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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
________________________________
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 1, 2023
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 0-15175
ADOBE INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
________________________________

Delaware | 77-0019522
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

345 Park Avenue, San Jose, California 95110-2704
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(408) 536-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share | ADBE | NASDAQ

________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of September 22, 2023, 455.3 million shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, were issued and outstanding.

ADOBE INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page No.
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and S eptember 2, 2022 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and S eptember 2, 2022 | 8
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 38
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 38
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 39
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 39
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 53
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 53
Item 5. | Other Information | 53
Item 6. | Exhibits | 54
Signature | 55
Summary of Trademarks | 56

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except par value)

| September 1, 2023 |  | December 2, 2022
| (Unaudited) |  | (*)
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 6,601 |  |  | $ | 4,236 |
Short-term investments | 915 |  |  | 1,860 |
Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $18 and $23, respectively | 1,851 |  |  | 2,065 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,043 |  |  | 835 |
Total current assets | 10,410 |  |  | 8,996 |
Property and equipment, net | 2,036 |  |  | 1,908 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 373 |  |  | 407 |
Goodwill | 12,800 |  |  | 12,787 |
Other intangibles, net | 1,167 |  |  | 1,449 |
Deferred income taxes | 1,065 |  |  | 777 |
Other assets | 1,239 |  |  | 841 |
Total assets | $ | 29,090 |  |  | $ | 27,165 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Trade payables | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 379 |
Accrued expenses | 1,714 |  |  | 1,790 |
Debt | — |  |  | 500 |
Deferred revenue | 5,375 |  |  | 5,297 |
Income taxes payable | 857 |  |  | 75 |
Operating lease liabilities | 74 |  |  | 87 |
Total current liabilities | 8,334 |  |  | 8,128 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |
Debt | 3,633 |  |  | 3,629 |
Deferred revenue | 108 |  |  | 117 |
Income taxes payable | 498 |  |  | 530 |
Operating lease liabilities | 389 |  |  | 417 |
Other liabilities | 352 |  |  | 293 |
Total liabilities | 13,314 |  |  | 13,114 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 2 shares authorized; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 900 shares authorized; 601 shares issued; 456 and 462 shares outstanding, respectively | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in-capital | 11,195 |  |  | 9,868 |
Retained earnings | 32,012 |  |  | 28,319 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (285) |  |  | (293) |
Treasury stock, at cost (145 and 139 shares, respectively) | (27,146) |  |  | (23,843) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 15,776 |  |  | 14,051 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 29,090 |  |  | $ | 27,165 |

_________________________________________
(*) The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 2, 2022 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements.
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 1, 2023 |  | September 2, 2022 |  | September 1, 2023 |  | September 2, 2022
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 4,631 |  |  | $ | 4,128 |  |  | $ | 13,521 |  |  | $ | 12,156 |
Product | 96 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 417 |
Services and other | 163 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 494 |  |  | 508 |
Total revenue | 4,890 |  |  | 4,433 |  |  | 14,361 |  |  | 13,081 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 447 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 1,216 |
Product | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 27 |
Services and other | 126 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 354 |
Total cost of revenue | 580 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 1,597 |
Gross profit | 4,310 |  |  | 3,887 |  |  | 12,641 |  |  | 11,484 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 881 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 2,584 |  |  | 2,214 |
Sales and marketing | 1,337 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 3,983 |  |  | 3,671 |
General and administrative | 353 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | 879 |
Amortization of intangibles | 42 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 127 |
Total operating expenses | 2,613 |  |  | 2,403 |  |  | 7,734 |  |  | 6,891 |
Operating income | 1,697 |  |  | 1,484 |  |  | 4,907 |  |  | 4,593 |
Non-operating income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (27) |  |  | (28) |  |  | (85) |  |  | (84) |
Investment gains (losses), net | 6 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 12 |  |  | (23) |
Other income (expense), net | 67 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 5 |
Total non-operating income (expense), net | 46 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 84 |  |  | (102) |
Income before income taxes | 1,743 |  |  | 1,456 |  |  | 4,991 |  |  | 4,491 |
Provision for income taxes | 340 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 911 |
Net income | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 1,136 |  |  | $ | 3,945 |  |  | $ | 3,580 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 3.07 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 8.62 |  |  | $ | 7.60 |
Shares used to compute basic net income per share | 456 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 471 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 3.05 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 8.59 |  |  | $ | 7.57 |
Shares used to compute diluted net income per share | 459 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 473 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 1, 2023 |  | September 2, 2022 |  | September 1, 2023 |  | September 2, 2022
| Increase/(Decrease) |  | Increase/(Decrease)
Net income | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 1,136 |  |  | $ | 3,945 |  |  | $ | 3,580 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities | 5 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (35) |
Reclassification adjustment for recognized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Net increase (decrease) from available-for-sale securities | 5 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 24 |  |  | (35) |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains / losses on derivative instruments | 8 |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains / losses on derivative instruments | (4) |  |  | (47) |  |  | (28) |  |  | (89) |
Net increase (decrease) from derivatives designated as hedging instruments | 4 |  |  | 60 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 104 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 3 |  |  | (83) |  |  | 12 |  |  | (156) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | 12 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (87) |
Total comprehensive income, net of taxes | $ | 1,415 |  |  | $ | 1,107 |  |  | $ | 3,953 |  |  | $ | 3,493 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 1, 2023
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Total
Balances at June 2, 2023 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,717 |  |  | $ | 30,609 |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | (145) |  |  | $ | (26,191) |  |  | $ | 14,838 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,403 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Re-issuance of treasury stock under stock compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 84 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1,003) |  |  | (1,003) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |
Balances at September 1, 2023 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,195 |  |  | $ | 32,012 |  |  | $ | (285) |  |  | (145) |  |  | $ | (27,146) |  |  | $ | 15,776 |

|  | Three Months Ended September 2, 2022
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Total
Balances at June 3, 2022 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,102 |  |  | $ | 26,022 |  |  | $ | (195) |  |  | (130) |  |  | $ | (20,944) |  |  | $ | 13,985 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,136 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |
Re-issuance of treasury stock under stock compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 103 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1,200) |  |  | (1,200) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 378 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 378 |
Balances at September 2, 2022 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,548 |  |  | $ | 27,158 |  |  | $ | (224) |  |  | (134) |  |  | $ | (22,109) |  |  | $ | 14,373 |

