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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_________________________
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 1, 2019
or

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 0-15175
Adobe Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_________________________

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | 77-0019522 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

345 Park Avenue, San Jose, California 95110-2704
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(408) 536-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o | Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company o | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of March 22, 2019 was 487,950,943.

ADOBE INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page No.
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 50
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 50
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 51
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 51
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 63
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 63
Item 5. | Other Information | 63
Item 6. | Exhibits | 64
Signature | 69
Summary of Trademarks | 70

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value)

| March 1, 2019 |  | November 30, 2018
| (Unaudited) |  | (*)
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,738,846 |  |  | $ | 1,642,775 |
Short-term investments | 1,487,411 |  |  | 1,586,187 |
Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $14,639 and $14,981, respectively | 1,342,343 |  |  | 1,315,578 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 565,115 |  |  | 312,499 |
Total current assets | 5,133,715 |  |  | 4,857,039 |
Property and equipment, net | 1,104,065 |  |  | 1,075,072 |
Goodwill | 10,707,715 |  |  | 10,581,048 |
Purchased and other intangibles, net | 2,017,103 |  |  | 2,069,001 |
Other assets | 542,938 |  |  | 186,522 |
Total assets | $ | 19,505,536 |  |  | $ | 18,768,682 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Trade payables | $ | 145,292 |  |  | $ | 186,258 |
Accrued expenses | 1,167,429 |  |  | 1,163,185 |
Debt | 892,754 |  |  | — |
Income taxes payable | 24,422 |  |  | 35,709 |
Deferred revenue | 3,083,839 |  |  | 2,915,974 |
Total current liabilities | 5,313,736 |  |  | 4,301,126 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |
Debt | 3,236,833 |  |  | 4,124,800 |
Deferred revenue | 134,353 |  |  | 137,630 |
Income taxes payable | 655,036 |  |  | 644,101 |
Deferred income taxes | 125,660 |  |  | 46,702 |
Other liabilities | 168,433 |  |  | 152,209 |
Total liabilities | 9,634,051 |  |  | 9,406,568 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 2,000 shares authorized, none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 900,000 shares authorized; 600,834 shares issued; 488,504 and 487,663 shares outstanding, respectively | 61 |  |  | 61 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 5,857,440 |  |  | 5,685,337 |
Retained earnings | 12,579,311 |  |  | 11,815,597 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (150,432 | ) |  | (148,130 | )
Treasury stock, at cost (112,330 and 113,171 shares, respectively), net of reissuances | (8,414,895 | ) |  | (7,990,751 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 9,871,485 |  |  | 9,362,114 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 19,505,536 |  |  | $ | 18,768,682 |

_________________________________________

(*) | The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of November 30, 2018 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 1, 2019 |  | March 2, 2018
Revenue: |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 2,304,967 |  |  | $ | 1,793,358 |
Product | 170,554 |  |  | 171,608 |
Services and support | 125,425 |  |  | 113,981 |
Total revenue | 2,600,946 |  |  | 2,078,947 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |
Subscription | 288,031 |  |  | 164,685 |
Product | 12,105 |  |  | 12,877 |
Services and support | 97,150 |  |  | 81,340 |
Total cost of revenue | 397,286 |  |  | 258,902 |
Gross profit | 2,203,660 |  |  | 1,820,045 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Research and development | 464,637 |  |  | 348,769 |
Sales and marketing | 781,518 |  |  | 580,957 |
General and administrative | 216,109 |  |  | 170,440 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 46,566 |  |  | 17,146 |
Total operating expenses | 1,508,830 |  |  | 1,117,312 |
Operating income | 694,830 |  |  | 702,733 |
Non-operating income (expense): |  |  |  |
Interest and other income (expense), net | 4,266 |  |  | 16,672 |
Interest expense | (40,593 | ) |  | (19,899 | )
Investment gains (losses), net | 43,831 |  |  | 2,996 |
Total non-operating income (expense), net | 7,504 |  |  | (231 | )
Income before income taxes | 702,334 |  |  | 702,502 |
Provision for income taxes | 28,093 |  |  | 119,426 |
Net income | $ | 674,241 |  |  | $ | 583,076 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | 1.18 |
Shares used to compute basic net income per share | 488,056 |  |  | 492,061 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Shares used to compute diluted net income per share | 494,188 |  |  | 499,433 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 1, 2019 |  | March 2, 2018
| Increase/(Decrease)
Net income | $ | 674,241 |  |  | $ | 583,076 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |
Unrealized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities | 12,402 |  |  | (23,150 | )
Reclassification adjustment for recognized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities | 125 |  |  | 121 |
Net increase (decrease) from available-for-sale securities | 12,527 |  |  | (23,029 | )
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Unrealized gains / losses on derivative instruments | (8,457 | ) |  | (1,336 | )
Reclassification adjustment for recognized gains / losses on derivative instruments | (8,197 | ) |  | (2,139 | )
Net increase (decrease) from derivatives designated as hedging instruments | (16,654 | ) |  | (3,475 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 1,825 |  |  | 28,386 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (2,302 | ) |  | 1,882 |
Total comprehensive income, net of taxes | $ | 671,939 |  |  | $ | 584,958 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 1, 2019
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Total
Balances at November 30, 2018 |  | 600,834 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 5,685,337 |  |  | $ | 11,815,597 |  |  | $ | (148,130 | ) |  | (113,171 | ) |  | $ | (7,990,751 | ) |  | $ | 9,362,114 |
Impacts of ASC 606 adoption |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442,319 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442,319 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 674,241 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 674,241 |
Other comprehensive income (losses), net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,302 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,302 | )
Re-issuance of treasury stock under stock compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,008 | ) |  | (352,846 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,911 |  |  | 79,873 |  |  | (280,981 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,070 | ) |  | (500,000 | ) |  | (500,000 | )
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 180,111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 180,111 |
Value of shares in deferred compensation plan |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,017 | ) |  | (4,017 | )
Balances at March 1, 2019 |  | 600,834 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 5,857,440 |  |  | $ | 12,579,311 |  |  | $ | (150,432 | ) |  | (112,330 | ) |  | $ | (8,414,895 | ) |  | $ | 9,871,485 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 2, 2018
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Total
Balances at December 1, 2017 |  | 600,834 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 5,082,195 |  |  | $ | 9,573,870 |  |  | $ | (111,821 | ) |  | (109,572 | ) |  | $ | (6,084,436 | ) |  | $ | 8,459,869 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 583,076 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 583,076 |
Other comprehensive income (losses), net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,882 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,882 |
Re-issuance of treasury stock under stock compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,133 | ) |  | (326,229 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,245 |  |  | 94,393 |  |  | (240,969 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,627 | ) |  | (300,000 | ) |  | (300,000 | )
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,526 |
Value of shares in deferred compensation plan |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,038 | ) |  | (5,038 | )
Impacts of the U.S. Tax Cut and Jobs Act |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (318 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (318 | )
Balances at March 2, 2018 |  | 600,834 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 5,208,588 |  |  | $ | 9,830,399 |  |  | $ | (109,939 | ) |  | (107,954 | ) |  | $ | (6,295,081 | ) |  | $ | 8,634,028 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 1, 2019 |  | March 2, 2018
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 674,241 |  |  | $ | 583,076 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 144,898 |  |  | 76,522 |
Stock-based compensation | 184,688 |  |  | 135,526 |
Deferred income taxes | (18,810 | ) |  | (431,494 | )
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments, net | (41,678 | ) |  | (929 | )
Other non-cash items | 1,344 |  |  | 1,457 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquired assets and assumed liabilities: |  |  |
Trade receivables, net | 64,544 |  |  | 154,398 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (107,423 | ) |  | (64,953 | )
Trade payables | (41,078 | ) |  | 17,552 |
Accrued expenses | (19,503 | ) |  | (70,508 | )
Income taxes payable | 5,995 |  |  | 511,292 |
Deferred revenue | 166,230 |  |  | 77,662 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,013,448 |  |  | 989,601 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of short-term investments | — |  |  | (332,105 | )
Maturities of short-term investments | 96,322 |  |  | 153,885 |
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments | 13,948 |  |  | 186,114 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (99,817 | ) |  | — |
Purchases of property and equipment | (65,268 | ) |  | (95,142 | )
Purchases of long-term investments, intangibles and other assets | (77,561 | ) |  | (9,391 | )
Proceeds from sale of long-term investments and other assets | 458 |  |  | 2,877 |
Net cash used for investing activities | (131,918 | ) |  | (93,762 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of treasury stock | (500,000 | ) |  | (300,000 | )
Proceeds from issuance of treasury stock | 71,594 |  |  | 64,384 |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | (352,575 | ) |  | (305,353 | )
Repayment of capital lease obligations | (2,931 | ) |  | (304 | )
Net cash used for financing activities | (783,912 | ) |  | (541,273 | )
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (1,547 | ) |  | 6,343 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 96,071 |  |  | 360,909 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 1,642,775 |  |  | 2,306,072 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,738,846 |  |  | $ | 2,666,981 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 51,887 |  |  | $ | 31,107 |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 50,828 |  |  | $ | 26,410 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Pursuant to these rules and regulations, we have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures we normally include in our annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In management’s opinion, we have made all adjustments (consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments, except as otherwise indicated) necessary to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Our interim period operating results do not necessarily indicate the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full fiscal year. These financial statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018 on file with the SEC (our “Annual Report”).
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606, requiring an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The new revenue standard replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in GAAP and permits the use of either the full retrospective or modified retrospective transition method.
On December 1, 2018, the beginning of our fiscal year 2019, we adopted the requirements of the new revenue standard utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition. Prior period information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standard in effect for those periods. We applied the new revenue standard to contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date, consistent with the transition guidance. Further, adoption of the new revenue standard resulted in changes to our accounting policies for revenue recognition and sales commissions as detailed below.
We recognized the following cumulative effects of initially applying the new revenue standard as of December 1, 2018:

| As of November 30, 2018 |  | ASC 606 Adoption Adjustments |  | As of December 1, 2018
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts | $ | 1,315,578 |  |  | $ | 43,028 |  |  | $ | 1,358,606 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 312,499 |  |  | 186,220 |  |  | 498,719 |
Other assets | 186,522 |  |  | 273,421 |  |  | 459,943 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses | 1,163,185 |  |  | 30,358 |  |  | 1,193,543 |
Deferred revenue, current | 2,915,974 |  |  | (52,842 | ) |  | 2,863,132 |
Deferred income taxes | 46,702 |  |  | 82,834 |  |  | 129,536 |
Retained earnings | $ | 11,815,597 |  |  | $ | 442,319 |  |  | $ | 12,257,916 |

Below is a summary of the adoption impacts of the new revenue standard:

• | We capitalized $413.2 million of contract acquisition costs comprised of sales and partner commission costs at adoption date, with a corresponding adjustment to retained earnings. We are amortizing these costs over their respective expected period of benefit.

• | Revenue for certain contracts that were previously deferred would have been recognized in periods prior to adoption under the new standard. Upon adoption, we recorded the following adjustments to our beginning balances to reflect the amount of revenue that will no longer be recognized in future periods for such contracts: increase in unbilled receivables (included in trade receivables, net) of $24.8 million, increase in contract assets (included in prepaid expenses and other current assets for the current portion and other assets for the long-term portion) of $46.4 million and a decrease in deferred revenue of $52.8 million, with corresponding adjustments to retained earnings.

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

• | We recorded an increase to our opening deferred income tax liability of $82.8 million, with a corresponding adjustment to retained earnings, to record the tax effect of the above adjustments.

• | Further, we had other impacts to various accounts which resulted to an immaterial net reduction to our retained earnings.

Adoption of the new revenue standard impacted our condensed consolidated statement of income for three months ended March 1, 2019 as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

| As reported |  | Adjustments |  | Balances without ASC 606 adoption impact
Revenue |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 2,304,967 |  |  | $ | 2,207 |  |  | $ | 2,307,174 |
Product | 170,554 |  |  | (22,880 | ) |  | 147,674 |
Services and support | 125,425 |  |  | (771 | ) |  | 124,654 |
Total revenue | 2,600,946 |  |  | (21,444 | ) |  | 2,579,502 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 781,518 |  |  | 8,868 |  |  | 790,386 |
Provision for income taxes | 28,093 |  |  | (1,210 | ) |  | 26,883 |
Net income | $ | 674,241 |  |  | $ | (29,053 | ) |  | $ | 645,188 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | 1.32 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 1.31 |

Adoption of the new revenue standard impacted our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 1, 2019 as follows (in thousands):

| As reported |  | Adjustments |  | Balances without ASC 606 adoption impact
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts | $ | 1,342,343 |  |  | $ | (48,662 | ) |  | $ | 1,293,681 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 565,115 |  |  | (195,006 | ) |  | 370,109 |
Other assets | 542,938 |  |  | (287,165 | ) |  | 255,773 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses | 1,167,429 |  |  | (37,547 | ) |  | 1,129,882 |
Deferred revenue, current | 3,083,839 |  |  | 68,206 |  |  | 3,152,045 |
Deferred revenue, long-term | 134,353 |  |  | (6,076 | ) |  | 128,277 |
Deferred income taxes | 125,660 |  |  | (84,044 | ) |  | 41,616 |
Retained earnings | $ | 12,579,311 |  |  | $ | (471,372 | ) |  | $ | 12,107,939 |

There was no net impact to our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income and cash flows from operating, financing or investing activities on the condensed consolidated cash flows resulting from the adoption of the new revenue standard other than the impact to reported net income as presented above. The impact to our condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity was only to retained earnings, as presented above.
The most significant impact of the new revenue standard relates to our capitalization of certain incremental costs to acquire contracts and the requirement to amortize these amounts over the expected period of benefit. Under the previous standard, we expensed costs related to the acquisition of revenue-generating contracts as incurred. Additionally, there was impact from
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
arrangements with our customers that include on-premise term-based software licenses bundled with maintenance and support. Under the previous standard, revenue attributable to these software licenses was recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement because vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) did not exist for the undelivered maintenance and support element as it is not sold separately. The requirement to have VSOE for undelivered elements to enable the separation of revenue recognition for delivered software licenses is eliminated under the new revenue standard. Accordingly, under the new revenue standard we recognize as revenue a portion of the arrangement fee upon delivery of the software licenses and classify that recognized revenue as product revenue instead of subscription revenue in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
Other impacts to our policies and disclosures include earlier recognition of revenue for certain contracts due to the elimination of contingent revenue limitations, the requirement to estimate variable consideration for certain arrangements, increased allocation of revenue to and from professional services and other offerings and changes to our financial statement disclosures such as new disclosures related to our remaining performance obligations. However, the timing and pattern of revenue recognition related to our professional services and cloud-enabled offerings, including Creative Cloud and Document Cloud for enterprises, individuals and teams, remain substantially unchanged. When Creative Cloud and Document Cloud are sold with cloud-enabled services, the on-premise/on-device software licenses and cloud-enabled services are so highly interrelated and interdependent that they are not each separately identifiable within the context of the contract and therefore not distinct from each other. Revenue for these offerings continues to be recognized ratably over the subscription period for which the cloud-enabled services are provided.
Significant Accounting Policies
Revenue Recognition
For revenue recognition policies under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, refer to Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in our Annual Report.
Our revenue is derived from the sale of cloud-enabled software subscriptions, cloud-hosted offerings, term-based, royalty, and perpetual software licenses, associated software maintenance and support plans, consulting services, training and technical support. Most of our enterprise customer arrangements involve multiple promises to our customers.
Revenue is recognized when a contract exists between us and a customer and upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which may be capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations, or in the case of offerings such as Creative Cloud and Document Cloud, accounted for as a single performance obligation. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
Product, Subscription, and Services Offerings
We enter into revenue arrangements in which a customer may purchase a combination of cloud-enabled subscriptions, cloud-hosted offerings, term-based, royalty, and perpetual software licenses, associated software maintenance and support plans, consulting services, training and technical support.
Fully hosted subscription services (Software-as-a-Service) allow customers to access hosted software during the contractual term without taking possession of the software. Cloud-hosted subscription services may be sold on a fee-per-subscription period basis, or based on consumption or usage.
We recognize revenue ratably over the contractual service term for hosted services that are priced based on a committed number of transactions where the delivery and consumption of the benefit of the services occur evenly over time, beginning on the date the services associated with the committed transactions are first made available to the customer and continuing through the end of the contractual service term. Over-usage fees and fees based on the actual number of transactions, are billed in accordance with contract terms as these fees are typically incurred and are included in the transaction price of an arrangement as variable consideration. Fees based on a number of transactions or impressions per month, where invoicing is aligned to the pattern of performance, customer benefit, and consumption, are typically accounted for utilizing the “as-invoiced” practical expedient. Revenue for subscriptions sold as a fee per period is recognized ratably over the contractual term as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit of the underlying service.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
When cloud-enabled services are highly integrated and interrelated with on-premise software, such as in our cloud-enabled Creative Cloud and Document Cloud offerings, the individual components are not considered distinct and revenue is recognized ratably over the subscription period for which the cloud-enabled services are provided.
Licenses for on-premise software may be purchased on a perpetual basis, as a subscription for a fixed period of time or based on usage for certain of our OEM and royalty agreements. Revenue from distinct on-premise licenses is recognized at the point in time the software is available to the customer, provided all other revenue recognition criteria are met, and classified as product revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of income. Some of our enterprise license arrangements allow customers to commit non-cancellable funds. These non-cancellable committed funds are nonrefundable and provide our customers options to either renew monthly on-premise term-based licenses or use some or all funds to purchase other Adobe products or services. Revenue associated with these monthly term-based licenses is classified as subscription revenue.
Our services and support revenue is composed of consulting, training, and maintenance and support, primarily related to our enterprise offerings. Our support revenue also includes technical support and developer support to partners and developer organizations related to our desktop products. We typically sell our consulting contracts on a time-and-materials basis and recognize the related revenue as services are rendered. We typically sell our maintenance and support contracts on a flat fee or percentage of associated license fees basis and recognize the related revenue ratably over the support term as the underlying service is a stand-ready performance obligation.
We exclude from the transaction price sales and other taxes collected from customers on behalf of the relevant government authority. Most of our products are delivered electronically, however in instances where shipping and handling costs are incurred, we treat these amounts as costs to fulfill the contract and they are not considered a performance obligation and the associated fees are not included in the transaction price.
Judgments
Our contracts with customers may include multiple goods and services. For example, some of our offerings include both on-premise and/or on-device software licenses and cloud services. Determining whether the software licenses and the cloud services are distinct from each other, and therefore performance obligations to be accounted for separately, or not distinct from each other, and therefore part of a single performance obligation, may require significant judgment. We have concluded that the on-premise/on-device software licenses and cloud services provided in our Creative Cloud and Document Cloud subscription offerings are not distinct from each other such that revenue from each offering should be recognized ratably over the subscription period for which the cloud services are provided. In reaching this conclusion, we considered the nature of our promise to Creative Cloud and Document Cloud customers, which is to provide a complete end-to-end creative design or document workflow solution that operates seamlessly across multiple devices and teams. We fulfill this promise by providing access to a solution that integrates cloud-based and on-premise/on-device features that, together through their integration, provide functionalities, utility and workflow efficiencies that could not be obtained from either the on-premise/on-device software or cloud services on their own.
Standalone selling price is established by maximizing the amount of observable inputs, primarily actual historical selling prices for performance obligations where available, and includes consideration of factors such as go-to-market model and geography. Individual products may have multiple values for standalone selling price depending on factors such as where they are sold and what channel they are sold through. Where standalone selling price may not be directly observable (e.g., the performance obligation is not sold separately), we maximize the use of observable inputs by using information that may include reviewing pricing practices, performance obligations with similar customers and selling models.
Capitalized costs to obtain a contract are amortized over the expected period of benefit, which we have determined, based on analysis, to be 5 years. We evaluated qualitative and quantitative factors to determine the period of amortization, including contract length, renewals, customer life and the useful lives of our products and acquired products. When the expected period of benefit of an asset which would be capitalized is less than one year, we expense the amount as incurred, utilizing the practical expedient. We regularly evaluate whether there have been changes in the underlying assumptions and data used to determine the amortization period.
We offer limited rights of return, rebates and price protection of our products under various policies and programs with our distributors, resellers and/or end-user customers. We estimate and record reserves for these programs as variable consideration
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when estimating transaction price. Returns, rebates and other offsets to transaction price are estimated at contract inception on a portfolio basis and assessed for reasonableness each reporting period when additional information becomes available.
General Contract Provisions
We maintain revenue reserves for rebates, rights of return, or other limited price adjustments.
Distributors are allowed limited rights of return of products purchased during the previous quarter. In addition, distributors are allowed to return products that have reached the end of their lives, as defined by us, and for products that are being replaced by new versions.
We offer rebates to our distributors, resellers and/or end user customers. Transaction price is reduced for these amounts based on actual performance against objectives set forth by us for a particular reporting period, such as volume and timely reporting.
On a quarterly basis, the amount of revenue that is reserved is calculated based on our historical trends and data specific to each reporting period. The primary method of establishing these reserves is to review historical data from prior periods as a percent of revenue to determine a historical reserve rate. We then apply the historical rate to the current period revenue as a basis for estimating future returns. When necessary, we also provide a specific reserve in excess of portfolio-level estimated requirements. This estimate can be affected by the amount of a particular product in the channel, the rate of sell-through, product plans and other factors.
Although our subscription contracts are generally non-cancellable, a limited number of customers have the right to cancel their contracts by providing prior written notice to us of their intent to cancel the remainder of the contract term and consumers have a period of time to terminate certain agreements without penalty. In the event a customer cancels their contract, they are generally not entitled to a refund for prior services we have provided to them. Contracts that include termination rights without substantive penalty are accounted for as contracts only for the committed period. Periods of time after the right of termination are accounted for as optional purchases when they do not represent material rights. For certain of our usage-based license agreements, typically in our royalty and OEM businesses, reporting may be received after the end of a fiscal period. In such instances, we estimate and accrue license revenue. We base our estimates on multiple factors, including historical sales information, seasonality and other business information which may impact our estimates. We do not estimate variable consideration for our sales and usage-based license royalty agreements, consistent with the associated practical expedient under the new revenue standard.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective
On February 24, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, requiring lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with the exception of short-term leases with a lease term of twelve months or less. For lessees, leases will continue to be classified as either operating or finance leases in the income statement. Lessor accounting is similar to the current model but updated to align with certain changes to the lessee model. Lessors will continue to classify leases as operating, direct financing or sales-type leases. The effective date of the new leases standard for public companies is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The new leases standard is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, and we will not early adopt.
The new leases standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition method and allows for the application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented or at the adoption date. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases - Targeted Improvements, providing an optional transition method that allows entities to initially apply the new leases standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. We intend to adopt the new leases standard using this optional transition method.
While we are continuing to assess the potential impacts of the standard, we currently expect the most significant impact will be the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet. We are implementing a new lease accounting system and are updating our processes in preparation for the adoption of the new leases standard.
On August 28, 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging, requiring expanded hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risk components and refining the measurement of hedge results to better reflect an entity’s hedging strategies. For example, adoption would result in reclassification of hedge costs from foreign currency hedges from interest and other income (expense), net to revenue in our statements of income. The updated standard also amends the presentation and
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disclosure requirements and changes how entities assess hedge effectiveness. The effective date of the new standard for public companies is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition with a cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to opening retained earnings as of the initial adoption date. The updated standard is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, which is when we plan to adopt the standard. We are currently evaluating the effect that the updated standard will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
With the exception of the new standards discussed above, there have been no other recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three months ended March 1, 2019, as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in our Annual Report, that are of significance or potential significance to us.
NOTE 2. REVENUE
Revenue in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 presented below is in accordance with a new revenue standard that was adopted under the modified retrospective method. Prior period revenue has not been restated.
Our segment results for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Digital Media |  | Digital Experience |  | Publishing |  | Total
Three months ended March 1, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 1,776,643 |  |  | $ | 743,276 |  |  | $ | 81,027 |  |  | $ | 2,600,946 |
Cost of revenue | 68,195 |  |  | 323,708 |  |  | 5,383 |  |  | 397,286 |
Gross profit | $ | 1,708,448 |  |  | $ | 419,568 |  |  | $ | 75,644 |  |  | $ | 2,203,660 |
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue | 96 | % |  | 56 | % |  | 93 | % |  | 85 | %
Three months ended March 2, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 1,460,561 |  |  | $ | 554,107 |  |  | $ | 64,279 |  |  | $ | 2,078,947 |
Cost of revenue | 55,469 |  |  | 198,792 |  |  | 4,641 |  |  | 258,902 |
Gross profit | $ | 1,405,092 |  |  | $ | 355,315 |  |  | $ | 59,638 |  |  | $ | 1,820,045 |
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue | 96 | % |  | 64 | % |  | 93 | % |  | 88 | %

