | $ | 12,711 |  | $ | 43,839 |  | $ | (7,852) |  | $ | (191) |  | $ | 48,633 |

8

Table of Contents
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(In millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock | Additional Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Shareholders’ Equity
| Number of Shares | Amount
Balance at August 31, 2023 | 1,239 | $ | 124 |  | $ | 11,036 |  | $ | 40,824 |  | $ | (7,552) |  | $ | (312) |  | $ | 44,120 |
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,234) |  | — |  | — |  | (1,234) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 52 |  | 52 |
Stock issued under equity compensation plans | 8 | — |  | 9 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 188 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 188 |
Repurchase of stock - withholdings on employee equity awards | (2) | — |  | (16) |  | (105) |  | — |  | — |  | (121) |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.115 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (129) |  | — |  | — |  | (129) |
Balance at November 30, 2023 | 1,245 | $ | 124 |  | $ | 11,217 |  | $ | 39,356 |  | $ | (7,552) |  | $ | (260) |  | $ | 42,885 |
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | 793 |  | — |  | — |  | 793 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4) |  | (4) |
Stock issued under equity compensation plans | 3 | 1 |  | 136 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 137 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 213 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 213 |
Repurchase of stock - withholdings on employee equity awards | — |  | — |  | (2) |  | (22) |  | — |  | — |  | (24) |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.115 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (130) |  | — |  | — |  | (130) |
Balance at February 29, 2024 | 1,248 | $ | 125 |  | $ | 11,564 |  | $ | 39,997 |  | $ | (7,552) |  | $ | (264) |  | $ | 43,870 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
9 | 2025 Q2 10-Q

Table of Contents
Micron Technology, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

Six months ended | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 3,453 |  | $ | (441) |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense and amortization of intangible assets | 4,109 |  | 3,839 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | 469 |  | 401 |  |  |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Receivables | 338 |  | (1,759) |  |  |
Inventories | (132) |  | (57) |  |  |
Other current assets | (204) |  | (799) |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (714) |  | 573 |  |  |
Other current liabilities | (321) |  | 706 |  |  |
Other | 188 |  | 157 |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 7,186 |  | 2,620 |  |  |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |
Expenditures for property, plant, and equipment | (7,261) |  | (3,180) |  |  |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities | (816) |  | (465) |  |  |
Proceeds from government incentives | 1,028 |  | 234 |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities and sales of available-for-sale securities | 874 |  | 726 |  |  |
Other | (125) |  | (24) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (6,300) |  | (2,709) |  |  |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |
Repayments of debt | (2,626) |  | (1,101) |  |  |
Payments of dividends to shareholders | (261) |  | (256) |  |  |
Payments on equipment purchase contracts | — |  | (82) |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | 2,682 |  | 999 |  |  |
Other | (121) |  | (18) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (326) |  | (458) |  |  |
Effect of changes in currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (49) |  | (8) |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 511 |  | (555) |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 7,052 |  | 8,656 |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 7,563 |  | $ | 8,101 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Micron Technology, Inc.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(All tabular amounts in millions, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Significant Accounting Policies
For a discussion of our significant accounting policies, see “Part II. – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Significant Accounting Policies” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024. There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Micron Technology, Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) consistent in all material respects with those applied in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024.
In the opinion of our management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all necessary adjustments, consisting of a normal recurring nature, to fairly state the financial information set forth herein. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to current period presentation.
Our fiscal year is the 52 or 53-week period ending on the Thursday closest to August 31. Fiscal years 2025 and 2024 each contain 52 weeks. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07 (ASC Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU expands on existing reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU will be effective for our annual reporting for 2025 on a retrospective basis. Adoption of this new guidance will result in increased disclosures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 (ASC Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires disaggregated income tax disclosures on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU will be effective for our annual reporting for 2026 on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. Adoption of this new guidance will result in increased disclosures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 (ASC Topic 220), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires disclosure of certain expenses in the notes to the financial statements. This ASU will be effective for our annual reporting for 2028 on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. Adoption of this new guidance will result in increased disclosures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Variable Interest Entities
Certain third-party special purpose entities (the "Lease SPEs") facilitate equipment lease financing transactions between us and various financial institutions. Neither we nor the financial institutions have an equity interest in the Lease SPEs, which are variable interest entities. The arrangements are financing vehicles and we do not bear any significant risks from variable interests with the Lease SPEs. We do not direct the activities of the Lease SPEs that most significantly impact their economic performance and, as such, we do not consolidate them. As of February 27, 2025, we had approximately $1.38 billion of finance lease liabilities and right-of-use assets under these arrangements.
Cash and Investments
All of our short-term investments and long-term marketable investments were classified as available-for-sale as of the dates noted below. Cash and equivalents and the fair values of our available-for-sale investments, which approximated amortized costs, were as follows:

| As of February 27, 2025 |  | As of August 29, 2024
| Cash and Equivalents | Short-term Investments | Long-term Marketable Investments(1) | Total Fair Value |  | Cash and Equivalents | Short-term Investments | Long-term Marketable Investments(1) | Total Fair Value
Cash | $ | 7,334 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,334 |  |  | $ | 6,654 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,654 |
Level 1(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | 17 |  | — |  | — |  | 17 |  |  | 20 |  | — |  | — |  | 20 |
Level 2(3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | 147 |  | 6 |  | — |  | 153 |  |  | 316 |  | 6 |  | — |  | 322 |
Corporate bonds | — |  | 520 |  | 880 |  | 1,400 |  |  | — |  | 771 |  | 571 |  | 1,342 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | 28 |  | 430 |  | 458 |  |  | — |  | 46 |  | 433 |  | 479 |
Government securities | 23 |  | 51 |  | 65 |  | 139 |  |  | 35 |  | 82 |  | 42 |  | 159 |
Commercial paper | 31 |  | 58 |  | — |  | 89 |  |  | 16 |  | 160 |  | — |  | 176 |
| 7,552 |  | $ | 663 |  | $ | 1,375 |  | $ | 9,590 |  |  | 7,041 |  | $ | 1,065 |  | $ | 1,046 |  | $ | 9,152 |
Restricted cash(4) | 11 |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 7,563 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,052 |  |  |  |

(1)The maturities of long-term marketable investments primarily range from one to five years, except for asset-backed securities which are not due at a single maturity date.
(2)The fair value of Level 1 securities is measured based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
(3)The fair value of Level 2 securities is measured using information obtained from pricing services, which obtain quoted market prices for similar instruments, non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated by observable market data, or various other methodologies, to determine the appropriate value at the measurement date. We perform supplemental analysis to validate information obtained from these pricing services. No adjustments were made to the fair values indicated by such pricing information as of February 27, 2025 or August 29, 2024.
(4)Restricted cash is included in other current assets and primarily relates to certain government incentives received prior to being earned and for which restrictions lapse upon achieving certain performance conditions or which will be returned if performance conditions are not met.
Gross realized gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were not significant for any period presented.
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Non-marketable Equity Investments
In addition to the amounts included in the table above, we had $196 million and $190 million of non-marketable equity investments without a readily determinable fair value that were included in other noncurrent assets as of February 27, 2025 and August 29, 2024, respectively. For non-marketable investments, we recognized in other non-operating income (expense) a net loss of $31 million for the first six months of 2024. The amounts recognized for the other periods presented were not significant. Our non-marketable equity investments are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis and classified as Level 3.
Receivables

As of | February 27, 2025 | August 29, 2024
Trade receivables | $ | 5,092 |  | $ | 5,419 |
Government incentives | 951 |  | 834 |
Income and other taxes | 331 |  | 268 |
Other | 130 |  | 94 |
| $ | 6,504 |  | $ | 6,615 |

Inventories

As of | February 27, 2025 | August 29, 2024
Finished goods | $ | 1,355 |  | $ | 1,308 |
Work in process | 6,782 |  | 6,774 |
Raw materials and supplies | 870 |  | 793 |
| $ | 9,007 |  | $ | 8,875 |

Property, Plant, and Equipment

As of | February 27, 2025 | August 29, 2024
Land | $ | 352 |  | $ | 284 |
Buildings | 20,939 |  | 20,141 |
Equipment(1) | 75,024 |  | 70,813 |
Construction in progress(2) | 4,427 |  | 3,444 |
Software | 1,518 |  | 1,365 |
| 102,260 |  | 96,047 |
Accumulated depreciation | (59,732) |  | (56,298) |
| $ | 42,528 |  | $ | 39,749 |

(1)Includes costs related to equipment not placed into service of $2.88 billion as of February 27, 2025 and $3.10 billion as of August 29, 2024.
(2)Primarily includes building-related construction and tool installation.
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Leases
The components of lease cost are presented below:

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Finance lease cost |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use asset | $ | 75 |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 137 |  | $ | 69 |
Interest on lease liability | 30 |  | 24 |  |  | 54 |  | 30 |
Operating lease cost(1) | 37 |  | 35 |  |  | 75 |  | 68 |
| $ | 142 |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 266 |  | $ | 167 |

(1)Operating lease cost includes short-term and variable lease expenses, which were not material for the periods presented.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

Six months ended | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Cash flows used for operating activities |  |
Finance leases | $ | 51 |  | $ | 25 |
Operating leases | 73 |  | 66 |
Cash flows used for financing activities – Finance leases | 138 |  | 60 |
Noncash acquisitions of right-of-use assets |  |
Finance leases | 919 |  | 483 |
Operating leases | 30 |  | 12 |

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

As of | February 27, 2025 | August 29, 2024
Finance lease right-of-use assets (included in property, plant, and equipment) | $ | 2,822 |  | $ | 2,038 |
Current operating lease liabilities (included in accounts payable and accrued expenses) | 69 |  | 71 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |
Finance leases | 7 | 8
Operating leases | 10 | 10
Weighted-average discount rate |  |
Finance leases | 5.11 | % | 4.91 | %
Operating leases | 3.57 | % | 3.42 | %

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As of February 27, 2025, maturities of lease liabilities by fiscal year were as follows:

| Finance Leases | Operating Leases
Remainder of 2025 | $ | 311 |  | $ | 46 |
2026 | 599 |  | 88 |
2027 | 580 |  | 91 |
2028 | 559 |  | 84 |
2029 | 466 |  | 78 |
2030 and thereafter | 694 |  | 418 |
Less imputed interest | (395) |  | (137) |
| $ | 2,814 |  | $ | 668 |

The table above excludes obligations for leases that have been executed but have not yet commenced. As of February 27, 2025, excluded obligations consisted of $860 million of finance lease obligations over a weighted-average period of 14 years for gas supply arrangements deemed to contain embedded leases and equipment leases. We will recognize right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities at the time such assets become available for our use.
Intangible Assets

| As of February 27, 2025 |  | As of August 29, 2024
| Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount
Product and process technology | $ | 609 |  | $ | (197) |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | 683 |  | $ | (278) |  | $ | 405 |
Other | 11 |  | — |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  | — |  | 11 |
| $ | 620 |  | $ | (197) |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 694 |  | $ | (278) |  | $ | 416 |

In the first six months of 2025 and 2024, we capitalized $42 million and $40 million, respectively, for product and process technology with weighted-average useful lives of 10 years and 9 years, respectively. Amortization expense was $35 million and $41 million for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Expected amortization expense is $39 million for the remainder of 2025, $61 million for 2026, $56 million for 2027, $54 million for 2028, and $46 million for 2029.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

As of | February 27, 2025 | August 29, 2024
Accounts payable | $ | 2,383 |  | $ | 2,726 |
Property, plant, and equipment | 2,515 |  | 2,925 |
Salaries, wages, and benefits | 614 |  | 1,117 |
Income and other taxes | 366 |  | 218 |
Other | 298 |  | 313 |
| $ | 6,176 |  | $ | 7,299 |

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Debt

| As of February 27, 2025 |  | As of August 29, 2024
|  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Net Carrying Amount
| Stated Rate | Effective Rate | Current | Long-Term | Total |  | Current | Long-Term | Total
2027 Notes(1) | 4.185 | % | 4.27 | % | $ | — |  | $ | 846 |  | $ | 846 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 838 |  | $ | 838 |
2028 Notes | 5.375 | % | 5.52 | % | — |  | 597 |  | 597 |  |  | — |  | 597 |  | 597 |
2029 Term Loan A | 5.445 | % | 5.48 | % | — |  | 1,681 |  | 1,681 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
2029 A Notes | 5.327 | % | 5.40 | % | — |  | 698 |  | 698 |  |  | — |  | 698 |  | 698 |
2029 B Notes | 6.750 | % | 6.54 | % | — |  | 1,260 |  | 1,260 |  |  | — |  | 1,261 |  | 1,261 |
2030 Notes | 4.663 | % | 4.73 | % | — |  | 847 |  | 847 |  |  | — |  | 847 |  | 847 |
2031 Notes | 5.300 | % | 5.41 | % | — |  | 994 |  | 994 |  |  | — |  | 994 |  | 994 |
2032 Green Bonds | 2.703 | % | 2.77 | % | — |  | 996 |  | 996 |  |  | — |  | 996 |  | 996 |
2033 A Notes | 5.875 | % | 5.96 | % | — |  | 746 |  | 746 |  |  | — |  | 745 |  | 745 |
2033 B Notes | 5.875 | % | 6.01 | % | — |  | 891 |  | 891 |  |  | — |  | 891 |  | 891 |
2035 Notes | 5.800 | % | 5.90 | % | — |  | 992 |  | 992 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
2041 Notes | 3.366 | % | 3.41 | % | — |  | 497 |  | 497 |  |  | — |  | 497 |  | 497 |
2051 Notes | 3.477 | % | 3.52 | % | — |  | 496 |  | 496 |  |  | — |  | 496 |  | 496 |
2026 Term Loan A | N/A | N/A | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 49 |  | 872 |  | 921 |
2027 Term Loan A | N/A | N/A | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 57 |  | 1,006 |  | 1,063 |
2026 Notes | N/A | N/A | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 499 |  | 499 |
Finance lease obligations | N/A | 5.11 | % | 504 |  | 2,310 |  | 2,814 |  |  | 325 |  | 1,729 |  | 2,054 |
|  |  | $ | 504 |  | $ | 13,851 |  | $ | 14,355 |  |  | $ | 431 |  | $ | 12,966 |  | $ | 13,397 |

(1) In 2021, we entered into fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps on the 2027 Notes with an aggregate $900 million notional amount equal to the principal amount of the 2027 Notes. The resulting variable interest paid is at a rate equal to SOFR plus approximately 3.33%. The fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps are accounted for as fair value hedges, and as a result, the carrying values of our 2027 Notes reflect adjustments in fair value.
Debt Activity
The table below presents the effects of debt financing and prepayment activities in the first six months of 2025:

| Transaction Date | Increase (Decrease) in Principal | Increase (Decrease) in Carrying Value | Increase (Decrease) in Cash
Issuances |  |  |  |
2035 Notes | January 16, 2025 | $ | 1,000 |  | $ | 992 |  | $ | 992 |
2029 Term Loan A | January 17, 2025 | 1,684 |  | 1,681 |  | 1,681 |
Prepayments |  |  |  |
2026 Notes | February 12, 2025 | (500) |  | (499) |  | (501) |
2026 Term Loan A | January 17, 2025 | (897) |  | (896) |  | (897) |
2027 Term Loan A | January 17, 2025 | (1,037) |  | (1,035) |  | (1,037) |
|  | $ | 250 |  | $ | 243 |  | $ | 238 |

