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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION In April 2020, the Company's shareholders approved an amended and restated 2010 Incentive Award Plan to provide for an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance thereunder from 28,450,000 to 32,450,000. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 8.4 million shares were reserved for future issuance under the Company's stock plans. A maximum of approximately 3.7 million of these shares can be awarded as restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Stock Option Information A summary of stock option activity under all stock plans for the six months ended June 30, 2020, is presented as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):
|  | Stock Options Outstanding |  |
|  | Number Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 246.64 |
Options granted |  | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 537.87 |
Options exercised |  | (0.7) |  |  | $ | 167.20 |
Options forfeited/expired |  | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 468.87 |
Balance at June 30, 2020 |  | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 272.37 |
As of June 30, 2020, options to purchase an aggregate of 3.9 million shares of common stock were exercisable at a weighted average price of $214.32 per share. Restricted Stock Units Information A summary of RSUs activity under all stock plans for the six months ended June 30, 2020, is presented as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at December 31, 2019 | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 410.09 |
RSUs granted | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 535.67 |
RSUs vested | (0.7) |  |  | $ | 337.48 |
RSUs forfeited | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 456.38 |
Unvested balance at June 30, 2020 | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 481.89 |
Employee Stock Purchase Plan Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), employees purchased approximately 0.1 million shares for $36.6 million and approximately 0.1 million shares for $30.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Share-based Compensation Expense The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, and 2019 (in millions):
| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cost of sales – products | $ | 14.2 |  |  | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | 27.0 |  |  | $ | 22.4 |
Cost of sales – services | 5.2 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | 9.3 |
Total cost of sales | 19.4 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 37.7 |  |  | 31.7 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 49.6 |  |  | 40.7 |  |  | 95.3 |  |  | 79.3 |
Research and development | 27.4 |  |  | 25.1 |  |  | 54.6 |  |  | 47.9 |
Share-based compensation expense before income taxes | 96.4 |  |  | 82.0 |  |  | 187.6 |  |  | 158.9 |
Income tax benefit | 20.0 |  |  | 16.5 |  |  | 38.9 |  |  | 32.9 |
Share-based compensation expense after income taxes | $ | 76.4 |  |  | $ | 65.5 |  |  | $ | 148.7 |  |  | $ | 126.0 |
The Black-Scholes option pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted under the Company’s share-based compensation plans and rights to acquire stock granted under the ESPP. The weighted average estimated fair values of stock options and the rights to acquire stock under the ESPP, as well as the weighted average assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock options and the rights to acquire stock under the ESPP that were granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, and 2019, were as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Stock Options |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate | 0.4% |  | 2.2% |  | 0.8% |  | 2.4%
Expected term (in years) | 4.2 |  | 4.3 |  | 4.3 |  | 4.3
Expected volatility | 38% |  | 30% |  | 30% |  | 31%
Fair value at grant date | $165.18 |  | $142.63 |  | $138.24 |  | $155.35
ESPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate | — |  | — |  | 1.5% |  | 2.5%
Expected term (in years) | — |  | — |  | 1.1 |  | 1.2
Expected volatility | — |  | — |  | 27% |  | 31%
Fair value at grant date | — |  | — |  | $149.85 |  | $154.20

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- Definition The entire disclosure for share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 + Details
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