Revenue by geographic area for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Americas | $ | 1,509,895 |  |  | $ | 1,170,681 |
EMEA | 702,961 |  |  | 587,268 |
APAC | 388,090 |  |  | 320,998 |
Total | $ | 2,600,946 |  |  | $ | 2,078,947 |

Revenue by major offerings in our Digital Media reportable segment for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Creative Cloud | $ | 1,494,888 |  |  | $ | 1,229,496 |
Document Cloud | 281,755 |  |  | 231,065 |
Total | $ | 1,776,643 |  |  | $ | 1,460,561 |

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Subscription revenue by segment for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Digital Media | $ | 1,663,639 |  |  | $ | 1,334,659 |
Digital Experience | 611,928 |  |  | 430,867 |
Publishing | 29,400 |  |  | 27,832 |
Total | $ | 2,304,967 |  |  | $ | 1,793,358 |

Contract Balances
Trade Receivables
A receivable is recorded when an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment exists, such that only the passage of time is required before payment of consideration is due. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Certain performance obligations may require payment before delivery of the license or service to the customer. Included in trade receivables on the condensed consolidated balance sheets are unbilled receivable balances which have not yet been invoiced, and are typically related to license revenue or services which are delivered prior to invoicing occurring.
The opening balance of trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts, as of December 1, 2018 was $1.36 billion, inclusive of unbilled receivables of $105.8 million. As of March 1, 2019, the balance of trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts, was $1.34 billion, inclusive of unbilled receivables of $93.4 million.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts which reflects our best estimate of potentially uncollectible trade receivables. The allowance is based on both specific and general reserves. We regularly review our trade receivables allowance by considering such factors as historical experience, credit-worthiness, the age of the trade receivable balances and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay and we specifically reserve for those deemed uncollectible. As of March 1, 2019 and December 1, 2018, allowance for doubtful accounts was $14.6 million and $15.0 million, respectively.
Contract Assets
A contract asset is recognized when a conditional right to consideration exists and transfer of control has occurred. Contract assets are typically related to subscription and hosted service contracts where the transaction price allocated to the satisfied performance obligations exceeds the value of billings to date. Contract assets are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets for the current portion and other assets for the long-term portion on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The opening balance of contract assets as of December 1, 2018 was $46.4 million. As of March 1, 2019, the balance of contract assets was $47.7 million.
Deferred Revenue and Remaining Performance Obligations
Deferred revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from subscription services, including non-cancellable and non-refundable committed funds and deposits. Deferred revenue is recognized as revenue when transfer of control to customers has occurred. Customers are typically invoiced for these agreements in regular installments and revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual subscription period. The deferred revenue balance is influenced by several factors, including seasonality, the compounding effects of renewals, invoice duration, invoice timing, size and new business linearity within the quarter. Deferred revenue does not represent the total contract value of annual or multi-year non-cancellable subscription agreements.
Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, such as invoicing at the beginning of a
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subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period, and not to receive financing from our customers. Any potential financing fees are considered insignificant in the context of our contracts.
The adjusted opening balance of deferred revenue as of December 1, 2018 was $3.00 billion. As of March 1, 2019, the balance of deferred revenue was $3.22 billion, inclusive of $602.3 million of non-cancellable and non-refundable committed funds and $73.0 million refundable customer deposits. Arrangements with non-cancellable and non-refundable committed funds provide our customers options to either renew monthly on-premise term-based licenses or use some or all funds to purchase other Adobe products or services. Refundable customer deposits represent arrangements in which the customer has a unilateral cancellation right for which we are obligated to refund amounts paid related to products or services not yet delivered or provided at the time of cancellation on a prorated basis.
Significant movements in the deferred revenue balance during the period consisted of increases due to payments received prior to transfer of control of the underlying performance obligations to the customer and deferred revenue assumed through business combinations, which were offset by decreases due to revenue recognized in the period. During the three months ended March 1, 2019, $1.36 billion of revenue was recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period.
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligation is influenced by several factors, including the timing of renewals and average contract terms. We applied practical expedients to exclude amounts related to performance obligations that are billed and recognized as they are delivered, optional purchases that do not represent material rights, sales- and usage-based royalties not yet consumed and any estimated amounts of variable consideration that are subject to constraint in accordance with the new revenue standard.
Remaining performance obligations were approximately $8.13 billion as of March 1, 2019, which includes $602.3 million of non-cancellable committed funds related to some of our enterprise customer agreements. Approximately 73% of the remaining performance obligations, excluding the aforementioned enterprise customer agreements, are expected to be recognized over the next 12 months with the remainder recognized thereafter.
Contract Acquisition Costs
We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that certain sales incentive programs meet the requirements to be capitalized.
The costs capitalized under the new revenue standard are primarily sales commissions paid to our sales force personnel. Capitalized costs may also include portions of fringe benefits and payroll taxes associated with compensation for incremental costs to acquire customer contracts and incentive payments to partners.
Capitalized costs to obtain a contract are amortized over the expected period of benefit, which we have determined, based on analysis, to be 5 years. Amortization of capitalized costs are included in our sales and marketing expense in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
The opening balance of capitalized contract acquisition costs as of December 1, 2018 was $413.2 million. As of March 1, 2019, the balance of capitalized contract acquisition costs was $434.4 million, of which $287.2 million was long-term and included in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The remaining balance of the capitalized costs to obtain contracts were current and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Refund Liabilities
As part of our revenue reserves, we record refund liabilities for amounts that may be subject to future refunds, which include sales returns reserves and customer rebates and credits. Refund liabilities are included in accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The opening balance of refund liabilities as of December 1, 2018 was $75.3 million. As of March 1, 2019, the balance of refund liabilities was $87.1 million.
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NOTE 3. ACQUISITIONS
Allegorithmic
On January 23, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Allegorithmic, a privately held 3D editing and authoring software company for gaming and entertainment. Prior to the acquisition, we held an equity interest that was accounted for as an equity-method investment. We acquired the remaining equity interest for approximately $105.3 million in cash consideration. The total purchase price, inclusive of the acquisition-date fair-value of our pre-existing equity interest, was approximately $159.7 million. During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we began integrating Allegorithmic into our Digital Media reportable segment.
In conjunction with the acquisition, we separately recognized an investment gain of approximately $41.5 million, which represents the difference between the acquisition-date fair value of our pre-existing equity interest, $54.4 million, and our previous carrying amount.
Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price was preliminarily allocated to Allegorithmic’s net tangible and intangible assets based upon their estimated fair values as of January 23, 2019. The total purchase price for Allegorithmic was preliminarily allocated to goodwill that is non-deductible for tax purposes of $124.5 million and to identifiable intangible assets of $45.0 million, with the remaining amount representing net liabilities assumed. The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s best estimates and assumptions as of the reporting date and are considered preliminary pending finalization of valuation analyses pertaining to intangible assets acquired and tax liabilities assumed including the calculation of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Pro forma financial information has not been presented for this acquisition as the impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements was not material.
Marketo
On October 31, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Marketo, a privately held marketing cloud platform company, for approximately $4.73 billion of cash consideration. Adding Marketo’s engagement platform to Adobe Experience Cloud furthers our long-term plan for strategic growth in the Digital Experience segment and enables us to offer a comprehensive set of solutions to enable customers across industries and companies automate and orchestrate their marketing activities. Under the terms of the Share Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement”), we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of Milestone Topco, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Topco”) and indirect parent company of Marketo, and other equity interests in Marketo. In connection with the acquisition, each Marketo equity award that was issued and outstanding was cancelled and extinguished in exchange for cash consideration. Also pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, upon closing of the transaction, cash was paid for the settlement of Marketo’s long-term incentive plan, the settlement of Marketo’s indebtedness and the acquisition of all remaining equity interests in Marketo K.K., a Japanese corporation and joint venture.
In connection with the acquisition of Marketo, we entered into a credit agreement providing for a $2.25 billion senior unsecured term loan (“Term Loan”). The proceeds of the Term Loan were used to (i) fund a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition and (ii) to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition. The Term Loan funds were received on October 31, 2018 upon closing of the acquisition and will mature 18 months following the initial funding date. See Note 14 for further details regarding our debt.
Following the closing, we began integrating Marketo into our Digital Experience reportable segment and have included the financial results of Marketo in our consolidated financial statements beginning on the acquisition date. The amounts of net revenue and net loss of Marketo included in our consolidated statements of income from the acquisition date through November 30, 2018 were not material. The direct transaction costs associated with the acquisition were also not material.
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Purchase Price Allocation
Under the purchase accounting method, the total preliminary purchase price was allocated to Marketo’s net tangible and intangible assets based upon their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess purchase price over the value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets was recorded as goodwill. During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we recorded immaterial purchase accounting adjustments based on changes to management’s estimates and assumptions in regards to total estimated purchase price, identifiable intangible assets, net liabilities assumed and their related impact to goodwill.
The table below represents the preliminary purchase price allocation to the acquired net tangible and intangible assets of Marketo based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date and the associated estimated useful lives at that date. The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s best estimates and assumptions as of the reporting date and are considered preliminary pending finalization of valuation analyses pertaining tax liabilities assumed including the calculation of deferred tax assets and liabilities.

(in thousands) | Amount |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (years)
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | 577,900 |  |  | 11
Purchased technology | 444,500 |  |  | 7
Backlog | 105,800 |  |  | 2
Non-competition agreements | 12,100 |  |  | 2
Trademarks | 328,500 |  |  | 9
Total identifiable intangible assets | 1,468,800 |  |  |
Net liabilities assumed | (194,588 | ) |  | N/A
Goodwill (1) | 3,458,556 |  |  | N/A
Total estimated purchase price | $ | 4,732,768 |  |  |

_________________________________________

(1) | Non-deductible for tax-purposes.

Identifiable intangible assets—Customer relationships consist of Marketo’s contractual relationships and customer loyalty related to their enterprise and commercial customers as well as technology partner relationships. The estimated fair value of the customer contracts and relationships was determined based on projected cash flows attributable to the asset. Purchased technology acquired primarily consists of Marketo’s cloud-based engagement marketing software platform. The estimated fair value of the purchased technology was determined based on the expected future cost savings resulting from ownership of the asset. Backlog relates to subscription contracts and professional services. Non-compete agreements include agreements with key Marketo employees that preclude them from competing against Marketo for a period of two years from the acquisition date. Trademarks include the Marketo trade name, which is well known in the marketing ecosystem. We amortize the fair value of these intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives.
Goodwill—Approximately $3.46 billion has been allocated to goodwill, and has been allocated in full to the Digital Experience reportable segment. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying acquired net tangible and intangible assets. The factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill included securing buyer-specific synergies that increase revenue and profits and are not otherwise available to a marketplace participant, acquiring a talented workforce and cost savings opportunities.
Net liabilities assumed —Marketo’s tangible assets and liabilities as of October 31, 2018 were reviewed and adjusted to their fair value as necessary. The net liabilities assumed included, among other items, $102.6 million in accrued expenses, $74.8 million in deferred revenue and $182.6 million in deferred tax liabilities, which were partially offset by $54.9 million in cash and cash equivalents and $71.6 million in trade receivables acquired.
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Deferred revenue—Included in net liabilities assumed is Marketo’s deferred revenue which represents advance payments from customers related to subscription contracts and professional services. We estimated our obligation related to the deferred revenue using the cost build-up approach. The cost build-up approach determines fair value by estimating the direct and indirect costs related to supporting the obligation plus an assumed operating margin. The sum of the costs and assumed operating profit approximates, in theory, the amount that Marketo would be required to pay a third party to assume the obligation. The estimated costs to fulfill the obligation were based on the near-term projected cost structure for subscription and professional services. As a result, we recorded an adjustment to reduce Marketo’s carrying value of deferred revenue to $74.8 million, which represents our estimate of the fair value of the contractual obligations assumed based on a preliminary valuation.
Taxes—As part of our accounting for the Marketo acquisition, a portion of the overall purchase price was allocated to goodwill and acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense associated with acquired intangible assets is not deductible for tax purposes. Thus, approximately $348.8 million, included in the net liabilities assumed, was established as a deferred tax liability for the future amortization of the intangible assets, and was partially offset by other tax assets of $166.2 million, which primarily consist of net operating loss carryforwards.
Any impairment charges made in the future associated with goodwill will not be tax deductible and will result in an increased effective income tax rate in the quarter the impairment is recorded.
Magento
On June 18, 2018, we completed our acquisition of Magento Commerce (“Magento”), a privately-held commerce platform company. During the third quarter of fiscal 2018, we began integrating Magento into our Digital Experience reportable segment.
The table below represents the preliminary purchase price allocation to the acquired net assets of Magento based on their estimated fair values as of June 18, 2018 and the associated estimated useful lives at that date. During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we recorded immaterial purchase accounting adjustments based on changes to management’s estimates and assumptions in regards to net liabilities assumed and their related impact to goodwill. The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s best estimates and assumptions as of the reporting date and are considered preliminary pending finalization of valuation analyses pertaining to tax liabilities assumed including the calculation of deferred tax assets and liabilities.

(in thousands) | Amount |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (years)
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | 208,000 |  |  | 8
Purchased technology | 84,200 |  |  | 5
In-process research and development (1) | 39,100 |  |  | N/A
Trademarks | 21,100 |  |  | 3
Other intangibles | 43,400 |  |  | 3
Total identifiable intangible assets | 395,800 |  |  |
Net liabilities assumed | (68,182 | ) |  | N/A
Goodwill (2) | 1,316,983 |  |  | N/A
Total estimated purchase price | $ | 1,644,601 |  |  |

_________________________________________

(1) | Capitalized as purchased technology and are considered indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. As of the reporting date, one of the associated in-process research and development efforts was completed and another one was abandoned. The respective related amortization and write-off were each immaterial.

(2) | Non-deductible for tax-purposes.