2035 Notes
On January 16, 2025, we issued $1.00 billion principal amount of senior unsecured 2035 Notes in a public offering. The 2035 Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.80% per year and will mature on January 15, 2035.
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Prior to October 15, 2034 (the “Par Call Date”), we may redeem the 2035 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest, plus, in each case, accrued interest. On or after the Par Call Date, we may redeem the 2035 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2035 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued interest.
The 2035 Notes contain covenants that, among other things, limit, in certain circumstances, our ability and/or the ability of our restricted subsidiaries (which are generally domestic subsidiaries in which we own at least 80% of the voting stock and which own principal property, as defined in the indenture governing the 2035 Notes) to (1) create or incur certain liens; (2) enter into certain sale and lease-back transactions with respect to any principal property; and (3) consolidate with or merge with or into, or convey, transfer, or lease all or substantially all of our properties and assets, to another entity. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions. Additionally, if a change of control triggering event occurs, as defined in the indenture governing the 2035 Notes, we will be required to offer to repurchase the 2035 Notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount plus accrued interest up to the repurchase date.
2029 Term Loan A
On January 17, 2025, we entered into a term loan agreement and borrowed $1.68 billion in principal amount due January 17, 2029 (the “Term Loan Agreement”). Borrowings under the Term Loan Agreement will generally bear interest at adjusted term SOFR plus an applicable interest rate margin ranging from 0.875% to 1.50%, depending on our corporate credit ratings.
The Term Loan Agreement requires us to maintain, on a consolidated basis, a net leverage ratio of total net indebtedness to adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the Term Loan Agreement and calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, not to exceed 3.25 to 1.00, subject to a temporary four fiscal quarter increase in such maximum ratio to 3.75 to 1.00 following certain material acquisitions. Our obligations under the Term Loan Agreement are unsecured.
Revolving Credit Facility
On March 12, 2025, we terminated our existing undrawn credit facility and entered into a new five-year unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we can draw up to $3.50 billion which would generally bear interest at a rate equal to adjusted term SOFR plus 0.875% to 1.50%, depending on our corporate credit ratings. Any amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility would mature on March 12, 2030 and amounts borrowed may be prepaid without penalty.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains the same net leverage ratio and substantially the same other covenants as the Term Loan Agreement.
Maturities of Notes Payable and Term Loans
As of February 27, 2025, maturities of notes payable and term loans by fiscal year were as follows:

Remainder of 2025 | $ | — |
2026 | — |
2027 | 900 |
2028 | 600 |
2029 | 2,384 |
2030 and thereafter | 7,750 |
Unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premium, net | (41) |
Hedge accounting fair value adjustment | (52) |
| $ | 11,541 |

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Contingencies
We are currently a party to legal actions other than those described below arising from the normal course of business, none of which are expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Patent Matters
As is typical in the semiconductor and other high-tech industries, from time to time, others have asserted, and may in the future assert, that our products or manufacturing processes infringe upon their intellectual property rights. A description of certain claims is below.
On April 28, 2021, Netlist, Inc. (“Netlist”) filed two patent infringement actions against Micron, Micron Semiconductor Products, Inc. (“MSP”), and Micron Technology Texas, LLC (“MTEC”) in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. The first complaint alleges that one U.S. patent is infringed by certain of our non-volatile dual in-line memory modules. The second complaint alleges that three U.S. patents are infringed by certain of our load-reduced dual in-line memory modules (“LRDIMMs”). Each complaint seeks injunctive relief, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. On March 31, 2022, Netlist filed a patent infringement complaint against Micron and Micron Semiconductor Germany, GmbH in Dusseldorf Regional Court alleging that two German patents are infringed by certain of our LRDIMMs. The complaint seeks damages, costs, and injunctive relief. In rulings issued on March 7, 2024 and November 7, 2024, the Federal Patent Court in Germany declared both patents invalid. Netlist has appealed those rulings.
On June 10, 2022, Netlist filed a patent infringement complaint against Micron, MSP, and MTEC in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (“E.D. Tex.”) alleging that six U.S. patents are infringed by certain of our memory modules and HBM products. On August 1, 2022, Netlist filed a second patent infringement complaint against the same defendants in E.D. Tex. alleging that one U.S. patent is infringed by certain of our LRDIMMs. On August 15, 2022, Netlist amended the second complaint to assert that two additional U.S. patents are infringed by certain of our LRDIMMs. The complaints in E.D. Tex. seek injunctive relief, damages, and attorneys’ fees. On May 23, 2024, following a four-day trial regarding the second complaint filed by Netlist in the E.D. Tex., a jury rendered a verdict that Micron’s memory modules infringe two asserted patents — U.S. Patent No. 7,619,912 (“the ‘912 patent”) and U.S. Patent No. 11,093,417 (“the ‘417 patent”) — and found that Micron should pay $425 million for infringement of the ‘912 patent and $20 million for infringement of the ‘417 patent. Micron expects to appeal the verdict. On April 17, 2024, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) issued a final written decision (“FWD”) finding unpatentable the sole asserted claim of the ‘912 patent. On September 10, 2024, Netlist filed a notice that it will appeal the ruling that the ‘912 patent is invalid to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”). On July 30, 2024, the USPTO issued a FWD finding unpatentable all asserted claims of the ‘417 patent. On December 10, 2024, Netlist filed a notice that it will appeal the ruling that the ‘417 patent is invalid to the Federal Circuit. In the case of each of the ‘912 and ‘417 patents, if the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirms the FWD, then the affirmed FWD will preclude any pending actions asserting infringement of such patent (including any infringement verdict that is subject to an ongoing appeal).
On January 23, 2023, Besang Inc. filed a patent infringement complaint against Micron in the U.S. District Court for the E.D. Tex. The complaint alleges that one U.S. patent is infringed by certain of our 3D NAND and SSD products. The complaint seeks an injunction, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs.
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On November 9, 2023, Yangtze Memory Technologies Company, Ltd. (“YMTC”) filed a patent infringement complaint against Micron and one of its subsidiaries in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (“N.D. Cal.”). The complaint alleges that eight U.S. patents are infringed by certain of our 3D NAND products. The complaint seeks an injunction, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. On January 22, 2024, Micron Semiconductor (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (“MSS”) was served with three patent infringement complaints filed by YMTC in Beijing Intellectual Property Court and on February 27, 2024, Micron Technology, Inc. (“MTI”) was served with the same complaints. The complaints assert that MTI and MSS infringed three Chinese patents owned by YMTC by importing, selling, offering for sale, and assisting others to sell certain 3D NAND products and SSDs in China. The complaint seeks an injunction, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. On July 12, 2024, YMTC filed a second complaint against Micron and its subsidiary in N.D. Cal. The second complaint alleges that eleven U.S. patents are infringed by certain of our 3D NAND and DDR5 DRAM products. The complaint seeks an injunction, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. On September 11, 2024, MSS was served with five patent infringement complaints filed by YMTC in Shanghai Intellectual Property Court. The complaints assert that MTI and MSS infringed five Chinese patents owned by YMTC by importing, selling, offering for sale, and assisting others to sell certain 3D NAND products and SSDs in China. The complaint seeks an injunction, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs.
On October 16, 2024, Palisade Technologies, LLP filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Micron and MSP in the U.S. District Court for the W.D. Tex. The complaint alleges that five U.S. patents are infringed by certain of our DRAM, NAND, 3D NAND, and SSD products. The complaint seeks an injunction, damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs.
The above lawsuits pertain to substantially all of our DRAM, NAND, and other memory and storage products we manufacture, which account for substantially all of our revenue.
Securities Class Action Matters
On January 9, 2025, a putative class action complaint was filed against Micron and certain individual officers in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida for alleged violations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The complaint alleges defendants made materially false or misleading statements during a putative class period from September 18, 2024 to December 18, 2024, regarding the demand for Micron's products, particularly NAND and consumer-oriented products. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages, attorneys' fees and costs.
Shareholder Derivative Matters
On February 20, 2025, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed by a purported shareholder against certain individual directors and officers of Micron, allegedly on behalf of and for the benefit of Micron, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho. On February 21, 2025, a similar related derivative complaint was filed by another purported shareholder in the same court against certain individual directors and officers of Micron. The complaints allege violations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, insider trading, abuse of control, and waste of corporate assets. The complaints are based on substantially the same allegedly false or misleading statements asserted in the securities class action matter. The complaints seek various unspecified damages allegedly suffered by Micron, restitution, attorneys' fees and costs and other relief, including reforms and improvements to our corporate governance and internal procedures.
Antitrust Matters
On May 15, 2018, the Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”) notified Micron that it was investigating potential collusion and other anticompetitive conduct by DRAM suppliers in China. On May 31, 2018, SAMR made unannounced visits to our sales offices in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen to seek certain information as part of its investigation. We are cooperating with SAMR in its investigation.
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Other Matters
In the normal course of business, we are a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to indemnify another party. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these types of agreements due to the conditional nature of our obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, our payments under these types of agreements have not had a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Contingency Assessment
We ar e unable to predict the outcome of any of the matters noted above and cannot make a reasonable estimate of the potential loss or range of possible losses. A determination that our products or manufacturing processes infringe the intellectual property rights of others or entering into a license agreement covering such intellectual property could result in significant liability and/or require us to make material changes to our products and/or manufacturing processes. Any of the foregoing, as well as the resolution of any other legal matter noted above, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Equity
Common Stock Repurchases
Our Board of Directors has authorized the discretionary repurchase of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock through open-market purchases, block trades, privately-negotiated transactions, derivative transactions, and/or pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The repurchase authorization has no expiration date, does not obligate us to acquire any common stock, and is subject to market conditions, restrictions applicable under our CHIPS Act direct funding agreements, and our ongoing determination of the best use of available cash. See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – CHIPS Act Funding Agreements.” No shares were repurchased in the first six months of 2025. Through February 27, 2025, we had repurchased an aggregate of $7.19 billion under the authorization. Amounts repurchased are included in treasury stock.
Dividends
We declared and paid dividends of $0.115 per share in the first and second quarters of 2025. On March 20, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.115 per share, payable in cash on April 15, 2025, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 31, 2025.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the six months ended February 27, 2025 were as follows:

| Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments | Pension Liability Adjustments | Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment | Total
As of August 29, 2024 | $ | (162) |  | $ | (8) |  | $ | 39 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (134) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (127) |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | (126) |
Amount reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 74 |  | — |  | (2) |  | — |  | 72 |
Tax effects | (3) |  | (1) |  | 1 |  | — |  | (3) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (56) |  | — |  | (1) |  | — |  | (57) |
As of February 27, 2025 | $ | (218) |  | $ | (8) |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (191) |

Fair Value Measurements
The estimated fair values and carrying values of our outstanding debt instruments were as follows:

| As of February 27, 2025 |  | As of August 29, 2024
| Fair Value | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value | Carrying Value
Notes payable and term loans | $ | 11,413 |  | $ | 11,541 |  |  | $ | 11,316 |  | $ | 11,343 |

The fair values of our debt instruments were estimated based on Level 2 inputs, including the trading price of our notes when available, discounted cash flows, and interest rates based on similar debt issued by parties with credit ratings similar to ours.
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Derivative Instruments

| Notional or Contractual Amount | Fair Value(1) of
Assets(2) | Liabilities(3)
As of February 27, 2025 |  |  |
Derivative instruments with hedge accounting designation |  |  |
Cash flow currency hedges | $ | 3,937 |  | $ | 11 |  | $ | (91) |
Cash flow commodity hedges | 465 |  | 12 |  | (14) |
Fair value currency hedges | 2,457 |  | 18 |  | — |
Fair value interest rate hedges | 900 |  | — |  | (53) |
Derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation |  |  |
Non-designated currency hedges | 2,887 |  | 28 |  | (5) |
|  | $ | 69 |  | $ | (163) |
As of August 29, 2024 |  |  |
Derivative instruments with hedge accounting designation |  |  |
Cash flow currency hedges | $ | 3,724 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | (71) |
Cash flow commodity hedges | 471 |  | 20 |  | (7) |
Fair value currency hedges | 2,511 |  | — |  | (41) |
Fair value interest rate hedges | 900 |  | — |  | (60) |
Derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation |  |  |
Non-designated currency hedges | 2,393 |  | 18 |  | (3) |
|  | $ | 95 |  | $ | (182) |

(1)Forward and swap contracts are measured at fair value based on market-based observable inputs including market spot and forward rates, interest rates, and credit-risk spreads (Level 2).
(2)Included in receivables and other noncurrent assets.
(3)Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other noncurrent liabilities.
Derivative Instruments with Hedge Accounting Designation
Cash Flow Hedges: We utilize forward and swap contracts that generally mature within two years designated as cash flow hedges to minimize our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates or commodity prices for certain capital expenditures and manufacturing costs.
The effects of cash flow hedging activities were as follows:

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Gain (loss) from cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 17 |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | (116) |  | $ | (43) |
Gain (loss) excluded from effectiveness testing in cost of goods sold | (27) |  | (34) |  |  | (56) |  | (70) |
Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings, primarily to cost of goods sold | (34) |  | (56) |  |  | (74) |  | (100) |

As of February 27, 2025, we expect to reclassify $102 million of pre-tax losses related to cash flow hedges from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings in the next 12 months.
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Fair Value Hedges: We utilize currency forward contracts that generally mature within one year designated as fair value hedges to minimize our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates for non-U.S.-dollar-denominated cash and investments in debt securities. The fair value of our hedged cash and investments in debt securities was $2.43 billion as of February 27, 2025. The changes in the fair values of derivatives designated as fair value hedges and the offsetting changes in the underlying fair values of the hedged items are both recognized in earnings.
We recognized gains of $49 million and $145 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively, for changes in the fair values of our fair value currency hedges and offsetting losses of $42 million and $139 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively, for changes in the underlying fair values of the hedged items in other non-operating income (expense). The effects of the fair value currency hedges and the hedged items were not significant for the other periods presented.
We also utilize fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges to minimize certain exposures to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate debt that result from fluctuations in benchmark interest rates. The effects of fair value hedges on our consolidated statements of operations, recognized in interest expense, were not significant for the periods presented.
Derivative Instruments without Hedge Accounting Designation
Currency Derivatives: We generally utilize a rolling hedge strategy with currency forward contracts that mature within three months to hedge our exposures of monetary assets and liabilities from changes in currency exchange rates. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are remeasured into U.S. dollars and the associated outstanding forward contracts are marked to market. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation as well as the changes in the underlying monetary assets and liabilities from changes in currency exchange rates are included in other non-operating income (expense), net.
We recognized losses of $12 million and $68 million for derivative instruments without hedge accounting designation for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively. The amounts recognized in our consolidated statements of operations for the other periods presented were not significant. We do not use derivative instruments for speculative purposes.
Equity Compensation Plans
As of February 27, 2025, 57 million shares of our common stock were available for future awards under our equity compensation plans, including 9 million shares approved for issuance under our employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”).
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units (“Restricted Stock Awards”)
Restricted Stock Awards activity is summarized as follows:

Six months ended | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Restricted stock award shares granted | 10 | 12
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share | $ | 100.65 |  | $ | 67.78 |

Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
For each six-month ESPP offering period that ended in the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, employees purchased 2 million in each period at a share price of $78.63 and $60.68, respectively.
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Stock-based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense recognized in our statements of operations is presented below. Stock-based compensation expense of $118 million and $99 million was capitalized and remained in inventory as of February 27, 2025 and August 29, 2024, respectively.