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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Total
Balances at December 2, 2022 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,868 |  |  | $ | 28,319 |  |  | $ | (293) |  |  | (139) |  |  | $ | (23,843) |  |  | $ | 14,051 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,945 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,945 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Re-issuance of treasury stock under stock compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | (252) |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 103 |  |  | (113) |
Repurchases of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | (3,407) |  |  | (3,407) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,291 |
Value of shares in deferred compensation plan |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Balances at September 1, 2023 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,195 |  |  | $ | 32,012 |  |  | $ | (285) |  |  | (145) |  |  | $ | (27,146) |  |  | $ | 15,776 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 2, 2022
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Total
Balances at December 3, 2021 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,428 |  |  | $ | 23,905 |  |  | $ | (137) |  |  | (126) |  |  | $ | (17,399) |  |  | $ | 14,797 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,580 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,580 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87) |
Re-issuance of treasury stock under stock compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | (327) |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 86 |  |  | (173) |
Repurchases of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | (4,800) |  |  | (4,800) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |
Value of shares in deferred compensation plan |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Balances at September 2, 2022 |  | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,548 |  |  | $ | 27,158 |  |  | $ | (224) |  |  | (134) |  |  | $ | (22,109) |  |  | $ | 14,373 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended
| September 1, 2023 |  | September 2, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 3,945 |  |  | $ | 3,580 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 650 |  |  | 641 |
Stock-based compensation | 1,291 |  |  | 1,052 |
Reduction of operating lease right-of-use assets | 54 |  |  | 63 |
Deferred income taxes | (276) |  |  | 282 |
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments, net | (7) |  |  | 33 |
Other non-cash items | — |  |  | 8 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquired assets and assumed liabilities: |  |  |
Trade receivables, net | 217 |  |  | 146 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (787) |  |  | (133) |
Trade payables | (47) |  |  | 11 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | (153) |  |  | (237) |
Income taxes payable | 749 |  |  | 2 |
Deferred revenue | 69 |  |  | 65 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 5,705 |  |  | 5,513 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of short-term investments | — |  |  | (703) |
Maturities of short-term investments | 754 |  |  | 497 |
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments | 215 |  |  | 221 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (126) |
Purchases of property and equipment | (313) |  |  | (351) |
Purchases of long-term investments, intangibles and other assets | (34) |  |  | (39) |
Proceeds from sale of long-term investments and other assets | 1 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | 623 |  |  | (501) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Repurchases of common stock | (3,400) |  |  | (4,800) |
Proceeds from re-issuance of treasury stock | 314 |  |  | 278 |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | (387) |  |  | (451) |
Repayment of debt | (500) |  |  | — |
Other financing activities, net | 8 |  |  | 59 |
Net cash used for financing activities | (3,965) |  |  | (4,914) |
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | 2 |  |  | (72) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 2,365 |  |  | 26 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 4,236 |  |  | 3,844 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 6,601 |  |  | $ | 3,870 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | 486 |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 101 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Pursuant to these rules and regulations, we have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures we normally include in our annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In management’s opinion, we have made all adjustments (consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments, except as otherwise indicated) necessary to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Our interim period operating results do not necessarily indicate the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full fiscal year. These financial statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 2, 2022 on file with the SEC (our “Annual Report”).
Use of Estimates
In preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we must make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as compared to the significant accounting policies described in our Annual Report.
Adopted Accounting Guidance and Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective
There have been no recent accounting pronouncements, changes in accounting pronouncements or recently adopted accounting guidance during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 that are of significance or potential significance to us.
NOTE 2. REVENUE
Segment Information
Our segment results for the three months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

(dollars in millions) | Digital Media |  | Digital Experience |  | Publishing and Advertising |  | Total
Three months ended September 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 3,594 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 4,890 |
Cost of revenue | 161 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 580 |
Gross profit | $ | 3,433 |  |  | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 4,310 |
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue | 96 | % |  | 68 | % |  | 67 | % |  | 88 | %
Three months ended September 2, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 3,232 |  |  | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |
Cost of revenue | 136 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 546 |
Gross profit | $ | 3,096 |  |  | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 3,887 |
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue | 96 | % |  | 66 | % |  | 69 | % |  | 88 | %

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Our segment results for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

(dollars in millions) | Digital Media |  | Digital Experience |  | Publishing and Advertising |  | Total
Nine months ended September 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | 3,627 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 14,361 |
Cost of revenue | 455 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 1,720 |
Gross profit | $ | 10,045 |  |  | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 12,641 |
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue | 96 | % |  | 67 | % |  | 72 | % |  | 88 | %
Nine months ended September 2, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 9,542 |  |  | $ | 3,272 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 13,081 |
Cost of revenue | 411 |  |  | 1,111 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 1,597 |
Gross profit | $ | 9,131 |  |  | $ | 2,161 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 11,484 |
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue | 96 | % |  | 66 | % |  | 72 | % |  | 88 | %

Revenue by geographic area for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

| Three Months |  | Nine Months
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Americas | $ | 2,943 |  |  | $ | 2,600 |  |  | $ | 8,601 |  |  | $ | 7,570 |
EMEA | 1,229 |  |  | 1,143 |  |  | 3,615 |  |  | 3,436 |
APAC | 718 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 2,145 |  |  | 2,075 |
Total | $ | 4,890 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 14,361 |  |  | $ | 13,081 |

Revenue by major offerings in our Digital Media reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

| Three Months |  | Nine Months
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Creative Cloud | $ | 2,909 |  |  | $ | 2,625 |  |  | $ | 8,522 |  |  | $ | 7,778 |
Document Cloud | 685 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,764 |
Total Digital Media revenue | $ | 3,594 |  |  | $ | 3,232 |  |  | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | 9,542 |

Subscription revenue by segment for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

| Three Months |  | Nine Months
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Digital Media | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 3,116 |  |  | $ | 10,225 |  |  | $ | 9,190 |
Digital Experience | 1,096 |  |  | 981 |  |  | 3,208 |  |  | 2,874 |
Publishing and Advertising | 29 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 92 |
Total subscription revenue | $ | 4,631 |  |  | $ | 4,128 |  |  | $ | 13,521 |  |  | $ | 12,156 |

Contract Balances
A receivable is recorded when an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment exists, such that only the passage of time is required before payment of consideration is due. Included in trade receivables on the condensed consolidated balance sheets are unbilled receivable balances which have not yet been invoiced, and are typically related to license revenue or services which are delivered prior to invoicing. As of September 1, 2023, the balance of trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful
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accounts, was $1.85 billion, inclusive of unbilled receivables of $103 million. As of December 2, 2022, the balance of trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts, was $2.07 billion, inclusive of unbilled receivables of $93 million.
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts which reflects our best estimate of potentially uncollectible trade receivables and is based on both specific and general reserves. We maintain general reserves on a collective basis by considering factors such as historical experience, credit-worthiness, the age of the trade receivable balances, current economic conditions and a reasonable and supportable forecast of future economic conditions. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $18 million and $23 million as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022, respectively.
A contract asset is recognized when a conditional right to consideration exists and transfer of control has occurred. Contract assets are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets for the current portion and other assets for the long-term portion on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We regularly review contract asset balances for impairment, considering factors such as historical experience, credit-worthiness, age of the balance, current economic conditions and a reasonable and supportable forecast of future economic conditions. Contract asset impairments were not material for the nine months ended September 1, 2023. Contract assets were $131 million and $97 million as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022, respectively.
Deferred revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from subscription services, including non-cancellable and non-refundable committed funds and refundable customer deposits. Deferred revenue is recognized as revenue when transfer of control to customers has occurred. As of September 1, 2023, the balance of deferred revenue was $5.48 billion, which includes $47 million of refundable customer deposits. Arrangements with some of our enterprise customers with non-cancellable and non-refundable committed funds provide options to either renew monthly on-premise term-based licenses or use some or all funds to purchase other Adobe products or services. Non-cancellable and non-refundable committed funds related to these agreements comprised approximately 5% of the total deferred revenue.
As of December 2, 2022, the balance of deferred revenue was $5.41 billion. During the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023, approximately $983 million and $4.85 billion of revenue, respectively, was recognized that was included in the balance of deferred revenue as of December 2, 2022.
Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. As of September 1, 2023, remaining performance obligations were approximately $15.72 billion. Non-cancellable and non-refundable funds related to some of our enterprise customer agreements referred to in the paragraph above comprised approximately 5% of the total remaining performance obligations. Approximately 71% of the remaining performance obligations, excluding the aforementioned enterprise customer agreements, are expected to be recognized over the next 12 months with the remainder recognized thereafter.
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer are capitalized if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year and primarily relate to sales commissions paid to our sales force personnel. Capitalized contract acquisition costs are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets for the current portion and other assets for the long-term portion on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized contract acquisition costs were $673 million and $629 million as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022, respectively.
We record refund liabilities for amounts that may be subject to future refunds, which include sales returns reserves and customer rebates and credits. Refund liabilities are included in accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Refund liabilities were $99 million and $106 million as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022, respectively.
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NOTE 3. ACQUISITIONS
Figma
On September 15, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement under which we intend to acquire Figma, Inc. (“Figma”) for approximately $20 billion, comprised of approximately half cash and half stock, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. Approximately 6 million additional restricted stock units will be granted to Figma’s Chief Executive Officer and employees that will vest over four years subsequent to closing. We continue to work toward closing the transaction, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals and satisfying customary closing conditions. We will be required to pay Figma a reverse termination fee of $1 billion if the transaction fails to receive regulatory clearance, assuming all other closing conditions have been satisfied or waived, or if it fails to close within 18 months from September 15, 2022.
Figma is a privately held company that provides a web-first collaborative product design platform. Following the closing, we intend to integrate Figma into our Digital Media reportable segment for financial reporting purposes.
NOTE 4. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid marketable securities with remaining maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. We classify our investments in marketable debt securities as “available-for-sale.” We carry these investments at fair value, based on quoted market prices or other readily available market information. Unrealized gains and unrealized non-credit-related losses of marketable debt securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes, in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized credit-related losses are recorded to other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of income with a corresponding allowance for credit-related losses in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and recognized when realized in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consisted of the following as of September 1, 2023:

(in millions) | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 629 |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | 5,972 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,972 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 6,601 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,601 |
Short-term fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Corporate debt securities | 559 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 552 |
U.S. agency securities | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |
U.S. Treasury securities | 317 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | 307 |
Total short-term investments | 932 |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | 915 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 7,533 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | 7,516 |

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Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consisted of the following as of December 2, 2022:

(in millions) | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 657 |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
Money market funds | 3,479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,479 |
Time deposits | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
Total cash equivalents | 3,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,579 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 4,236 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,236 |
Short-term fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 97 |
Corporate debt securities | 1,290 |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | 1,266 |
Foreign government securities | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Municipal securities | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |
U.S. agency securities | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
U.S. Treasury securities | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 434 |
Total short-term investments | 1,901 |  |  | — |  |  | (41) |  |  | 1,860 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 6,137 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 6,096 |

See Note 5 for further information regarding the fair value of our financial instruments.
The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of short-term fixed income debt securities classified as short-term investments based on stated effective maturities as of September 1, 2023:

(in millions) |  |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due within one year |  |  | $ | 584 |
Due between one and two years |  |  | 315 |
Due between two and three years |  |  | 16 |
Total |  |  | $ | 915 |

We review our debt securities classified as short-term investments on a regular basis for impairment. For debt securities in unrealized loss positions, we determine whether any portion of the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is due to credit-related factors if we neither intend to sell nor anticipate that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. We consider factors such as the extent to which the market value has been less than the cost, any noted failure of the issuer to make scheduled payments, changes to the rating of the security and other relevant credit-related factors in determining whether or not a credit loss exists. During the nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022, we did not recognize an allowance for credit-related losses on any of our investments.
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NOTE 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Assets and Liabilities Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at September 1, 2023 was determined using the following inputs:

(in millions) | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
| Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 5,972 |  |  | $ | 5,972 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |
U.S. agency securities | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury securities | 307 |  |  | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 199 |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 7,168 |  |  | $ | 6,171 |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | — |

Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |

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The fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at December 2, 2022 was determined using the following inputs:

(in millions) | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
| Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | — |
Money market funds | 3,479 |  |  | 3,479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time deposits | 61 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities | 1,266 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | — |
Foreign government securities | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |
U.S. agency securities | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury securities | 434 |  |  | — |  |  | 434 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 160 |  |  | 160 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 5,650 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |  |  | $ | — |

Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency derivatives | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |

See Note 4 for further information regarding the fair value of our financial instruments.
Our fixed income available-for-sale debt securities consist of high quality, investment grade securities from diverse issuers with a weighted average credit rating of AA-. We value these securities based on pricing from independent pricing vendors who use matrix pricing valuation techniques including market approach methodologies that model information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, as well as discounted cash flow methodologies. Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly in determining fair value, including benchmark yields, issuer spreads off benchmark yields, interest rates and U.S. Treasury or swap curves. We therefore classify all of our fixed income available-for-sale securities as Level 2. We perform routine procedures such as comparing prices obtained from multiple independent sources to ensure that appropriate fair values are recorded.
The fair values of our money market funds, time deposits and deferred compensation plan assets, which consist of money market and other mutual funds, are based on quoted prices in active markets at the measurement date.
Our over-the-counter foreign currency derivatives are valued using pricing models and discounted cash flow methodologies based on observable foreign exchange and interest rate data at the measurement date.
Our other current financial assets and current financial liabilities have fair values that approximate their carrying values.
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The fair value of our senior notes was $3.35 billion as of September 1, 2023, based on observable market prices in less active markets and categorized as Level 2. See Note 14 for further details regarding our debt.
NOTE 6. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
We may use derivatives to partially offset our business exposure to foreign currency and interest rate risk on expected future cash flows and certain existing assets and liabilities. We do not use any of our derivative instruments for trading purposes.
We enter into master netting arrangements to mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. We do not offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements. We also enter into collateral security agreements with certain of our counterparties to exchange cash collateral when the net fair value of certain derivative instruments fluctuates from contractually established thresholds.
Cash Flow Hedges
In countries outside the United States, we transact business in U.S. Dollars and in various other currencies. We may use foreign exchange option contracts and forward contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted foreign currency denominated revenue and expenses. These foreign exchange contracts, carried at fair value, have maturities of up to 12 months.
In June 2019, we entered into Treasury lock agreements with large financial institutions which fixed benchmark U.S. Treasury rates for an aggregate notional amount of $1 billion of our future debt issuance. These derivative instruments hedged the impact of changes in the benchmark interest rate to future interest payments and were settled upon debt issuance in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. We incurred a loss related to the settlement of the instruments which is amortized to interest expense over the term of our debt due February 1, 2030. See Note 14 for further details regarding our debt.
As of September 1, 2023, we had net derivative gains on our foreign exchange option contracts expected to be recognized within the next 18 months, of which $5 million of net gains are expected to be recognized into revenue within the next 12 months. In addition, we had net derivative losses on our Treasury lock agreements, of which $5 million is expected to be recognized into interest expense within the next 12 months.
Non-Designated Hedges
Our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments consist of foreign currency forward contracts that we primarily use to hedge monetary assets and liabilities denominated in non-functional currencies.
Fair value asset derivatives are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and fair value liability derivatives are included in accrued expenses on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of derivative instruments as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022 were as follows:

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
| Fair Value Asset Derivatives |  | Fair Value Liability Derivatives |  | Fair Value Asset Derivatives |  | Fair Value Liability Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange option contracts | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign exchange forward contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward contracts | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 8 |
Total derivatives | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 15 |

Gains and losses on derivative instruments, net of tax, recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were primarily
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associated with our foreign exchange option contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023, we recognized $7 million of net gains and $5 million of net losses, respectively, in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income from our foreign exchange option contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022, we recognized $107 million and $193 million of net gains, respectively, in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income from our foreign exchange option contracts.
The effects of derivative instruments on our condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were primarily associated with foreign exchange option contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023, we reclassified $5 million and $36 million of net gains, respectively, from accumulated other comprehensive income into revenue resulting from our foreign exchange option contracts. Comparatively, for the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022, we reclassified $54 million and $105 million of net gains, respectively, from accumulated other comprehensive income into revenue resulting from our foreign exchange option contracts.
NOTE 7. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
Goodwill as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022 was $12.80 billion and $12.79 billion, respectively. During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed our annual goodwill impairment test associated with our reporting units and determined there was no impairment of goodwill.
Other intangible assets subject to amortization as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022 were as follows:

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | 1,204 |  |  | $ | (588) |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | 1,204 |  |  | $ | (495) |  |  | $ | 709 |
Purchased technology | 973 |  |  | (598) |  |  | 375 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | (530) |  |  | 530 |
Trademarks | 376 |  |  | (205) |  |  | 171 |  |  | 375 |  |  | (172) |  |  | 203 |
Other | 20 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 7 |
Other intangibles, net | $ | 2,573 |  |  | $ | (1,406) |  |  | $ | 1,167 |  |  | $ | 2,700 |  |  | $ | (1,251) |  |  | $ | 1,449 |