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NOTE 4. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
Cash equivalents consist of instruments with remaining maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. We classify all of our cash equivalents and short-term investments as “available-for-sale.” In general, these investments are free of trading restrictions. We carry these investments at fair value, based on quoted market prices or other readily available market information. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, which is reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses are recognized when realized in our condensed consolidated statements of income. When we have determined that an other-than-temporary decline in fair value has occurred, the amount of the decline that is related to a credit loss is recognized in income. Gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method.
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consisted of the following as of March 1, 2019 (in thousands):

| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 341,359 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 341,359 |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | 1,383,033 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,383,033 |
Time deposits | 14,454 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,454 |
Total cash equivalents | 1,397,487 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,397,487 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 1,738,846 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,738,846 |
Short-term fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 33,623 |  |  | — |  |  | (185 | ) |  | 33,438 |
Corporate debt securities | 1,445,943 |  |  | 129 |  |  | (12,576 | ) |  | 1,433,496 |
Foreign government securities | 2,399 |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 2,386 |
Municipal securities | 18,248 |  |  | — |  |  | (157 | ) |  | 18,091 |
Total short-term investments | 1,500,213 |  |  | 129 |  |  | (12,931 | ) |  | 1,487,411 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 3,239,059 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | (12,931 | ) |  | $ | 3,226,257 |

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Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consisted of the following as of November 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 368,564 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 368,564 |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | 1,234,188 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,234,188 |
Time deposits | 40,023 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,023 |
Total cash equivalents | 1,274,211 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,274,211 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 1,642,775 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,642,775 |
Short-term fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 41,875 |  |  | — |  |  | (367 | ) |  | 41,508 |
Corporate debt securities | 1,546,860 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (24,696 | ) |  | 1,522,208 |
Foreign government securities | 4,179 |  |  | — |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 4,155 |
Municipal securities | 18,601 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (286 | ) |  | 18,316 |
Total short-term investments | 1,611,515 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (25,373 | ) |  | 1,586,187 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 3,254,290 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | (25,373 | ) |  | $ | 3,228,962 |

See Note 5 for further information regarding the fair value of our financial instruments.
The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale securities, aggregated by investment category, that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Corporate debt securities | $ | 67,201 |  |  | $ | (137 | ) |  | $ | 538,109 |  |  | $ | (7,966 | )
Asset-backed securities | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,696 |  |  | (54 | )
Municipal securities | 1,854 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 6,599 |  |  | (81 | )
Total | $ | 69,091 |  |  | $ | (143 | ) |  | $ | 551,404 |  |  | $ | (8,101 | )

There were 45 securities and 369 securities in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months at March 1, 2019 and at November 30, 2018, respectively.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale securities, aggregated by investment category, that were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than twelve months, as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Corporate debt securities | $ | 1,318,108 |  |  | $ | (12,439 | ) |  | $ | 969,701 |  |  | $ | (16,730 | )
Asset-backed securities | 30,209 |  |  | (185 | ) |  | 34,812 |  |  | (313 | )
Municipal securities | 16,053 |  |  | (151 | ) |  | 11,532 |  |  | (205 | )
Foreign government securities | 2,385 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 4,154 |  |  | (24 | )
Total | $ | 1,366,755 |  |  | $ | (12,788 | ) |  | $ | 1,020,199 |  |  | $ | (17,272 | )

There were 818 securities and 577 securities in an unrealized loss position for more than twelve months at March 1, 2019 and at November 30, 2018, respectively.
The following table summarizes the cost and estimated fair value of short-term fixed income securities classified as short-term investments based on stated effective maturities as of March 1, 2019 (in thousands):

| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due within one year | $ | 642,860 |  |  | $ | 640,549 |
Due between one and two years | 562,585 |  |  | 556,764 |
Due between two and three years | 190,095 |  |  | 187,312 |
Due after three years | 104,673 |  |  | 102,786 |
Total | $ | 1,500,213 |  |  | $ | 1,487,411 |

We review our debt securities classified as short-term investments on a regular basis to evaluate whether or not any security has experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. We consider factors such as the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than the cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and our intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the investment’s amortized cost basis. If we believe that an other-than-temporary decline exists in one of these securities, we write down these investments to fair value. The portion of the write-down related to credit loss would be recorded to interest and other income, net in our condensed consolidated statements of income. Any portion not related to credit loss would be recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income, which is reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, we did not consider any of our investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
NOTE 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Assets and Liabilities Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
We measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. There have been no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the three months ended March 1, 2019.
The fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at March 1, 2019 was determined using the following inputs (in thousands):

| Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
| Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 1,383,033 |  |  | $ | 1,383,033 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Time deposits | 14,454 |  |  | 14,454 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 33,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,438 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities | 1,433,496 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,433,496 |  |  | — |
Foreign government securities | 2,386 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,386 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities | 18,091 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,091 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | 24,477 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,477 |  |  | — |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 80,817 |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | 77,530 |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 2,990,192 |  |  | $ | 1,400,774 |  |  | $ | 1,589,418 |  |  | $ | — |

Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | — |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives | 6,278 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,278 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | $ | 7,353 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,353 |  |  | $ | — |

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
The fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at November 30, 2018 was determined using the following inputs (in thousands):

| Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
| Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 1,234,188 |  |  | $ | 1,234,188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Time deposits | 40,023 |  |  | 40,023 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 41,508 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,508 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities | 1,522,208 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,522,208 |  |  | — |
Foreign government securities | 4,155 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,155 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities | 18,316 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,316 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | 44,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,259 |  |  | — |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 68,988 |  |  | 3,895 |  |  | 65,093 |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 2,973,645 |  |  | $ | 1,278,106 |  |  | $ | 1,695,539 |  |  | $ | — |

Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | $ | 816 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 816 |  |  | $ | — |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap derivatives | 9,744 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,744 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | $ | 10,560 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,560 |  |  | $ | — |

See Note 4 for further information regarding the fair value of our financial instruments.
Our fixed income available-for-sale debt securities consist of high quality, investment grade securities from diverse issuers with a weighted average credit rating of A. We value these securities based on pricing from independent pricing vendors who use matrix pricing valuation techniques including market approach methodologies that model information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, as well as discounted cash flow methodologies. Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly in determining fair value, including benchmark yields, issuer spreads off benchmark yields, interest rates and U.S. Treasury or swap curves. We therefore classify all of our fixed income available-for-sale securities as Level 2. We perform routine procedures such as comparing prices obtained from multiple independent sources to ensure that appropriate fair values are recorded.
The fair values of our money market mutual funds and time deposits are based on the closing price of these assets as of the reporting date. We classify our money market mutual funds and time deposits as Level 1.
Our Level 2 over-the-counter foreign currency and interest rate swap derivatives are valued using pricing models and discounted cash flow methodologies based on observable foreign exchange and interest rate data at the measurement date.
Our deferred compensation plan assets consist of money market mutual funds and other mutual funds.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We also have direct investments in privately held companies accounted for under the cost method, which are periodically assessed for other-than-temporary impairment. If we determine that an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, we write down the investment to its fair value. We estimate fair value of our investments considering available information such as pricing in recent rounds of financing, current cash positions, earnings and cash flow forecasts, recent operational performance and any other readily available market data. For the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, we determined there were no other-than-temporary impairments of our cost method investments.
The fair value of our senior notes was $1.92 billion as of March 1, 2019, based on observable market prices in less active markets and categorized as Level 2. See Note 14 for further details regarding our debt.
NOTE 6. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Hedge Accounting and Hedging Programs
We recognize derivative instruments and hedging activities as either assets or liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and measure them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting.
We evaluate hedge effectiveness at the inception of the hedge prospectively as well as retrospectively, and record any ineffective portion of the hedging instruments in interest and other income (expense), net on our condensed consolidated statements of income. The net gain (loss) recognized in interest and other income (expense), net for cash flow hedges due to hedge ineffectiveness was insignificant for all fiscal years presented. The time value of purchased contracts is recorded in interest and other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
The bank counterparties to these contracts expose us to credit-related losses in the event of their nonperformance which are largely mitigated with collateral security agreements that provide for collateral to be received or posted when the net fair value of certain financial instruments fluctuates from contractually established thresholds. In addition, we enter into master netting arrangements which have the ability to further limit credit-related losses with the same counterparty by permitting net settlement of transactions.
Balance Sheet Hedging—Hedges of Foreign Currency Assets and Liabilities
We also hedge our net recognized foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that the value of these assets and liabilities will be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates. These contracts hedge assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies and are carried at fair value with changes in the fair value recorded to interest and other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of income. These contracts do not subject us to material balance sheet risk due to exchange rate movements because gains and losses on these derivatives are intended to offset gains and losses on the assets and liabilities being hedged.
Cash Flow Hedging—Hedges of Forecasted Foreign Currency Revenue
In countries outside the United States, we transact business in U.S. Dollars and in various other currencies. We may use foreign exchange option contracts or forward contracts to hedge certain cash flow exposures resulting from changes in these foreign currency exchange rates. These foreign exchange contracts, carried at fair value, have maturities of up to twelve months. We enter into these foreign exchange contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted foreign currency denominated revenue in the normal course of business and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
To receive hedge accounting treatment, all hedging relationships are formally documented at the inception of the hedge, and the hedges must be highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on hedged transactions. We record changes in the intrinsic value of these cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, until the forecasted transaction occurs. When the forecasted transaction occurs, we reclassify the related gain or loss on the cash flow hedge to revenue. In the event the underlying forecasted transaction does not occur, or it becomes probable that it will not occur, we reclassify the gain or loss on the related cash flow hedge from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to interest and other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of income at that time. If we do not elect hedge accounting, or the contract does not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, the changes in fair value from period to period are recorded in interest and other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
Fair Value Hedging - Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
In fiscal 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges related to our $900 million of 4.75% fixed interest rate senior notes due February 1, 2020 (“2020 Notes”). In effect, the interest rate swaps convert the fixed interest rate on the 2020 Notes to a floating interest rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). Under the terms of the swaps, we will pay monthly interest at the one-month LIBOR rate plus a fixed number of basis points on the $900 million notional amount through February 1, 2020. In exchange, we will receive 4.75% fixed rate interest from the swap counterparties. See Note 14 for further details regarding our debt.
The interest rate swaps are accounted for as fair value hedges and substantially offset the changes in fair value of the hedged portion of the underlying debt that are attributable to the changes in market risk. Therefore, the gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps are included in interest and other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of income. As of March 1, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was added to the carrying value of current debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The fair value of derivative instruments on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
| Fair Value Asset Derivatives |  | Fair Value Liability Derivatives |  | Fair Value Asset Derivatives |  | Fair Value Liability Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange option contracts(1) (2) | $ | 23,179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,191 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swap (3) | — |  |  | 6,278 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,744 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward contracts (1) | 1,298 |  |  | 1,075 |  |  | 4,068 |  |  | 816 |
Total derivatives | $ | 24,477 |  |  | $ | 7,353 |  |  | $ | 44,259 |  |  | $ | 10,560 |

_________________________________________

(1) | Fair value asset derivatives included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and fair value liability derivatives included in accrued expenses on our consolidated balance sheets.

(2) | Hedging effectiveness expected to be recognized into income within the next twelve months.

(3) | Included in other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
The effect of foreign currency derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges and of foreign currency derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
| Foreign Exchange Option Contracts |  | Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts |  | Foreign Exchange Option Contracts |  | Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI, net of tax(1) | $ | 8,457 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,336 | ) |  | $ | — |
Net gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income, net of tax(2) | $ | 8,501 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,022 |  |  | $ | — |
Net gain (loss) recognized in income(3) | $ | (12,142 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,326 | ) |  | $ | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) recognized in income(4) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,519 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,661 | )

_________________________________________

(1) | Net change in the fair value of the effective portion classified in other comprehensive income (“OCI”).

(2) | Effective portion classified as revenue.

(3) | Ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing classified in interest and other income (expense), net.

(4) | Classified in interest and other income (expense), net.

NOTE 7. GOODWILL AND PURCHASED AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
Goodwill as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 was $10.71 billion and $10.58 billion, respectively. The increase was primarily due to our acquisition of Allegorithmic in the first quarter of fiscal 2019.
Purchased and other intangible assets subject to amortization as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
| Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Purchased technology | $ | 775,474 |  |  | $ | (139,200 | ) |  | $ | 636,274 |  |  | $ | 750,286 |  |  | $ | (118,812 | ) |  | $ | 631,474 |
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | 1,248,258 |  |  | $ | (364,095 | ) |  | $ | 884,163 |  |  | $ | 1,329,432 |  |  | $ | (416,176 | ) |  | $ | 913,256 |
Trademarks | 384,855 |  |  | (38,004 | ) |  | 346,851 |  |  | 384,855 |  |  | (25,968 | ) |  | 358,887 |
Acquired rights to use technology | 59,906 |  |  | (45,015 | ) |  | 14,891 |  |  | 58,966 |  |  | (48,770 | ) |  | 10,196 |
Backlog | 147,300 |  |  | (29,982 | ) |  | 117,318 |  |  | 147,300 |  |  | (13,299 | ) |  | 134,001 |
Other intangibles | 23,780 |  |  | (6,174 | ) |  | 17,606 |  |  | 51,096 |  |  | (29,909 | ) |  | 21,187 |
Total other intangible assets | $ | 1,864,099 |  |  | $ | (483,270 | ) |  | $ | 1,380,829 |  |  | $ | 1,971,649 |  |  | $ | (534,122 | ) |  | $ | 1,437,527 |
Purchased and other intangible assets, net | $ | 2,639,573 |  |  | $ | (622,470 | ) |  | $ | 2,017,103 |  |  | $ | 2,721,935 |  |  | $ | (652,934 | ) |  | $ | 2,069,001 |

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Amortization expense related to purchased and other intangible assets was $104.6 million and $33.9 million for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, respectively. Of these amounts, $58.0 million and $16.7 million were included in cost of sales for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, respectively. See Note 3 for details regarding our acquisitions.
As of March 1, 2019, we expect amortization expense in future periods to be as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Year |  | Purchased Technology |  | Other Intangible Assets
Remainder of 2019 | $ | 95,761 |  |  | $ | 201,156 |
2020 | 126,123 |  |  | 235,431 |
2021 | 103,796 |  |  | 148,935 |
2022 | 86,921 |  |  | 134,472 |
2023 | 76,921 |  |  | 134,330 |
Thereafter | 146,752 |  |  | 526,505 |
Total expected amortization expense | $ | 636,274 |  |  | $ | 1,380,829 |

NOTE 8. ACCRUED EXPENSES
Accrued expenses as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 consisted of the following (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 362,347 |  |  | $ | 313,874 |
Accrued bonuses | 79,249 |  |  | 216,007 |
Accrued media costs | 80,520 |  |  | 124,849 |
Sales and marketing allowances | 49,617 |  |  | 44,968 |
Accrued corporate marketing | 72,660 |  |  | 66,186 |
Accrued building rent | 70,118 |  |  | 61,544 |
Taxes payable | 57,173 |  |  | 57,525 |
Royalties payable | 51,919 |  |  | 51,529 |
Accrued interest expense | 7,284 |  |  | 29,481 |
Other | 336,542 |  |  | 197,222 |
Accrued expenses | $ | 1,167,429 |  |  | $ | 1,163,185 |

Accrued media costs primarily relate to our advertising platform offerings which are part of the Advertising Cloud. We accrue for media costs related to impressions purchased from third-party ad inventory sources. Other primarily includes general corporate accruals for local and regional expenses, sales returns reserves and foreign currency liability derivatives.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
NOTE 9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock Plan
As of March 1, 2019, we had reserved 200.7 million shares of common stock for issuance under our 2003 Equity Incentive Plan and had 45.4 million shares available for grant.
Summary of Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Beginning outstanding balance | 8,668 |  |  | 9,304 |
Awarded | 3,361 |  |  | 4,012 |
Released | (2,947 | ) |  | (3,988 | )
Forfeited | (148 | ) |  | (660 | )
Ending outstanding balance | 8,934 |  |  | 8,668 |

Beginning January 2019, restricted stock units granted as part of our annual review process or for promotions will vest over four years. Restricted stock units granted as part of our annual review process or for promotions with grant dates prior to January 2019 continue to vest over three years.
Information regarding restricted stock units outstanding at March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 is summarized below:

| Number of Shares (thousands) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(*) (millions)
2019 |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units outstanding | 8,934 |  |  | 1.61 |  | $ | 2,358.7 |
Restricted stock units vested and expected to vest | 7,979 |  |  | 1.55 |  | $ | 2,106.6 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units outstanding | 9,195 |  |  | 1.52 |  | $ | 1,928.9 |
Restricted stock units vested and expected to vest | 8,259 |  |  | 1.47 |  | $ | 1,732.6 |

_________________________________________

(*) | The intrinsic value is calculated as the market value as of the end of the fiscal period. As reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the market values as of March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 were $264.01 and $209.79, respectively.

Summary of Performance Shares
Our Performance Share Programs aim to help focus key employees on building stockholder value, provide significant award potential for achieving outstanding Company performance and enhance the ability of the Company to attract and retain highly talented and competent individuals. The Executive Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors approves the terms of each of our Performance Share Programs, including the award calculation methodology, under the terms of our 2003 Equity Incentive Plan. Shares may be earned based on the achievement of an objective relative total stockholder return measured over a three-year performance period. Performance share awards will be awarded and fully vest upon the Executive Compensation Committee’s certification of the level of achievement following the three-year anniversary of each grant date. Program participants generally have the ability to receive up to 200% of the target number of shares originally granted.
In the first quarter of fiscal 2019, the Executive Compensation Committee approved the 2019 Performance Share Program.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
In the first quarter of fiscal 2019, the Executive Compensation Committee also certified the actual performance achievement of participants in the 2016 Performance Share Program. Actual performance resulted in participants achieving 200% of target or approximately 0.8 million shares. The shares granted and achieved under the 2016 Performance Share Program fully vested on the three-year anniversary of the grant on January 25, 2019, if not forfeited.
In the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Executive Compensation Committee certified the actual performance achievement of participants in the 2015 Performance Share Program. Actual performance resulted in participants achieving 200% of target or approximately 1.0 million shares. The shares granted and achieved under the 2015 Performance Share Program fully vested on the three-year anniversary of the grant on January 24, 2018, if not forfeited.
As of March 1, 2019, the shares awarded under our 2019, 2018, and 2017 Performance Share Programs are yet to be achieved.
The following table sets forth the summary of performance share activity under our Performance Share Programs for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares Granted |  | Maximum Shares Eligible to Receive |  | Shares Granted |  | Maximum Shares Eligible to Receive
Beginning outstanding balance | 1,148 |  |  | 2,296 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | 3,068 |
Awarded | 722 |  | (1) | 614 |  |  | 837 |  | (2) | 628 |
Achieved | (830 | ) | (3) | (830 | ) |  | (1,050 | ) | (3) | (1,053 | )
Forfeited | (11 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (173 | ) |  | (347 | )
Ending outstanding balance | 1,029 |  |  | 2,058 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 2,296 |

_________________________________________

(1) | Included in the 0.7 million shares awarded during the three months ended March 1, 2019 were 0.4 million shares awarded for the final achievement of the 2016 Performance Share program. The remaining awarded shares were for the 2019 Performance Share Program.

(2) | Included in the 0.8 million shares awarded during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018 were 0.5 million shares awarded for the final achievement of the 2015 Performance Share program. The remaining awarded shares were for the 2018 Performance Share Program.

(3) | Shares achieved under our 2016 and 2015 Performance Share programs which resulted from 200% achievement of target.

Summary of Employee Stock Purchase Plan Shares
The expected life of the ESPP shares is the average of the remaining purchase periods under each offering period. The assumptions used to value employee stock purchase rights during the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 were as follows:

| Three Months
| 2019 |  | 2018
Expected life (in years) | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | 0.5 - 2.0
Volatility | 35% - 37% |  | 26% - 27%
Risk free interest rate | 2.47% - 2.63% |  | 1.54% - 1.89%

Employees purchased 0.5 million shares at an average price of $129.23 and 0.7 million shares at an average price of $91.74 for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, respectively. The intrinsic value of shares purchased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 was $51.2 million and $54.3 million, respectively. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market value on the date of purchase and the purchase price of the shares.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Summary of Stock Options
The Executive Compensation Committee of Adobe’s Board of Directors eliminated the use of stock option grants for all employees and the Board of Directors effective fiscal 2012 and fiscal 2014, respectively. However, we may assume the stock option plans of certain companies we acquire. As of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018, we had 0.2 million and 0.3 million stock options outstanding, respectively.
Compensation Costs
As of March 1, 2019, there was $1.64 billion of unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost will be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.
Total stock-based compensation costs included in our condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Income Statement Classifications |  | Option Grants and Stock Purchase Rights |  | Restricted Stock Units and Performance Share Awards |  | Option Grants and Stock Purchase Rights |  | Restricted Stock Units and Performance Share Awards
Cost of revenue—subscription | $ | 1,390 |  |  | $ | 5,182 |  |  | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 3,944 |
Cost of revenue—services and support | 1,998 |  |  | 3,817 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 2,986 |
Research and development | 8,445 |  |  | 75,820 |  |  | 5,349 |  |  | 54,072 |
Sales and marketing | 10,353 |  |  | 52,247 |  |  | 5,320 |  |  | 38,848 |
General and administrative | 3,281 |  |  | 22,155 |  |  | 1,480 |  |  | 20,742 |
Total | $ | 25,467 |  |  | $ | 159,221 |  |  | $ | 14,933 |  |  | $ | 120,592 |

NOTE 10. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and activity, net of related taxes, as of March 1, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

| November 30, 2018 |  | Increase / Decrease |  | Reclassification Adjustments |  | March 1, 2019
Net unrealized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 129 |
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | (25,374 | ) |  | 12,314 |  |  | 128 |  |  | (12,932 | )
Total net unrealized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities | (25,330 | ) |  | 12,402 |  |  | 125 |  | (1) | (12,803 | )
Net unrealized gains / losses on derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments | 21,732 |  |  | (8,457 | ) |  | (8,197 | ) | (2) | 5,078 |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments | (144,532 | ) |  | 1,825 |  |  | — |  |  | (142,707 | )
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | $ | (148,130 | ) |  | $ | 5,770 |  |  | $ | (8,072 | ) |  | $ | (150,432 | )

_________________________________________

(1) | Reclassification adjustments for gains / losses on available-for-sale securities are classified in interest and other income (expense), net.