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Stock-based compensation expense by caption |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 89 |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 179 |  | $ | 147 |
Research and development | 88 |  | 77 |  |  | 165 |  | 145 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 56 |  | 52 |  |  | 106 |  | 99 |
| $ | 233 |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | 391 |
Stock-based compensation expense by type of award |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock awards | $ | 212 |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 404 |  | $ | 354 |
ESPP | 21 |  | 18 |  |  | 46 |  | 37 |
| $ | 233 |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | 391 |

As of February 27, 2025, $1.96 billion of total unrecognized compensation costs for unvested awards, before the effect of any future forfeitures, was expected to be recognized through the second quarter of 2029, resulting in a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.
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Revenue and Customer Contract Liabilities
Revenue by Technology

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
DRAM | $ | 6,123 |  | $ | 4,158 |  |  | $ | 12,523 |  | $ | 7,585 |
NAND | 1,855 |  | 1,567 |  |  | 4,096 |  | 2,797 |
Other (primarily NOR) | 75 |  | 99 |  |  | 143 |  | 168 |
| $ | 8,053 |  | $ | 5,824 |  |  | $ | 16,762 |  | $ | 10,550 |

See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Segment and Other Information” for disclosure of disaggregated revenue by market segment.
Revenue is primarily recognized at a point in time when control of the promised goods is transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods. Substantially all contracts with our customers are short-term in duration at fixed, negotiated prices with payment generally due shortly after delivery. From time to time, we have contracts with initial terms that include performance obligations that extend beyond one year. As of February 27, 2025, our future performance obligations beyond one year were $142 million, which included customer prepayments and other contract liabilities.
As of February 27, 2025 and August 29, 2024, customer prepayments made to secure product supply in future periods and other contract liabilities were $555 million and $907 million, respectively, of which $413 million and $766 million were reported in other current liabilities, respectively. The remainder of the customer prepayments and other contract liabilities were in other noncurrent liabilities. Revenue recognized during the first six months of 2025 from the beginning balance as of August 29, 2024 included $365 million from shipments against customer prepayments and other contract liabilities.
As of February 27, 2025 and August 29, 2024, other current liabilities included $756 million and $718 million, respectively, for estimates of consideration payable to customers including estimates for pricing adjustments and returns.
Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net

| Quarter ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Patent cross-license agreement gain | — |  | (200) |  |  | — |  | (200) |
Other | 7 |  | (24) |  |  | 5 |  | (39) |
| $ | 7 |  | $ | (224) |  |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | (239) |

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Income Taxes
Our income tax (provision) benefit consisted of the following:

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Income (loss) before taxes | $ | 1,758 |  | $ | 170 |  |  | 3,910 |  | (985) |
Income tax (provision) benefit | (177) |  | 622 |  |  | (460) |  | 549 |
Effective tax rate | 10.1 | % | (365.9) | % |  | 11.8 | % | 55.7 | %

For the first quarter of 2024, our tax expense was based on actual results for jurisdictions where small changes in our projected pre-tax income would have caused significant changes in the estimated annual effective tax rate. Beginning in the second quarter of 2024, we were able to estimate a more reliable annual effective tax rate and reverted to a global annual effective tax rate method for all jurisdictions. Applying this updated rate to our year-to-date earnings resulted in the tax benefit of $622 million recognized in the second quarter of 2024.
The change in our effective tax rate for the second quarter of 2025 as compared to the second quarter of 2024 was primarily due to changes in profitability and the aforementioned calculation of our tax expense in the second quarter of 2024. The change in our effective tax rate for the first six months of 2025 as compared to the first six months of 2024 was primarily due to changes in profitability.
We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside the United States, including Singapore, where we have tax incentive arrangements. These incentives expire, in whole or in part, at various dates through 2034 and are conditional, in part, upon meeting certain business operations and employment thresholds. The effect of tax incentive arrangements reduced our tax provision by $171 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.15) and $383 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.34) for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively. As a result of the low level of profitability and geographic mix of income, the benefit from tax incentive arrangements was not material for the second quarter and first six months of 2024.
Earnings Per Share

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Net income (loss) – Basic and Diluted | $ | 1,583 |  | $ | 793 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  | $ | (441) |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – Basic | 1,115 |  | 1,104 |  |  | 1,113 |  | 1,102 |
Dilutive effect of equity compensation plans | 8 |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  | — |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – Diluted | 1,123 |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,123 |  | 1,102 |
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.42 |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 3.10 |  | $ | (0.40) |
Diluted | 1.41 |  | 0.71 |  |  | 3.08 |  | (0.40) |

Antidilutive potential common shares excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, that could dilute basic earnings per share in the future, were 9 million and 6 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively, and were 4 million and 33 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2024, respectively.
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Segment and Other Information
Segment information reported herein is consistent with how it is reviewed and evaluated by our chief operating decision maker. We have the following four business units, which are our reportable segments:
Compute and Networking Business Unit (“CNBU”): Includes memory products and solutions sold into the data center, PC, graphics, and networking markets.
Storage Business Unit (“SBU”): Includes SSDs and component-level storage solutions sold into the data center, PC, and consumer markets.
Mobile Business Unit (“MBU”): Includes memory and storage products sold into the smartphone and other mobile-device markets.
Embedded Business Unit (“EBU”): Includes memory and storage products and solutions sold into the intelligent edge through the automotive, industrial, and consumer embedded markets.
Certain operating expenses directly associated with the activities of a specific segment are charged to that segment. Other indirect operating income and expenses are generally allocated to segments based on their respective percentage of cost of goods sold or forecasted wafer production. We do not identify or report internally our assets (other than goodwill) or capital expenditures by segment, nor do we allocate gains and losses from equity method investments, interest, other non-operating income or expense items, or taxes to segments.

| Quarter Ended |  | Six months ended
| February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024 |  | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Revenue |  |  |  |  |
CNBU | $ | 4,564 |  | $ | 2,185 |  |  | $ | 8,959 |  | $ | 3,922 |
SBU | 1,392 |  | 905 |  |  | 3,123 |  | 1,558 |
MBU | 1,068 |  | 1,598 |  |  | 2,595 |  | 2,891 |
EBU | 1,025 |  | 1,111 |  |  | 2,077 |  | 2,148 |
All Other | 4 |  | 25 |  |  | 8 |  | 31 |
Total revenue | $ | 8,053 |  | $ | 5,824 |  |  | $ | 16,762 |  | $ | 10,550 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |
CNBU | $ | 1,919 |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 3,630 |  | $ | (369) |
SBU | 24 |  | (217) |  |  | 371 |  | (707) |
MBU | 60 |  | (9) |  |  | 387 |  | (696) |
EBU | 3 |  | (1) |  |  | 14 |  | 9 |
All Other | 1 |  | 21 |  |  | (1) |  | 25 |
| 2,007 |  | (178) |  |  | 4,401 |  | (1,738) |
Unallocated |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | (233) |  | (209) |  |  | (450) |  | (391) |
Lower costs from sale of inventory written down in prior periods | — |  | 382 |  |  | — |  | 987 |
Patent cross-license agreement gain | — |  | 200 |  |  | — |  | 200 |
Other | (1) |  | (4) |  |  | (4) |  | 5 |
| (234) |  | 369 |  |  | (454) |  | 801 |
Total operating income (loss) | $ | 1,773 |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 3,947 |  | $ | (937) |

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Certain Concentrations
Revenue by market segment as a percent of total revenue, rounded to the nearest 5%, is presented in the table below:

Six months ended | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Data center and networking | 55 | % | 25 | %
Mobile | 15 | % | 25 | %
PC, graphics, and other | 15 | % | 30 | %
Intelligent edge – automotive, industrial, and consumer embedded | 10 | % | 20 | %

Percentages of total revenue may not total 100% due to rounding.
Revenue from one customer was 15% (primarily included in the CNBU segment) of total revenue for the first six months of 2025. Revenue from one customer was 11% (primarily included in the MBU, EBU and CNBU segments) of total revenue for the first six months of 2024.
CHIPS Act Funding Agreements
On December 9, 2024, we entered into direct funding agreements with the U.S. Department of Commerce for up to $6.1 billion in direct funding pursuant to the CHIPS Act for a planned fab in Boise, Idaho and two planned fabs in Clay, New York.
Funding will be based on the achievement of construction, tool installation, and wafer production milestones. We retain discretion with respect to capacity and production volume ramp of each project. The agreements contain representations, warranties, and covenants that relate to compliance with requirements for awards provided for in the CHIPS Act. In addition, the agreements include certain events of default and related rights and remedies, including clawbacks related to the failure to complete a project by an agreed upon completion date, violation of CHIPS Act restrictions on certain activities involving foreign countries and entities of concern, and impermissible use or disposition of a project.
We are permitted to make customary and ordinary course recurring dividends (and reasonable ordinary course increases thereof) consistent with our past practice. There are restrictions on our payment of special and one-time dividends during the five-year period following the award date of December 9, 2024. Share repurchases are permitted during the first two years of such five-year period up to amounts specified in the funding agreements to help offset the dilutive effects of employee stock compensation or as otherwise permitted by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Share repurchases are not restricted during the final three years of such five-year period if certain financial and other conditions are satisfied.
We may be required to pay upside sharing amounts for a period of up to ten years following the first year in which the cumulative cash flow from a project is positive, if cumulative cash flows from the project exceed a threshold level that is at a significant premium to the baseline projection. The upside sharing amount would equal a modest sharing percentage of the excess cash flows above the threshold level, but not to exceed 75% of award disbursements for a project, after considering any clawbacks or other repayments.
On December 9, 2024, we also signed a non-binding preliminary memorandum of terms for up to $275 million in direct funding for our fab in Manassas, Virginia.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended August 29, 2024. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. Our fiscal year is the 52 or 53-week period ending on the Thursday closest to August 31. Fiscal 2025 and 2024 each contain 52 weeks. All tabular dollar amounts are in millions, except per share amounts.
Overview
We are an industry leader in innovative memory and storage solutions transforming how the world uses information to enrich life for all. With a relentless focus on our customers, technology leadership, manufacturing, and operational excellence, Micron delivers a rich portfolio of high-performance DRAM, NAND, and NOR memory and storage products through our Micron® and Crucial® brands. Every day, the innovations that our people create fuel the data economy, enabling advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and compute-intensive applications that unleash opportunities — from the data center to the intelligent edge and across the client and mobile user experience.
We manufacture our products at wholly-owned facilities and also utilize subcontractors for certain manufacturing processes. Our global network of manufacturing centers of excellence not only allows us to benefit from scale while streamlining processes and operations, but it also brings together some of the world’s brightest talent to work on the most advanced memory technology. Centers of excellence bring expertise together in one location, providing an efficient support structure for end-to-end manufacturing, with quicker cycle times, in partnership with teams such as research and development (“R&D”), product development, human resources, procurement, and supply chain. For our locations in Singapore and Taiwan, this is also a combination of bringing fabrication and back-end manufacturing together. We make significant investments to develop proprietary product and process technology, which generally increases bit density per wafer and reduces per-bit manufacturing costs of each generation of product. We continue to introduce new generations of products that offer improved performance characteristics, including higher data transfer rates, advanced packaging solutions, lower power consumption, improved read/write reliability, and increased memory density.
We face intense competition in the semiconductor memory and storage markets. To remain competitive we must continuously develop and implement new products and technologies and decrease manufacturing costs in spite of inflationary pressures. Our success is largely dependent on obtaining returns on our R&D investments, efficient utilization of our manufacturing infrastructure, development and integration of advanced product and process technologies, market acceptance of our diversified portfolio of semiconductor-based memory and storage solutions, and efficient capital spending.
Product Technologies
Our product portfolio of memory and storage solutions, advanced solutions, and storage platforms is based on our high-performance semiconductor memory and storage technologies, including DRAM, NAND, and NOR. We sell our products through our business units into various markets in numerous forms, including: components, modules, SSDs, managed NAND, multi-chip packages, and wafers. Many of our system-level solutions combine NAND, a controller, firmware, and in some cases DRAM.
DRAM: DRAM products are dynamic random access memory semiconductor devices with low latency that provide high-speed data retrieval with a variety of performance characteristics. DRAM products lose content when power is turned off (“volatile”) and are most commonly used in the data center, client PC, graphics, industrial, and automotive markets.
NAND: NAND products are non-volatile, re-writeable semiconductor storage devices that provide high-capacity, low-cost storage with a variety of performance characteristics. NAND is used in SSDs for the data center, client PC, consumer, and automotive markets and in removable storage markets. Managed NAND is used in smartphones and other mobile devices, and in consumer, automotive, and embedded markets. Low-density NAND is ideal for applications like automotive, surveillance, machine-to-machine, automation, printer, and home networking.
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NOR: NOR products are non-volatile, re-writable semiconductor memory devices that provide fast read speeds. NOR is most commonly used for reliable code storage (e.g., boot, application, operating system, and execute-in-place code in an embedded system) and for frequently changing small data storage and is ideal for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications.
Industry Conditions
In the second quarter of 2025, DRAM revenue declined slightly from the prior quarter primarily due to customer actions in consumer-oriented markets to reduce inventories, which was partially offset by continued strength in data center markets, particularly for HBM products. Demand for leading-edge DRAM remains strong, driven by HBM and other data center DRAM. We have shifted our supply to meet the strong demand in data center DRAM resulting in a portfolio mix weighted more towards high-growth and less seasonal segments. In 2024 and the first quarter of 2025, we experienced substantial improvements in revenue, pricing, and margins from 2023 reflecting demand growth, driven in part by deployment of AI, which combined with industry-wide supply discipline, resulted in a substantially improved industry supply and demand balance.
In the second quarter of 2025, NAND revenue declined due to lower storage growth by data center customers after several quarters of strong investments and pricing pressure in consumer-oriented markets as customers worked to reduce inventories to align with demand in their end markets. We continue to prudently manage our NAND supply, including the levels of our capital investment, the pace of ramp of our new technology node, and fab utilization consistent with our demand growth. Throughout 2024, we experienced substantial improvements in pricing and margins for NAND from 2023.
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Results of Operations
Consolidated Results

| Second Quarter | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Six months ended
| 2025 | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
Revenue | $ | 8,053 |  | 100 | % | $ | 8,709 |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,824 |  | 100 | % | $ | 16,762 |  | 100 | % | $ | 10,550 |  | 100 | %
Cost of goods sold | 5,090 |  | 63 | % | 5,361 |  | 62 | % | 4,745 |  | 81 | % | 10,451 |  | 62 | % | 9,506 |  | 90 | %
Gross margin | 2,963 |  | 37 | % | 3,348 |  | 38 | % | 1,079 |  | 19 | % | 6,311 |  | 38 | % | 1,044 |  | 10 | %
Research and development | 898 |  | 11 | % | 888 |  | 10 | % | 832 |  | 14 | % | 1,786 |  | 11 | % | 1,677 |  | 16 | %
Selling, general, and administrative | 285 |  | 4 | % | 288 |  | 3 | % | 280 |  | 5 | % | 573 |  | 3 | % | 543 |  | 5 | %
Other operating (income) expense, net | 7 |  | — | % | (2) |  | — | % | (224) |  | (4) | % | 5 |  | — | % | (239) |  | (2) | %
Operating income (loss) | 1,773 |  | 22 | % | 2,174 |  | 25 | % | 191 |  | 3 | % | 3,947 |  | 24 | % | (937) |  | (9) | %
Interest income (expense), net | (4) |  | — | % | (11) |  | — | % | (14) |  | — | % | (15) |  | — | % | (14) |  | — | %
Other non-operating income (expense), net | (11) |  | — | % | (11) |  | — | % | (7) |  | — | % | (22) |  | — | % | (34) |  | — | %
Income tax (provision) benefit | (177) |  | (2) | % | (283) |  | (3) | % | 622 |  | 11 | % | (460) |  | (3) | % | 549 |  | 5 | %
Equity in net income (loss) of equity method investees | 2 |  | — | % | 1 |  | — | % | 1 |  | — | % | 3 |  | — | % | (5) |  | — | %
Net income (loss) | $ | 1,583 |  | 20 | % | $ | 1,870 |  | 21 | % | $ | 793 |  | 14 | % | $ | 3,453 |  | 21 | % | $ | (441) |  | (4) | %