Amortization expense related to other intangibles was $92 million and $284 million for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023, respectively. Comparatively, amortization expense related to other intangibles was $101 million and $303 million for the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022, respectively. Of these amounts, $50 million and $158 million were included in cost of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023, respectively, and $58 million and $176 million were included in cost of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022, respectively.
As of September 1, 2023, the estimated aggregate amortization expense in future periods was as follows:

(in millions) |  |
Fiscal Year |  | Other Intangibles (1)
Remainder of 2023 | $ | 93 |
2024 | 331 |
2025 | 295 |
2026 | 142 |
2027 | 104 |
Thereafter | 182 |
Total expected amortization expense | $ | 1,147 |

_________________________________________
(1)Excludes capitalized in-process research and development which is considered indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts.
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NOTE 8. ACCRUED EXPENSES
Accrued expenses as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022 consisted of the following:

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 485 |
Accrued bonuses | 415 |  |  | 489 |
Accrued corporate marketing | 126 |  |  | 154 |
Taxes payable | 115 |  |  | 117 |
Refund liabilities | 99 |  |  | 106 |
Other | 473 |  |  | 439 |
Accrued expenses | $ | 1,714 |  |  | $ | 1,790 |

Other primarily includes general business accruals, derivative collateral liabilities, accrued hosting fees and royalties payable.
NOTE 9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was as follows:

| Number of Shares (in millions) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate Fair Value (1) (in millions)
Beginning outstanding balance | 7.4 |  |  | $ | 449.94 |  |  |
Awarded | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 368.45 |  |  |
Released | (3.0) |  |  | $ | 430.69 |  |  |
Forfeited | (0.4) |  |  | $ | 441.31 |  |  |
Ending outstanding balance | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 413.42 |  |  | $ | 4,846 |
Expected to vest | 7.7 |  |  | $ | 414.19 |  |  | $ | 4,320 |

_________________________________________
(1) The aggregate fair value is calculated using the closing stock price as of September 1, 2023 of $563.21.
The total fair value of restricted stock units vested during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was $1.20 billion.
Performance Shares
In the first quarter of fiscal 2023, the Executive Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (the “ECC”) approved the 2023 Performance Share Program, the terms of which are similar to the 2022 Performance Share Program that is still outstanding. For information regarding our outstanding Performance Share Programs, including the terms, see “Note 12. Stock-Based Compensation” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 2, 2022.
As of September 1, 2023, the shares awarded under our 2023, 2022 and 2021 Performance Share Programs remained outstanding and were yet to be earned.
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Performance share activity for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was as follows:

| Number of Shares (in millions) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate Fair Value (1) (in millions)
Beginning outstanding balance | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 495.23 |  |  |
Awarded | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 437.58 |  |  |
Released | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 498.74 |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  | $ | 492.68 |  |  |
Ending outstanding balance | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 465.76 |  |  | $ | 263 |
Expected to vest | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 466.10 |  |  | $ | 232 |

_________________________________________
(1) The aggregate fair value is calculated using the closing stock price as of September 1, 2023 of $563.21.
Under our Performance Share Programs, participants generally have the ability to receive up to 200% of the target number of shares originally granted. Shares released during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 resulted from 63% achievement of target for the 2020 Performance Share Program, as certified by the ECC in the first quarter of fiscal 2023.
The total fair value of performance shares vested during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was $39 million.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan Shares
Employees purchased 1.1 million shares at an average price of $286.31 and 0.8 million shares at an average price of $333.92 for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022, respectively. The intrinsic value of shares purchased during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 was $185 million and $73 million, respectively. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market value on the date of purchase and the purchase price of the shares.
Compensation Costs
As of September 1, 2023, there was $3.17 billion of unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based awards and purchase rights which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.44 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost will be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.
Total stock-based compensation costs included in our condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

| Three Months |  | Nine Months
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cost of revenue | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 71 |
Research and development | 224 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 657 |  |  | 527 |
Sales and marketing | 130 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 305 |
General and administrative | 58 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 149 |
Total | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 1,291 |  |  | $ | 1,052 |

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
NOTE 10. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and activity, net of related taxes, were as follows:

(in millions) | December 2, 2022 |  | Increase / Decrease |  | Reclassification Adjustments |  | September 1, 2023
Net unrealized gains / losses on available-for-sale securities | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 5 |  | (1) | $ | (17) |
Net unrealized gains / losses on derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  | (2) | (11) |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments | (269) |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | (257) |
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | $ | (293) |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (23) |  |  | $ | (285) |

_________________________________________
(1)Reclassification adjustments for gains / losses on available-for-sale securities are classified in other income (expense), net.
(2)Reclassification adjustments for gains / losses on foreign currency hedges are classified in revenue or operating expenses, depending on the nature of the underlying transaction, and reclassification adjustments for gains / losses on Treasury lock hedges are classified in interest expense.
Taxes related to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were immaterial.
NOTE 11. STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAM
To facilitate our stock repurchase program, designed to return value to our stockholders and minimize dilution from stock issuances, we may repurchase our shares in the open market or enter into structured repurchase agreements with third parties. In December 2020, our Board of Directors granted authority to repurchase up to $15 billion in our common stock through the end of fiscal 2024.
During the nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022, we entered into accelerated share repurchase agreements (“ASRs”) with large financial institutions whereupon we provided them with prepayments of $1.4 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. Under the terms of our ASRs, the financial institutions agree to deliver a portion of shares to us at contract inception and the remaining shares at settlement. The total number of shares delivered and average purchase price paid per share are determined upon settlement based on the Volume Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) over the term of the ASR, less an agreed upon discount.
During the nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022, we also entered into structured stock repurchase agreements with large financial institutions whereupon we provided them with prepayments totaling $2 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. Under the terms of these structured stock repurchase agreements, the financial institutions agree to deliver shares to us at monthly intervals during the respective contract terms, and the number of shares delivered each month are determined based on the total notional amount of the contracts, the number of trading days in the intervals and the VWAP during the intervals, less an agreed upon discount.
During the nine months ended September 1, 2023, we repurchased a total of 9.7 million shares, including approximately 5.7 million shares at an average price of $396.43 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2022 and the nine months ended September 1, 2023, as well as 4.0 million shares at an average price of $348.46 through the ASR entered into during the nine months ended September 1, 2023. During the nine months ended September 2, 2022, we repurchased a total of 10.7 million shares, including approximately 5.4 million shares at an average price of $429.13 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2021 and the nine months ended September 2, 2022, as well as 5.3 million shares at an average price of $451.55 through the ASR entered into during the nine months ended September 2, 2022.
For the nine months ended September 1, 2023, the prepayments were classified as treasury stock, a component of stockholders’ equity on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, at the payment date, though only shares physically delivered to us by September 1, 2023 were excluded from the computation of net income per share. As of September 1, 2023, $333 million of prepayment remained under our outstanding structured stock repurchase agreement.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Subsequent to September 1, 2023, as part of the December 2020 stock repurchase authority, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $1 billion. Upon completion of the $1 billion stock repurchase agreement, $2.15 billion remains under our December 2020 authority.
NOTE 12. NET INCOME PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022:

| Three Months |  | Nine Months
(in millions, except per share data) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 1,136 |  |  | $ | 3,945 |  |  | $ | 3,580 |
Shares used to compute basic net income per share | 456.4 |  |  | 468.5 |  |  | 457.7 |  |  | 471.1 |
Dilutive potential common shares from stock plans and programs | 3.1 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.6 |
Shares used to compute diluted net income per share | 459.5 |  |  | 469.4 |  |  | 459.2 |  |  | 472.7 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 3.07 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 8.62 |  |  | $ | 7.60 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 3.05 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 8.59 |  |  | $ | 7.57 |
Anti-dilutive potential common shares | 0.5 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 3.5 |

