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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired.
The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is shown below:
(in millions)Market IntelligenceRatingsCommodity InsightsMobilityIndicesEngineering SolutionsCorporateTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2020$2,071 $263 $527 $— $376 $— $498 $3,735 
Acquisitions— — — — — — 54 54 
  Reclassifications 1
(255)— — — — — — (255)
Other 2
(8)(18)(2)— — — — (28)
Balance as of December 31, 20211,808 245 525 — 376 — 552 3,506 
Acquisitions16,556 22 5,009 8,695 1,023 437 — 31,742 
Dispositions(246)— — — — — — (246)
  Reclassifications 3
— — — — — (437)— (437)
Other 2
(8)(10)(12)— — — 10 (20)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$18,110 $257 $5,522 $8,695 $1,399 $— $562 $34,545 
1Relates to CGS and LCD, which are classified as assets held for sale in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021.
2Primarily relates to the impact of foreign exchange and valuation adjustments for prior period acquisitions. 2021 includes adjustments related to RobecoSAM.
3Relates to Engineering Solutions, which is classified as assets held for sale in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

Goodwill additions and dispositions in the table above relate to transactions discussed in Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures.
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets include both indefinite-lived assets not subject to amortization and definite-lived assets subject to amortization. We have indefinite-lived assets with a carrying value of $846 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
•2022 and 2021 both include $380 million and $90 million for Dow Jones Indices intellectual property and the Dow Jones tradename, respectively, that we recorded as part of the transaction to form S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC in 2012.
•2022 and 2021 both include $185 million within our Market Intelligence segment for the SNL tradename.
•2022 and 2021 both include $132 million within our Indices segment for the balance of the IP rights in a family of indices derived from the S&P 500, solidifying Indices IP in and to the S&P 500 index family.
•2022 and 2021 both include $59 million within our Indices segment for the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index intellectual property and the Broad Market Indices intellectual property.
The following table summarizes our definite-lived intangible assets:
(in millions) 
CostDatabases and softwareContentCustomer relationshipsTradenamesOther intangiblesTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2020$645 $139 $356 $55 $177 $1,372 
   Acquisitions— — — — 18 18 
     Other 1
— — (1)— 11 10 
Balance as of December 31, 2021645 139 355 55 206 1,400 
   Acquisitions3,774 — 13,377 1,469 17 18,637 
   Dispositions— — — — (5)(5)
     Reclassifications 2
(476)— (257)— — (733)
     Other 1
(2)— (8)— (4)(14)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$3,941 $139 $13,467 $1,524 $214 $19,285 
Accumulated amortization
Balance as of December 31, 2020$406 $139 $175 $50 $96 $866 
Current year amortization52 — 21 2 21 96 
     Reclassifications 3
8 — — — (8)— 
     Other 1
1 — — — (2)(1)
Balance as of December 31, 2021467 139 196 52 107 961 
Current year amortization313 — 482 91 19 905 
     Reclassifications 2
(13)— (22)— — (35)
     Other 1
(2)— — (1)(3)(6)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$765 $139 $656 $142 $123 $1,825 
Net definite-lived intangibles:
December 31, 2021$178 $— $159 $3 $99 $439 
December 31, 2022$3,176 $— $12,811 $1,382 $91 $17,460 
1Primarily relates to the impact of foreign exchange and valuation adjustments for prior period acquisitions. 2021 includes adjustments related to RobecoSAM.
2Relates to Engineering Solutions, which is classified as assets held for sale in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.
3The reclassification in 2021 is related to RobecoSAM.
Definite-lived intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over periods of up to 25 years. The weighted-average life of the intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 is approximately 21 years.

Amortization expense was $905 million, $96 million and $123 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Expected amortization expense for intangible assets over the next five years for the years ended December 31, assuming no further acquisitions or dispositions, is as follows:
(in millions)20232024202520262027
Amortization expense$1,029 $1,023 $1,007 $976 $960