Total Revenue: Total revenue for the second quarter of 2025 and first six months of 2025 was impacted by the factors described in the section titled “Industry Conditions” above.
Total revenue for the second quarter of 2025 decreased 8% as compared to the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to decreases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products.
•Sales of DRAM products decreased 4% primarily due to a high-single-digit percent range decrease in bit shipments, partially offset by a mid-single-digit percent range increase in average selling prices driven by an increased mix of HBM and other data center products.
•Sales of NAND products decreased 17% primarily due to a high-teens percent range decrease in average selling prices due to industry conditions and a mix shift to consumer-oriented products, partially offset by modestly higher bit shipments.
Total revenue for the second quarter of 2025 increased 38% as compared to the second quarter of 2024 primarily due to increases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products.
•Sales of DRAM products increased 47% primarily due to a mid-50% range increase in average selling prices, partially offset by decreases in bit shipments in the mid-single-digit percent range.
•Sales of NAND products increased 18% primarily due to a mid-teens percent range increase in bit shipments and a low-single-digit percent range increase in average selling prices.
Total revenue for the first six months of 2025 increased 59% as compared to the first six months of 2024 due to increases in both DRAM and NAND sales.
•Sales of DRAM products increased 65% primarily due to a mid-60% range increase in average selling prices.
•Sales of NAND products increased 46% primarily due to a low-30% range increase in average selling prices and an approximate 10% increase in bit shipments.
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Consolidated Gross Margin: Our consolidated gross margin has been impacted by the factors described in the section titled “Industry Conditions” above. Our consolidated gross margin percentage decreased to 37% for the second quarter of 2025 from 38% for the first quarter of 2025, primarily due to a decrease in margins for NAND products, partially offset by an improvement in margins for DRAM products. NAND margins declined primarily due to decreases in average selling prices and a mix shift to consumer-oriented products. DRAM margins improved primarily due to an increased mix of HBM and other data center products. Our consolidated gross margin percentage improved to 37% for the second quarter of 2025 from 19% for the second quarter of 2024 and improved to 38% for the first six months of 2025 from 10% for the first six months of 2024. Improvements in our consolidated gross margins for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 as compared to corresponding periods of 2024, were primarily due to increases in average selling prices for both DRAM and NAND, manufacturing cost reductions for NAND, and an increased mix in sales to high-margin cloud products, particularly HBM. Our consolidated gross margin for the second quarter and first six months of 2024 reflected $382 million and $987 million, respectively, of benefit due to lower costs from the sale of inventories written down to their net realizable value in 2023.
Revenue by Business Unit

| Second Quarter | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Six months ended
| 2025 | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
CNBU | $ | 4,564 |  | 57 | % | $ | 4,395 |  | 50 | % | $ | 2,185 |  | 38 | % | $ | 8,959 |  | 53 | % | $ | 3,922 |  | 37 | %
SBU | 1,392 |  | 17 | % | 1,731 |  | 20 | % | 905 |  | 16 | % | 3,123 |  | 19 | % | 1,558 |  | 15 | %
MBU | 1,068 |  | 13 | % | 1,527 |  | 18 | % | 1,598 |  | 27 | % | 2,595 |  | 15 | % | 2,891 |  | 27 | %
EBU | 1,025 |  | 13 | % | 1,052 |  | 12 | % | 1,111 |  | 19 | % | 2,077 |  | 12 | % | 2,148 |  | 20 | %
All Other | 4 |  | — | % | 4 |  | — | % | 25 |  | — | % | 8 |  | — | % | 31 |  | — | %
| $ | 8,053 |  |  | $ | 8,709 |  |  | $ | 5,824 |  |  | $ | 16,762 |  |  | $ | 10,550 |  |

Percentages of total revenue may not total 100% due to rounding.
Changes in revenue for each business unit for the second quarter of 2025 as compared to the first quarter of 2025 were as follows:
•CNBU revenue increased 4% primarily due to higher sales of HBM products, which increased more than 50%.
•SBU revenue decreased 20% primarily due to lower storage investments by data center customers after several quarters of very strong growth, and overall NAND industry pricing declines.
•MBU revenue decreased 30% primarily due to decreases in bit shipments, as mobile customers managed inventories lower, and declines in average selling prices for both mobile DRAM and NAND.
•EBU revenue decreased 3% primarily due to decreases in automotive sales as customers managed inventories lower.
Changes in revenue for each business unit for the second quarter and the first six months of 2025 as compared to the corresponding periods of 2024 were as follows:
•CNBU revenue increased 109% and 128%, respectively, primarily due to increases in average selling prices and bit shipments driven by improved demand, particularly in cloud server markets, including HBM.
•SBU revenue increased 54% and 100%, respectively, primarily due to increases in bit shipments and average selling prices for NAND.
•MBU revenue decreased 33% and 10%, respectively, primarily due to decreases in bit shipments partially offset by increases in DRAM average selling prices.
•EBU revenue decreased 8% and 3%, respectively, primarily due to decreases in DRAM bit shipments and declines in average selling prices for NAND, partially offset by increases in NAND bit shipments.
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Operating Income (Loss) by Business Unit

| Second Quarter | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Six months ended
| 2025 | 2024 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
CNBU | $ | 1,919 |  | 42 | % | $ | 1,711 |  | 39 | % | $ | 28 |  | 1 | % | $ | 3,630 |  | 41 | % | $ | (369) |  | (9) | %
SBU | 24 |  | 2 | % | 347 |  | 20 | % | (217) |  | (24) | % | 371 |  | 12 | % | (707) |  | (45) | %
MBU | 60 |  | 6 | % | 327 |  | 21 | % | (9) |  | (1) | % | 387 |  | 15 | % | (696) |  | (24) | %
EBU | 3 |  | — | % | 11 |  | 1 | % | (1) |  | — | % | 14 |  | 1 | % | 9 |  | — | %
All Other | 1 |  | 25 | % | (2) |  | (50) | % | 21 |  | 84 | % | (1) |  | (13) | % | 25 |  | 81 | %
| $ | 2,007 |  |  | $ | 2,394 |  |  | $ | (178) |  |  | $ | 4,401 |  |  | $ | (1,738) |  |

Percentages reflect operating income (loss) as a percentage of revenue for each business unit.
Changes in operating income or loss for each business unit for the second quarter of 2025 as compared to the first quarter of 2025 were as follows:
•CNBU operating income increased primarily due to increases in high-value HBM products.
•SBU operating income decreased primarily due to declines in average selling prices.
•MBU operating income decreased primarily due to lower bit shipments and declines in average selling prices.
•EBU operating income decreased primarily due to declines in average selling prices and lower DRAM bit shipments, partially offset by higher NAND bit shipments and manufacturing cost reductions.
Changes in operating income or loss for each business unit for the second quarter and the first six months of 2025 as compared to the corresponding periods of 2024 were as follows:
•CNBU operating income (loss) improved primarily due to increases in average selling prices and high-value HBM products.
•SBU operating income (loss) improved primarily due to increases in average selling prices and manufacturing cost reductions.
•MBU operating income (loss) improved primarily due to increases in DRAM average selling prices and manufacturing cost reductions.
•EBU operating income (loss) was relatively unchanged.
Operating Expenses and Other
Research and Development: R&D expenses vary primarily with the number of development and pre-qualification wafers processed, the cost of advanced equipment dedicated to new product and process development, and personnel costs. Because of the lead times necessary to manufacture our products, we typically begin to process wafers before completion of performance and reliability testing. Development of a product is deemed complete when it is qualified through internal reviews and tests for performance and reliability. R&D expenses can vary significantly depending on the timing of product qualification.
R&D expenses for the second quarter of 2025 were relatively unchanged as compared to the first quarter of 2025. R&D expenses for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 increased 8% and 6%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2024 primarily due to an increase in employee compensation and subcontractor expense, partially offset by lower volumes of development and prequalification wafers.
Selling, General, and Administrative: SG&A expenses for the second quarter of 2025 were relatively unchanged as compared to the first quarter of 2025. SG&A expenses for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 increased 2% and 6%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods of 2024 primarily due to an increase in employee compensation.
Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net: See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net.”
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Income Taxes: Our income tax (provision) benefit consisted of the following:

| Second Quarter | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Six months ended
| 2025 | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
Income (loss) before taxes | $ | 1,758 |  | $ | 2,152 |  | $ | 170 |  | $ | 3,910 |  | $ | (985) |
Income tax (provision) benefit | (177) |  | (283) |  | 622 |  | (460) |  | 549 |
Effective tax rate | 10.1 | % | 13.2 | % | (365.9) | % | 11.8 | % | 55.7 | %

In the first quarter of 2024, our tax expense was based on actual results for jurisdictions where small changes in our projected pre-tax income would have caused significant changes in the estimated annual effective tax rate. Beginning in the second quarter of 2024, we were able to estimate a more reliable annual effective tax rate and reverted to a global annual effective tax rate method for all jurisdictions. Applying this updated rate to our year-to-date earnings resulted in the tax benefit of $622 million recognized in the second quarter of 2024.
The change in our effective tax rate for the second quarter of 2025 as compared to the second quarter of 2024 was primarily due to changes in profitability and the aforementioned calculation of our tax expense in the second quarter of 2024. The change in our effective tax rate for the first six months of 2025 as compared to the first six months of 2024 was primarily due to changes in profitability. The change in our effective tax rate for the second quarter of 2025 as compared to the first quarter of 2025 was primarily due discrete items related to tax return filings.
We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside the United States, including Singapore, where we have tax incentive arrangements. These incentives expire, in whole or in part, at various dates through 2034 and are conditional, in part, upon meeting certain business operations and employment thresholds. The effect of tax incentive arrangements reduced our tax provision by $171 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.15) for the second quarter of 2025, $212 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.19) for the first quarter of 2025, and $383 million (benefiting our diluted earnings per share by $0.34) for the first six months of 2025, respectively. As a result of the low level of profitability and geographic mix of income, the benefit from tax incentive arrangements was not material for the periods presented for 2024.
Further changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project, including Pillar Two Model Rules (“Pillar Two”), undertaken by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”). Nearly all European Union member states have enacted the Pillar Two legislation, which will be effective for us in 2025. We do not expect these enacted laws to materially impact our effective tax rate for 2025. On November 27, 2024, Singapore enacted legislation to implement Pillar Two, which will apply to us starting in 2026. While we are still evaluating the impacts, we expect our effective tax rate for 2026 to be in the high-teens percentage range. We also continue to monitor for additional guidance and legislative changes to Pillar Two in the jurisdictions where we operate.
Various tax reforms are being considered in multiple jurisdictions that, if enacted, contain provisions that could materially impact our tax expense. We continue to monitor the potential impact of these various tax reform proposals to our overall global effective tax rate and financial statements.
Other: Further information related to our operating expenses and other can be found in “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Equity Compensation Plans”:
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations and financing obtained from capital markets and financial institutions. Cash generated from operations is highly dependent on selling prices for our products, which can vary significantly from period to period. Cash and marketable investments totaled $9.59 billion as of February 27, 2025, and $9.15 billion as of August 29, 2024. Our cash and investments consist primarily of bank deposits, money market funds, and liquid investment-grade, fixed-income securities, which are diversified among industries and individual issuers. To mitigate credit risk, we invest through high-credit-quality financial institutions and by policy generally limit the concentration of credit exposure by restricting the amount of investments with any single obligor. As of February 27, 2025, $2.12 billion of our cash and marketable investments was held by our foreign subsidiaries.
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We continuously evaluate alternatives for efficiently funding our capital expenditures and ongoing operations. We expect to engage in a variety of financing transactions, from time to time, for such purposes as well as to refinance our existing indebtedness, including the issuance of securities. As of February 27, 2025, $2.50 billion was available to draw under our existing credit facility. On March 12, 2025, we terminated our existing undrawn credit facility and entered into a new five-year unsecured Revolving Credit Facility and increased our borrowing capacity. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we can draw up to $3.50 billion. Funding of certain significant capital projects is also dependent on the receipt of government incentives, which are subject to conditions and may not be obtained.
To develop new product and process technology, support future growth, achieve operating efficiencies, and maintain product quality, we must continue to invest in manufacturing technologies, facilities and equipment, and R&D. We estimate capital expenditures in 2025 for property, plant, and equipment, net of proceeds from government incentives, to be approximately $14 billion. Actual amounts for 2025 will vary depending on market conditions and may vary from quarter to quarter due to the timing of expenditures and proceeds from government incentives. As of February 27, 2025, we had purchase obligations of approximately $1.73 billion for the acquisition of property, plant, and equipment, substantially all of which is expected to be paid within one year. For a description of other contractual obligations, such as leases and debt, see “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Leases,” and “ – Debt.”
To support projected memory demand in the second half of the decade, we will need to add new DRAM wafer capacity. Following the enactment of the CHIPS Act, we announced plans to invest in two leading-edge memory manufacturing fab facilities in the United States, based on CHIPS Act support through grants and investment tax credits. As part of this plan, in September 2022, we broke ground on a leading-edge memory manufacturing fab in Boise, Idaho. Construction of the fab began in October 2023, with meaningful DRAM output projected in 2027. In addition, in October 2022, we announced plans to build a second leading-edge DRAM manufacturing facility, consisting of up to four fabs to be built over the next 20-plus years, in Clay, New York. We expect construction site preparation to begin in calendar 2025, with production anticipated to ramp in the latter half of the decade. We expect these new fabs to be key to meeting our requirements for additional wafer capacity starting in the second half of the decade and beyond, in line with industry demand trends and our objective of maintaining stable bit share.
On December 9, 2024, we entered into direct funding agreements with the U.S. Department of Commerce for up to $6.1 billion in direct funding pursuant to the CHIPS Act for a planned fab in Boise, Idaho and two planned fabs in Clay, New York. On December 9, 2024, we also signed a non-binding preliminary memorandum of terms for up to $275 million in direct funding for our fab in Manassas, Virginia. See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – CHIPS Act Funding Agreements.” We elected not to pursue the federal loans previously disclosed as included in the non-binding preliminary memorandum of terms for the Boise, Idaho and Clay, New York fabs.
In addition, we receive a 25% investment tax credit on qualified investments in U.S. semiconductor manufacturing under the CHIPS Act. We have also signed a non-binding term sheet with the State of New York that provides up to $5.5 billion in funding for the planned four-fab facility over the next 20-plus years through a combination of tax credits for qualified capital investments and incentives for eligible new job wages.
Additionally, we began enablement of cleanroom space within our existing manufacturing fab in Hiroshima, Japan, that will support production of advanced DRAM using EUV lithography. We are expanding our production capacity in Taiwan for DRAM and HBM products to meet rising market demand. We also continue to advance our global back-end assembly and test network in order to support our product portfolio and extend our ability to deliver on global customer demand in the future. Construction is progressing on the expansion of our existing assembly and test facility in Xi’an, China, to provide space to add more product capability, to allow us over time to serve more of the demand from our customers in China. Construction is also progressing for the assembly and test facility in Gujarat, India to address demand in the latter half of this decade. In January 2025, we broke ground on an HBM advanced packaging facility in Singapore to meaningfully expand our total advanced packaging capacity beginning in calendar 2027.
Our Board of Directors has authorized the discretionary repurchase of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock through open-market purchases, block trades, privately-negotiated transactions, derivative transactions, and/or pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The repurchase authorization has no expiration date, does not obligate us to acquire any common stock, and is subject to market conditions, restrictions applicable under our CHIPS Act direct funding agreements, and our ongoing determination of the best use of available cash. Through February 27,
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2025, we had repurchased an aggregate of $7.19 billion of the authorized amount. See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Equity” and “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – CHIPS Act Funding Agreements.”
On March 20, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.115 per share, payable in cash on April 15, 2025, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 31, 2025. The declaration and payment of any future cash dividends are at the discretion and subject to the approval of our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors' decisions regarding the amount and payment of dividends will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, debt service obligations, contractual restrictions, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.
We expect that our cash and investments, cash flows from operations, expected funding from government incentives, and available financing will be sufficient to meet our requirements at least through the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future.
Cash Flows

Six months ended | February 27, 2025 | February 29, 2024
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 7,186 |  | $ | 2,620 |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (6,300) |  | (2,709) |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (326) |  | (458) |
Effect of changes in currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (49) |  | (8) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 511 |  | $ | (555) |