NOTE 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Indemnifications
In the ordinary course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope to customers and channel partners against claims of intellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of our products and from time to time, we are subject to claims by our customers under these indemnification provisions. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not been significant and we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnification provisions on our future results of operations.
To the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreements whereby we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is or was serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we have director and officer insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.
Legal Proceedings
In connection with disputes relating to the validity or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, including patent rights, we have been, are currently and may in the future be subject to claims, negotiations or complex, protracted litigation. Intellectual property disputes and litigation may be very costly and can be disruptive to our business operations by diverting the attention and energies of management and key technical personnel. Although we have successfully defended or resolved past litigation and disputes, we may not prevail in any ongoing or future litigation and disputes. Third-party intellectual property disputes could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to enter into royalty and licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, prevent us from licensing certain of our products or offering certain of our services, subject us to injunctions restricting our sale of products or services, cause severe disruptions to our operations or the markets in which we compete, or require us to satisfy indemnification commitments with our customers including contractual provisions under various license arrangements and service agreements.
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
In addition to intellectual property disputes, we are subject to legal proceedings, claims, including claims relating to commercial, employment and other matters, and investigations, including government investigations. Some of these disputes, legal proceedings and investigations may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We consider all claims on a quarterly basis in accordance with GAAP and based on known facts assess whether potential losses are considered reasonably possible or probable and estimable. Based upon this assessment, we then evaluate disclosure requirements and whether to accrue for such claims in our financial statements. This determination is then reviewed and discussed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
We make a provision for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Unless otherwise specifically disclosed in this note, we have determined that no provision for liability nor disclosure is required related to any claim against us because: (a) there is not a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already recognized (if any) may be incurred with respect to such claim; (b) a reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be estimated; or (c) such estimate is immaterial.
All legal costs associated with litigation are expensed as incurred. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. However, we believe that we have valid defenses with respect to the legal matters pending against us. It is possible, nevertheless, that our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be negatively affected by an unfavorable resolution of one or more of such proceedings, claims or investigations.
In connection with our anti-piracy efforts, from time to time we undertake litigation against alleged copyright infringers. Such lawsuits may lead to counter-claims alleging improper use of litigation or violation of other laws. We believe we have valid defenses with respect to such counter-claims; however, it is possible that our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be negatively affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of these counter-claims.
NOTE 14. DEBT
The carrying value of our borrowings as of September 1, 2023 and December 2, 2022 were as follows:

(dollars in millions) | Issuance Date |  | Due Date |  | Effective Interest Rate |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |
1.70% 2023 Notes | February 2020 |  | February 2023 |  | 1.92% |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  |
1.90% 2025 Notes | February 2020 |  | February 2025 |  | 2.07% |  | 500 |  |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |
3.25% 2025 Notes | January 2015 |  | February 2025 |  | 3.67% |  | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |
2.15% 2027 Notes | February 2020 |  | February 2027 |  | 2.26% |  | 850 |  |  |  |  | 850 |  |  |
2.30% 2030 Notes | February 2020 |  | February 2030 |  | 2.69% |  | 1,300 |  |  |  |  | 1,300 |  |  |
Total debt outstanding, at par |  | $ | 3,650 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,150 |  |  |
Current portion of debt, at par |  | — |  |  |  |  | (500) |  |  |
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs |  | (17) |  |  |  |  | (21) |  |  |
Carrying value of long-term debt |  | $ | 3,633 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,629 |  |  |
Carrying value of current debt, net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  |