(2) | Reclassification adjustments for gains / losses on derivative instruments are classified in revenue.

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
The following table sets forth the taxes related to each component of other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (in thousands):

| Three Months
| 2019 |  | 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Reclassification adjustments on derivative instruments | $ | (95 | ) |  | $ | (1,526 | )
Subtotal derivatives designated as hedging instruments | (95 | ) |  | (1,526 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (1,742 | )
Total taxes, other comprehensive income | $ | (95 | ) |  | $ | (3,268 | )

NOTE 11. STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAM
To facilitate our stock repurchase program, designed to return value to our stockholders and minimize dilution from stock issuances, we may repurchase shares in the open market or enter into structured repurchase agreements with third parties. In May 2018, our Board of Directors granted us another authority to repurchase up to $8 billion in common stock through the end of fiscal 2021.
During the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, we entered into several structured stock repurchase agreements with large financial institutions, whereupon we provided them with prepayments totaling $500 million and $300 million, respectively. We enter into these agreements in order to take advantage of repurchasing shares at a guaranteed discount to the Volume Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) of our common stock over a specified period of time. We only enter into such transactions when the discount that we receive is higher than the foregone return on our cash prepayments to the financial institutions. There were no explicit commissions or fees on these structured repurchases. Under the terms of the agreements, there is no requirement for the financial institutions to return any portion of the prepayment to us.
The financial institutions agree to deliver shares to us at monthly intervals during the contract term. The parameters used to calculate the number of shares deliverable are: the total notional amount of the contract, the number of trading days in the contract, the number of trading days in the interval and the average VWAP of our stock during the interval less the agreed upon discount.
During the three months ended March 1, 2019, we repurchased approximately 2.1 million shares at an average price of $237.13 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2018 and the three months ended March 1, 2019. During the three months ended March 2, 2018 we repurchased approximately 1.6 million shares at an average price of $185.13 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2017 and the three months ended March 2, 2018.
For the three months ended March 1, 2019, the prepayments were classified as treasury stock on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at the payment date, though only shares physically delivered to us by March 1, 2019 were excluded from the computation of earnings per share. As of March 1, 2019, $159.1 million of prepayment remained under this agreement.
Subsequent to March 1, 2019, as part of the May 2018 stock repurchase authority, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $750 million. Upon completion of the $750 million stock repurchase agreement, $6.60 billion remains under our May 2018 authority.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
NOTE 12. NET INCOME PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months
| 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 674,241 |  |  | $ | 583,076 |
Shares used to compute basic net income per share | 488,056 |  |  | 492,061 |
Dilutive potential common shares: |  |  |
Unvested restricted stock units and performance share awards | 5,721 |  |  | 7,191 |
ESPP and stock options | 411 |  |  | 181 |
Shares used to compute diluted net income per share | 494,188 |  |  | 499,433 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | 1.18 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |

For the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, there were 0.3 million and 1.3 million potential common stock equivalents, respectively, that were not included in the calculation of diluted net income per share as the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
NOTE 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Royalties
We have royalty commitments associated with the licensing of certain offerings. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit sold or a percentage of the underlying revenue.
Indemnifications
In the ordinary course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope to customers and channel partners against claims of intellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of our products and from time to time, we are subject to claims by our customers under these indemnification provisions. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not been significant and we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnification provisions on our future results of operations.
To the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreements whereby we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is or was serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we have director and officer insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.
Legal Proceedings
In connection with disputes relating to the validity or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, including patent rights, we have been, are currently and may in the future be subject to claims, negotiations or complex, protracted litigation. Intellectual property disputes and litigation may be very costly and can be disruptive to our business operations by diverting the attention and energies of management and key technical personnel. Although we have successfully defended or resolved past litigation and disputes, we may not prevail in any ongoing or future litigation and disputes. Third-party intellectual property disputes could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to enter into royalty and licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, prevent us from licensing certain of our products or offering certain of our services, subject us to injunctions restricting our sale of products or services, cause severe disruptions to our operations or the markets in which we compete, or require us to satisfy indemnification commitments with our customers including contractual provisions under various license arrangements and service agreements.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
In addition to intellectual property disputes, we are subject to legal proceedings, claims and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including claims relating to commercial, employment and other matters. Some of these disputes and legal proceedings may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We consider all claims on a quarterly basis in accordance with GAAP and based on known facts assess whether potential losses are considered reasonably possible, probable and estimable. Based upon this assessment, we then evaluate disclosure requirements and whether to accrue for such claims in our financial statements. This determination is then reviewed and discussed with our Audit Committee and our independent registered public accounting firm.
We make a provision for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Unless otherwise specifically disclosed in this note, we have determined that no provision for liability nor disclosure is required related to any claim against us because: (a) there is not a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already recognized (if any) may be incurred with respect to such claim; (b) a reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be estimated; or (c) such estimate is immaterial.
All legal costs associated with litigation are expensed as incurred. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. However, we believe that we have valid defenses with respect to the legal matters pending against us. It is possible, nevertheless, that our consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations could be negatively affected by an unfavorable resolution of one or more of such proceedings, claims or investigations.
In connection with our anti-piracy efforts, conducted both internally and through organizations such as the Business Software Alliance, from time to time we undertake litigation against alleged copyright infringers. Such lawsuits may lead to counter-claims alleging improper use of litigation or violation of other laws. We believe we have valid defenses with respect to such counter-claims; however, it is possible that our consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations could be negatively affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of these counter-claims.
NOTE 14. DEBT
Term Loan Credit Agreement
In October 2018, we entered into a credit agreement providing for an up to $2.25 billion senior unsecured term loan for the purpose of partially funding the purchase price for our acquisition of Marketo and the related fees and expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition. The Term Loan funds were received on October 31, 2018 upon closing of the acquisition and will mature 18 months following the initial funding date. In addition, we incurred issuance costs of $0.7 million which are amortized to interest expense over the term using the straight-line method. The Term Loan ranks equally with our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. There are no scheduled principal amortization payments prior to maturity and the term loan may be prepaid and terminated at our election at any time without penalty or premium. At our election, the Term Loan will bear interest at either (i) LIBOR plus a margin, based on our debt ratings, ranging from 0.500% to 1.000% or (ii) a base rate plus a margin, based on our debt ratings, ranging from 0.040% to 0.110%. Interest is payable periodically, in arrears, at the end of each interest period we elect.
The Term Loan credit agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the lenders similar to those contained in the Revolving Credit Agreement, including the financial covenant. As of March 1, 2019, we were in compliance with all covenants.
As of March 1, 2019, there were $2.25 billion outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan, which is included in long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets with a carrying value of $2.25 billion, net of debt issuance costs. For the three months ended March 1, 2019, we made interest payments of approximately $18.0 million.
Senior Notes
In February 2010, we issued $900 million of 4.75% senior notes due February 1, 2020 (“2020 Notes”). Our proceeds were $900 million and were net of an issuance discount of $5.5 million. In addition, we incurred issuance costs of $6.4 million. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2020 Notes using the effective interest
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
method. The effective interest rate including the discount and issuance costs is 4.92%. Interest is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1, and commenced on August 1, 2010.
In June 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $900 million designated as a fair value hedge related to our 2020 Notes. The interest rate swaps effectively convert the fixed interest rate on our 2020 Notes to a floating interest rate based on LIBOR. Under the terms of the swap, we will pay monthly interest at the one-month LIBOR interest rate plus a fixed number of basis points on the $900 million notional amount. In exchange, we will receive 4.75% fixed rate interest from the swap counterparties. As of March 1, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was added to the carrying value of current debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 6 for further details regarding our interest rate swap derivatives.
In January 2015, we issued $1 billion of 3.25% senior notes due February 1, 2025 (“2025 Notes”). Our proceeds were approximately $989.3 million which is net of an issuance discount of $10.7 million. In addition, we incurred issuance costs of $7.9 million. Both the discount and issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2025 Notes using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate including the discount, issuance costs and interest rate agreement is 3.67%. Interest is payable semi-annually, in arrears on February 1 and August 1, and commenced on August 1, 2015.
As of March 1, 2019, our outstanding notes payable consist of the 2020 Notes and 2025 Notes (“Notes”) with a total carrying value of $1.88 billion which includes the fair value of the interest rate swap and is net of debt issuance costs. Based on quoted prices in inactive markets, the total fair value of the Notes was $1.92 billion as of March 1, 2019 and excludes the effect of the fair value hedge of the 2020 Notes for which we entered into interest rate swaps as described above.
The Notes rank equally with our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. We may redeem the Notes at any time, subject to a make-whole premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, we may be required to repurchase the Notes, at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The Notes also include covenants that limit our ability to grant liens on assets and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions, subject to significant allowances. As of March 1, 2019, we were in compliance with all of the covenants.
In February 2019, we made semi-annual interest payments on our 2020 and 2025 Notes totaling $37.6 million.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we reclassified $898.7 million as current debt on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, which represents the 2020 Notes, net of unamortized original issuance discount. We intend to refinance the current portion of our debt on or before the due date.
Revolving Credit Agreement
On October 17, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Agreement”), providing for a five-year $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility, which replaced our previous five-year $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit agreement dated as of March 2, 2012 (as amended, the “Prior Revolving Credit Agreement”). In addition, we incurred issuance costs of $0.8 million which is amortized to interest expense over the term using the straight-line method. The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for loans to Adobe and certain of its subsidiaries that may be designated from time to time as additional borrowers. Pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, we may, subject to the agreement of lenders to provide additional commitments, obtain up to an additional $500 million in commitments, for a maximum aggregate commitment of $1.5 billion. At our election, loans under the Revolving Credit Agreement will bear interest at either (i) LIBOR plus a margin, based on our debt ratings, ranging from 0.585% to 1.015% or (ii) a base rate, which is defined as the highest of (a) the agent’s prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.500% or (c) LIBOR plus 1.00% plus a margin, based on our debt ratings, ranging from 0.000% to 0.015%. In addition, facility fees determined according to our debt ratings are payable on the aggregate commitments, regardless of usage, quarterly in an amount ranging from 0.04% to 0.11% per annum. We are permitted to permanently reduce the aggregate commitment under the Revolving Credit Agreement at any time. Subject to certain conditions stated in the Revolving Credit Agreement, Adobe and any of its subsidiaries designated as additional borrowers may borrow, prepay and re-borrow amounts at any time during the term of the Revolving Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant, events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the lenders. The negative covenants include restrictions regarding the incurrence of liens and indebtedness, certain merger and acquisition transactions, dispositions
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
and other matters, all subject to certain exceptions. The financial covenant, based on a quarterly financial test, requires us not to exceed a maximum leverage ratio.
The facility will terminate and all amounts owing thereunder will be due and payable on the maturity date unless (a) the commitments are terminated earlier upon the occurrence of certain events, including an event of default, or (b) the maturity date is further extended upon our request, subject to the agreement of the lenders.
As of March 1, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings under this Credit Agreement and we were in compliance with all covenants.
NOTE 15. NON-OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSE)
Non-operating income (expense) for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 included the following (in thousands):

| Three Months
| 2019 |  | 2018
Interest and other income (expense), net: |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 16,071 |  |  | $ | 22,630 |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) | (11,857 | ) |  | (5,889 | )
Realized gains on fixed income investment | 3 |  |  | 184 |
Realized losses on fixed income investment | (128 | ) |  | (305 | )
Other | 177 |  |  | 52 |
Interest and other income (expense), net | $ | 4,266 |  |  | $ | 16,672 |
Interest expense | $ | (40,593 | ) |  | $ | (19,899 | )
Investment gains (losses), net: |  |  |  |
Realized investment gains | $ | 43,657 |  |  | $ | 3,994 |
Unrealized investment gains | 174 |  |  | — |
Unrealized investment losses | — |  |  | (998 | )
Investment gains (losses), net | $ | 43,831 |  |  | $ | 2,996 |
Non-operating income (expense), net | $ | 7,504 |  |  | $ | (231 | )

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
In addition to historical information, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, including statements regarding product plans, future growth, market opportunities, strategic initiatives, industry positioning, customer acquisition, the amount of recurring revenue and revenue growth. In addition, when used in this report, the words “will,” “expects,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “targets,” “estimates,” “looks for,” “looks to,” “continues” and similar expressions, as well as statements regarding our focus for the future, are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Each of the forward-looking statements we make in this report involves risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this report. You should carefully review the risks described herein and in other documents we file from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2018. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We undertake no obligation to publicly release any revisions to the forward-looking statements or reflect events or circumstances after the date of this document, except as required by law.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Founded in 1982, Adobe Inc. is one of the largest and most diversified software companies in the world. We offer a line of products and services used by creative professionals, marketers, knowledge workers, application developers, enterprises and consumers for creating, managing, delivering, measuring, optimizing and engaging with compelling content and experiences across personal computers, devices and media. We market our products and services directly to enterprise customers through our sales force and certain local field offices. We license our products to end users through app stores and our own website at www.adobe.com. We offer many of our products via a Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) model or a managed services model (both of which are referred to as hosted or cloud-based) as well as through term subscription and pay-per-use models. We also distribute certain products and services through a network of distributors, value-added resellers (“VARs”), systems integrators (“SIs”), independent software vendors (“ISVs”), retailers, software developers and original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). In addition, we license our technology to hardware manufacturers, software developers and service providers for use in their products and solutions. Our products run on personal and server-based computers, as well as on smartphones, tablets and other devices, depending on the product. We have operations in the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) and Asia-Pacific (“APAC”).
Adobe was originally incorporated in California in October 1983 and was reincorporated in Delaware in May 1997. Our executive offices and principal facilities are located at 345 Park Avenue, San Jose, California 95110-2704. Our telephone number is 408-536-6000 and our website is www.adobe.com. Investors can obtain copies of our SEC filings from this site free of charge, as well as from the SEC website at www.sec.gov. The information posted to our website is not incorporated into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
OPERATIONS OVERVIEW
For our first quarter of fiscal 2019, we reported strong financial results consistent with the continued execution of our long-term plans for our two strategic growth areas, Digital Media and Digital Experience, while continuing to market and license a broad portfolio of products and solutions.
In our Digital Media segment, we are a market leader with Creative Cloud, our subscription-based offering which provides desktop tools, mobile apps and cloud-based services for designing, creating and publishing rich and immersive content. Creative Cloud delivers value with deep, cross-product integration, frequent product updates and feature enhancements, cloud-enabled services including storage and syncing of files across users’ machines, access to marketplace, social and community-based features with our Adobe Stock and Behance services, app creation capabilities, tools which assist with enterprise deployments and team collaboration, and affordable pricing for cost-sensitive customers.
We offer Creative Cloud for individuals, students, teams and enterprises. We expect Creative Cloud will drive sustained long-term revenue growth through a continued expansion of our customer base by acquiring new users on account of low cost of entry and delivery of additional features and value to Creative Cloud, as well as keeping existing customers current on our latest release. We have also built out a marketplace for Creative Cloud subscribers to enable the delivery and purchase of stock content
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in our Adobe Stock service. Overall, our strategy with Creative Cloud is designed to enable us to increase our revenue with users, attract more new customers, and grow our recurring and predictable revenue stream that is recognized ratably.
We continue to implement strategies that will accelerate awareness, consideration and purchase of subscriptions to our Creative Cloud offerings. These strategies include increasing the value Creative Cloud users receive, such as offering new desktop and mobile applications, as well as targeted promotions and offers that attract past customers and potential users to try out and ultimately subscribe to Creative Cloud. Because of the shift towards Creative Cloud subscriptions and Enterprise Term License Agreements (“ETLAs”), revenue from perpetual licensing of our Creative products has been immaterial to our business.
We are also a market leader with our Adobe Document Cloud offerings built around our Adobe Acrobat family of products, including Adobe Acrobat Reader DC, and a set of integrated cloud-based document services, including Adobe Sign. Acrobat provides reliable creation and exchange of electronic documents, regardless of platform or application source type. Document Cloud, which we believe enhances the way people manage critical documents at home, in the office and across devices, includes Adobe Acrobat DC and Adobe Sign, and a set of integrated services enabling users to create, review, approve, sign and track documents whether on a desktop or mobile device. Adobe Acrobat DC, with a touch-enabled user interface, is offered both through subscription and perpetual licenses.
Annualized Recurring Revenue (“ARR”) is currently the key performance metric our management uses to assess the health and trajectory of our overall Digital Media segment. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue, deferred revenue and unbilled deferred revenue as ARR is a performance metric and is not intended to be combined with any of these items. We adjust our reported ARR on an annual basis to reflect any material exchange rates changes. Our reported ARR results in fiscal 2019 are based on currency rates set at the start of fiscal 2019 and held constant throughout the year. We calculate ARR as follows:

Creative ARR | Annual Value of Creative Cloud Subscriptions and Services + Annual Creative ETLA Contract Value
Document Cloud ARR | Annual Value of Document Cloud Subscriptions and Services + Annual Document Cloud ETLA Contract Value
Digital Media ARR | Creative ARR + Document Cloud ARR

On December 1, 2018, the beginning of our fiscal year 2019, we adopted the requirements of the new revenue standard utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition. We began to report our financial results for the first quarter of fiscal 2019 under the new revenue standard. The impact of the adoption was not significant to our results of operations.
Creative ARR exiting the first quarter of fiscal 2019 was $6.21 billion, up from $5.92 billion at the end of fiscal 2018. Document Cloud ARR exiting the first quarter of fiscal 2019 was $856 million, up from $791 million at the end of fiscal 2018. Total Digital Media ARR grew to $7.07 billion at the end of the first quarter of fiscal 2019, up from $6.71 billion at the end of fiscal 2018. Included in the net change in our ARR during the first quarter of fiscal 2019 was an approximately $20 million adjustment from adoption of the new revenue standard.
Our success in driving growth in ARR has positively affected our revenue growth. Creative revenue in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 was $1.49 billion, up from $1.23 billion in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, representing 22% year-over-year growth. Document Cloud revenue in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 was $281.7 million, up from $231.0 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2018 as we continue to transition Document Cloud to a subscription-based model. Total Digital Media segment revenue grew to $1.78 billion in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, up from $1.46 billion in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, representing 22% year-over-year growth.
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We are a market leader in the fast-growing category addressed by our Digital Experience segment. Our Digital Experience business provides comprehensive solutions that include analytics, social marketing, targeting, media optimization, digital experience management, cross-channel campaign management, marketing automation, audience management, commerce, premium video delivery and monetization. These comprehensive solutions enable marketers to measure, personalize and optimize marketing campaigns and digital experiences across channels for optimal marketing performance.
Our hierarchy of solutions in the Digital Experience segment, available in our Adobe Experience Cloud, consists of the following cloud offerings:

• | Adobe Advertising Cloud—delivers an end-to-end platform for managing advertising across traditional TV and digital formats, and simplifies the delivery of video, display and search advertising across channels and screens.