Operating Activities: Cash provided by operating activities reflects net income (loss) adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation expense, amortization of intangible assets, and stock-based compensation, and the effects of changes in operating assets and liabilities.
Th e increase in cash provided by operating activities for the first six months of 2025 as compared to the first six months of 2024 was primarily due to net income in the current year adjusted for non-cash items and the effect of a decrease in receivables, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and a decrease in other current liabilities.
Investing Activities: For the first six months of 2025, net cash used for investing activi ties consisted primarily of $7.26 billion of expenditures for property, plant, and equipment; partially offset by $1.03 billion received from government incentives to offset capital expenditures and $58 million of net inflows from maturities, sales, and purchases of available-for-sale securities.
For the first six months of 2024, net cash used for investing activities consisted primarily of $3.18 billion of expenditures for property, plant, and equipment; partially offset by $234 million received from government incentives to offset capital expenditures and $261 million of net inflows from maturities, sales, and purchases of available-for-sale securities.
Financing Activities: For the first six months of 2025, net cash used for financing activi ties consisted primarily of $2.63 billion of repayments of debt, which included the prepayment of the 2026 Notes, 2026 Term Loan A, and 2027 Term Loan A borrowings; and $261 million for paym ents of dividends to shareholders; partially offset by $1.68 billion of proceeds from the issuance of the 2029 Term Loan A and approximately $1.00 billion of proceeds from the issuance of the 2035 Notes. See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Debt.”
For the first six months of 2024, net cash used for financing activities consisted primarily of $1.10 billion of repayments of debt, which included the prepayment of the 2024 Term Loan A and a portion of the 2025 Term Loan A borrowings; $256 million for payments of dividends to shareholders; and $82 million of payments on equipment purchase contracts; partially offset by approximately $1.00 billion of proceeds from the issuance of the 2031 Notes.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
For a discussion of our critical accounting estimates, see “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Estimates” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
See “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Recently Issued Accounting Standards.”
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
For further discussion about market risk and sensitivity analysis related to changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates, see “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 29, 2024. There have been no material changes to our market risk during the six months ended February 27, 2025.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that those disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.
During the second quarter of 2025, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Contingencies” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
SEC regulations require disclosure of certain proceedings related to environmental matters unless we reasonably believe that the related monetary sanctions, if any, will be less than a specified threshold. We use a threshold of $1 million for this purpose.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, this section discusses important factors which could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us. The order of presentation is not necessarily indicative of the level of risk that each factor poses to us. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or stock price. Our operations could also be affected by other factors that are presently unknown to us or not considered significant.
Risk Factor Summary
Risks Related to Our Business, Operations, and Industry
•volatility in average selling prices of our products;
•a range of factors that may adversely affect our gross margins;
•our international operations, including geopolitical risks;
•the highly competitive nature of our industry;
•our ability to develop and produce new and competitive memory and storage technologies and products;
•realizing expected returns from capacity expansions;
•achieving or maintaining certain outcomes and the compliance requirements associated with incentives from various governments;
•availability and quality of materials, supplies, electrical power, gas, water, and capital equipment, or dependency on third-party service providers;
•a downturn or ongoing adverse conditions in regional or worldwide economies;
•disruptions to our manufacturing process from operational issues, natural disasters, or other events;
•dependency on certain customers, including international customers, and end markets;
•products that fail to meet specifications, are defective, or are incompatible with end uses;
•breaches of our security systems or products, systems failures, interruptions, delays in service, catastrophic events, and resulting interruptions of our systems or those of our customers, suppliers, or business partners;
•uncertainties and outcomes associated with the use and evolution of AI;
•attracting, retaining, and motivating highly skilled employees;
•responsible sourcing requirements and related regulations;
•sustainability and governance expectations or standards;
•acquisitions and/or alliances; and
•restructure plans may not realize expected savings or other benefits.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Litigation
•protecting our intellectual property and retaining key employees who are knowledgeable of and develop our intellectual property;
•legal, regulatory and administrative investigations, inquiries, proceedings, and claims; and
•claims that our products or manufacturing processes infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others or failure to obtain or renew license agreements covering such intellectual property.
Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
•impacts of government actions and compliance with tariffs, trade restrictions, and/or trade regulations;
•tax expense and tax laws in key jurisdictions; and
•compliance with laws, regulations, or industry standards, including environmental considerations.
Risks Related to Capitalization and Financial Markets
•our ability to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain access to external financing;
•our debt obligations;
•changes in foreign currency exchange rates;
•counterparty default risk;
•volatility in the trading price of our common stock; and
•fluctuations in the amount and frequency of our common stock repurchases and payment of cash dividends and resulting impacts.
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Risks Related to Our Business, Operations, and Industry
Volatility in average selling prices for our semiconductor memory and storage products may adversely affect our business.
We have experienced significant volatility in our average selling prices and may continue to experience such volatility in the future. In the past five years, annual percentage changes in DRAM average selling prices have ranged from plus low-teen percentage range to a minus high-40% range. In the past five years, annual percentage changes in NAND average selling prices have ranged from plus low-30% to a minus low-50% range. In some prior periods, average selling prices for our products have been below our manufacturing costs and we may experience such circumstances in the future. Average selling prices for our products that decline faster than our costs have recently had an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and in future periods could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our gross margins may be adversely affected by a range of factors.
In addition to the impact of our average selling prices, our gross margins are dependent, in part, upon continuing decreases in per gigabit manufacturing costs achieved through improvements in our manufacturing processes and product designs. Factors that may limit our ability to reduce our per gigabit manufacturing costs at sufficient levels to prevent deterioration of or improve gross margins include, but are not limited to:
•strategic product diversification decisions affecting product mix;
•increasing complexity of our product portfolio, which may impact operational costs;
•increasing complexity of manufacturing processes;
•difficulties in transitioning to smaller line-width process technologies or additional 3D memory layers or NAND cell levels;
•process complexity including number of mask layers and fabrication steps;
•manufacturing yield and defect density;
•technological barriers;
•changes in process technologies;
•new products that may require relatively larger die sizes or advanced packaging technologies;
•start-up or other costs associated with capacity expansions;
•higher costs of goods and services due to inflationary pressures, regulatory actions, including tariffs or trade restrictions, or market conditions; and
•higher manufacturing costs per gigabit due to fabrication facility underutilization, lower wafer output, and insufficient volume to run new technology nodes to achieve cost optimization.
Many factors may result in a reduction of our output or a delay in ramping production, which have in the past and could in the future lead to underutilization of our production assets. These factors may include, among others, a weak demand environment, industry oversupply, inventory surpluses, difficulties in ramping emerging technologies, supply chain disruptions, and delays from equipment suppliers. A significant portion of our manufacturing costs are fixed and do not vary proportionally with changes in production output. As a result, lower utilization, lower wafer output, and corresponding increases in our per gigabit manufacturing costs could result in higher inventory carrying costs, and have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our gross margins, business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We have a broad portfolio of products to address our customers’ needs, which span multiple market segments and are subject to rapid technological changes. Our manufacturing costs on a per gigabit basis vary across our portfolio as they are largely influenced by the technology node in which the solution was developed. We strive to balance our demand and supply for each technology node, but the dynamics of our markets and our customers can create periods of imbalance, which can lead us to carry elevated inventory levels and underutilized capacity. Consequently, we may incur charges in connection with obsolete or excess inventories, or we may not fully recover our costs, which would reduce our gross margins. For example, in 2023, we recorded aggregate charges of $1.83 billion to write down the carrying value of our inventories to their estimated net realizable value. In addition, due to the customized nature of certain products we manufacture, we may be unable to sell certain finished goods inventories to alternative customers or manufacture in-process inventory to different specifications, which may result in excess and obsolescence charges in future periods.
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In addition, if we are unable to supply products that meet customer design and performance specifications, we may be required to sell such products at lower average selling prices, which may reduce our gross margins. Our gross margins may also be impacted by shifts in product mix, driven by our strategy to optimize our portfolio to best respond to changing market dynamics.
We may not be able to predict or quickly respond to trends in the dynamics of our markets and our customers or changes in customer demand, which could negatively impact our gross margin. Our inability to prevent deterioration of or improve gross margins could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We face geopolitical and other risks associated with our international operations that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
In addition to our U.S. operations, a substantial portion of our operations are conducted in Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Malaysia, China, and India, and many of our customers, suppliers, and vendors also operate internationally. In 2024, nearly half of our revenue was from sales to customers who have headquarters located outside the United States, while over 80% of our revenue in 2024 was from products shipped to customer locations outside the United States.
Our international operations are subject to a number of risks, including:
•restrictions on sales of goods or services to one or more of our significant foreign customers;
•export and import duties, changes to import and export regulations, customs regulations and processes, and restrictions on the transfer of funds, including currency controls in China and global tariffs, which could negatively affect the amount and timing of payments from certain of our customers and, as a result, our cash flows;
•compliance with U.S. and international laws involving international operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, sanctions and anti-corruption laws, export and import laws, and similar rules and regulations;
•theft of intellectual property;
•political and economic instability, including instability resulting from domestic and international conflicts;
•government actions or civil unrest preventing the flow of products and materials, including delays in shipping and obtaining products and materials, cancellation of orders, or loss or damage of products;
•problems with the transportation or delivery of products and materials;
•issues arising from cultural or language differences and labor unrest;
•longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;
•compliance with trade, technical standards, and other laws in a variety of jurisdictions;
•contractual and regulatory limitations on the ability to maintain flexibility with staffing levels;
•disruptions to manufacturing or R&D activities as a result of actions imposed by governments;
•changes in economic policies of foreign governments;
•loss of market share in foreign jurisdictions resulting from political and regulatory uncertainty regarding possible trade restrictions or other government actions;
•difficulties in staffing and managing international operations; and
•public health issues.
If we or our customers, suppliers, or vendors are impacted by any of these risks, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Following the May 2023 decision of its cybersecurity review of our products sold in China, the CAC determined that critical information infrastructure operators in China may not purchase Micron products, impacting our revenue with companies headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including direct sales as well as indirect sales through distributors. Further actions by the Chinese government, through CAC action or other means, could impact revenue inside or outside China, or our operations in China, or our ability to ship products to our customers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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In addition, the U.S. government has in the past and continues to restrict American firms, including us, from selling products and software to certain of our customers and may in the future impose similar restrictions on one or more of our significant customers. These restrictions may not prohibit our competitors from selling similar products to our customers, which may result in our loss of sales and market share. Even as such restrictions are lifted, financial or other penalties or continuing export restrictions imposed with respect to our customers could have a continuing negative impact on our future revenue and results of operations, and we may not be able to recover any customers or market share we lose, or make such recoveries at acceptable average selling prices, while complying with such restrictions.
Political, economic, or other actions may adversely affect our operations in Taiwan. A majority of our DRAM production output in 2024 was from our fabrication facilities in Taiwan, and any loss of output could have a material adverse effect on us. Any political, economic, or other actions may also adversely affect our customers and the technology industry supply chain, for which Taiwan is a central hub, and as a result, could have a material adverse impact on us.
The semiconductor memory and storage markets are highly competitive.
We face intense competition in the semiconductor memory and storage markets from a number of companies, including Kioxia Holdings Corporation; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; SK hynix Inc.; Sandisk Corporation; Yangtze Memory Technologies Co., Ltd. (“YMTC”); and ChangXin Memory Technologies, Inc. (“CXMT”). Our competitors may use aggressive pricing to obtain market share. Some of our competitors are large corporations or conglomerates that may have a larger market share and greater resources to invest in technology, capitalize on growth opportunities, and withstand downturns in the semiconductor markets in which we compete. Consolidation of industry competitors could put us at a competitive disadvantage as our competitors may benefit from increased manufacturing scale and a stronger product portfolio. Alternatively, new entrants into memory and storage market could have a significant adverse impact on our competitive position. We operate in different jurisdictions than our competitors and may be impacted by unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates.
In addition, some governments may provide, or have provided and may continue to provide, significant assistance, financial or otherwise, to some of our competitors or to new entrants and may intervene in support of national industries and/or competitors. As a result, we face the threat of increasing competition and oversupply due to significant investment in the semiconductor industry by the Chinese government and various state-owned or affiliated entities, such as YMTC and CXMT. In addition, the CAC’s decision that critical information infrastructure operators in China may not purchase Micron products had an adverse impact on our ability to compete effectively in China and elsewhere.
We and our competitors generally seek to increase supply to address growing market demands, improve yields, and reduce die size, which could result in significant increases in worldwide supply and downward pressure on prices. Increases in worldwide supply of semiconductor memory and storage also result from fabrication capacity expansions, either by way of new facilities, increased capacity utilization, or reallocation of other semiconductor production to semiconductor memory and storage production. Our competitors may increase capital expenditures resulting in future increases in worldwide supply. We, and some of our competitors, have plans to ramp, or are constructing or ramping, production at new fabrication facilities. Increases in worldwide supply of semiconductor memory and storage, if not accompanied by commensurate increases in demand, could lead to declines in average selling prices for our products and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Additionally, rapid technological change in markets we serve could contribute to shortened product life cycles and a decline in average selling prices of our products. If competitors are more successful at developing or implementing new product or process technology, their products could have cost or performance advantages.
The competitive nature of our industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Our future success depends on our ability to develop and produce new and competitive memory and storage technologies and products.
Our key semiconductor memory and storage technologies face technological barriers to continue to meet long-term customer needs. These barriers include achieving acceptable yields and quality for HBM products with their multiple chip layers, potential limitations on stacking additional 3D memory layers, increasing bits per cell (i.e., cell levels), meeting higher density requirements, developing advanced packaging solutions, improving power consumption and reliability, and delivering advanced features and higher performance. We may face technological barriers to continue to shrink our products at our current or historical rate, which has generally reduced per gigabit cost. We have invested and expect to continue to invest in R&D for new and existing products and process technologies, such as EUV lithography, to continue to deliver advanced product requirements. Such new technologies can add complexity and risk to our schedule and may affect our costs and production output. We may be unable to recover our investment in R&D or otherwise realize the economic benefits of reducing die size or increasing memory and storage densities. Our competitors are working to develop new memory and storage technologies that may offer performance and/or cost advantages to existing technologies and render existing technologies obsolete. Accordingly, our future success may depend on our ability to develop and produce viable and competitive new memory and storage technologies.
We are developing new products, including system-level memory and storage products and solutions, which complement our traditional products or leverage their underlying design or process technology. We have invested and expect to continue to invest in new semiconductor product and system-level solution development. We are increasingly differentiating our products and solutions to meet the specific demands of our customers, which increases our reliance on our customers’ ability to accurately forecast the needs and preferences of their customers. Recent technologies, such as generative AI models have emerged, and while they have driven increased demand for HBM and other advanced products in the data center and other markets, the long-term trajectory is unknown and associated demand may fluctuate. If we or our competitors increase HBM supply at a rate that outpaces HBM demand, conversion of HBM capacity to supply other DRAM products could result in significant supply-demand imbalances. Due to the higher performance and more complex manufacturing process, HBM requires a higher number of wafers to produce the same number of bits as conventional DRAM in the same technology node. This could lead to declines in average selling prices for our DRAM products and could materially affect our business. Our product demand forecasts may also be impacted significantly by the strategic actions of our customers. In addition, our ability to successfully introduce new products often requires us to make product specification decisions multiple years in advance of when new products enter the market.
It is important that we deliver products in a timely manner with increasingly advanced performance characteristics at the time our customers are designing and evaluating samples for their products. If we do not meet their product design schedules, our customers may exclude us from further consideration as a supplier for those products. The process to develop new products requires us to demonstrate advanced functionality, performance, and reliability, often well in advance of a planned ramp of production, in order to secure design wins with our customers. Many factors may negatively impact our ability to meet anticipated timelines and/or expected or required quality standards with respect to the development of certain of our products. In addition, some of our components have long lead-times, requiring us to place orders up to a year in advance of anticipated demand. Such long lead-times increase the risk of excess inventory or loss of sales in the event our forecasts vary substantially from actual demand.
There can be no assurance of the following:
•we will be successful in developing competitive new semiconductor memory and storage technologies and products;
•we will be able to cost-effectively manufacture new products;
•we will be able to successfully achieve revenue targets for these technologies;
•margins and cash flows generated from sales of these products will allow us to recover costs of development efforts;
•we will be able to establish or maintain key relationships with customers, or that we will not be prohibited from working with certain customers, for specific chip set or design requirements;
•we will accurately predict and design products that meet our customers' specifications; or
•we will be able to introduce new products into the market and qualify them with our customers on a timely basis.
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Unsuccessful efforts to develop new memory and storage technologies and products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may not be able to achieve expected returns from capacity expansions.
We have commenced expansion of our production capacity in the United States and in other regions where we operate. Semiconductor fabs are complex, capital-intensive projects and require specialized knowledge, expertise, experience, and skill sets to construct and operate.
Our construction projects are highly dependent on available sources of materials, and specialized equipment, as well as labor, skilled sub-contractors and other service providers. Increasing demand, supply constraints, inflation, tariffs, trade restrictions, and other market conditions could result in shortages and higher costs. Additionally, difficulties in obtaining labor, skilled sub-contractors and other service providers or other resources could result in delays in completion of our construction projects and cost increases, including costs to operate these facilities.
In the United States and in certain other regions, fab building has been uncommon in recent years. Concurrent semiconductor expansion projects across the industry introduce significant competition for the limited pool of construction talent with requisite expertise and experience in these regions. As such, expanding production capacity in the United States and certain other regions may introduce more challenges than we would experience in geographies with more established ecosystems.
In addition, these expansions involve several risks including the following:
•inability to meet capital expenditure requirements for capacity expansions, including during periods of relatively low free cash flow generation, resulting from challenging memory and storage industry conditions;
•unavailability of necessary funding, which may include external sources;
•inability to realize expected grants, investment tax credits, and other government incentives, including through the CHIPS Act and other national, international, state, and local grants;
•potential changes in laws or provisions of grants, investment tax credits, and other government incentives, including the CHIPS Act;
•delays and potential restrictions related to environmental and other government regulations or permits;
•potential restrictions on expanding in certain geographies;
•inability to complete construction as scheduled and within budget;
•inability to attract, retain and motivate key talent;
•inability to timely ramp production in a cost-effective manner;
•increases to our cost structure until new production is ramped to adequate scale; and
•insufficient customer demand to utilize our increased capacity.
From time to time, we have experienced impacts from certain of the above items and, because these risks are a characteristic of our business, we expect to experience them in the future. Depending on the nature and extent of the impact from these risks, we may be unable to produce sufficient capacity in the expected time frame which could result in delays in the completion of our construction projects and increased costs, including costs to operate these facilities.
We invest our capital in areas that we believe best align with our business strategy and optimize future returns. Investments in capital expenditures may not generate expected returns or cash flows. Significant judgment is required to determine which capital investments will result in optimal returns, and we could invest in projects that are ultimately less profitable than those projects we do not select. Delays in completion and ramping of new production facilities, or failure to optimize our investment choices, could significantly impact our ability to realize expected returns on our capital expenditures.
Any of the above factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Our incentives from various governments are conditioned upon achieving or maintaining certain outcomes and satisfying compliance requirements and are subject to reduction, termination, or clawback, and could impose certain limitations on our business.
We have received, and may in the future continue to receive, benefits and incentives from national, state, and local governments in various regions of the world designed to encourage us to establish, maintain, or increase investment, workforce, research and development, or production in those regions. However, there is no guarantee that such government incentives and benefits will continue to be available in the future on the same terms, terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In addition, we have discretion in the timing of use of certain of these incentives. If we choose to exercise such discretion due to the cyclicality of our business or other factors, we may not be able to fully utilize these incentives. Our future business plans may be impacted by obtaining these government incentives, which may take various forms, including grants, subsidies, loans, and tax arrangements, and typically require us to achieve or maintain certain levels of investment, capital spending, employment, technology deployment or development milestones, construction or production milestones, or research and development activities to qualify for such incentives or could restrict us from undertaking certain activities. Failure to achieve such milestones could result in up to all of certain incentives being clawed back. In some cases, these incentives have additional terms and conditions regarding our business operations or governance that are required to be satisfied as a condition to receive incentives or disbursements. Compliance with these terms and conditions may add complexity to our operations and increase our costs and failure to comply could result in termination of incentive programs or clawbacks of incentive amounts received.
We may be unable to obtain sufficient future incentives to continue to fund a portion of our capital expenditures and operating costs, without which our cost structure may be adversely impacted and planned capital expenditures and research and development expenditures may be affected. For example, in December 2024, we entered into direct funding agreements, providing funds for the construction of fab facilities in Idaho and New York, with the United States Department of Commerce (the “Department”) under the Department’s CHIPS Incentives Program established pursuant to the CHIPS Act. The awards under the direct funding agreements are subject to various conditions and we may not receive the funding expected on the same terms or at all. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully achieve or maintain outcomes or satisfy the compliance requirements to qualify for these incentives or that the granting agencies will provide or continue to provide such funding. See “Part I. Financial Information –Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – CHIPS Act Funding Agreements.”