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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Senior Notes
In January 2015, we issued $1 billion of senior notes due February 1, 2025. The related discount and issuance costs are amortized to interest expense over the term of the notes using the effective interest method. Interest is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1.
In February 2020, we issued $500 million of senior notes due February 1, 2023, $500 million of senior notes due February 1, 2025, $850 million of senior notes due February 1, 2027 and $1.30 billion of senior notes due February 1, 2030. Our total proceeds of approximately $3.14 billion, net of issuance discount, were used for general corporate purposes including repayment of debt instruments due in fiscal 2020. The related discount and issuance costs are amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the notes using the effective interest method. Interest is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, the $500 million of senior notes due February 1, 2023 became due and were repaid.
Our senior notes rank equally with our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. We may redeem the notes at any time, subject to a make-whole premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, we may be required to repurchase the notes, at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The notes do not contain financial covenants but include covenants that limit our ability to grant liens on assets and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions, subject to significant allowances.
Term Loan Credit Agreement
In January 2023, we entered into a delayed draw term loan credit agreement (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”), providing for a senior unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”) of up to $3.5 billion for the purpose of partially funding the purchase price for our acquisition of Figma and the related fees and expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition. The Term Loan is available for funding in a single drawing upon the closing of the Figma acquisition at any time prior to March 15, 2024. The Term Loan will mature two years following the initial funding date and requires no scheduled principal amortization payments prior to maturity. The Term Loan may be prepaid and terminated at our election at any time without premium or penalty. At our election, the Term Loan will bear interest at either (i) term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), plus a margin, (ii) adjusted daily SOFR, plus a margin, or (iii) base rate, plus a margin. Base rate is defined as the highest of (a) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (b) the agent’s prime rate, or (c) term SOFR plus 1.00%. The margin for term SOFR and adjusted daily SOFR loans is based on our debt ratings, and ranges from 0.750% to 1.250%. The margin for base rate loans is based on our debt ratings, and ranges from 0.000% to 0.250%. In addition, commitment fees determined according to our debt ratings are payable quarterly in an amount ranging from 0.040% to 0.100% per annum until the funding of the Term Loan.
The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the lenders similar to those contained in the Revolving Credit Agreement. As of September 1, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan.
Revolving Credit Agreement
In June 2022, we entered into a credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Agreement”), providing for a five-year $1.5 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility, which replaced our previous five-year $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit agreement entered into in October 2018 (the “Prior Revolving Credit Agreement”). The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for loans to Adobe and certain of its subsidiaries that may be designated from time to time as additional borrowers. Pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, we may, subject to the agreement of lenders to provide additional commitments, obtain up to an additional $500 million in commitments, for a maximum aggregate commitment of $2 billion. At our election, loans under the Revolving Credit Agreement will bear interest at either (i) term SOFR, plus a margin, (ii) adjusted daily SOFR, plus a margin, (iii) alternative currency rate, plus a margin, or (iv) base rate, which is defined as the highest of (a) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (b) the agent’s prime rate, or (c) term SOFR plus 1.00%. The margin for term SOFR, adjusted daily SOFR and alternative currency rate loans is based on our debt ratings, and ranges from 0.460% to 0.900%. In addition, facility fees determined according to our debt ratings are payable on the aggregate commitments, regardless of usage, quarterly in an amount ranging from 0.040% to 0.100% per annum. We are permitted to permanently reduce the aggregate commitment under
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ADOBE INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)
the Revolving Credit Agreement at any time. Subject to certain conditions stated in the Revolving Credit Agreement, Adobe and any of its subsidiaries designated as additional borrowers may borrow, prepay and re-borrow amounts at any time during the term of the Revolving Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, including events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the lenders. The negative covenants include restrictions regarding the incurrence of liens and indebtedness, certain merger transactions, dispositions and other matters, all subject to certain exceptions.
The facility will terminate and all amounts owing thereunder will be due and payable on the maturity date unless (a) the commitments are terminated earlier upon the occurrence of certain events, including an event of default, or (b) the maturity date is further extended upon our request, subject to the agreement of the lenders.
As of September 1, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under this Revolving Credit Agreement.
Commercial Paper Program
Subsequent to September 1, 2023, we established a commercial paper program under which we may issue unsecured commercial paper up to a total of $3 billion outstanding at any time, with maturities of up to 397 days from the date of issue. The net proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper are expected to be used for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, stock repurchases, refinancing indebtedness or any other general corporate purposes.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
In addition to historical information, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, including statements regarding product plans, future growth, market opportunities, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, strategic investments, industry positioning, customer acquisition and retention, the amount of annualized recurring revenue and revenue growth. In addition, when used in this report, the words “will,” “expects,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “targets,” “estimates,” “looks for,” “looks to,” “continues” and similar expressions, as well as statements regarding our focus for the future, are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Each of the forward-looking statements we make in this report involves risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this report. The risks described herein and in other documents we file from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2022, should be carefully reviewed. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We undertake no obligation to publicly release any revisions to the forward-looking statements or reflect events or circumstances after the date of this document, except as required by law.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Founded in 1982, Adobe is one of the largest and most diversified software companies in the world. We offer a line of products and services used by creative professionals, including photographers, video editors, graphic and experience designers and game developers; communicators, including content creators, students, marketers and knowledge workers; businesses of all sizes; and consumers for creating, managing, delivering, measuring, optimizing, engaging and transacting with compelling content and experiences across personal computers, smartphones, other electronic devices and digital media formats.
We market our products and services directly to enterprise customers through our sales force and local field offices. We license our products to end users through app stores and our own website at www.adobe.com. We offer many of our products via a Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) model or a managed services model (both of which are referred to as hosted or cloud-based) as well as through term subscription and pay-per-use models. We also distribute certain products and services through a network of distributors, value-added resellers, systems integrators, independent software vendors, retailers, software developers and original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). In addition, we license our technology to hardware manufacturers, software developers and service providers for use in their products and solutions. Our products run on desktop and laptop computers, smartphones, tablets, other devices and the web, depending on the product. We have operations in the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia-Pacific (“APAC”).
Adobe was originally incorporated in California in October 1983 and was reincorporated in Delaware in May 1997. Our executive offices and principal facilities are located at 345 Park Avenue, San Jose, California 95110-2704. Our telephone number is 408-536-6000 and our website is www.adobe.com. Investors can obtain copies of our SEC filings from our website free of charge, as well as from the SEC website at www.sec.gov. The information posted to our website is not incorporated into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
OPERATIONS OVERVIEW
For our third quarter of fiscal 2023, we experienced strong demand across our Digital Media and Digital Experience offerings, driven by our innovative product roadmap. As we execute on our long-term growth initiatives and deliver product innovation, we have continued to experience growth in software-based subscription revenue across our portfolio of offerings.
Digital Media
In our Digital Media segment, we are a market leader with Creative Cloud, our subscription-based offering which provides desktop tools, mobile apps and cloud-based services for designing, creating and publishing rich content and immersive 3D experiences. Creative Cloud includes Adobe Express, a web and mobile application designed to enable a broad spectrum of users, including novice content creators, communicators and creative professionals, to create, edit and customize content quickly and easily with content-first, task-based solutions. Subsequent to September 1, 2023, we also released Adobe Firefly, a group of creative generative AI models designed to generate high quality images and text effects. Creative Cloud delivers value with deep, cross-product integration, frequent product updates and feature enhancements, cloud-enabled services including storage and syncing of files across users’ devices, machine learning and artificial intelligence, access to marketplace, social and
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community-based features with our Adobe Stock and Behance services, app creation capabilities, tools which assist with enterprise deployments and team collaboration, and affordable pricing for cost-sensitive customers.
We offer Creative Cloud for individuals, students, teams and enterprises. We expect Creative Cloud will drive sustained long-term revenue growth through a continued expansion of our customer base by attracting new users with new features and products like Adobe Express that make creative tools accessible to first-time creators and communicators, and delivering new features and technologies to existing customers with our latest releases such as share for review and generative AI capabilities. We have also built out a marketplace for Creative Cloud subscribers to enable the delivery and purchase of stock content in our Adobe Stock service. Overall, our strategy with Creative Cloud is designed to enable us to increase our revenue with existing users, continue to attract new customers, and grow our recurring and predictable revenue stream that is recognized ratably.
We continue to implement strategies that are designed to accelerate awareness, consideration and purchase of subscriptions to our Creative Cloud offerings. These strategies include increasing the value Creative Cloud users receive, such as offering new and enhanced desktop, web and mobile applications, as well as targeted promotions and offers that attract past customers and potential users to experience and ultimately subscribe to Creative Cloud. Because of the shift towards Creative Cloud subscriptions and Enterprise Term License Agreements (“ETLAs”), revenue from perpetual licensing of our Creative products has been immaterial to our business.
We are also a market leader with our Document Cloud offerings built around our Adobe Acrobat family of products, with a set of integrated mobile apps and cloud-based document services which enable users to create, collaborate, review, approve, sign and track documents regardless of platform or application source type. Document Cloud, which enhances the way people manage critical documents at home, in the office and across devices, includes Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Acrobat Sign and Adobe Scan. Adobe Acrobat is offered both through subscription and perpetual licenses, and is also included in our Creative Cloud all apps subscription offering.
As part of our Creative Cloud and Document Cloud strategies, we utilize a data-driven operating model (“DDOM”) and our Adobe Experience Cloud solutions to raise awareness of our products, drive new customer acquisition, engagement and retention, and optimize customer journeys, which continue to contribute strong product-led growth in the business.
Annualized Recurring Revenue (“ARR”) is currently the key performance metric our management uses to assess the health and trajectory of our overall Digital Media segment. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue, deferred revenue and remaining performance obligations as ARR is a performance metric and is not intended to be combined with any of these items. We adjust our reported ARR on an annual basis to reflect any exchange rate changes. Our reported ARR results in the current fiscal year are based on currency rates set at the beginning of the year and held constant throughout the year for measurement purposes. We calculate ARR as follows:

Creative ARR | Annual Value of Creative Cloud Subscriptions and Services + Annual Creative ETLA Contract Value
Document Cloud ARR | Annual Value of Document Cloud Subscriptions and Services + Annual Document Cloud ETLA Contract Value
Digital Media ARR | Creative ARR + Document Cloud ARR