• | Adobe Analytics Cloud—enables businesses to move from insights to actions in real time by uniquely integrating audiences as the core system of intelligence for the enterprise; makes data available across all Adobe clouds through the capture, aggregation, rationalization and understanding of vast amounts of disparate data and then translating that data into singular customer profiles; includes Adobe Analytics and Adobe Audience Manager.

• | Adobe Marketing Cloud—provides an integrated set of solutions to help marketers differentiate their brands and engage their customers, helping businesses manage, personalize, and orchestrate campaigns and customer journeys; includes Adobe Experience Manager (“AEM”), Adobe Campaign, Adobe Target, Marketo Engagement Platform and Adobe Primetime.

• | Magento Commerce Cloud—provides digital commerce, order management and predictive intelligence based on a unified commerce platform enabling shopping experiences across a wide array of industries.

In addition to chief marketing officers, chief revenue officers and digital marketers, users of our Adobe Experience Cloud solutions include advertisers, campaign managers, digital marketers, publishers, data analysts, content managers, social marketers and marketing executives. These customers often are involved in workflows that utilize other Adobe products, such as our Digital Media offerings. By combining the creativity of our Digital Media business with the science of our Digital Experience business, we help our customers to more efficiently and effectively make, manage, measure and monetize their content across every channel with an end-to-end workflow and feedback loop.
We utilize a direct sales force to market and license our Adobe Experience Cloud solutions, as well as an extensive ecosystem of partners, including marketing agencies, systems integrators and independent software vendors that help license and deploy our solutions to their customers. We have made significant investments to broaden the scale and size of all of these routes to market, and our recent financial results reflect the success of these investments.
We achieved record Adobe Experience Cloud revenue of $743.3 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, representing 34% year-over-year growth. Driving the increase in Adobe Experience Cloud revenue was the increase in subscription revenue across our offerings which grew to $611.9 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 from $430.9 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, representing 42% year-over-year growth. Largely contributing to the increase in Digital Experience subscription revenue was revenue associated with Marketo’s B2B engagement platform offerings and Magento’s commerce cloud offerings. We expect that the addition of Marketo and Magento, and continued demand across our portfolio of Adobe Experience Cloud solutions, will drive revenue growth in future years.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
In preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a regular basis, we evaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates. We also discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
We believe that the assumptions, judgments and estimates involved in the accounting for revenue recognition, business combinations and income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. These areas are key components of our results of operations and are based on complex rules requiring us to make judgments and estimates and
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consequently, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Historically, our assumptions, judgments and estimates relative to our critical accounting policies have not differed materially from actual results.
Other than the addition of revenue recognition to our critical accounting policies below, there have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 1, 2019, as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018.
Revenue Recognition
Our contracts with customers may include multiple goods and services. For example, some of our offerings include both on-premise and/or on-device software licenses and cloud services. Determining whether the software licenses and the cloud services are distinct from each other, and therefore performance obligations to be accounted for separately, or not distinct from each other, and therefore part of a single performance obligation, may require significant judgment. We have concluded that the on-premise/on-device software licenses and cloud services provided in our Creative Cloud and Document Cloud subscription offerings are not distinct from each other such that revenue from each offering should be recognized ratably over the subscription period for which the cloud services are provided. In reaching this conclusion, we considered the nature of our promise to Creative Cloud and Document Cloud customers, which is to provide a complete end-to-end creative design or document workflow solution that operates seamlessly across multiple devices and teams. We fulfill this promise by providing access to a solution that integrates cloud-based and on-premise/on-device features that, together through their integration, provide functionalities, utility and workflow efficiencies that could not be obtained from either the on-premise/on-device software or cloud services on their own.
We believe that the assumptions, judgments and estimates involved in the accounting for revenue recognition discussed above, and those included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. These areas are key components of our results of operations and are based on complex rules requiring us to make judgments and estimates, so we consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Historically, our assumptions, judgments and estimates relative to our critical accounting policies have not differed materially from actual results.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding recent accounting pronouncements that are of significance or potential significance to us.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Our financial results for the first quarter of fiscal 2019 are presented in accordance with the new revenue standard that was adopted under the modified retrospective method at the beginning of fiscal 2019. Prior period results have not been restated which limits the comparability of our results of operations for the first quarter of fiscal 2019 when compared to the year-ago period. Refer to the Note 1 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details about our recent adoption.
Financial Performance Summary for the First Quarter of Fiscal 2019

• | Total Digital Media ARR of approximately $7.07 billion as of March 1, 2019 increased by $357 million, or 5%, from $6.71 billion as of November 30, 2018. The change in our Digital Media ARR is primarily due to strong adoption of our Creative Cloud and Adobe Document Cloud offerings and, to a lesser extent, an adjustment from adoption of the new revenue standard.

• | Creative revenue during the three months ended March 1, 2019 of $1.49 billion increased by $265.4 million, or 22% compared to the year-ago period. The increase was primarily due to the increase in subscription revenue associated with our Creative Cloud offerings, slightly offset by the impact of Creative revenue reclassification to Document Cloud revenue as a result of adoption of the new revenue standard.

• | Adobe Experience Cloud revenue of $743.3 million during the three months ended March 1, 2019 increased by $189.2 million, or 34%, compared to the year-ago period. The increase was primarily due to the increase in subscription revenue driven by the addition of Magento and Marketo, which we acquired in the later part of fiscal 2018.

• | Our total deferred revenue of $3.22 billion as of March 1, 2019 increased by $164.6 million, or 5%, from $3.05 billion as of November 30, 2018 primarily due to increases in new contracts and the timing of renewals related to our Digital Experience offerings. To a lesser extent, deferred revenue from Magento and Marketo also contributed to the increase.

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• | Cost of revenue of $397.3 million during the three months ended March 1, 2019 increased by $138.4 million, or 53%, compared to the year-ago period primarily due to increases in amortization of purchased intangibles and hosting services and data center costs.

• | Operating expenses of $1.51 billion during the three months ended March 1, 2019 increased by $391.5 million, or 35%, compared to the year-ago period primarily due to increases in base compensation and related benefits costs and stock-based compensation expense associated with headcount growth.

• | Net income of $674.2 million during the three months ended March 1, 2019 increased by $91.2 million, or 16%, compared to the year-ago period primarily due to increases in subscription revenue and the decrease in the provision for income taxes.

• | Net cash flow from operations of $1.01 billion during the three months ended March 1, 2019 increased by $23.8 million, or 2%, compared to the year-ago period primarily due to higher net income.

Revenue for the Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Subscription | $ | 2,305.0 |  |  | $ | 1,793.3 |  |  | 29 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 88 | % |  | 86 | % |  |  |
Product | 170.5 |  |  | 171.6 |  |  | (1 | )%
Percentage of total revenue | 7 | % |  | 8 | % |  |  |
Services and support | 125.4 |  |  | 114.0 |  |  | 10 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 5 | % |  | 6 | % |  |  |
Total revenue | $ | 2,600.9 |  |  | $ | 2,078.9 |  |  | 25 | %

Our subscription revenue is comprised primarily of fees we charge for our subscription and hosted service offerings including Creative Cloud and certain of our Adobe Experience Cloud and Document Cloud services. We recognize subscription revenue ratably over the term of our agreements with customers, beginning with commencement of service.
We have the following reportable segments: Digital Media, Digital Experience and Publishing. Subscription revenue by reportable segment for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 is as follows (dollars in millions):

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Digital Media | $ | 1,663.7 |  |  | $ | 1,334.6 |  |  | 25 | %
Digital Experience | 611.9 |  |  | 430.9 |  |  | 42 | %
Publishing | 29.4 |  |  | 27.8 |  |  | 6 | %
Total subscription revenue | $ | 2,305.0 |  |  | $ | 1,793.3 |  |  | 29 | %

Our services and support revenue is comprised of consulting, training and maintenance and support, primarily related to the licensing of our enterprise products and the sale of our cloud-hosted Adobe Experience Cloud services. Our support revenue also includes technical support and developer support to partners and developer organizations related to our desktop products. Our maintenance and support offerings, which entitle customers to receive desktop product upgrades and enhancements or technical support, depending on the offering, are generally recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement as we satisfy the performance obligations to our customers.
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Segment Information (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Digital Media | $ | 1,776.6 |  |  | $ | 1,460.5 |  |  | 22 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 68 | % |  | 70 | % |  |  |
Digital Experience | 743.3 |  |  | 554.1 |  |  | 34 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 29 | % |  | 27 | % |  |  |
Publishing | 81.0 |  |  | 64.3 |  |  | 26 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |
Total revenue | $ | 2,600.9 |  |  | $ | 2,078.9 |  |  | 25 | %

Digital Media
Revenue from Digital Media increased $316.1 million during the three months ended March 1, 2019, as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 driven by increases in revenue associated with our Creative and Document Cloud offerings.
Revenue associated with our Creative offerings, which includes our Creative Cloud, perpetually licensed Creative and stock photography offerings, increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the year-ago period. The increase was primarily due to an increase in subscription revenue across all of our Creative Cloud offerings driven by the increase in net new subscriptions.
Adobe Document Cloud revenue, which includes our Acrobat product family and Adobe Sign service, increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the year ago period primarily due to increases in Document Cloud subscription revenue.
Digital Experience
Revenue from Digital Experience increased $189.2 million during the three months ended March 1, 2019, as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to the revenue associated with our Magento Commerce Cloud and Marketo Engagement Platform offerings which were both acquired in fiscal 2018. Also contributing to the increase, but to a lesser extent, was growth in subscription revenue driven by the continued adoption of our Adobe Experience Manager offerings which are part of our Marketing Cloud.
Geographical Information (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Americas | $ | 1,509.9 |  |  | $ | 1,170.7 |  |  | 29 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 58 | % |  | 56 | % |  |  |
EMEA | 702.9 |  |  | 587.2 |  |  | 20 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 27 | % |  | 28 | % |  |  |
APAC | 388.1 |  |  | 321.0 |  |  | 21 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 15 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |
Total revenue | $ | 2,600.9 |  |  | $ | 2,078.9 |  |  | 25 | %

Overall revenue during the three months ended March 1, 2019 increased in all geographic regions as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to increases in Digital Media and Digital Experience revenue. Within each geographic region, the fluctuations in revenue by reportable segment were attributable to the factors noted in the segment information above.
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Included in the overall change in revenue for the three months ended March 1, 2019 were impacts associated with foreign currency as shown below. Our currency hedging program is used to mitigate a portion of the foreign currency impact to revenue.

(in millions) | Three Months
Revenue impact: | Increase/ (Decrease)
Euro | $ | (6.7 | )
British Pound | (3.7 | )
Japanese Yen | 1.3 |
Other currencies | (5.6 | )
Total revenue impact | (14.7 | )
Hedging impact: |
Euro | 6.0 |
British Pound | 1.6 |
Japanese Yen | 0.9 |
Total hedging impact | 8.5 |
Total impact | $ | (6.2 | )

During the three months ended March 1, 2019, the U.S. Dollar strengthened against EMEA and other currencies which decreased revenue in U.S. Dollar equivalents. The foreign currency impact to revenue was offset in part by hedging gains primarily from our EMEA currencies hedging program.
Cost of Revenue for the Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Subscription | $ | 288.0 |  |  | $ | 164.7 |  |  | 75 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 11 | % |  | 8 | % |  |
Product | 12.1 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | (6 | )%
Percentage of total revenue | * |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |
Services and support | 97.2 |  |  | 81.3 |  |  | 20 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 4 | % |  | 4 | % |  |  |
Total cost of revenue | $ | 397.3 |  |  | $ | 258.9 |  |  | 53 | %

_________________________________________

(*) | Percentage is less than 1%.

Subscription
Cost of subscription revenue consists of third-party royalties and expenses related to operating our network infrastructure, including depreciation expense and operating lease payments associated with computer equipment, data center costs, salaries and related expenses of network operations, implementation, account management and technical support personnel, amortization of certain intangible assets and allocated overhead. We enter into contracts with third parties for hosting services and use of data center facilities. Our data center costs largely consist of the amounts we pay to these third parties for rack space, power and similar items. Cost of subscription revenue also includes media costs related to impressions purchased from third-party ad inventory sources for our Advertising Cloud offerings.
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Cost of subscription revenue increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 due to the following:

| % Change
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 25 | %
Hosting services and data center costs | 17 |
Media costs | 8 |
Royalty costs | 4 |
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 5 |
Base compensation and related benefits associated with headcount | 5 |
Software licenses | 4 |
Various individually insignificant items | 7 |
Total change | 75 | %

Amortization of purchased intangibles increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to amortization of intangible assets purchased through our acquisitions of Magento and Marketo in fiscal 2018. Hosted services and data center costs increased during the same period due to higher hosting costs for Digital Experience, including costs associated with our Magento and Marketo offerings which were acquired in the later part of fiscal 2018.
Product
Cost of product revenue includes product packaging, third-party royalties, excess and obsolete inventory, amortization related to localization costs, purchased intangibles and acquired rights to use technology and the costs associated with the manufacturing of our products.
Cost of product revenue remained stable during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018.
Services and Support
Cost of services and support revenue is primarily comprised of employee-related costs and associated costs incurred to provide consulting services, training and product support.
Cost of services and support revenue increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 due to the following:

| % Change
Base compensation and related benefits associated with headcount | 9 | %
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 9 |
Professional and consulting fees | (1 | )
Various individually insignificant items | 3 |
Total change | 20 | %

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Operating Expenses for the Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Research and development | $ | 464.6 |  |  | $ | 348.8 |  |  | 33 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 18 | % |  | 17 | % |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 781.5 |  |  | 581.0 |  |  | 35 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 30 | % |  | 28 | % |  |
General and administrative | 216.1 |  |  | 170.4 |  |  | 27 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 8 | % |  | 8 | % |  |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 46.6 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | ** |
Percentage of total revenue | 2 | % |  | 1 | % |  |
Total operating expenses | $ | 1,508.8 |  |  | $ | 1,117.3 |  |  | 35 | %

_________________________________________

(**) | Percentage is not meaningful.

Research and Development, Sales and Marketing and General and Administrative Expenses
The increases in research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 were primarily due to increases in stock-based compensation expenses and base compensation and related benefits costs associated with headcount growth.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses consist primarily of salary and benefit expenses for software developers, contracted development efforts, third party fees for hosting services, related facilities costs and expenses associated with computer equipment used in software development.
Research and development expenses increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 due to the following:

| % Change
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 13 | %
Base compensation and related benefits associated with headcount | 9 |
Seminars and events | 4 |
Professional and consulting fees | 4 |
Various individually insignificant items | 3 |
Total change | 33 | %

The increase in seminars and events during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 was primarily due to a technical event for our engineers which was held during the first quarter of fiscal 2019 that did not occur in the year-ago period.
We believe that investments in research and development, including the recruiting and hiring of software developers, are critical to remain competitive in the marketplace and are directly related to continued timely development of new and enhanced offerings and solutions. We will continue to focus on long-term opportunities available in our end markets and make significant investments in the development of our subscription and service offerings, applications and tools.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salary and benefit expenses, amortization of contract acquisitions costs, including sales commissions, travel expenses and related facilities costs for our sales, marketing, order management and global supply chain management personnel. Sales and marketing expenses also include the costs of programs aimed at increasing revenue, such as advertising, trade shows, public relations and other market development programs.
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Sales and marketing expenses increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 due to the following:

| % Change
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 7 | %
Base compensation and related benefits associated with headcount | 10 |
Marketing spend related to offering launches and overall marketing efforts | 10 |
Professional and consulting fees | 2 |
Amortization of contract acquisition costs, including sales commissions | 1 |
Various individually insignificant items | 5 |
Total change | 35 | %

General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefit expenses, travel expenses and related facilities costs for our finance, facilities, human resources, legal, information services and executive personnel. General and administrative expenses also include outside legal and accounting fees, provision for bad debts, expenses associated with computer equipment and software used in the administration of the business, charitable contributions and various forms of insurance.
General and administrative expenses increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 due to the following:

| % Change
Professional and consulting fees | 13 | %
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 4 |
Base compensation and related benefits associated with headcount | 4 |
Software licenses | 2 |
Facilities | 1 |
Various individually insignificant items | 3 |
Total change | 27 | %

Amortization of Purchased Intangibles
Amortization expenses increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to amortization expense associated with intangible assets purchased through our acquisition of Marketo and Magento in the later part of fiscal 2018.
Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net for the Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Interest and other income (expense), net | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |  |  | (74 | )%
Percentage of total revenue | * |  |  | 1 | % |  |
Interest expense | (40.6 | ) |  | (19.9 | ) |  | 104 | %
Percentage of total revenue | (2 | )% |  | (1 | )% |  |
Investment gains (losses), net | 43.8 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | ** |
Percentage of total revenue | 2 | % |  | * |  |  |  |
Total non-operating income (expense), net | $ | 7.5 |  |  | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | ** |

_________________________________________

(*) | Percentage is less than 1%.

(**) | Percentage is not meaningful.

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Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net
Interest and other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest earned on cash, cash equivalents and short-term fixed income investments. Interest and other income (expense), net also includes gains and losses on fixed income investments and foreign exchange gains and losses other than any gains recorded to revenue from our hedging programs.
Interest and other income (expense), net decreased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to lower average invested balances and lower interest rates.
Interest Expense
Interest expense represents interest associated with our Term Loan, senior notes and interest rate swaps. Interest on our Term Loan is payable periodically at the end of each interest period, whereas interest on our senior notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1. Floating interest payments on the interest rate swaps are paid monthly. The fixed-rate interest receivable on the swaps is received semi-annually concurrent with the senior notes interest payments. See Notes 6 and 14 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our senior notes and interest rate swaps.
Interest expense increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to interest on our Term Loan which was entered into in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.
Investment Gains (Losses), Net
Investment gains (losses), net consists principally of unrealized holding gains and losses associated with our deferred compensation plan assets which are classified as trading securities, and gains and losses associated with our direct and indirect investments in privately held companies.
Investment gains increased during the three months ended March 1, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018 primarily due to the gain recognized upon our acquisition of the remaining interest in Allegorithmic in January 2019, which was accounted for as an equity-method investment immediately before the acquisition. See Note 3 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our acquisition of Allegorithmic.
Provision for Income Taxes for the Three Months Ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 (dollars in millions)

| Three Months |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Provision | $ | 28.1 |  |  | $ | 119.4 |  |  | (76 | )%
Percentage of total revenue | 1 | % |  | 6 | % |  |
Effective tax rate | 4 | % |  | 17 | % |  |