These incentive arrangements, including the funding agreements, typically provide the granting agencies with rights to audit our compliance with their terms and obligations. Such audits could result in modifications to, or termination of, the applicable incentive program. In addition, the incentives we receive, including the funding agreements, are in some cases subject to reduction, termination, or clawback under certain circumstances, and any decrease or clawback of government incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be adversely affected by the availability and quality of materials, supplies, electrical power, gas, water, and capital equipment, or dependency on third-party service providers.
Our supply chain and operations are dependent on the availability of materials that meet exacting standards and the use of third parties to provide us with components and services. We generally have multiple sources of supply for our materials and services. However, only a limited number of suppliers are capable of delivering certain materials, components, and services that meet our standards and, in some cases, materials, components, or services are provided by a single or sole source, and we may be unable to qualify new suppliers on a timely basis. The availability of materials or components such as chemicals, silicon wafers, gases, photoresist, semiconductors, substrates, lead frames, printed circuit boards, targets, and reticle glass blanks is impacted by various factors. These factors could include a shortage of raw materials or a disruption in the processing or purification of those raw materials into finished goods. Shortages or increases in lead times have occurred in the past, are currently occurring with respect to some materials and components, and may occur from time to time in the future because of the nature of the industry. Constraints within our supply chain for certain materials and integrated circuit components could limit our bit shipments, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Our manufacturing processes are also dependent on our relationships with third-party manufacturers of controllers, analog integrated circuits, and other components used in some of our products and with outsourced semiconductor foundries, assembly and test providers, contract manufacturers, logistics carriers, and other service providers, including providers of maintenance for our advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment and providers of electricity and other utilities. Although we have certain long-term contracts with some of our suppliers, many of these contracts do not provide for long-term capacity or pricing commitments. To the extent we do not have firm commitments from our third-party suppliers over a specific time period or for any specific capacity, quantity, and/or pricing, our suppliers may allocate capacity to their other customers and capacity and/or materials may not be available when needed or at reasonable prices. Inflationary pressures may continue to increase costs for materials, supplies, and services. Regardless of contract structure, large swings in demand may exceed our contracted supply and/or our suppliers’ capacity to meet those demand changes resulting in a shortage of parts, materials, or capacity needed to manufacture our products. In addition, if any of our suppliers were to cease operations or become insolvent, this could impact their ability to provide us with necessary supplies, and we may not be able to obtain the needed supply in a timely way or at all from other providers.
Certain materials are primarily available in a limited number of countries, including rare earth elements, minerals, and metals. Trade disputes, geopolitical tensions, economic circumstances, political conditions, or public health issues may limit our ability to obtain such materials. Although these rare earth and other materials are generally available from multiple suppliers, China is a predominant producer of these materials. China has in the past restricted export of certain of these materials and may in the future continue to restrict or stop exporting these materials, and as a result, our suppliers’ ability to obtain such supply may be constrained, and we may be unable to obtain sufficient quantities, or obtain supply in a timely manner, or at a commercially reasonable cost. Constrained supply of rare earth elements, minerals, and metals may restrict our ability to manufacture certain of our products and make it difficult or impossible to compete with other semiconductor memory and storage manufacturers who are able to obtain sufficient quantities of these materials from China.
We and/or our suppliers and service providers could be affected by regional conflicts, civil unrest, labor disruptions, sanctions, tariffs, embargoes, or other trade restrictions, and retaliatory actions in response to such actions, as well as laws and regulations enacted in response to concerns regarding climate change, conflict minerals, responsible sourcing practices, public health crises, or other matters, which could limit the supply of our materials and/or increase the cost. Environmental regulations could limit our ability to procure or use certain chemicals or materials in our operations or products. In addition, disruptions in transportation lines could delay our receipt of materials. Our ability to procure components to repair equipment essential for our manufacturing processes could also be negatively impacted by various restrictions or disruptions in supply chains, among other items. The disruption of our supply of materials, components, or services, or the extension of our lead times could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our operations are dependent on a reliable and uninterrupted supply of electrical power, gas, and water to our manufacturing facilities. Any power shortages, capacity constraints, prolonged outages, or significant or unexpected increases in the cost of power could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our operations are dependent on our ability to procure advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment that enables the transition to lower cost manufacturing processes. For certain key types of equipment, including photolithography tools, we are sometimes dependent on a single supplier. From time to time, we have experienced difficulties in obtaining some equipment on a timely basis due to suppliers’ limited capacity. Our inability to obtain equipment on a timely basis could adversely affect our ability to transition to next generation manufacturing processes and reduce our costs. Delays in obtaining equipment could also impede our ability to ramp production and could increase our overall costs of a ramp. Our inability to obtain advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Our construction projects to expand production and R&D capacity are highly dependent on available sources of labor, materials, equipment, and services. Increasing demand, supply constraints, inflation, and other market conditions could result in increasing shortages and higher costs for these items. Difficulties in obtaining these resources could result in delays in completion of our construction projects and cost increases, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Our inability to source materials, supplies, capital equipment, or third-party services could affect our overall production output and our ability to fulfill customer demand. Significant or prolonged shortages of our products could halt customer manufacturing and damage our relationships with these customers. Any damage to our customer relationships as a result of a shortage of our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Similarly, if our customers experience disruptions to their supplies, materials, components, or services, or the extension of their lead times, they may reduce, cancel, or alter the timing of their purchases with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Downturns or ongoing adverse conditions in regional or worldwide economies may harm our business.
Downturns or ongoing adverse conditions in regional or worldwide economies, due to inflation, geopolitics, major central bank policy actions including interest rate increases, public health crises, or other factors, have harmed our business in the past and current and future downturns could also adversely affect our business. Adverse economic conditions affect demand for devices that incorporate our products, such as personal computers, smartphones, automobiles, and servers. Reduced demand for memory and storage products could result in significant decreases in our average selling prices and product sales. In addition, to the extent our customers or distributors have elevated inventory levels or are impacted by a deterioration in credit markets, we may experience a decrease in short-term and/or long-term demand resulting in industry oversupply and declines in pricing for our products.
A deterioration of conditions in regional or worldwide credit markets could limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures. In addition, we may experience losses on our holdings of cash and investments due to failures of financial institutions and other parties. Difficult economic conditions may also result in a higher rate of losses on our accounts receivable due to credit defaults. Additionally, our current or potential future customers may experience cash flow problems and as a result may modify, delay, or cancel plans to purchase our products. Any inability of our current or potential future customers to pay us for our products may adversely affect our earnings and cash flow. As a result, downturns or ongoing adverse conditions in regional or worldwide economies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
If our manufacturing process is disrupted by operational issues, natural disasters, or other events, our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
We and our subcontractors manufacture products using highly complex processes that require technologically advanced equipment and continuous modification to improve yields and performance. Difficulties in the manufacturing process or the effects from a shift in product mix can reduce yields or disrupt production and may increase our per gigabit manufacturing costs. We and our subcontractors maintain operations and continuously implement new product and process technology at manufacturing facilities, which are widely dispersed in multiple locations in several countries including the United States, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, China, and India. As a result of the necessary interdependence within our network of manufacturing facilities, an operational disruption at one of our or a subcontractor’s facilities may have a disproportionate impact on our ability to produce many of our products.
From time to time, there have been disruptions in our manufacturing operations as a result of power outages, improperly functioning equipment and facilities, disruptions in supply of raw materials or components, or equipment failures. We have manufacturing and other operations in locations subject to natural occurrences and possible climate changes, such as severe and variable weather and geological events resulting in increased costs, or disruptions to our manufacturing operations or those of our suppliers or customers. In addition, climate change may pose physical risks to our manufacturing facilities or our suppliers’ facilities, including increased extreme weather events that could result in supply delays or disruptions. Other events, including political or public health crises, such as an outbreak of contagious diseases, may also affect our production capabilities or that of our suppliers, including as a result of quarantines, closures of production facilities, lack of supplies, or delays caused by restrictions on travel or shipping. Events of the types noted above have occurred from time to time and, because these risks are a characteristic of our business, they may occur in the future. As a result, in addition to disruptions to operations, our insurance premiums may increase or we may not be able to fully recover any sustained losses through insurance.
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If production is disrupted for any reason, manufacturing yields may be adversely affected, or we may be unable to meet our customers’ requirements and they may purchase products from other suppliers. This could result in a significant increase in manufacturing costs, loss of revenue, or damage to customer relationships, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
A significant portion of our revenue is concentrated with certain customers and end markets.
In the first six months of 2025, over half of our total revenue came from our top ten customers. On end markets, approximately one-half of our total revenue was concentrated in the data center end market. A disruption in our relationship with any of our top customers or a significant decrease in demand for our data center products, or in the overall data center end market, could adversely affect our business. We could experience fluctuations in our customer base or the mix of revenue by customer or end market, as markets and strategies evolve. Demand for our products may fluctuate due to factors beyond our control. Our inability to qualify our products to meet customer or end market requirements could adversely impact our revenue. A meaningful change in inventory strategy by our top customers or in certain end markets could impact our industry bit demand growth outlook. In addition, any consolidation of our customers or consolidation of significant end markets could limit the opportunity for sale of our products. The loss of, or restrictions on our ability to sell to, one or more of our major customers or in certain end markets, or any significant reduction in orders or a shift in product mix, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Certain Concentrations.”
Increases in sales of system solutions may increase our dependency upon specific customers and our costs to develop, qualify, and manufacture our system solutions.
Our development of system-level memory and storage products is dependent, in part, upon successfully identifying and meeting our customers’ specifications for those products. Developing and manufacturing system-level products with specifications unique to a customer increases our reliance upon that customer for purchasing our products at sufficient volumes and prices in a timely manner. Even if our products meet customer specifications, our sales of system-level solutions are dependent upon our customers choosing our products over those of our competitors and purchasing our products at sufficient volumes and prices. Our competitors’ products may be less costly, provide better performance, or include additional features when compared to our products. Our long-term ability to sell system-level memory and storage products is reliant upon our customers’ ability to create, market, and sell their products containing our system-level solutions at sufficient volumes and prices in a timely manner. If we fail to successfully develop and market system-level products, our business, results of operations, or financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Manufacturing system-level solutions, such as SSDs, managed NAND, and HBM, typically results in higher per-unit manufacturing costs and longer cycle time as compared to other products. Even if we are successful in selling system-level solutions to our customers in sufficient volume, we may be unable to generate sufficient profit if our per-unit manufacturing costs are not offset by higher per-unit selling prices. Manufacturing system-level solutions to customer specifications requires a longer development cycle, as compared to discrete products, to design, test, and qualify, which may increase our costs. Some of our system-level solutions are increasingly dependent on sophisticated firmware that may require significant customization to meet customer specifications, which increases our costs and time to market. Additionally, we may need to update our controller and hardware design as well as our firmware or develop new firmware as a result of new product introductions or changes in customer specifications and/or industry standards, which increases our costs. System complexities and extended warranties for system-level products could also increase our warranty costs. Our failure to cost-effectively manufacture system-level solutions and/or controller, hardware design, and firmware in a timely manner may result in reduced demand for our system-level products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Products that fail to meet specifications, are defective, or are otherwise incompatible with end uses could impose significant costs on us.
Products that do not meet specifications or that contain, or are perceived by our customers to contain, defects or that are otherwise incompatible with end uses could impose significant costs on us or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. From time to time, we experience problems with nonconforming, defective, or incompatible products after we have shipped such products. In recent periods, we have further diversified and expanded our product offerings, which could potentially increase the chance that one or more of our products could fail to meet specifications in a particular application. Our products and solutions may be deemed fully or partially responsible for functionality in our customers’ products and may result in sharing or shifting of product or financial liability from our customers to us for costs incurred by the end user as a result of our customers’ products failing to perform as specified. In addition, if our products and solutions perform critical functions in our customers’ products or are used in high-risk consumer end products, such as autonomous driver assistance programs, home and enterprise security, smoke and noxious gas detectors, medical monitoring equipment, or wearables for child and elderly safety, our potential liability may increase. We could be adversely affected in several ways, including the following:
•we may be required or agree to compensate customers for costs incurred or damages caused by defective or incompatible products and to replace products;
•we could incur a decrease in revenue or adjustment to pricing commensurate with the reimbursement of such costs or alleged damages; and
•we may encounter adverse publicity, which could cause a decrease in sales of our products or harm our reputation or relationships with existing or potential customers.
Any of the foregoing items could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Breaches of our security systems or products, systems failures, interruptions, delays in service, catastrophic events, and resulting interruptions in the availability of our systems or those of our customers, suppliers, or business partners, could expose us to losses.
We maintain a system of controls over the physical security of our facilities. We also manage and store various proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data relating to our operations. In addition, we process, store, and transmit data relating to our customers and employees, including sensitive personal information. Unauthorized persons, employees, former employees, nation states, or other parties may gain access to our facilities or technology infrastructure and systems through fraudulent means and may steal trade secrets or other proprietary information, compromise confidential information, create system disruptions, or have other impacts. This risk is exacerbated as competitors for talent, particularly engineering talent, attempt to hire our employees. Through cyberattacks on technology infrastructure and systems, unauthorized parties may obtain access to computer systems, networks, and data, including cloud-based platforms. Our technology infrastructure and systems and that of our suppliers, vendors, service providers, cloud solution providers, and partners have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, such attacks, which could impact our operations. Cyberattacks can include ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, zero-day attacks, supply chain attacks, “phishing” and other forms of social engineering, exploitation of open source software vulnerabilities, and other malicious software programs or other attacks, including those using techniques that change frequently or may be disguised or difficult to detect, or designed to remain dormant until a triggering event, impersonation of authorized users, and efforts to discover and exploit any design flaws, “bugs,” security vulnerabilities, as well as intentional or unintentional acts by employees or other insiders with access privileges. The emergence and maturation of AI capabilities may also lead to new and/or more sophisticated methods of attack. Globally, cyberattacks are increasing in number and the attackers are increasingly organized and well-financed, or supported by state actors, and are developing increasingly sophisticated systems to not only attack, but also to evade detection. In addition, geopolitical tensions or conflicts may create a heightened risk of cyberattacks. Breaches of our physical security, including break-ins, sabotage or vandalism, attacks on our technology infrastructure and systems, security breaches or incidents, or attacks on our customers, suppliers, or business partners who maintain or otherwise process confidential or sensitive information regarding us and our customers and suppliers, could result in damage to, or loss, disruption, or unavailability of data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure, destruction, loss, or other processing of confidential or sensitive information. In addition, our systems and those of our third-party vendors may experience service interruptions, data loss or compromise and outages, for other reasons, including human error, pandemics, fires, other natural disasters,
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power losses, disruptions in telecommunications services, fraud, military or political conflicts, terrorist attacks and other geopolitical unrest, computer viruses, ransomware, and other malicious software, changes in social, political, or regulatory conditions or in laws and policies, or other changes or events.
Any such event, or the perception it has occurred, may result in significant losses and damage our reputation with customers and suppliers and may expose us to claims, demands, and litigation.
Our products and the systems and applications that incorporate or otherwise utilize our products are also targets for cyberattacks. While some of our products contain encryption, security algorithms, or features designed to help protect third-party content, user-generated data stored on our products, or the functionality of our products as intended, systems and applications that utilize these products could be compromised, breached, or circumvented by motivated attackers. Further, our products contain sophisticated hardware, firmware and software (some of which is provided by third parties) that may contain weaknesses or defects in design or manufacture, including “bugs” and other problems that could interfere with the intended operation of our products or be potentially exploited by such attackers. If systems or applications that utilize our products experience a cyberattack, our products are attacked, or our suppliers are breached or attacked, this could harm our business by requiring us to employ additional resources to remediate the errors or defects, and could expose us to litigation, claims, and harm to our reputation.
We cannot be certain that any applicable insurance coverage we maintain will be adequate or otherwise protect us with respect to claims, expenses, fines, penalties, business loss, data loss, litigation, regulatory actions, or other impacts arising from security breaches or incidents, or that such coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or at all. Any of the foregoing security risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may be adversely impacted by any of the multiple uncertainties and outcomes associated with the use and evolution of AI.
We are increasingly incorporating AI capabilities into the development of technologies and our business operations, and into our products and services. AI technology is complex and rapidly evolving, and may expose us to significant competitive, legal, regulatory, and other risks. The implementation of AI can be costly and there is no guarantee that our use of AI will enhance our technologies, benefit our business operations, or produce products and services that are preferred by our customers. AI will likely increase or change the competitive environment in our markets. Our competitors may be more successful in their AI strategy or they may have access to greater AI resources or technology and develop superior products and services.
Additionally, AI algorithms or training methodologies may be flawed, and datasets may contain irrelevant, insufficient or biased information, which can cause errors in outputs. AI is also the subject of an evolving set of legal requirements and regulations and we may be subject to new and conflicting laws and regulations. Any of these matters may give rise to legal liability, damage our reputation, and materially harm our business.
We must attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled employees.
To remain competitive, we must maintain a highly skilled, global workforce and effectively manage succession for key roles. Hiring, retaining, and motivating qualified executives and other skilled talent is critical to our business and competition can be intense. If our total compensation programs, employment benefits, and workplace culture are not viewed as competitive and inclusive, our ability to attract and retain talent could be compromised.
At times, we experience higher levels of attrition and more intense competition for talent across our industry, which can lead to increased compensation costs. To the extent we experience significant attrition and are unable to timely replace employees, we could experience a loss of critical skills and reduced employee morale, potentially resulting in business disruptions, inefficiencies during transitional periods and increased expenses. Additionally, changes to immigration policies in the countries in which we operate, as well as restrictions on travel due to public health crises or other causes, may limit our ability to hire and/or retain talent in, or transfer talent to, specific locations.
Our business success is dependent on our ability to attract, retain and motivate key talent. Our inability to do so could inhibit our ability to maintain or expand our business operations and may adversely impact our operating results.
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Compliance with responsible sourcing requirements and any related regulations could increase our operating costs or limit the supply and increase the cost of certain materials, supplies, and services, and if we fail to comply, customers may reduce purchases from us or disqualify us as a supplier.
We and many of our customers have adopted responsible sourcing programs that require us to meet certain sustainability, governance, or other criteria, and to periodically report on our performance against these requirements, including that we source the materials, supplies, and services we use and incorporate into the products we sell as prescribed by these programs. Many customer programs require us to remove a supplier within a prescribed period if such supplier ceases to comply with prescribed criteria, and our supply chain may at any time contain suppliers at risk of being removed due to non-compliance with responsible sourcing requirements. Some of our customers may elect to disqualify us as a supplier (resulting in a permanent or temporary loss of sales to such customer) or reduce purchases from us if we are unable to verify that our performance or products (including the underlying supply chain) meet the specifications of our customers’ responsible sourcing programs on a continuous basis. Meeting responsible sourcing requirements may increase operating requirements and costs or limit the sourcing and availability of some of the materials, supplies, and services we use, particularly when the availability of such materials, supplies, and services is concentrated to a limited number of suppliers. From time to time, we remove suppliers or require our suppliers to remove suppliers from their supply chains based on our responsible sourcing requirements or customer requirements, and we or our suppliers may be unable to replace such removed suppliers in a timely or cost-effective manner. Any inability to replace removed suppliers in a timely or cost effective manner may affect our ability and/or the cost to obtain sufficient quantities of materials, supplies, and services necessary for the manufacture of our products. Our inability to replace suppliers we have removed in a timely or cost-effective manner or comply with customers’ responsible sourcing requirements or with any related regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Evolving sustainability and governance expectations or standards or failure to achieve our related goals could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, or stock price.
In recent years, there has been an increased focus from stakeholders on sustainability and governance matters, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related risks, carbon-free electricity, water stewardship, waste management, inclusion, responsible sourcing and supply chain, and human rights. We actively manage these issues and have established and publicly announced certain sustainability goals, commitments, and targets which we may refine or modify further in the future. These goals, commitments, and targets reflect our current plans and aspirations and are not guarantees that we will be able to achieve them. Achieving these goals may entail significant costs, for example we have entered into several virtual power purchase agreements to obtain renewable energy credits at a cost that will vary based on future prices for electrical power. Evolving stakeholder expectations and our efforts to manage these issues, report on them, and accomplish our goals present numerous operational, regulatory, reputational, financial, legal, and other risks, any of which could have a material adverse impact, including on our reputation and stock price.
Such risks and uncertainties include:
•reputational harm, including damage to our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, governments, or other stakeholders;
•adverse impacts on our ability to manufacture and sell products and maintain our market share;
•the success of our collaborations with third parties;
•loss of business due to failure to meet our customers’ sustainability targets;
•increased risk of litigation, investigations, or regulatory enforcement action;
•unfavorable sustainability and governance ratings or investor sentiment;
•diversion of resources and increased costs to control, assess, and report on sustainability and governance metrics;
•our ability to achieve our goals, commitments, and targets within timeframes announced;
•increased costs to achieve our goals, commitments, and targets;
•unforeseen operational and technological difficulties;
•access to and increased cost of capital; and
•adverse impacts on our stock price.
