SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

In April 2019, the Company's shareholders approved an amended and restated 2010 Incentive Award Plan to provide for an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance thereunder from 24,450,000 to 28,450,000. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 6.5 million shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance under the Company’s stock plans. A maximum of approximately 2.8 million of these shares can be awarded as restricted stock units (“RSUs”).

Stock Option Information

A summary of stock option activity under all stock plans for the six months ended June 30, 2019, is presented as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):



	Stock Options Outstanding
	Number Outstanding		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Balance at December 31, 2018	6.2		$	200.79
Granted	0.3		$	538.14
Exercised	(0.6	)	$	148.54
Forfeited/expired	(0.1	)	$	327.95
Balance at June 30, 2019	5.8		$	223.43

As of June 30, 2019, options to purchase an aggregate of 4.7 million shares of common stock were exercisable at a weighted average price of $178.62 per share.

Restricted Stock Units Information

A summary of RSUs activity for the six months ended June 30, 2019, is presented as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):



	Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at December 31, 2018	2.0		$	295.70
Granted	0.7		$	543.83
Vested	(0.7	)	$	251.74
Forfeited	(0.1	)	$	365.99
Unvested balance at June 30, 2019	1.9		$	399.74

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), employees purchased approximately 0.1 million shares for $30.3 million and approximately 0.1 million shares for $25.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

Share-based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, and 2018 (in millions):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Cost of sales - products	$	11.4	$	8.9	$	22.4	$	17.1
Cost of sales - services	4.8		4.1		9.3		8.0
Total cost of sales	16.2		13.0		31.7		25.1
Selling, general and administrative	40.7		32.7		79.3		62.2
Research and development	25.1		17.9		47.9		34.2
Share-based compensation expense before income taxes	82.0		63.6		158.9		121.5
Income tax benefit	16.5		12.8		32.9		25.1
Share-based compensation expense after income taxes	$	65.5	$	50.8	$	126.0	$	96.4

The Black-Scholes option pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted under the Company’s stock plans and rights to acquire stock granted under the ESPP. The weighted average estimated fair values of stock options and rights to acquire stock under the ESPP, as well as the weighted average assumptions used in calculating those fair values, were as follows:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Stock Options
Risk-free interest rate	2.2		%	2.7		%	2.4		%	2.6		%
Expected term (in years)	4.3			4.2			4.3			4.3
Expected volatility	30		%	33		%	31		%	33		%
Fair value at grant date	$	142.63		$	139.43		$	155.35		$	131.53
ESPP
Risk-free interest rate	—			—			2.5		%	1.9		%
Expected term (in years)	—			—			1.2			1.2
Expected volatility	—			—			31		%	32		%
Fair value at grant date	—			—			$	154.20		$	124.61