Our effective tax rate decreased by 13 percentage points for the three months ended March 1, 2019, as compared to the three months ended March 2, 2018, primarily due to provisional accounting for the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) in the period ended March 2, 2018.
The Tax Act enacted on December 22, 2017 lowered the statutory federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective on January 1, 2018. Beginning in our fiscal 2019, the annual statutory federal corporate tax rate is 21% and certain international provisions of the Tax Act, such as a tax on global intangible low-tax income, a base erosion and anti-abuse tax, and a special tax deduction for foreign-derived intangible income, take effect. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued proposed regulations that could impact the calculation of taxes related to these provisions and which are anticipated to be applicable on a retrospective basis. While the Company continues to evaluate the potential impact, such regulations have not been finalized and are subject to change. We will account for the new regulations in the period of enactment.
We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we considered all available positive and negative evidence, including our past operating results, forecasted earnings, future taxable income, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. On the basis of this evaluation, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance related primarily to the realizability of state and foreign credits of $185.2 million as of the period ended March 1, 2019.
We are a United States-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. A significant portion of our foreign earnings for the current fiscal year were earned by our Irish subsidiaries. The Tax Act provides an exemption from federal income taxes for distributions from foreign subsidiaries made after December 31, 2017, including certain earnings
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that were not subject to the one-time transition or global intangible low-tax income tax. As we repatriate the undistributed foreign earnings for use in the U.S., the distributions will generally not be subject to further U.S. federal tax.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
The gross liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties were $194.4 million and $156.7 million as of March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, respectively. If the total unrecognized tax benefits at March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018 were recognized in the future, $146.1 million and $110.6 million would decrease the respective effective tax rates, which were net of estimated $48.3 million and $46.1 million federal benefits related to deducting certain payments on future state tax returns.
The combined amount of accrued interest and penalties related to tax positions taken on our tax returns were approximately $23.6 million and $20.0 million for the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, respectively. These amounts were included in long-term income taxes payable in their respective years.
The timing of the resolution of income tax examinations is highly uncertain as are the amounts and timing of tax payments that are part of any audit settlement process. These events could cause large fluctuations in the balance sheet classification of current and long-term assets and liabilities. We believe that within the next 12 months, it is reasonably possible that either certain audits will conclude or statutes of limitations on certain income tax examination periods will expire, or both. Given the uncertainties described above, we can only determine a range of estimated potential decreases in underlying unrecognized tax benefits ranging from $0 to approximately $45.0 million.
In addition, in the United States, the European Commission, countries in the European Union and other countries where we do business, we are subject to potential changes in relevant tax, accounting and other laws, regulations and interpretations, including changes to tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals such as Adobe. These countries and other governmental bodies have or could make unprecedented assertions about how taxation is determined in their jurisdictions that are contrary to the way in which we have interpreted and historically applied the rules and regulations described above in our income tax returns filed in such jurisdictions.
Moreover, we are subject to the continual examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. These tax examinations are expected to focus on our intercompany transfer pricing practices as well as other matters. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and have reserved for adjustments that may result from these examinations.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
This data should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

| As of
(in millions) | March 1, 2019 |  | November 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,738.8 |  |  | $ | 1,642.8 |
Short-term investments | $ | 1,487.4 |  |  | $ | 1,586.2 |
Working capital | $ | (180.0 | ) |  | $ | 555.9 |
Stockholders’ equity | $ | 9,871.5 |  |  | $ | 9,362.1 |

Working Capital
Working capital as of March 1, 2019 and November 30, 2018 was $180.0 million of a deficit and $555.9 million of a surplus, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to the reclassification of $898.7 million carrying value of our $900 million 4.75% senior notes due February 1, 2020 (“2020 Notes”) to current liabilities which we intend to refinance on or before the due date.
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A summary of our cash flows is as follows:

| Three Months Ended
(in millions) | March 1, 2019 |  | March 2, 2018
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,013.4 |  |  | $ | 989.6 |
Net cash used for investing activities | (131.9 | ) |  | (93.7 | )
Net cash used for financing activities | (783.9 | ) |  | (541.3 | )
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (1.5 | ) |  | 6.3 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 96.1 |  |  | $ | 360.9 |

Our primary source of cash is receipts from revenue and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from participation in the employee stock purchase plan. The primary uses of cash are our stock repurchase program as described below, payroll-related expenses, general operating expenses including marketing, travel and office rent, and cost of revenue. Other uses of cash include business acquisitions and purchases of property and equipment.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities of $1.01 billion for the three months ended March 1, 2019 was primarily comprised of net income plus the net effect of non-cash items. The primary working capital sources of cash were net income coupled with an increase in deferred revenue and decrease in accounts receivable, which were offset in large part by cash outflows due to an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets. The increase in deferred revenue was primarily driven by an increase in Digital Experience hosted services as well as increases related to our acquisitions of Marketo and Magento in the later part of fiscal 2018. The decrease in accounts receivable was primarily driven by strong collections. The primary working capital use of cash was due to increases in prepaid expenses driven by the timing of billings and payments associated with our use of third-party hosting services and increases in prepaid payroll related to employee benefits.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used for investing activities of $131.9 million for the three months ended March 1, 2019 was primarily due to our acquisition of the remaining interest in Allegorithmic, purchases of property and equipment and long-term investments and other assets, including a deposit related to the procurement of a corporate jet. These cash outflows were offset primarily by proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments. See Note 3 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our acquisition of Allegorithmic.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used for financing activities of $783.9 million for the three months ended March 1, 2019 was primarily due to payments for our treasury stock repurchases and taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, which were offset by proceeds from reissuance of treasury stock. See the section titled “Stock Repurchase Program” discussed below.
We expect to continue our investing activities, including short-term and long-term investments, facilities expansion and purchases of computer systems for research and development, sales and marketing, product support and administrative staff. Furthermore, cash reserves may be used to repurchase stock under our stock repurchase program and to strategically acquire companies, products or technologies that are complementary to our business.
Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Considerations
Our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment balances may fluctuate during fiscal 2019 due to changes in our planned cash outlay, including changes in incremental costs such as direct and integration costs related to our acquisitions.
Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks detailed in Part II, Item 1A titled “Risk Factors”. However, based on our current business plan and revenue prospects, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment balances, our anticipated cash flows from operations and our available credit facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating resource expenditure requirements for the next twelve months.
We have a $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders, providing for loans to us and certain of our subsidiaries through October 17, 2023. As of March 1, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings under this Credit Agreement and the entire $1 billion credit line remains available for borrowing.
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As of March 1, 2019, we have a $2.25 billion Term Loan outstanding due April 30, 2020 and $1.9 billion senior notes outstanding, consisting of the 2020 Notes and $1 billion of 3.25% senior notes due February 1, 2025 (“2025 Notes,” and together with the 2020 Notes, “Notes”). The Notes and Term Loan rank equally with our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we reclassified $898.7 million as current debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, which represents the 2020 Notes, net of unamortized original issuance discount. We intend to refinance the current portion of our debt on or before the due date.
Our short-term investment portfolio is primarily invested in corporate debt securities, foreign government securities, municipal securities and asset-backed securities. We use professional investment management firms to manage a large portion of our invested cash.
Stock Repurchase Program
To facilitate our stock repurchase program, designed to return value to our stockholders and minimize dilution from stock issuances, we may repurchase shares in the open market or enter into structured repurchase agreements with third parties. In May 2018, our Board of Directors granted us additional authority to repurchase up to $8 billion in common stock through the end of fiscal 2021.
During the three months ended March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2018, we entered into several structured stock repurchase agreements with large financial institutions, whereupon we provided them with prepayments totaling $500 million and $300 million, respectively. We enter into these agreements in order to take advantage of repurchasing shares at a guaranteed discount to the Volume Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) of our common stock over a specified period of time. We only enter into such transactions when the discount that we receive is higher than the expected foregone return on our cash prepayments to the financial institutions. There were no explicit commissions or fees on these structured repurchases. Under the terms of the agreements, there is no requirement for the financial institutions to return any portion of the prepayment to us.
The financial institutions agree to deliver shares to us at monthly intervals during the contract term. The parameters used to calculate the number of shares deliverable are: the total notional amount of the contract, the number of trading days in the contract, the number of trading days in the interval and the average VWAP of our stock during the interval less the agreed upon discount.
During the three months ended March 1, 2019, we repurchased approximately 2.1 million shares at an average price of $237.13 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2018 and the three months ended March 1, 2019. During the three months ended March 2, 2018 we repurchased approximately 1.6 million shares at an average price of $185.13 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2017 and the three months ended March 2, 2018.
For the three months ended March 1, 2019, the prepayments were classified as treasury stock on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at the payment date, though only shares physically delivered to us by March 1, 2019 were excluded from the computation of earnings per share. As of March 1, 2019, $159.1 million of prepayment remained under this agreement.
Subsequent to March 1, 2019, as part of the May 2018 stock repurchase authority, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $750 million. Upon completion of the $750 million stock repurchase agreement, $6.60 billion remains under our May 2018 authority.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations
Our principal commitments as of March 1, 2019 consist of obligations under operating leases, royalty agreements and various service agreements. Except as discussed below, there have been no material changes in those obligations during the three months ended March 1, 2019. See Notes 13 and 14 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more detailed information regarding our contractual commitments.
Transition Taxes Liability
As a result of the Tax Act enacted on December 22, 2017, an accrued transition tax liability of approximately $0.5 billion is payable in installments through fiscal 2026. The Tax Act provides an exemption from federal income taxes for distributions from foreign subsidiaries made after December 31, 2017, including certain earnings that were not subject to the one-time transition or global intangible low-tax income tax. As we repatriate the undistributed foreign earnings for use in the U.S., the distributions will generally not be subject to further U.S. federal tax.
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Term Loan
As of March 1, 2019, our Term Loan’s carrying value was $2.25 billion. At our election, the Term Loan will bear interest at either (i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus a margin, based on our debt ratings, ranging from 0.500% to 1.000% or (ii) a base rate plus a margin, based on our debt ratings, ranging from 0.040% to 0.110%. Interest is payable periodically, in arrears, at the end of each interest period we elect. Based on the LIBOR rate at March 1, 2019, our estimated maximum commitment for interest payments was $87.2 million for the remaining duration of the Term Loan.
Senior Notes
As of March 1, 2019, carrying value of our Notes payable was $1.88 billion. Interest on our Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears on February 1 and August 1. At March 1, 2019, our maximum commitment for interest payments was $237.8 million for the remaining duration of our Notes.
Covenants
Our Term Loan and Revolving Credit Agreement contain similar financial covenants requiring us not to exceed a maximum leverage ratio. As of March 1, 2019, we were in compliance with this covenant. We believe this covenant will not impact our credit or cash in the coming fiscal year or restrict our ability to execute our business plan. Our senior notes do not contain any financial covenants.
Under the terms of our Term Loan and Revolving Credit Agreement, we are not prohibited from paying cash dividends unless payment would trigger an event of default or if one currently exists. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
See Results of Operations, Provision for Income Taxes above for our discussion on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes.
Royalties
We have certain royalty commitments associated with the licensing of certain offerings. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit sold or a percentage of the underlying revenue.
Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope to customers and channel partners against claims of intellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of our products and from time to time, we are subject to claims by our customers under these indemnification provisions. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not been significant and we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnification provisions on our future results of operations.
To the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreements whereby we indemnify our directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is or was serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the director’s or officer’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we have director and officer insurance coverage that limits our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We believe that there have been no material changes in our market risk exposures for the three months ended March 1, 2019, as compared to those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Based on their evaluation as of March 1, 2019, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and regulations and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
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On December 1, 2018, we implemented new and modified existing internal controls based on the adoption of the new revenue standard. This resulted in changes to our processes related to revenue recognition and underlying control activities, including our information systems. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 1, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Adobe have been detected.
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
See Note 13 for information regarding our legal proceedings.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
As previously discussed, our actual results could differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Below we discuss some of the factors that could cause these differences. These and many other factors described in this report could adversely affect our operations, performance and financial condition.
Our competitive position and results of operations could be harmed if we do not compete effectively.
The markets for our products and services are characterized by intense competition, new industry standards, evolving distribution models, limited barriers to entry, disruptive technology developments, short product life cycles, customer price sensitivity and frequent product introductions (including alternatives with limited functionality available at lower costs or free of charge). Any of these factors could create downward pressure on pricing and gross margins and could adversely affect our renewal and upsell and cross-sell rates, as well as our ability to attract new customers. Our future success will depend on our continued ability to enhance and integrate our existing products and services, introduce new products and services in a timely and cost-effective manner, meet changing customer expectations and needs, extend our core technology into new applications, and anticipate emerging standards, business models, software delivery methods and other technological developments. Furthermore, some of our competitors and potential competitors enjoy competitive advantages such as greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources, broader brand awareness, and access to larger customer bases. As a result of these advantages, potential and current customers might select the products and services of our competitors, causing a loss of our market share. In addition, consolidation has occurred among some of our competitors. Further consolidations in these markets may subject us to increased competitive pressures and may harm our results of operations.
For additional information regarding our competition and the risks arising out of the competitive environment in which we operate, see the section entitled “Competition” contained in Part I. Item 1 of our annual filing.
If we cannot continue to develop, acquire, market and offer new products and services or enhancements to existing products and services that meet customer requirements, our operating results could suffer.
The process of developing and acquiring new technology products and services and enhancing existing offerings is complex, costly and uncertain. If we fail to anticipate customers’ rapidly changing needs and expectations or adapt to emerging technological trends, our market share and results of operations could suffer. We must make long-term investments, develop, acquire or obtain appropriate intellectual property and commit significant resources before knowing whether our predictions will accurately reflect customer demand for our products and services. If we misjudge customer needs in the future, our new products and services may not succeed and our revenues and earnings may be harmed. Additionally, any delay in the development, acquisition, marketing or launch of a new offering or enhancement to an existing offering could result in customer attrition or impede our ability to attract new customers, causing a decline in our revenue, earnings or stock price and weakening our competitive position.
We offer our products on a variety of hardware platforms. Consumers continue to migrate from personal computers to tablet and mobile devices. If we cannot continue adapting our products to tablet and mobile devices, or if our competitors can adapt their products more quickly than us, our business could be harmed. Releases of new devices or operating systems may make it more difficult for our products to perform or may require significant costs in order for us to adapt our solutions to such devices or operating systems. These potential costs and delays could harm our business.
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Introduction of new technology could harm our business and results of operations.
The expectations and needs of technology consumers are constantly evolving. Our future success depends on a variety of factors, including our continued ability to innovate, introduce new products and services efficiently, enhance and integrate our products and services in a timely and cost-effective manner, extend our core technology into new applications, and anticipate emerging standards, business models, software delivery methods and other technological developments. Integration of our products and services with one another and other companies’ offerings creates an increasingly complex ecosystem that is partly reliant on third parties. If any disruptive technology, or competing products, services or operating systems that are not compatible with our solutions, achieve widespread acceptance, our operating results could suffer and our business could be harmed.
The introduction of certain technologies may reduce the effectiveness of our products. For example, some of our products rely on third-party cookies, which are placed on individual browsers when consumers visit websites that contain advertisements. We use these cookies to help our customers more effectively advertise, gauge the performance of their advertisements, and detect and prevent fraudulent activity. Consumers can block or delete cookies through their browsers or “ad-blocking” software or applications. The most common Internet browsers allow consumers to modify their browser settings to prevent cookies from being accepted by their browsers, or are set to block third-party cookies by default. Increased use of methods, software or applications that block cookies could harm our business.
Security breaches in data centers we manage, or third parties manage on our behalf, may compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of employee and customer data, which could expose us to liability and adversely affect our reputation and business.
We process and store significant amounts of employee and customer data, a large volume of which is hosted by third-party service providers. A security incident impacting our own data centers or those controlled by our service providers may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of this data. Unauthorized access to or loss or disclosure of data stored by Adobe or our service providers may occur through physical break-ins, breaches of a secure network by an unauthorized party, software vulnerabilities or coding errors, employee theft or misuse or other misconduct. It is also possible that unauthorized access to or disclosure of employee or customer data may be obtained through inadequate use of security controls by customers or employees. Accounts created with weak or recycled passwords could allow cyber-attackers to gain access to customer data. Additionally, failure by customers to remove the accounts of their own employees, or the granting of accounts by the customer in an uncontrolled manner, may allow for access by former or unauthorized customer representatives. If there were an inadvertent disclosure of customer data, or if a third party were to gain unauthorized access to the data we possess on behalf of our customers, our operations could be disrupted, our reputation could be damaged and we could be subject to claims or other liabilities, regulatory investigations, or fines. In addition, such perceived or actual unauthorized loss or disclosure of the information we collect or breach of our security could damage our reputation, result in the loss of customers and harm our business.
We rely on data centers managed both by Adobe and third parties to host and deliver our services, as well as access, collect, process, use, transmit, and store data, and any interruptions or delays in these hosted services, or failures in data collection or transmission could expose us to liability and harm our business and reputation.
Much of our business relies on hardware and services that are hosted, managed, and controlled directly by Adobe or third-party service providers, including our online store at adobe.com, Creative Cloud, Document Cloud, and Experience Cloud solutions. We do not have redundancy for all of our systems, many of our critical applications reside in only one of our data centers, and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities. If our business relationship with a third-party provider of hosting or content delivery services is negatively affected, or if one of our content delivery suppliers were to terminate its agreement with us, without adequate notice, we might not be able to deliver the corresponding hosted offerings to our customers, which could subject us to reputational harm, costly and time intensive notification requirements, and cause us to lose customers and future business. Occasionally, we migrate data among data centers and to third-party hosted environments. If a transition among data centers or to third-party service providers encounters unexpected interruptions, unforeseen complexity, or unplanned disruptions despite precautions undertaken during the process, this may impair our delivery of products and services to customers and result in increased costs and liabilities, which may harm our operating results and our business.
It is also possible that hardware or software failures or errors in our systems (or those of our third-party service providers) could result in data loss or corruption, cause the information that we collect or maintain to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers regard as significant, or cause us to fail to meet committed service levels or comply with regulatory notification requirements. Furthermore, our ability to collect and report data may be delayed or interrupted by a number of factors, including access to the Internet, the failure of our network or software systems, security breaches or significant variability in visitor traffic on customer websites. In addition, computer viruses, worms, or other malware may harm our systems, causing us to lose data, and the transmission of computer viruses or other malware could expose us to litigation or regulatory investigation, and costly and time intensive notification requirements.
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We may also find, on occasion, that we cannot deliver data and reports to our customers in near real time because of a number of factors, including significant spikes in customer activity on their websites or failures of our network or software, or the failure of our third-party service providers’ network or software. If we fail to plan infrastructure capacity appropriately and expand it proportionally with the needs of our customer base, and we experience a rapid and significant demand on the capacity of our data centers or those of third parties, service outages could occur, and our customers could suffer impaired performance of our services. Such a strain on our infrastructure capacity could subject us to regulatory and customer notification requirements, violations of service level agreement commitments, financial liabilities, result in customer dissatisfaction, or harm our business. If we supply inaccurate information or experience interruptions in our ability to capture, store and supply information in near real time or at all, our reputation could be harmed and we could lose customers as a result, or we could be found liable for damages or incur other losses.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy and security issues and expanding laws could impact our business models and expose us to increased liability.
As a global company, Adobe is subject to global data privacy and security laws, regulations, and codes of conduct that apply to our various business units. These laws and regulations may be inconsistent across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving and differing (sometimes conflicting) interpretations. Government officials and regulators, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. This increased scrutiny may result in new interpretations of existing laws, thereby further impacting Adobe’s business. Globally, new and emerging laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and the Network and Information Systems Directive (“NISD”) in Europe, state laws in the U.S. on privacy, data and related technologies, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, as well as industry self-regulatory codes create new compliance obligations and expand the scope of potential liability, either jointly or severally with our customers and suppliers. While we have invested in readiness to comply with applicable requirements, these new and emerging laws, regulations and codes may affect our ability (and our enterprise customers’ ability) to reach current and prospective customers, to respond to both enterprise and individual customer requests under the laws (such as individual rights of access, correction, and deletion of their personal information), and to implement our business models effectively. These new laws may also impact our innovation and business drivers in developing new and emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). These requirements, among others, may impact demand for our offerings and force us to bear the burden of more onerous obligations in our contracts. Any perception of our practices, products or services as a violation of individual privacy rights may subject us to public criticism, class action lawsuits, reputational harm, or investigations or claims by regulators, industry groups or other third parties, all of which could disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability. Additionally, we collect and store information on behalf of our business customers and if our customers fail to comply with contractual obligations or applicable laws, it could result in litigation or reputational harm to us.
Transferring personal information across international borders is becoming increasingly complex. For example, European data transfers outside the European Economic Area are highly regulated. The mechanisms that we and many other companies rely upon for European data transfers (e.g. Privacy Shield and Model Clauses) are being contested in the European court system. We are closely monitoring developments related to requirements for transferring personal data outside the EU and other countries that have similar trans-border data flow requirements. These requirements may result in an increase in the obligations required to provide our services in the EU or in sanctions and fines for non-compliance. Several other countries, including Australia and Japan, have also established specific legal requirements for cross-border transfers of personal information. Other countries, such as India, are considering requirements for data localization (e.g. where personal data must remain in the country). If the mechanisms for transferring personal information from certain countries or areas, including Europe to the United States should be found invalid or if other countries implement more restrictive regulations for cross-border data transfers (or not permit data to leave the country of origin), such developments could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Security vulnerabilities in our products and systems could lead to reduced revenue or to liability claims.
Maintaining the security of our products, computers and networks is a critical issue for us and our customers. Security researchers, criminal hackers and other third parties regularly develop new techniques to penetrate computer and network security measures and, as we have previously disclosed, certain parties have in the past managed to breach and misuse some of our systems and software in order to access our end users’ authentication and payment information. In addition, cyber-attackers also develop and deploy viruses, worms, credential stuffing attack tools, and other malicious software programs, some of which may be specifically designed to attack our products, systems, computers or networks. Sophisticated hardware and operating system applications that we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture, including bugs, vulnerabilities and other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security of the system or impair a customer’s ability to operate or use our products. The costs to prevent, eliminate, notify affected parties of, or alleviate cyber- or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities are significant, and our efforts to address
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these problems may not be successful or may be delayed and could result in interruptions, delays, cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers. It is impossible to predict the extent, frequency or impact these problems may have on us.
Outside parties have in the past and may in the future attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or users of our products or services to disclose sensitive information via illegal electronic spamming, phishing or other tactics. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain physical access to our facilities in order to infiltrate our information systems or attempt to gain logical access to our products, services, or information systems for the purpose of exfiltrating content and data. These actual and potential breaches of our security measures and the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about us, our employees, our customers or their end users, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us, our employees, our customers or the individuals affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information. This may result in litigation and liability or fines, our compliance with costly and time intensive notice requirements, governmental inquiry or oversight or a loss of customer confidence, any of which could harm our business or damage our brand and reputation, possibly impeding our present and future success in retaining and attracting new customers and thereby requiring time and resources to repair our brand and reputation. These risks will likely increase as we expand our hosted offerings, integrate our products and services, and store and process more data, including personal information.
These problems affect our products and services in particular because cyber-attackers tend to focus their efforts on popular offerings with a large user base, and we expect them to continue to do so. Critical vulnerabilities may be identified in some of our applications and services and those of our third-party service providers. These vulnerabilities could cause such applications and services to crash and could allow an attacker to take control of the affected system, which could result in liability to us or limit our ability to conduct our business and deliver our products and services to customers. We devote significant resources to address security vulnerabilities through engineering more secure products, enhancing security and reliability features in our products and systems, code hardening, conducting rigorous penetration tests, deploying updates to address security vulnerabilities, reviewing our service providers’ security controls, and improving our incident response time, but these security vulnerabilities cannot be totally eliminated. The cost of these steps could reduce our operating margins, and we may be unable to implement these measures quickly enough to prevent cyber-attackers from gaining unauthorized access into our systems and products. Despite our preventative efforts, actual or perceived security vulnerabilities in our products and systems may harm our reputation or lead to claims against us (and have in the past led to such claims), and could lead some customers to stop using certain products or services, to reduce or delay future purchases of products or services, or to use competing products or services. If we do not make the appropriate level of investment in our technology systems or if our systems become out-of-date or obsolete and we are not able to deliver the quality of data security customers require, our business could be adversely affected. Customers may also adopt security measures designed to protect their existing computer systems from attack, which could delay adoption of new technologies. Further, if we or our customers are subject to a future attack, or our technology is used in a third-party attack, we could be subject to costly and time intensive notice requirements, and it may be necessary for us to take additional extraordinary measures and make additional expenditures to take appropriate responsive and preventative steps. Any of these events could adversely affect our revenue or margins. Moreover, delayed sales, lower margins or lost customers resulting from disruptions caused by cyber-attacks or preventative measures could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.
Some of our enterprise offerings have extended and complex sales cycles, which can make our sales cycles unpredictable.
Sales cycles for some of our enterprise offerings, including our Adobe Experience Cloud solutions and ETLAs in our Digital Media business, are multi-phased and complex. The complexity in these sales cycles is due to several factors, including:

• | the need for our sales representatives to educate customers about the use and benefit of large-scale deployments of our products and services, including technical capabilities, security features, potential cost savings and return on investment;

• | the desire of organizations to undertake significant evaluation processes to determine their technology requirements prior to making information technology expenditures;

• | the need for our representatives to spend a significant amount of time assisting potential customers in their testing and evaluation of our products and services;

• | intensifying competition within the industry;

• | the negotiation of large, complex, enterprise-wide contracts;

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• | the need for our customers to obtain requisition approvals from various decision makers within their organizations due to the complexity of our solutions touching multiple departments within customers’ organizations; and

• | customer budget constraints, economic conditions and unplanned administrative delays.

We spend substantial time and expense on our sales efforts without assurance that potential customers will ultimately purchase our solutions. As we target our sales efforts at larger enterprise customers, these trends are expected to continue and could have a greater impact on our results of operations. Additionally, our enterprise sales pattern has historically been uneven, where a higher percentage of a quarter’s total sales occur during the final weeks of each quarter, which is common in our industry. Our extended sales cycle for these products and services makes it difficult to predict when a given sales cycle will close.
Subscription offerings could create risks related to the timing of revenue recognition.
We generally recognize revenue from subscription offerings ratably over the terms of their subscription agreements, which range from 1 to 36 months. As a result, most of the subscription revenue we report in each quarter is the result of subscription agreements entered into during previous quarters. Any reduction in new or renewed subscriptions in a quarter may not be reflected in our revenue results until a later quarter. Declines in new or renewed subscriptions may decrease our revenue in future quarters. Lower sales, reduced demand for our products and services, and increases in our attrition rate may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our subscription model could also make it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue from subscription-based or hosted services through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers will be recognized over the applicable subscription term.
Additionally, in connection with our sales efforts to enterprise customers and our use of ETLAs, a number of factors could affect our revenue, including longer-than-expected sales and implementation cycles, potential deferral of revenue and alternative licensing arrangements. If any of our assumptions about revenue from our subscription-based offerings prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those anticipated.
If our customers fail to renew subscriptions in accordance with our expectations, our future revenue and operating results could suffer.
Our Adobe Experience Cloud, Creative Cloud, and Document Cloud offerings typically involve subscription-based offerings pursuant to product and service agreements. Revenue from our subscription customers is generally recognized ratably over the term of their agreements, which typically range from 1 to 36 months. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our services after the expiration of their initial subscription period, and customers may not renew their subscriptions at the same or higher level of service, for the same number of seats or for the same duration of time, if at all. Moreover, under certain circumstances, some of our customers have the right to cancel their agreements prior to the expiration of the terms. Our varied customer base combined with the flexibility we offer in the length of our subscription-based agreements complicates our ability to precisely forecast renewal rates. Therefore, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to accurately predict future customer renewal rates.
Our customers’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their level of satisfaction with our services, our ability to continue enhancing features and functionality, the reliability (including uptime) of our subscription offerings, the prices of offerings and those offered by our competitors, the actual or perceived information security of our systems and services, decreases in the size of our customer base, reductions in our customers’ spending levels or declines in customer activity as a result of economic downturns or uncertainty in financial markets. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions or if they renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenue may decline.
We may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future investments or acquisitions, and integration of acquisitions may disrupt our business and management.
We may not realize the anticipated benefits of an investment or acquisition of a company, division, product or technology, each of which involves numerous risks. These risks include:

• | inability to achieve the financial and strategic goals for the acquired and combined businesses;

• | difficulty in, and the cost of, effectively integrating the operations, technologies, products or services, and personnel of the acquired business;

• | entry into markets in which we have minimal prior experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions;

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• | disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of our management and other employees from other opportunities and challenges;

• | inability to retain personnel of the acquired business;

• | inability to retain key customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the acquired business;

• | inability to take advantage of anticipated tax benefits;

• | incurring acquisition-related costs or amortization costs for acquired intangible assets that could impact our operating results;

• | elevated delinquency or bad debt write-offs related to receivables of the acquired business we assume;

• | increased accounts receivables collection times and working capital requirements associated with acquired business models;

• | additional costs of bringing acquired companies into compliance with laws and regulations applicable to a multinational corporation;

• | difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration;

• | impairment of our relationships with employees, customers, partners, distributors or third-party providers of our technologies, products or services;

• | failure of our due diligence processes to identify significant problems, liabilities or other challenges of an acquired company or technology;

• | exposure to litigation or other claims in connection with, or inheritance of claims or litigation risk as a result of, an acquisition, such as claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties;

• | incurring significant exit charges if products or services acquired in business combinations are unsuccessful;

• | inability to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective;

• | inability to obtain, or obtain in a timely manner, approvals from governmental authorities, which could delay or prevent such acquisitions;

• | the failure of strategic investments to perform as expected or to meet financial projections;

• | delay in customer and distributor purchasing decisions due to uncertainty about the direction of our product and service offerings; and

• | incompatibility of business cultures.

Mergers and acquisitions of technology companies are inherently risky. If we do not complete an announced acquisition transaction or integrate an acquired business successfully and in a timely manner, we may not realize the benefits of the acquisition to the extent anticipated, and in certain circumstances an acquisition could harm our financial position.
Our business could be harmed if we fail to effectively manage critical strategic third-party business relationships.
As our offerings expand and our customer base grows, our relationships with strategic partners become increasingly valuable. If our contractual relationships with these third parties were to terminate, or if we were unable to renew on favorable terms, our business could be harmed. This is especially the case when the third party’s offerings are integrated with our products and services, or where the third party’s offerings are difficult to substitute or replace. Alternative arrangements for such products and services may not be available to us, or on commercially reasonable terms, and we may experience business interruptions upon a transition to an alternative partner. The failure of third parties to provide acceptable products and services or to update their technology may result in a disruption to our business operations and those of our customers, which may reduce our revenues and profits, cause us to lose customers and damage our reputation.
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We face various risks associated with our operating as a multinational corporation.
As a global business that generates approximately 42% of our total revenue from sales to customers outside of the Americas, we are subject to a number of risks, including:

• | foreign currency fluctuations and controls;

• | international and regional economic, political and labor conditions, including any instability or security concerns abroad;

• | tax laws (including U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiaries);

• | increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

• | changes in, or impositions of, legislative or regulatory requirements;

• | changes in laws governing the free flow of data across international borders;

• | failure of laws to protect our intellectual property rights adequately;

• | inadequate local infrastructure and difficulties in managing and staffing international operations;

• | delays resulting from difficulty in obtaining export licenses for certain technology, tariffs, quotas and other trade barriers;

• | the imposition of governmental economic sanctions on countries in which we do business or where we plan to expand our business;

• | costs and delays associated with developing products in multiple languages;

• | operating in locations with a higher incidence of corruption and fraudulent business practices; and

• | other factors beyond our control, such as terrorism, war, natural disasters and pandemics.

Some of our third-party business partners have international operations and are also subject to these risks and if our third-party business partners are unable to appropriately manage these risks, our business may be harmed. If sales to any of our customers outside of the Americas are reduced, delayed or canceled because of any of the above factors, our revenue may decline.
We are subject to risks associated with compliance with laws and regulations globally, which may harm our business.
We are a global company subject to varied and complex laws, regulations and customs, both domestically and internationally. These laws and regulations relate to a number of aspects of our business, including trade protection, import and export control, data and transaction processing security, payment card industry data security standards, records management, user-generated content hosted on websites we operate, privacy practices, data residency, corporate governance, anti-trust and competition, employee and third-party complaints, anti-corruption, gift policies, conflicts of interest, securities regulations and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment. The application of these laws and regulations to our business is often unclear and may at times conflict. For example, in many foreign countries, particularly in those with developing economies, it is common to engage in business practices that are prohibited by U.S. regulations applicable to us, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. We cannot provide assurance that our employees, contractors, agents, and business partners will not take actions in violation of our internal policies or U.S. laws. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in our business practices that result in reduced revenue and profitability. Non-compliance could also result in fines, damages, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation.
In addition, approximately 49% of our employees are located outside the United States. Accordingly, we are exposed to changes in laws governing our employee relationships in various U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, including laws and regulations regarding wage and hour requirements, fair labor standards, employee data privacy, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, citizenship requirements and payroll and other taxes, which likely would have a direct impact on our operating costs.
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Changes in accounting principles, or interpretations thereof, could have a significant impact on our financial position and results of operations.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These principles are subject to interpretation by the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles, how the principles are interpreted, or the adoption of new accounting standards can have a significant effect on our reported results, and could even retroactively affect previously reported transactions, and may require that we make significant changes to our systems, processes and controls.
Changes resulting from these new standards may result in materially different financial results and may require that we change how we process, analyze and report financial information and that we change financial reporting controls. For additional information regarding these new standards, see the section titled “Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective” within Part II. Item 8, Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
Such changes in accounting principles may have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, and income, or cause an adverse deviation from our revenue and profitability targets, which may negatively impact our financial results.
Changes in tax rules and regulations, or interpretations thereof, may adversely affect our effective tax rates.
We are a United States-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. A significant portion of our foreign earnings for the current fiscal year were earned by our Irish subsidiaries. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted into law on December 22, 2017, changed existing U.S. tax law applicable to us and included certain international provisions effective for us in fiscal 2019. The applicability and impact of these new tax provisions is dependent in part on changes we may make to our trading structure. The net impact of such potential change(s) is uncertain and could adversely affect our tax rate and cash flow in future years.
Our income tax expense has differed from the tax computed at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate due primarily to discrete items and to tax on earnings from foreign operations. Unanticipated changes in our tax rates could affect our future results of operations. Our future effective tax rates could be unfavorably affected by changes in the tax rates in jurisdictions where our income is earned, by changes in our repatriation policy, by changes in or our interpretation of tax rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, by unanticipated decreases in the amount of earnings in countries with low statutory tax rates, by unexpected negative changes in business and market conditions that could reduce certain tax benefits, or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.
In addition, in the United States, the European Commission, countries in the European Union and other countries where we do business, we are subject to potential changes in relevant tax, accounting and other laws, regulations and interpretations, including changes to tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals such as Adobe. These countries and other governmental bodies have or could make unprecedented assertions about how taxation is determined in their jurisdictions that are contrary to the way in which we have interpreted and historically applied the rules and regulations described above in our income tax returns filed in such jurisdictions. In the current global tax policy environment, any changes in laws, regulations and interpretations related to these assertions could adversely affect our effective tax rates or result in other costs to us which could adversely affect our operations and financial results.
Moreover, we are subject to the continual examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. These tax examinations are expected to focus on our intercompany transfer pricing practices as well as other matters. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and have reserved for adjustments that may result from these examinations. We cannot provide assurance that the final determination of any of these examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial position.
Uncertainty about current and future economic conditions and other adverse changes in general political conditions in any of the major countries in which we do business could adversely affect our operating results.
As our business has grown, we have become increasingly subject to the risks arising from adverse changes in economic and political conditions, both domestically and globally. Uncertainty about the effects of current and future economic and political conditions on us, our customers, suppliers and partners makes it difficult for us to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. If economic growth in countries where we do business slows, customers may delay or reduce technology purchases, advertising spending or marketing spending. This could result in reductions in sales of our products and services, more extended sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition. Among our customers are government entities, including the U.S. federal government, and our revenue could decline if spending cuts impact the government’s ability
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to purchase our products and services. Deterioration in economic conditions in any of the countries in which we do business could also cause slower or impaired collections on accounts receivable, which may adversely impact our liquidity and financial condition.
A disruption in financial markets could impair our banking partners, on which we rely for operating cash management and affect our derivative counterparties. Any of these events would likely harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Political instability or adverse political developments in or around any of the major countries in which we do business would also likely harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The success of some of our product and service offerings depends on our ability to continue to attract and retain customers of and contributors to our online marketplaces for creative content.
The success of some of our product and service offerings, such as Adobe Stock, depends on our ability to continue to attract new customers and contributors to these online marketplaces for creative content, as well as our ability to continue to retain existing customers and contributors. An increase in paying customers has generally resulted in more content from contributors, which increases the size of our collection and in turn attracts new paying customers. We rely on the functionality and features of our online marketplaces, the size and content of our collection and the effectiveness of our marketing efforts to attract new customers and contributors and retain existing ones. New technologies may render the features of our online marketplaces obsolete, our collection may fail to grow as anticipated or our marketing efforts may be unsuccessful, any of which may adversely affect our results of operations.
Our intellectual property portfolio is a valuable asset and we may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights, including our source code, from infringement or unauthorized copying, use or disclosure.
Our intellectual property portfolio is a valuable asset. Infringement or misappropriation of our patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and other intellectual property rights could result in lost revenues and ultimately reduce their value. Preventing unauthorized use or infringement of our intellectual property rights is inherently difficult. We actively combat software piracy as we enforce our intellectual property rights, but we nonetheless lose significant revenue due to illegal use of our software. If piracy activities continue at historical levels or increase, they may further harm our business. We apply for patents in the U.S. and internationally to protect our newly created technology and if we are unable to obtain patent protection for the technology described in our pending patent, or if the patent is not obtained timely, this could result in revenue loss, adverse effects on operations, and harm to our business. We offer our products and services in foreign countries and we may seek intellectual property protection from those foreign legal systems. Some of those foreign countries may not have as robust or comprehensive of intellectual property protection laws and schemes as those offered in the U.S. In some foreign countries, the mechanisms to enforce intellectual property rights may be inadequate to protect our technology, which could harm our business.
If unauthorized disclosure of our source code occurs through security breach, cyber-attack or otherwise, we could lose future trade secret protection for that source code. The loss of future trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could cause us to lose customers and could adversely affect our revenue and operating margins. We also seek to protect our confidential information and trade secrets through the use of non-disclosure agreements with our customers, contractors, vendors and partners. However, there is a risk that our confidential information and trade secrets may be disclosed or published without our authorization, and in these situations, enforcing our rights may be difficult or costly.
We may incur substantial costs defending against third parties alleging that we infringe their proprietary rights.
We have been, are currently, and may in the future be, subject to claims, negotiations and complex, protracted litigation relating to disputes regarding the validity or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, including patent rights. Intellectual property disputes and litigation are typically costly and can be disruptive to our business operations by diverting the attention of management and key personnel. We may not prevail in every lawsuit or dispute. Third-party intellectual property disputes, including those initiated by patent assertion entities, could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to enter into royalty and licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, prevent us from licensing certain of our products or offering certain of our services, subject us to injunctions restricting our sale of products or services, cause severe disruptions to our operations or the markets in which we compete, or require us to satisfy indemnification commitments with our customers, including contractual provisions under various license arrangements and service agreements. In addition, we may incur significant costs in acquiring the necessary third-party intellectual property rights for use in our products, in some cases to fulfill contractual obligations with our customers. Any of these occurrences could significantly harm our business.
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We may incur losses associated with currency fluctuations and may not be able to effectively hedge our exposure.
Our operating results are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates due to the global scope of our business. Global economic events, including trade disputes, economic sanctions and emerging market volatility, and associated uncertainty may cause currencies to fluctuate. We attempt to mitigate a portion of these risks through foreign currency hedging based on our judgment of the appropriate trade-offs among risk, opportunity and expense. We regularly review our program to partially hedge our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and make adjustments as necessary. Our hedging activities may not offset more than a portion of the adverse financial impact resulting from unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Failure of our third-party customer service and technical support providers to adequately address customers’ requests could harm our business and adversely affect our financial results.
Our customers rely on our customer service support organization to resolve issues with our products and services. We outsource a substantial portion of our customer service and technical support activities to third-party service providers. We depend heavily on these third-party customer service and technical support representatives working on our behalf, and we expect to continue to rely heavily on third parties in the future. This strategy presents risks to our business due to the fact that we may not be able to influence the quality of support as directly as we would be able to do if our own employees performed these activities. Our customers may react negatively to providing information to, and receiving support from, third-party organizations, especially if these third-party organizations are based overseas. If we encounter problems with our third-party customer service and technical support providers, our reputation may be harmed, our ability to sell our offerings could be adversely affected, and we could lose customers and associated revenue.
Revenue, margin or earnings shortfalls or the volatility of the market generally may cause the market price of our stock to decline.
In the past, the market price for our common stock experienced significant fluctuations and it may do so in the future. A number of factors may affect the market price for our common stock, such as:

• | shortfalls in, or changes in expectations about our revenue, margins, earnings, Annualized Recurring Revenue (“ARR”), sales of our Adobe Experience Cloud offerings, or other key performance metrics;

• | changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

• | whether our results meet analysts’ expectations;

• | compression or expansion of multiples used by investors and analysts to value high technology SaaS companies;

• | the announcement of new products or services, product enhancements, service introductions, strategic alliances or significant agreements by us or our competitors;

• | the loss of large customers or our inability to increase sales to existing customers, retain customers or attract new customers;

• | recruitment or departure of key personnel;

• | variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations, changes in the competitive landscape generally and developments in our industry;

• | general socio-economic, political or market conditions; and

• | unusual events such as significant acquisitions by us or our competitors, divestitures, litigation, regulatory actions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance.