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Opinions, perspectives, and expectations on sustainability and governance matters may differ amongst our stakeholders and may evolve over time. We have been and may continue to be subject to conflicting expectations and views on various matters, and legal requirements and interpretations may change. Any failure, or perceived failure, to meet evolving stakeholder expectations and industry standards or achieve our sustainability and governance goals, commitments, and targets could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or stock price.
Acquisitions and/or alliances involve numerous risks.
Acquisitions and the formation or operation of alliances, such as joint ventures and other partnering arrangements, involve numerous risks, including the following:
•integrating the operations, technologies, and products of acquired or newly formed entities into our operations;
•increasing capital expenditures to upgrade and maintain facilities;
•increased debt levels;
•the assumption of unknown or underestimated liabilities;
•the use of cash to finance a transaction, which may reduce the availability of cash to fund working capital, capital expenditures, R&D expenditures, and other business activities;
•diverting management’s attention from daily operations;
•managing larger or more complex operations and facilities and employees in separate and diverse geographic areas;
•hiring and retaining key employees;
•requirements imposed by government authorities in connection with the regulatory review of a transaction, which may include, among other things, divestitures, imposition of significant obligations, or restrictions on the conduct of our business or the acquired business;
•underestimating the costs or overestimating the benefits, including product, revenue, cost and other synergies and growth opportunities that we expect to realize, and we may not achieve those benefits;
•failure to maintain customer, vendor, and other relationships;
•inadequacy or ineffectiveness of an acquired company’s internal financial controls, disclosure controls and procedures, compliance programs, and/or environmental, health and safety, anti-corruption, human resource, or other policies or practices; and
•impairment of acquired intangible assets, goodwill, or other assets as a result of changing business conditions or technological advancements.
The global memory and storage industry has experienced consolidation and may continue to consolidate. We engage, from time to time, in discussions regarding potential acquisitions and similar opportunities. To the extent we are successful in completing any such transactions, we could be subject to some or all of the risks described above. Acquisitions of, or alliances with, technology companies are inherently risky and may not be successful and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We may incur restructure charges in future periods and may not realize expected savings or other benefits from restructure plans.
From time to time, we have because of the nature of our business, and may in the future, enter into restructure initiatives in order to, among other items, streamline our operations, increase our synergies, respond to changes in business conditions, our markets, or product offerings, or to centralize certain key functions. We may not realize expected savings or other benefits from future restructure activities and may incur additional restructure charges or other losses in future periods associated with other initiatives. In connection with any restructure initiatives, we could incur restructure charges, loss of production output, loss of key personnel, disruptions in our operations, difficulties in the timely delivery of products, and loss of customers and local market share, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Litigation
We may be unable to protect our intellectual property or retain key employees who are knowledgeable of and develop our intellectual property.
We maintain a system of controls over our intellectual property, including U.S. and foreign patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, licensing arrangements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants, and vendors, and a general system of internal controls. Despite our system of controls over our intellectual property, it may be possible for our current or future competitors to obtain, copy, use, or disclose, illegally or otherwise, our product and process technology or other proprietary information. The laws of some foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property to the same degree as do U.S. laws, and our confidentiality, non-disclosure, and non-compete agreements may be unenforceable or difficult and costly to enforce. The use of AI in the development of our products and services could also cause loss of intellectual property, as well as subject us to risks related to intellectual property infringement or misappropriation.
Additionally, our ability to maintain and develop intellectual property is dependent upon our ability to attract, develop, and retain highly skilled employees. If our competitors or future entrants into our industry are successful in hiring our employees, they may directly benefit from the knowledge these employees gained while they were under our employment, and this may also negatively impact our ability to maintain and develop intellectual property.
Our inability to protect our intellectual property or retain key employees who are knowledgeable of and develop our intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Legal, regulatory and administrative investigations, inquiries, proceedings, and claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
From time to time, we are subject to various legal, regulatory and administrative investigations, inquiries, proceedings, and claims that arise out of the ordinary conduct of our business or otherwise, both domestically and internationally. Such claims, investigations, inquiries, and proceedings may include, but are not limited to, allegations of anticompetitive conduct and infringement of intellectual property. See “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Contingencies.”
We may be associated with and subject to litigation, claims, inquiries, investigations, or disputes arising from, or as a result of:
•our relationships with vendors or customers, supply agreements, or contractual obligations with our subcontractors or business partners;
•the actions of our vendors, subcontractors, or business partners;
•our indemnification obligations, including obligations to defend our customers against third-party claims asserting infringement of certain intellectual property rights, which may include patents, trademarks, copyrights, or trade secrets; and
•the terms of our product warranties or from product liability claims.
As we continue to focus on developing system solutions with manufacturers of consumer products, including autonomous driving, augmented reality, humanoid robots, AI, and others, we may be exposed to greater potential for personal liability claims against us as a result of consumers’ use of those products. We, our officers, or our directors have been and could continue to be subject to claims of alleged violations of securities laws.
Expansion of our production capacity is subject to inherent safety risks for our employees and contractors. Expansion and renovation activities may involve accidents, which could result in project delays, litigation, claims or disputes by our contractors and others, as well as increased insurance costs. While the risks of our construction projects are covered by insurance and contractual indemnities from our contractors, we may not have insurance coverage or rights to indemnity for all risks. Further, there can be no assurance that we are adequately insured to protect against all claims and potential liabilities, and we may elect to self-insure with respect to certain matters.
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Exposures to various legal proceedings and claims, with or without merit, could require significant attention from our management and could lead to significant costs and expenses as we defend claims, are required to pay damage awards, or enter into settlement agreements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Claims that our products or manufacturing processes infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, or failure to obtain or renew license agreements covering such intellectual property, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
As is typical in the semiconductor and other high technology industries, from time to time others have asserted, and may in the future assert, that our products or manufacturing processes infringe upon, misappropriate, misuse, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. We are unable to predict the outcome of these assertions made against us. Any of these types of claims, regardless of the merits, could subject us to significant costs to defend or resolve such claims and may consume a substantial portion of management’s time and attention. As a result of these claims, we may be required to:
•pay significant monetary damages, fines, royalties, or penalties;
•enter into license or settlement agreements covering such intellectual property rights;
•make material changes to or redesign our products and/or manufacturing processes; and/or
•cease manufacturing, having made, selling, offering for sale, importing, marketing, or using products and/or manufacturing processes in certain jurisdictions.
We may not be able to take any of the actions described above on commercially reasonable terms and any of the foregoing results could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Part I. Financial Information – Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Contingencies.”
We have a number of intellectual property license agreements. Some of these license agreements require us to make one-time or periodic payments. We may need to obtain additional licenses or renew existing license agreements in the future. We are unable to predict whether these license agreements can be obtained or renewed on terms acceptable to us. The failure to obtain or renew licenses as necessary could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
Government actions and regulations, such as export restrictions, tariffs, and trade protection measures, may limit our ability to sell our products to certain customers or markets, or could otherwise restrict our ability to conduct operations.
International trade disputes, geopolitical tensions, and military conflicts have led, and continue to lead, to new and increasing export restrictions, trade barriers, tariffs, and other trade measures, as well as retaliatory actions, that can increase our manufacturing costs, make our products less competitive, reduce demand for our products, limit our ability to sell to certain customers or markets, limit our ability to procure, or increase our costs for, components or raw materials, impede or slow the movement of our goods across borders, impede our ability to perform R&D activities, or otherwise restrict our ability to conduct operations. Government actions in the United States or abroad may lead to further changes in trade policy, domestic sourcing initiatives, increases in foreign government incentives supporting domestic businesses or other formal and informal measures that could make it more difficult to sell our products in, or restrict our access to, some markets and/or customers. For example, following the May 2023 decision of its cybersecurity review of our products sold in China, the CAC determined that critical information infrastructure operators in China may not purchase Micron products, impacting our revenue with companies headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including direct sales as well as indirect sales through distributors. Further actions by the Chinese government, through CAC action or other means, could impact revenue inside or outside China, or our operations in China, or our ability to ship products to our customers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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We cannot predict what actions may be taken with respect to export regulations, tariffs, or other trade regulations between the United States and other countries, what products or companies may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by other countries in retaliation. Further changes in trade policy, tariffs, restrictions on exports or other trade barriers, or restrictions on supplies, equipment, and raw materials including rare earth minerals, may limit our ability to produce products, increase our selling and/or manufacturing costs, decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of our products, or inhibit our ability to sell products or purchase necessary equipment and supplies. For example, increasing geopolitical tensions have in the past and could in the future result in new export controls associated with products, including those that support or enable AI applications, which could, in turn, restrict future sales of certain products to China or other markets. Such changes may also result in reputational harm to us, the development or adoption of technologies that compete with our products, long-term changes in global trade and technology supply chains, or negative impacts on our customers’ products which incorporate our solutions. Any of the effects described in this risk factor could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
The technology industry is subject to intense media, political, and regulatory scrutiny, which can increase our exposure to government investigations, legal actions, and penalties. Although we have policies, controls, and procedures designed to help ensure compliance with applicable laws, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, suppliers, or agents will not violate such laws or our policies. Violations of trade laws, restrictions, or regulations can result in fines; criminal sanctions against us or our officers, directors, or employees; prohibitions on the conduct of our business; and damage to our reputation.
Tax-related matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions. Our provision for income taxes and cash tax liabilities in the future could be adversely affected by numerous factors, including changes in the geographic mix of our earnings among jurisdictions, challenges by tax authorities to our tax positions and intercompany transfer pricing arrangements, failure to meet performance obligations with respect to tax incentive agreements, expanding our operations in various countries, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, adverse resolution of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns, and changes in tax laws and regulations.
Changes to income tax laws and regulations, or the interpretation of such laws, in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could significantly increase our effective tax rate and ultimately reduce our cash flows from operating activities and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Further changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project, including Pillar Two Model Rules (“Pillar Two”), undertaken by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”). Nearly all European Union member states have enacted the Pillar Two legislation, which will be effective for us in 2025. We do not expect these enacted laws to materially impact our effective tax rate for 2025. On November 27, 2024, Singapore enacted legislation to implement Pillar Two, which will apply to us starting in 2026. While we are still evaluating the impacts, we expect our effective tax rate for 2026 to be in the high-teens percentage range. We also continue to monitor for additional guidance and legislative changes related to Pillar Two in the jurisdictions where we operate.
We and others are subject to a variety of complex and evolving laws, regulations, or industry standards, including with respect to environmental, health, safety, and product considerations, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
The manufacture of our products requires the use of facilities, equipment, chemicals, and materials that are subject to a broad array of laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions in which we operate. This includes increasing regulations on a class of chemicals known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Additionally, we are subject to a variety of other laws and regulations relative to the construction, maintenance, and operations of our facilities. Any changes in laws, regulations, or industry standards could cause us to incur additional direct costs, as well as increased indirect costs related to our relationships with our customers and suppliers, and otherwise harm our operations and financial condition. Any failure to comply with laws, regulations, or industry standards could adversely impact our reputation and our financial results. Additionally, we engage various third parties as sales channel partners or to represent us or otherwise act on our behalf who are also subject to a broad array of laws, regulations, and industry standards. Our engagement with these third parties may also expose us to risks associated with their respective compliance with laws and regulations.
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New and evolving environmental, health, safety, and product considerations, including those related to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, the purchase, use and disposal of regulated and/or hazardous chemicals, and the potential resulting environmental, health or safety impacts, may result in new laws, regulations, or industry standards that may affect us, our suppliers, and our customers. Such laws, regulations, or industry standards could cause us to incur additional direct costs for compliance, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our customers, suppliers, or both incurring additional compliance costs that are passed on to us. These costs may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
New and evolving laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity, data privacy, and AI impose requirements for information confidentiality, integrity, availability, personal and proprietary data collection, storage, use, sharing, deletion, and AI systems to be appropriately transparent, fair, secure, beneficial, and accountable. Along with these, such laws, standards, and market expectations could cause us to incur additional direct costs for compliance, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our customers, suppliers, or partners reluctance to share information or solutions due to actual or perceived inadequate controls. These costs may adversely impact our operations and financial condition.
As a result of the considerations detailed in this risk factor, we could experience the following:
•suspension of production or sales of our products;
•limited supplies of chemicals or materials used to make our products;
•remediation costs and activities;
•increased compliance costs;
•alteration of our manufacturing processes;
•regulatory penalties, fines, civil or criminal sanctions, and other legal liabilities; and
•reputational challenges.
Compliance with, or our failure, or the failure of our third-party sales channel partners or agents, to comply with, laws, regulations, or industry standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Risks Related to Capitalization and Financial Markets
We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain access to external financing necessary to fund our operations, make scheduled debt payments, pay our dividend, and make adequate capital investments.
Our cash flows from operations depend primarily on the volume of semiconductor memory and storage products sold, average selling prices, and manufacturing costs. To develop new product and process technology, support future growth, achieve operating efficiencies, and maintain product quality, we must make significant capital investments in manufacturing technology, capital equipment, facilities, R&D, and product and process technology. We estimate capital expenditures in 2025 for property, plant, and equipment, net of proceeds from government incentives, to be approximately $14 billion.
In the past, we have utilized external sources of financing when needed. As a result of our debt levels, expected debt amortization, prevailing interest rates, and general capital market and other economic conditions, it may be difficult for us to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. We have experienced volatility in our cash flows and operating results and we expect to continue to experience such volatility in the future, which may negatively affect our credit rating. Our credit rating may also be affected by our liquidity, financial results, economic risk, or other factors, which may increase the cost of borrowings and make it difficult for us to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. There can be no assurance that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flows, access capital or credit markets, or find other sources of financing to fund our operations, make debt payments, refinance our debt, pay our quarterly dividend, and make adequate capital investments to remain competitive in terms of technology development and cost efficiency. Our inability to do any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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Debt obligations could adversely affect our financial condition.
We have incurred in the past, and expect to incur in the future, debt to finance our capital investments, business acquisitions, and to realign our capital structure. As of February 27, 2025, we had debt with a carrying value of $14.36 billion and may incur additional debt. On March 12, 2025, we terminated our $2.50 billion existing undrawn credit facility and entered into a new $3.50 billion Revolving Credit Facility. Our debt obligations could adversely impact us as follows:
•require us to use a large portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest on debt, which will reduce the amount of cash flow available to fund our business activities;
•adversely impact our credit rating, which could increase borrowing costs and reduce our ability to raise funds on favorable terms;
•limit our future ability to raise funds for capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, R&D, and other general corporate requirements;
•restrict our ability to incur specified indebtedness, create or incur certain liens, and enter into sale-leaseback financing transactions;
•increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;
•increase our exposure to rising interest rates from variable rate indebtedness; and
•result in certain of our debt instruments becoming immediately due and payable or being deemed to be in default if applicable cross default, cross-acceleration and/or similar provisions are triggered.
Our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt instruments depends on our ability to generate significant cash flows or obtain external financing in the future. This, to some extent, is subject to market, economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that additional capital will be available to us, in amounts sufficient to enable us to meet our debt payment obligations and to fund other liquidity needs. Additionally, events and circumstances may occur which would cause us to not be able to satisfy applicable draw-down conditions and utilize our Revolving Credit Facility. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows to service our debt payment obligations or satisfy our debt covenants, we may need to refinance, restructure, or amend the terms of our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may be unable to meet our debt payment obligations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Across our global operations, significant transactions and balances are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (our reporting currency), primarily the Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Malaysian ringgit, New Taiwan dollar, and Singapore dollar. In addition, a significant portion of our manufacturing costs are denominated in some of the foreign currencies mentioned above. Exchange rates for some of these currencies against the U.S. dollar have been volatile and may be volatile in future periods. If these currencies strengthen against the U.S. dollar, our manufacturing costs could significantly increase. Exchange rates for the U.S. dollar that adversely change against our foreign currency exposures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are subject to counterparty default risks.
We have numerous arrangements with financial institutions that subject us to counterparty default risks, including cash deposits, investments, and derivative instruments. Additionally, we are subject to counterparty default risk from our customers for amounts receivable from them. As a result, we are subject to the risk that the counterparty will default on its performance obligations. A counterparty may not comply with its contractual commitments which could then lead to its defaulting on its obligations with little or no notice to us, which could limit our ability to mitigate our exposure. Additionally, our ability to mitigate our exposures may be constrained by the terms of our contractual arrangements or because market conditions prevent us from taking effective action. If one of our counterparties becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy, our ability to recover any losses suffered as a result of that counterparty’s default may be limited by the liquidity of the counterparty or the applicable laws governing the bankruptcy proceedings. In the event of such default, we could incur significant losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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The trading price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile.
Our common stock has experienced substantial price volatility in the past and may continue to do so in the future. Additionally, we, the technology industry, and the stock market as a whole have on occasion experienced extreme stock price and volume fluctuations that have affected stock prices in ways that may have been unrelated to the specific operating performance of individual companies. The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate widely due to various factors, including, but not limited to, actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, changes in financial forecasts or estimates by us or financial or other market estimates and ratings by securities and other analysts, changes in our capital structure, including issuance of additional debt or equity to the public, interest rate changes, regulatory changes, news regarding our products or products of our competitors, and broad market and industry fluctuations.
For these reasons, investors should not rely on recent or historical trends to predict future trading prices of our common stock, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Investors in our common stock may not realize any return on their investment in us and may lose some or all of their investment. Volatility in the trading price of our common stock could also result in the filing of securities class action litigation matters, which could result in substantial costs and the diversion of management time and resources.
The amount and frequency of our share repurchases may fluctuate, and we cannot guarantee that we will purchase all of the shares under our share repurchase authorization, or that it will enhance long-term shareholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and will diminish our cash reserves.
The amount, frequency, and execution of our share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase authorization may fluctuate based on our operating results, cash flows, restrictions applicable under our CHIPS Act direct funding agreements, and priorities for the use of cash for other purposes. See “Part I. Financial Information –Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – CHIPS Act Funding Agreements.” Our expenditures for these share repurchases were $300 million in 2024, $425 million in 2023, $2.43 billion in 2022, $1.20 billion in 2021, $176 million in 2020, and $2.66 billion in 2019. These other purposes include, but are not limited to, operational spending, capital spending, acquisitions, and repayment of debt. Other factors, including changes in tax laws, could also impact our share repurchases. Although our Board of Directors has authorized share repurchases of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock, the authorization does not obligate us to repurchase any common stock.
We cannot guarantee that we will purchase all of the shares under our share repurchase authorization or that it will enhance long-term shareholder value. The repurchase authorization could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a pause in, or termination of, this program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our stock. In addition, this program is a use of cash, which may reduce the availability of cash for other business purposes, including investments, acquisitions, dividends, or repayment of indebtedness.
There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare cash dividends in any particular amounts or at all.
Our Board of Directors has adopted a dividend policy pursuant to which we currently pay a cash dividend on our common shares on a quarterly basis. The declaration and payment of any dividend is subject to the approval of our Board of Directors and our dividend may be discontinued or reduced at any time. There can be no assurance that we will declare cash dividends in the future in any particular amounts, or at all.
Future dividends, if any, and their timing and amount, may be affected by, among other factors: our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, debt service obligations, contractual restrictions, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. A reduction in or elimination of our dividend payments could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock. In addition, the payment of dividends is a use of cash, which may reduce the availability of cash for other business purposes, including investments, acquisitions, or repayment of indebtedness.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
In May 2018, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the discretionary repurchase of up to $10 billion of our outstanding common stock through open-market purchases, block trades, privately-negotiated transactions, derivative transactions, and/or pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The repurchase authorization has no expiration date, does not obligate us to acquire any common stock, and is subject to market conditions, restrictions applicable under our CHIPS Act direct funding agreements, and our ongoing determination of the best use of available cash. See “Item 1. Financial Statements – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – CHIPS Act Funding Agreements.” During the quarter ended February 27, 2025, we did not repurchase any common stock under the authorization and as of February 27, 2025, $2.81 billion of the authorization remained available for the repurchase of our common stock.
Shares of common stock withheld as payment of withholding taxes upon the vesting of restricted stock are also treated as common stock repurchases. Shares withheld as payment of withholding taxes upon the vesting of restricted stock units are not considered repurchases for purposes of this Item and are not required to be reported.
In the second quarter of 2025, shares withheld as payment upon the vesting of restricted stock consisted of the following:

Period | Total number of shares purchased | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under publicly announced plans or programs (in millions)
November 29, 2024 | – | December 26, 2024 | — |  | $ | — |  | — |  |
December 27, 2024 | – | January 23, 2025 | 38,655 |  | 101.76 |  | — |  |
January 24, 2025 | – | February 27, 2025 | — |  | — |  | — |  |
|  |  | 38,655 |  |  | — |  | $2,806

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
No directors or officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act, adopted and/or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, during the last fiscal quarter.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibit | Filed Herewith | Form | Period Ending | Exhibit/ Appendix | Filing Date
3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant |  | 8-K |  | 99.2 | 1/26/15
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant as of October 28, 2024 |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 | 10/30/24
4.1 | N inth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 16, 202 5, by and between Micron Technology, I nc. and U.S. Bank Trust Com pany, National Association, as Trustee |  | 8-K |  | 4.2 | 1/16/25
4.2 | Form of Note for Micron T e chnology, Inc.’s 5.8 0% Senior Notes due 20 35 (included in Exhibit 4.1) |  | 8-K |  | 4.3 | 1/16/25
10.1 | Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of January 17, 2025, by and among Micron Technology, Inc., as borrower, PNC Ban k, National Association, as administrative agent, the other agents party thereto, and each financial institution party from time to time thereto | X |  |  |  |
10.2* | 2025 Equity Incentive Plan | X |  |  |  |
10.3* | 2025 Equity Incentive Plan Forms of Agreement and Terms and Conditions |  | S-8 |  | 99.2 | 1/21/25
10.4* | 2 007 Equ ity Inc entive Plan Forms of Agreement and Term s and Conditions | X |  |  |  |
10.5* | Form of Indemnification Agreement | X |  |  |  |
10.6* | 2025 D irector Compensation Plan | X |  |  |  |
10.7^ | Direct Funding Agreement, dated December 9, 2024, by and between Micron Idaho Semiconductor Manufacturing (Triton) L LC and U.S. Department of Commerce | X |  |  |  |
10.8^ | D irect Funding Agreement, dated December 9, 2024, by and between Micron New York Semiconductor Manufacturing LLC and U.S. Department of Commerce | X |  |  |  |
10.9 | G uarantee and Equity Contribution Agreement, by and b etween Micron Technology, Inc. and U.S. Department of Commerce | X |  |  |  |
10.10 | Credit Agreement, dated as of March 12, 2025, by and among Micron Technology, Inc., as borrower, HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent, the other agents party thereto, and each financial institution party from time to time thereto | X |  |  |  |
10.11^ | A mendment No. 1 to Direct Funding Agreement, dated December 9, 2024, by and between Micron Idaho Semiconductor Manufacturing (Triton) LLC and U.S. Department of Commerce | X |  |  |  |
10.12^ | Amendment No. 1 to Direct Funding Agreement, dated December 9, 2024, by and between Micron New York Semiconductor Manufacturing LLC and U.S. Department of Commerce | X |  |  |  |
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer | X |  |  |  |
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer | X |  |  |  |
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 | X |  |  |  |
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 | X |  |  |  |
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document | X |  |  |  |
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | X |  |  |  |
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | X |  |  |  |
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | X |  |  |  |

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
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^ Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted because they are both not material and is the type that the Registrant treats as private or confidential. The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon its request, an unredacted copy of this exhibit.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | Micron Technology, Inc.
|  |  | (Registrant)
Date | March 20, 2025 | By: | /s/ Mark Murphy
|  |  | Mark Murphy
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
|  |  | /s/ Scott Allen
|  |  | Scott Allen
|  |  | Corporate Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

61 | 2025 Q2 10-Q