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Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies and practices | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies and practices | Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies and practices Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) and on the same basis as the audited financial statements included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, except for the effects of adopting Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The Consolidated Statements of Income, Comprehensive Income and Cash Flows for the periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2019, are not audited but reflect all adjustments that are of a normal recurring nature and are necessary for a fair statement of the results of the periods shown. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual consolidated financial statements have been omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Because the consolidated interim financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for a complete set of financial statements, they should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. The results for the three- and nine-month periods are not necessarily indicative of a full year’s results. Significant accounting policies and practices Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases are included in other long-term assets, accrued expenses and other liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Lease assets represent our right to use underlying assets for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligations to make lease payments over the lease term. On the commencement date, leases are evaluated for classification, and assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement in determining the present value of lease payments. Operating lease expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our lease values include options to extend or not to terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. We have agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Earnings per share (EPS) We use the two-class method for calculating EPS because the restricted stock units (RSUs) we grant are participating securities containing non-forfeitable rights to receive dividend equivalents. Under the two-class method, a portion of net income is allocated to RSUs and excluded from the calculation of income allocated to common stock, as shown in the table below. Computation and reconciliation of earnings per common share are as follows (shares in millions):
| For Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  |  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  |  |
| Net Income |  | Shares |  | EPS |  | Net Income |  | Shares |  | EPS
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,425 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,570 |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to RSUs | (9) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to common stock | $ | 1,416 |  |  | 935 |  |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | 1,558 |  |  | 969 |  |  | $ | 1.61 |
Dilutive effect of stock compensation plans |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,425 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,570 |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to RSUs | (8) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to common stock | $ | 1,417 |  |  | 950 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | 989 |  |  | $ | 1.58 |
| For Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  |  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  |  |
| Net Income |  | Shares |  | EPS |  | Net Income |  | Shares |  | EPS
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 3,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,341 |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to RSUs | (25) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34) |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to common stock | $ | 3,922 |  |  | 937 |  |  | $ | 4.19 |  |  | $ | 4,307 |  |  | 976 |  |  | $ | 4.41 |
Dilutive effect of stock compensation plans |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 3,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,341 |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to RSUs | (25) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34) |  |  |  |  |
Income allocated to common stock | $ | 3,922 |  |  | 953 |  |  | $ | 4.12 |  |  | $ | 4,307 |  |  | 997 |  |  | $ | 4.32 |
Potentially dilutive securities representing 6 million and 4 million shares of common stock that were outstanding during the third quarters of 2019 and 2018, and 7 million and 4 million shares outstanding during the first nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share during these periods because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Derivatives and hedging We use derivative financial instruments to manage exposure to foreign exchange risk. These instruments are primarily forward foreign currency exchange contracts, which are used as economic hedges to reduce the earnings impact that exchange rate fluctuations may have on our non-U.S. dollar net balance sheet exposures. Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of these forward foreign currency exchange contracts are credited or charged to OI&E. We do not apply hedge accounting to our foreign currency derivative instruments. In connection with the issuance of long-term debt, we may use financial derivatives such as treasury-rate lock agreements that are recognized in AOCI and amortized over the life of the related debt. The results of these derivative transactions have not been material. We do not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes. Fair values of financial instruments The fair values of our derivative financial instruments were not material as of September 30, 2019. Our investments in cash equivalents, short-term investments and certain long-term investments, as well as our deferred compensation liabilities, are carried at fair value. The carrying values for other current financial assets and liabilities, such as accounts receivable and accounts payable, approximate fair value due to the short maturity of such instruments. As of September 30, 2019, the carrying value of long-term debt, including the current portion, was $5.80 billion, and the estimated fair value was $6.32 billion. The estimated fair value is measured using broker-dealer quotes, which are Level 2 inputs. See Note 4 for a description of fair value and the definition of Level 2 inputs. Changes in accounting standards – adopted standards for current period ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) We adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (ASC 842) effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective transition method applied to leases existing at, or entered into after, the adoption date. The reported results for 2019 reflect the application of the new accounting guidance, while the reported results for prior periods are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under ASC 840, Leases. In addition, we elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance that allowed us to apply prior conclusions related to lease definition, classification and initial direct costs. The adoption of the new standard resulted in the recognition of $229 million of lease liabilities with corresponding lease assets as of January 1, 2019. The standard did not materially impact our results of operations and had no impact on cash flows. Other standards The following standards were also adopted:
ASU |  | Description |  | Adopted Date
ASU No. 2017-12 |  | Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities |  | January 1, 2019
ASU No. 2018-14 |  | Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans |  | January 1, 2019
Changes in accounting standards – standards not yet adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments This standard requires entities to use a current lifetime expected credit loss methodology to measure impairments of certain financial assets. Using this methodology will result in earlier recognition of losses than under the current incurred loss approach, which requires waiting to recognize a loss until it is probable of being incurred. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction to the amortized cost basis of the securities. We plan to adopt this standard when effective, beginning January 1, 2020, applying the guidance on a modified retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this standard, but we do not expect it to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. Other standards We are evaluating the impact of the following standards, but we do not expect them to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. We plan to adopt these standards as of their effective dates.
ASU |  | Description |  | Effective Date
ASU No. 2018-13 |  | Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement |  | January 1, 2020
ASU No. 2018-15 |  | Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract |  | January 1, 2020

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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