In addition, the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general may experience uneven investor confidence, which may cause the market price for our common stock to decline for reasons unrelated to our operating performance. Volatility in the market price of a company’s securities for a period of time may increase the company’s susceptibility to securities class action litigation. Oftentimes, this type of litigation is expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources which may adversely affect our business.
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Contracting with government entities exposes us to additional risks inherent in the government procurement process.
We provide products and services, directly and indirectly, to a variety of government entities, both domestically and internationally. Risks associated with licensing and selling products and services to government entities include more extended sales and collection cycles, varying governmental budgeting processes and adherence to complex procurement regulations and other government-specific contractual requirements. We may be subject to audits and investigations relating to our government contracts and any violations could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, payment of fines, and suspension or debarment from future government business, as well as harm to our reputation and financial results.
If we are unable to recruit and retain key personnel, our business may be harmed.
Much of our future success depends on the continued service, availability and performance of our senior management. These individuals have acquired specialized knowledge and skills with respect to Adobe. The loss of any of these individuals could harm our business, especially if we have not been successful in developing adequate succession plans. Our business is also dependent on our ability to retain, hire and motivate talented, highly skilled personnel across all levels of our organization. Experienced personnel in the information technology industry are in high demand and competition for their talents is intense in many areas where our employees are located. We may experience higher compensation costs to retain senior management and experienced personnel that may not be offset by improved productivity or increased sales. If we are unable to continue to successfully attract and retain key personnel, our business may be harmed.
We continue to hire personnel in countries where exceptional technical knowledge and other expertise are offered at lower costs, which increases the efficiency of our global workforce structure and reduces our personnel related expenditures. Nonetheless, as globalization continues, competition for these employees in these countries has increased, which may impact our ability to retain these employees and increase our expenses resulting from competitive compensation. We may continue to expand our international operations and international sales and marketing activities, which would require significant management attention and resources. We may be unable to scale our infrastructure effectively or as quickly as our competitors in these markets, and our revenue may not increase to offset these expected increases in costs and operating expenses, causing our results to suffer.
We believe that a critical contributor to our success to date has been our corporate culture, which we have built to foster innovation, teamwork and employee satisfaction. As we grow, including from the integration of employees and businesses acquired in connection with previous or future acquisitions, we may find it difficult to maintain important aspects of our corporate culture, which could negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit personnel who are essential to our future success.
Failure to manage our sales and distribution channels effectively could result in a loss of revenue and harm to our business.
We contract with a number of software distributors and other strategic partners, none of which is individually responsible for a material amount of our total net revenue for any recent period. Nonetheless, if any single agreement with one of our distributors were terminated, any prolonged delay in securing a replacement distributor could have a negative impact on our results of operations.
Successfully managing our indirect distribution channel efforts to reach various customer segments for our products and services is a complex process across the broad range of geographies where we do business or plan to do business. Our distributors and other channel partners are independent businesses that we do not control. Notwithstanding the independence of our channel partners, we face legal risk and potential reputational harm from the activities of these third parties including, but not limited to, export control violations, workplace conditions, corruption and anti-competitive behavior.
We cannot be certain that our distribution channel will continue to market or sell our products and services effectively. If our distribution channel is not successful, we may lose sales opportunities, customers and revenue. Our distributors also sell our competitors’ products and services, and if they favor our competitors’ products or services for any reason, they may fail to market our products or services effectively or to devote resources necessary to provide effective sales, which would cause our results to suffer. We also distribute some products and services through our OEM channel, and if our OEMs decide not to bundle our applications on their devices, our results could suffer. In addition, the financial health of our distributors and our continuing relationships with them are important to our success. Some of these distributors may be unable to withstand adverse changes in economic conditions, which could result in insolvency, the inability of such distributors to obtain credit to finance purchases of our products and services, or a delay in paying their obligations to us.
We also sell some of our products and services through our direct sales force. Risks associated with this sales channel include more extended sales and collection cycles associated with direct sales efforts, challenges related to hiring, retaining and motivating our direct sales force, and substantial amounts of ongoing training for sales representatives. Moreover, recent hires may not become as productive as we would like, as in most cases it takes a significant period of time before they achieve full productivity. Our business could be seriously harmed if our expansion efforts do not generate a corresponding significant increase
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in revenue and we are unable to achieve the efficiencies we anticipate. In addition, the loss of key sales employees could impact our customer relationships and future ability to sell to certain accounts covered by such employees.
If our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets become impaired, then we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
GAAP requires us to test for goodwill impairment at least annually. In addition, we review our goodwill and amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable include declines in stock price, market capitalization or cash flows, and slower growth rates in our industry. Depending on the results of our review, we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets were determined, negatively impacting our results of operations.
We have issued $1.9 billion of notes in debt offerings and have a $2.25 billion term loan, and may incur other debt in the future, which may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results.
We have $1.9 billion in senior unsecured notes and a $2.25 billion senior unsecured term loan outstanding. We also have a $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit agreement, which is currently undrawn. This debt may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results by, among other things:

• | increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions;

• | requiring the dedication of a portion of our expected cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of expected cash flow available for other purposes, including capital expenditures and acquisitions; and

• | limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry.

Our senior unsecured notes and senior unsecured credit agreements impose restrictions on us and require us to maintain compliance with specified covenants. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. If we breach any of the covenants and do not obtain a waiver from the lenders or noteholders, then, subject to applicable cure periods, any outstanding indebtedness may be declared immediately due and payable.
In addition, changes by any rating agency to our credit rating may negatively impact the value and liquidity of both our debt and equity securities, as well as the potential costs associated with a refinancing of our debt. Under certain circumstances, if our credit ratings are downgraded or other negative action is taken, the interest rate payable by us under our revolving credit facility and term loan could increase. Downgrades in our credit ratings could also affect the terms of any such financing and restrict our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
We are a highly automated business and rely on our network infrastructure and enterprise applications, internal technology systems and website for our development, marketing, operations, support, hosted services and sales activities. In addition, some of our businesses rely on third-party hosted services, and we do not control the operation of third-party data center facilities serving our customers from around the world, which increases our vulnerability. A disruption, infiltration or failure of these systems or third-party hosted services in the event of a major earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami or other weather event, power loss, telecommunications failure, software or hardware malfunctions, pandemics, cyber-attack, war, terrorist attack or other catastrophic event that our disaster recovery plans do not adequately address, could cause system interruptions, reputational harm, loss of intellectual property, delays in our product development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security and loss of critical data. Any of these events could prevent us from fulfilling our customers’ orders or could negatively impact a country or region in which we sell our products, which could in turn decrease that country’s or region’s demand for our products. Our corporate headquarters, a significant portion of our research and development activities, certain of our data centers and certain other critical business operations are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, and additional facilities where we conduct significant operations are located in the Salt Lake Valley Area, both of which are near major earthquake faults. A catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our data centers or our critical business or information technology systems could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations and, as a result, our future operating results could be adversely affected.
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Climate change may have a long-term impact on our business.
While we seek to partner with organizations that mitigate their business risks associated with climate change, we recognize that there are inherent risks wherever business is conducted. Access to clean water and reliable energy in the communities where we conduct our business, whether for our offices or for our vendors, is a priority. Our major sites in California, Utah and India are vulnerable to prolonged droughts due to climate change. In the event of a natural disaster that disrupts business due to limited access to these resources, we have the potential to experience losses to our business, and added costs to resume operations. To accurately assess and take potential proactive action as appropriate, Adobe is aligned with the guidelines of the Financial Stability Board’s (“FSB”) Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”) recommendations.
Our investment portfolio may become impaired by deterioration of the financial markets.
Our cash equivalent and short-term investment portfolio as of March 1, 2019 consisted of asset-backed securities, corporate debt securities, foreign government securities, money market mutual funds, municipal securities, and time deposits. We follow an established investment policy and set of guidelines to monitor and help mitigate our exposure to interest rate and credit risk. The policy sets forth credit quality standards and limits our exposure to any one issuer, as well as our maximum exposure to various asset classes.
Should financial market conditions worsen in the future, investments in some financial instruments may pose risks arising from market liquidity and credit concerns. In addition, any deterioration of the capital markets could cause our other income and expense to vary from expectations. As of March 1, 2019, we had no material impairment charges associated with our short-term investment portfolio, and although we believe our current investment portfolio has little risk of material impairment, we cannot predict future market conditions, market liquidity or credit availability, and can provide no assurance that our investment portfolio will remain materially unimpaired.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Below is a summary of stock repurchases for the three months ended March 1, 2019. See Note 11 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding our stock repurchase program.

Period |  | Shares Repurchased |  | Average Price Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans |  | Approximate Dollar Value that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans |
| (in thousands, except average price per share) |
Beginning repurchase authority(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,000,000 |  |
December 1, 2018—December 28, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased | 631 |  |  | $ | 237.50 |  |  | 631 |  |  | $ | (150,000 | ) |
December 29, 2018—January 25, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased | 773 |  |  | $ | 226.49 |  |  | 773 |  |  | $ | (175,000 | ) | (2)
January 26, 2019—March 1, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased | 666 |  |  | $ | 249.13 |  |  | 666 |  |  | $ | (165,854 | ) | (2)
Total | 2,070 |  |  |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 7,509,146 |  |

_________________________________________

(1) | In May 2018, the Board of Directors granted authority to repurchase up to $8 billion in common stock through the end of fiscal 2021.

(2) | In December 2018, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $500 million. As of March 1, 2019, approximately $159.1 million of the prepayment remained under this agreement.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
INDEX TO EXHIBITS

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference** |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit Number |  | SEC File No. |  | Filed Herewith
3.1 |  |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Adobe |  | 8-K |  | 4/26/11 |  | 3.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
3.2 |  |  | Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Adobe |  | 8-K |  | 10/9/18 |  | 3.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
3.3 |  |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  | 8-K |  | 10/9/18 |  | 3.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
4.1 |  |  | Specimen Common Stock Certificate |  | 10-K |  | 1/25/19 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
4.2 |  |  | Form of Indenture dated as of January 25, 2010 by and between Adobe and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee |  | S-3 |  | 2/26/16 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 333-209764 |  |
4.3 |  |  | Form of Global Note for Adobe Systems Incorporated’s 4.750% Notes due 2020, together with Form of Officer’s Certificate setting forth the terms of the Note |  | 8-K |  | 1/26/10 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
4.4 |  |  | Form of Global Note for Adobe’s 3.250% Notes due 2025, together with Form of Officer’s Certificate setting forth the terms of the Note |  | 8-K |  | 1/26/15 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.1A |  |  | Amended 1994 Performance and Restricted Stock Plan* |  | 10-Q |  | 4/9/10 |  | 10.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.1B |  |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement used in connection with the Amended 1994 Performance and Restricted Stock Plan* |  | 10-K |  | 1/23/09 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.1C |  |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement used in connection with the Amended 1994 Performance and Restricted Stock Plan* |  | 10-K |  | 1/26/12 |  | 10.13 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.2 |  |  | 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended* |  | 10-Q |  | 6/29/16 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3A |  |  | 2003 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended* |  | 8-K |  | 4/13/18 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3B |  |  | Form of Stock Option Agreement used in connection with the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 12/20/10 |  | 99.4 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3C |  |  | Form of RSU Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/26/18 |  | 10.6 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3D |  |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement used in connection with the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 10-Q |  | 10/7/04 |  | 10.11 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3E |  |  | 2016 Performance Share Program pursuant to the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/29/16 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |

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|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference** |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit Number |  | SEC File No. |  | Filed Herewith
10.3F |  |  | Form of 2016 Performance Share Award Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan (applicable to the 2016 Performance Share Program)* |  | 8-K |  | 1/29/16 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3G |  |  | 2017 Performance Share Program pursuant to the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/27/17 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3H |  |  | Form of 2017 Performance Share Award Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to 2017 Performance Share Program and 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/27/17 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3I |  |  | 2018 Performance Share Program pursuant to the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/26/18 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3J |  |  | Form of 2018 Performance Share Award Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to 2018 Performance Share Program and 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/26/18 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3K |  |  | 2019 Performance Share Program pursuant to the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/28/19 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3L |  |  | Form of 2019 Performance Share Award Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to 2018 Performance Share Program and 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/28/19 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3M |  |  | Form of Director Initial Grant Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement used in connection with the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 12/20/10 |  | 99.6 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3N |  |  | Form of Director Annual Grant Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement used in connection with the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 12/20/10 |  | 99.7 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.3O |  |  | Form of Director Annual Grant Stock Option Agreement used in connection with the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 12/20/10 |  | 99.8 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.4 |  |  | Retention Agreement between Adobe and Shantanu Narayen, effective December 5, 2014* |  | 8-K |  | 12/11/14 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.5 |  |  | Form of Indemnity Agreement* |  | 10-Q |  | 6/26/09 |  | 10.12 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.6 |  |  | Adobe Deferred Compensation Plan, as Amended and Restated* |  | 10-K |  | 1/20/15 |  | 10.19 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.7 |  |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2018, among Adobe Inc. and certain subsidiaries as Borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank National Association, U.S Bank National Association, Societe Generale S.A. as Co-Syndication Agents, Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Swing Line Lender, and the Other Lenders Party Thereto |  | 8-K |  | 10/19/18 |  | 10.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |

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|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference** |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit Number |  | SEC File No. |  | Filed Herewith
10.8 |  |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2018, among Adobe Inc. as Borrower, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Syndication Agent, Wells Fargo Bank National Association as Documentation Agent, Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent, and the Other Lenders Party Thereto |  | 8-K |  | 10/19/18 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.9 |  |  | Omniture, Inc. 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and related forms* |  | 10-Q |  | 8/6/09 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 000-52076 |  |
10.10 |  |  | Omniture, Inc. 2008 Equity Incentive Plan and related forms* |  | 10-K |  | 2/27/09 |  | 10.10 |  |  | 000-52076 |  |
10.11 |  |  | Demdex, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan, as amended* |  | S-8 |  | 1/27/11 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-171902 |  |
10.12 |  |  | EchoSign, Inc. 2005 Stock Plan, as amended* |  | S-8 |  | 7/29/11 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-175910 |  |
10.13 |  |  | TypeKit, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended* |  | S-8 |  | 10/7/11 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-177229 |  |
10.14 |  |  | Auditude, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended* |  | S-8 |  | 11/18/11 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-178065 |  |
10.15 |  |  | Efficient Frontier, Inc. 2003 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan, as Amended and Restated* |  | S-8 |  | 1/27/12 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-179221 |  |
10.16A |  |  | Behance, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | S-8 |  | 1/23/13 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-186143 |  |
10.16B |  |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Behance, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan* |  | S-8 |  | 1/23/13 |  | 99.2 |  |  | 333-186143 |  |
10.17 |  |  | Neolane 2008 Stock Option Plan* |  | S-8 |  | 8/27/13 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-190846 |  |
10.18 |  |  | 2012 Neolane Stock Option Plan for The United States* |  | S-8 |  | 8/27/13 |  | 99.2 |  |  | 333-190846 |  |
10.19A |  |  | Aviary, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan, as amended* |  | S-8 |  | 9/26/14 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-198973 |  |
10.19B |  |  | Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to the Aviary, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan (Installment Vesting)* |  | S-8 |  | 9/26/14 |  | 99.2 |  |  | 333-198973 |  |
10.19C |  |  | Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Award Agreement pursuant to the Aviary, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan (Installment Vesting, Non- U.S.)* |  | S-8 |  | 9/26/14 |  | 99.3 |  |  | 333-198973 |  |
10.20 |  |  | Picasso Acquisition Holding 1, Inc. 2012 Stock Option and Grant Plan* |  | S-8 |  | 3/13/15 |  | 99.1 |  |  | 333-202732 |  |
10.21 |  |  | TubeMogul, Inc. 2007 Equity Compensation Plan, as amended, and forms of agreement thereunder††* |  | S-1 |  | 3/26/14 |  | 10.2 |  |  | 333-194817 |  |
10.22 |  |  | TubeMogul, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, and forms of agreement thereunder††* |  | S-1A |  | 7/7/14 |  | 10.3 |  |  | 333-194817 |  |
10.23 |  |  | MagentoTech LLC Unit Option Plan, as amended* |  | S-8 |  | 6/27/18 |  | 99.14 |  |  | 333-225922 |  |

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|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference** |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit Number |  | SEC File No. |  | Filed Herewith
10.24 |  |  | Adobe Systems Incorporated 2017 Executive Severance Plan in the Event of a Change of Control* |  | 8-K |  | 12/14/17 |  | 10.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.25 |  |  | 2016 Executive Annual Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/29/16 |  | 10.5 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.26 |  |  | 2016 Executive Cash Performance Bonus Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/29/16 |  | 10.4 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.27 |  |  | 2017 Executive Annual Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/27/17 |  | 10.5 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.28 |  |  | 2018 Executive Annual Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/26/18 |  | 10.5 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.29 |  |  | 2019 Executive Annual Incentive Plan* |  | 8-K |  | 1/28/19 |  | 10.4 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.30 |  |  | Description of 2016 Director Compensation* |  | 10-K |  | 1/19/16 |  | 10.32 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.31 |  |  | Description of 2017 Director Compensation* |  | 10-K |  | 1/20/17 |  | 10.32 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.32 |  |  | Description of 2018 Director Compensation* |  | 10-K |  | 1/22/18 |  | 10.29 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.33 |  |  | Description of 2019 and 2020 Director Compensation* |  | 8-K |  | 1/24/19 |  | 10.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
10.34 |  |  | Share Purchase Agreement by and among: Adobe, a Delaware corporation; Milestone Topco, Inc., a Delaware corporation; Vista Equity Partners Fund V, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership; Vista Equity Partners Fund V-A, L.P., a Cayman Island exempted limited partnership; Vista Equity Partners Fund V-B, L.P., a Cayman Island exempted limited partnership; VEPF V FAF, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership; Vista Equity Partners Fund V Executive, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership; Vista Equity Associates V, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; Vista Equity Partners Fund VI, L.P., a Cayman Island exempted limited partnership; Vista Equity Partners Fund VI-A, L.P., a Cayman Island exempted limited partnership; VEPF VI FAF, L.P., a Cayman Island exempted limited partnership; and Vista Equity Partners Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, as the Sellers’ Representative |  | 8-K |  | 9/21/18 |  | 2.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934† |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934† |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

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|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference** |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit Number |  | SEC File No. |  | Filed Herewith
101.INS |  |  | XBRL Instance - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

___________________________

* |  | Compensatory plan or arrangement.
** |  | References to Exhibits 10.9 and 10.10 are to filings made by Omniture, Inc.
† |  | The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Adobe Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
†† |  | References to Exhibits 10.21 and 10.22 are to filings made by TubeMogul, Inc.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ADOBE INC.
| By: | /s/ JOHN MURPHY
|  | John Murphy
|  | Executive Vice President and
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: March 27, 2019
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SUMMARY OF TRADEMARKS
The following trademarks of Adobe Inc. or its subsidiaries, which may be registered in the United States and/or other countries, are referenced in this Form 10-Q:
Adobe
Acrobat
Allegorithmic
Behance
Creative Cloud
Magento
Marketo
Reader
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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