Creative ARR exiting the third quarter of fiscal 2023 was $11.97 billion, up from $10.98 billion at the end of fiscal 2022. Document Cloud ARR exiting the third quarter of fiscal 2023 was $2.63 billion, up from $2.28 billion at the end of fiscal 2022. Total Digital Media ARR grew to $14.60 billion at the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2023, up from $13.26 billion at the end of fiscal 2022.
Our success in driving growth in ARR has positively affected our revenue growth. Creative revenue in the third quarter of fiscal 2023 was $2.91 billion, up from $2.63 billion in the third quarter of fiscal 2022, representing 11% year-over-year growth. Document Cloud revenue in the third quarter of fiscal 2023 was $685 million, up from $607 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2022, representing 13% year-over-year growth. Total Digital Media segment revenue grew to $3.59 billion in the third quarter of fiscal 2023, up from $3.23 billion in the third quarter of fiscal 2022, representing 11% year-over-year growth driven by strong net new user growth.
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Digital Experience
We are a market leader in the fast-growing category addressed by our Digital Experience segment. The Adobe Experience Cloud applications, services and platform are designed to manage customer journeys, enable personalized experiences at scale and deliver intelligence for businesses of any size in any industry. Our differentiation and competitive advantage are strengthened by our ability to use the Adobe Experience Platform to integrate our comprehensive set of solutions.
Adobe Experience Cloud delivers solutions for our customers across the following strategic growth pillars:
•Data insights and activation. Our solutions, including Adobe Analytics, Adobe Experience Platform, Customer Journey Analytics, Adobe Audience Manager and our Real-time Customer Data Platform, deliver robust customer profiles and AI-powered analytics across the customer journey to provide timely, relevant experiences across platforms.
•Content and commerce. Our solutions help customers manage, deliver and optimize content delivery through Adobe Experience Manager, and enable shopping experiences that scale from mid-market to enterprise businesses with Adobe Commerce.
•Customer journeys. Our solutions help businesses manage, test, target, personalize and orchestrate campaigns and customer journeys across B2B and B2C use cases, including through Marketo Engage, Adobe Campaign, Adobe Target and Journey Optimizer.
•Marketing planning and workflow. We offer Adobe Workfront, a work management platform directed toward marketers to orchestrate campaign workflows.
In addition to chief marketing officers, chief revenue officers and digital marketers, users of our Digital Experience solutions include advertisers, campaign managers, publishers, data analysts, content managers, social marketers, marketing executives and information management and technology executives. These customers often are involved in workflows that integrate other Adobe products, such as our Digital Media offerings. By combining the creativity of our Digital Media business with the science of our Digital Experience business, we help our customers to more efficiently and effectively make, manage, measure and monetize their content across every channel with an end-to-end workflow and feedback loop.
We utilize a direct sales force to market and license our Digital Experience solutions, as well as an extensive ecosystem of partners, including marketing agencies, systems integrators and independent software vendors that help license and deploy our solutions to their customers. We have made significant investments to broaden the scale and size of all of these routes to market, and our recent financial results reflect the success of these investments and our experience-led growth strategy.
Digital Experience revenue was $1.23 billion in the third quarter of fiscal 2023, up from $1.12 billion in the third quarter of fiscal 2022, representing 10% year-over-year growth. Driving this increase was the increase in subscription revenue, which grew to $1.10 billion in the third quarter of fiscal 2023 from $981 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2022, representing 12% year-over-year growth.
Macroeconomic Conditions
As a corporation with an extensive global footprint, we are subject to risks and exposures from the evolving macroeconomic environment, including the effects of increased global inflationary pressures and interest rates, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, potential economic slowdowns or recessions and geopolitical pressures, including the unknown impacts of current and future trade regulations and the Russia-Ukraine war. We continuously monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these circumstances on our business and financial results. For example, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations have negatively impacted our revenue and earnings during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 2, 2022, and may continue to negatively impact our financial results for the remainder of fiscal 2023.
While our revenue and earnings are relatively predictable as a result of our subscription-based business model, the broader implications of these macroeconomic events on our business, results of operations and overall financial position, particularly in the long term, remain uncertain. See Risk Factors for further discussion of the possible impact of these macroeconomic issues on our business.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
In preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We evaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates on a regular basis. We also discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
We believe that the assumptions, judgments and estimates involved in the accounting for revenue recognition, business combinations and income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. These areas are key components of our results of operations and are based on complex rules requiring us to make judgments and estimates, and consequently, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Historically, our assumptions, judgments and estimates relative to our critical accounting policies have not differed materially from actual results.
There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended September 1, 2023, as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 2, 2022.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding recent accounting pronouncements that are of significance or potential significance to us.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Financial Performance Summary
•Total Digital Media ARR of approximately $14.60 billion as of September 1, 2023 increased by $1.34 billion, or 10%, from $13.26 billion as of December 2, 2022. The change in our Digital Media ARR is primarily due to new user adoption of our Creative Cloud and Document Cloud offerings.
•Creative revenue during the three months ended September 1, 2023 of $2.91 billion increased by $284 million, or 11%, compared to the year-ago period. Document Cloud revenue during the three months ended September 1, 2023 of $685 million increased by $78 million, or 13%, compared to the year-ago period. The increases were primarily due to subscription revenue growth associated with our Creative Cloud and Document Cloud offerings.
•Digital Experience revenue of $1.23 billion during the three months ended September 1, 2023 increased by $109 million, or 10%, compared to the year-ago period. The increase was primarily due to subscription revenue growth across our offerings.
•Remaining performance obligations of $15.72 billion as of September 1, 2023 increased by $526 million, or 3%, from $15.19 billion as of December 2, 2022 primarily due to new contracts and renewals for our Digital Media and Digital Experience offerings.
•Cost of revenue of $580 million during the three months ended September 1, 2023 increased by $34 million, or 6%, compared to the year-ago period primarily due to increases in hosting services and data center costs.
•Operating expenses of $2.61 billion during the three months ended September 1, 2023 increased by $210 million, or 9%, compared to the year-ago period primarily due to increases in base and incentive compensation and related benefits costs, as well as professional fees including costs associated with our planned acquisition of Figma.
•Cash flows from operations of $5.71 billion during the nine months ended September 1, 2023 increased by $192 million, or 3%, compared to the year-ago period.
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Revenue for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Subscription | $ | 4,631 |  |  | $ | 4,128 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 13,521 |  |  | $ | 12,156 |  |  | 11 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 95 | % |  | 93 | % |  |  |  | 94 | % |  | 93 | % |  |
Product | 96 |  |  | 126 |  |  | (24) | % |  | 346 |  |  | 417 |  |  | (17) | %
Percentage of total revenue | 2 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  | 2 | % |  | 3 | % |  |
Services and other | 163 |  |  | 179 |  |  | (9) | % |  | 494 |  |  | 508 |  |  | (3) | %
Percentage of total revenue | 3 | % |  | 4 | % |  |  |  | 4 | % |  | 4 | % |  |
Total revenue | $ | 4,890 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 14,361 |  |  | $ | 13,081 |  |  | 10 | %

Subscription
Our subscription revenue is comprised primarily of fees we charge for our subscription and hosted service offerings, and related support, including Creative Cloud and certain of our Adobe Experience Cloud and Document Cloud services. We primarily recognize subscription revenue ratably over the term of agreements with our customers, beginning with commencement of service. Subscription revenue related to certain offerings, where fees are based on a number of transactions and invoicing is aligned to the pattern of performance, customer benefit and consumption, are recognized on a usage basis.
We have the following reportable segments: Digital Media, Digital Experience, and Publishing and Advertising. Subscription revenue by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 is as follows:

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Digital Media | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 3,116 |  |  | 13 | % |  | $ | 10,225 |  |  | $ | 9,190 |  |  | 11 | %
Digital Experience | 1,096 |  |  | 981 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 3,208 |  |  | 2,874 |  |  | 12 | %
Publishing and Advertising | 29 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (6) | % |  | 88 |  |  | 92 |  |  | (4) | %
Total subscription revenue | $ | 4,631 |  |  | $ | 4,128 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 13,521 |  |  | $ | 12,156 |  |  | 11 | %

Product
Our product revenue is comprised primarily of fees related to licenses for on-premise software purchased on a perpetual basis, for a fixed period of time or based on usage for certain of our OEM and royalty agreements. We primarily recognize product revenue at the point in time the software is available to the customer, provided all other revenue recognition criteria are met.
Services and Other
Our services and other revenue is comprised primarily of fees related to consulting, training, maintenance and support for certain on-premise licenses that are recognized at a point in time and our advertising offerings. We typically sell our consulting contracts on a time-and-materials or fixed-fee basis. These revenues are recognized as the services are performed for time-and-materials contracts and on a relative performance basis for fixed-fee contracts. Training revenues are recognized as the services are performed. Our maintenance and support offerings, which entitle customers, partners and developers to receive desktop product upgrades and enhancements or technical support, depending on the offering, are generally recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. Transaction-based advertising revenue is recognized on a usage basis as we satisfy the performance obligations to our customers.
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Segment Information

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Digital Media | $ | 3,594 |  |  | $ | 3,232 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | 9,542 |  |  | 10 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 74 | % |  | 73 | % |  |  |  | 73 | % |  | 73 | % |  |
Digital Experience | 1,229 |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 3,627 |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | 11 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 25 | % |  | 25 | % |  |  |  | 25 | % |  | 25 | % |  |
Publishing and Advertising | 67 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (17) | % |  | 234 |  |  | 267 |  |  | (12) | %
Percentage of total revenue | 1 | % |  | 2 | % |  |  |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | % |  |
Total revenue | $ | 4,890 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 14,361 |  |  | $ | 13,081 |  |  | 10 | %

Digital Media
Revenue by major offerings in our Digital Media reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were as follows:

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Creative Cloud | $ | 2,909 |  |  | $ | 2,625 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 8,522 |  |  | $ | 7,778 |  |  | 10 | %
Document Cloud | 685 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 1,978 |  |  | 1,764 |  |  | 12 | %
Total Digital Media revenue | $ | 3,594 |  |  | $ | 3,232 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | 9,542 |  |  | 10 | %

Revenue from Digital Media increased $362 million and $958 million during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 driven by increases in revenue associated with our Creative and Document Cloud subscription offerings due to continued demand amid an increasingly digital environment and strong engagement across customer segments, partially offset by the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Digital Experience
Revenue from Digital Experience increased $109 million and $355 million during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 primarily due to net new additions across our subscription offerings, partially offset by the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Geographical Information

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Americas | $ | 2,943 |  |  | $ | 2,600 |  |  | 13 | % |  | $ | 8,601 |  |  | $ | 7,570 |  |  | 14 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 60 | % |  | 59 | % |  |  |  | 60 | % |  | 58 | % |  |
EMEA | 1,229 |  |  | 1,143 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 3,615 |  |  | 3,436 |  |  | 5 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 25 | % |  | 26 | % |  |  |  | 25 | % |  | 26 | % |  |
APAC | 718 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 2,145 |  |  | 2,075 |  |  | 3 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 15 | % |  | 15 | % |  |  |  | 15 | % |  | 16 | % |  |
Total revenue | $ | 4,890 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 14,361 |  |  | $ | 13,081 |  |  | 10 | %

Overall revenue during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 increased in all geographic regions as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022. Within each geographic region, the fluctuations in revenue by reportable segment were attributable to the factors noted in the segment information above.
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Included in the overall change in revenue for the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 were impacts associated with foreign currency which were mitigated in part by our foreign currency hedging program. During the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the year-ago periods, the U.S. Dollar strengthened against foreign currencies, including the Euro and the Japanese Yen, which decreased revenue in U.S. Dollar equivalents by $62 million and $367 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023, the foreign currency impacts to revenue were offset in part by net hedging gains from our cash flow hedging program of $5 million and $36 million, respectively.
Cost of Revenue for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Subscription | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 1,317 |  |  | $ | 1,216 |  |  | 8 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 9 | % |  | 9 | % |  |  |  | 9 | % |  | 9 | % |  |
Product | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (13) | % |  | 23 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (15) | %
Percentage of total revenue | * |  | * |  |  |  | * |  | * |  |
Services and other | 126 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 380 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 7 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  |
Total cost of revenue | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 546 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 1,720 |  |  | $ | 1,597 |  |  | 8 | %

_________________________________________
(*) Percentage is less than 1%.
Subscription
Cost of subscription revenue consists of third-party hosting services and data center costs, including expenses related to operating our network infrastructure. Cost of subscription revenue also includes compensation costs associated with network operations, implementation, account management and technical support personnel, royalty fees, software costs and amortization of certain intangible assets.
Cost of subscription revenue increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 due to the following:

| Components of % Change 2023-2022 QTD |  | Components of % Change 2023-2022 YTD
Hosting services and data center costs | 8 | % |  | 7 | %
Royalty costs | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Amortization of intangibles | (2) |  |  | (1) |
Total change | 8 | % |  | 8 | %

Product
Cost of product revenue is primarily comprised of third-party royalties, localization costs and the costs associated with the manufacturing of our products.
Services and Other
Cost of services and other revenue is primarily comprised of compensation and contracted costs incurred to provide consulting services, training and product support, and hosting services and data center costs.
Cost of services and other revenue increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 primarily due to increases in compensation costs partially offset by decreases in professional and consulting fees.
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Operating Expenses for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Research and development | $ | 881 |  |  | $ | 775 |  |  | 14 | % |  | $ | 2,584 |  |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  | 17 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 18 | % |  | 17 | % |  |  |  | 18 | % |  | 17 | % |  |
Sales and marketing | 1,337 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 3,983 |  |  | 3,671 |  |  | 8 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 27 | % |  | 29 | % |  |  |  | 28 | % |  | 28 | % |  |
General and administrative | 353 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 1,041 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 18 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  |  |  | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  |
Amortization of intangibles | 42 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (2) | % |  | 126 |  |  | 127 |  |  | (1) | %
Percentage of total revenue | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  |
Total operating expenses | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $ | 7,734 |  |  | $ | 6,891 |  |  | 12 | %

Research and Development
Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and contracted costs associated with software development, third-party hosting services and data center costs, related facilities costs and expenses associated with computer equipment and software used in development activities.
Research and development expenses increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 due to the following:

| Components of % Change 2023-2022 QTD |  | Components of % Change 2023-2022 YTD
Base compensation and related benefits | 6 | % |  | 6 | %
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 4 |  |  | 7 |
Hosting services and data center costs | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Various individually insignificant items | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Total change | 14 | % |  | 17 | %

Investments in research and development, including the recruiting and hiring of software developers, are critical to remain competitive in the marketplace and are directly related to continued timely development of new and enhanced offerings and solutions. We will continue to focus on long-term opportunities available in our end markets and make significant investments in the development of our subscription and service offerings, applications and tools.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, amortization of contract acquisition costs, including sales commissions, travel expenses and related facilities costs for our sales, marketing, order management and global supply chain management personnel. Sales and marketing expenses also include the costs of programs aimed at increasing revenue, such as advertising, trade shows and events, public relations and other market development programs.
Sales and marketing expenses increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 due to the following:

| Components of % Change 2023-2022 QTD |  | Components of % Change 2023-2022 YTD
Base compensation and related benefits | 3 | % |  | 4 | %
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Professional and consulting fees | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Marketing spend related to campaigns, events and overall marketing efforts | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Various individually insignificant items | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total change | 6 | % |  | 8 | %

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General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and contracted costs, travel expenses and related facilities costs for our finance, facilities, human resources, legal, information services and executive personnel. General and administrative expenses also include outside legal and accounting fees, provision for bad debts, expenses associated with computer equipment and software used in the administration of the business, charitable contributions and various forms of insurance.
General and administrative expenses increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 due to the following:

| Components of % Change 2023-2022 QTD |  | Components of % Change 2023-2022 YTD
Professional and consulting fees | 8 | % |  | 10 | %
Base compensation and related benefits | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Incentive compensation, cash and stock-based | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Charitable contributions | (4) |  |  | (1) |
Various individually insignificant items | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total change | 11 | % |  | 18 | %

Professional and consulting fees increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 primarily due to transaction costs associated with our planned acquisition of Figma.
Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Interest expense | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | (4) | % |  | $ | (85) |  |  | $ | (84) |  |  | 1 | %
Percentage of total revenue | (1) | % |  | (1) | % |  |  |  | (1) | % |  | (1) | % |  |
Investment gains (losses), net | 6 |  |  | (6) |  |  | ** |  | 12 |  |  | (23) |  |  | **
Percentage of total revenue | * |  | * |  |  |  | * |  | * |  |
Other income (expense), net | 67 |  |  | 6 |  |  | ** |  | 157 |  |  | 5 |  |  | **
Percentage of total revenue | 1 | % |  | * |  |  |  | 1 | % |  | * |  |
Total non-operating income (expense), net | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | ** |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | (102) |  |  | **

_________________________________________
(*) Percentage is less than 1%.
(**) Percentage is not meaningful.
Interest Expense
Interest expense represents interest associated with our debt instruments. Interest on our senior notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1.
Investment Gains (Losses), Net
Investment gains (losses), net consists principally of unrealized holding gains and losses associated with our deferred compensation plan assets.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest earned on cash, cash equivalents and short-term fixed income investments. Other income (expense), net also includes realized gains and losses on fixed income investments and foreign exchange gains and losses.
Other income (expense), net increased during the three and nine months ended September 1, 2023 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 2, 2022 primarily due to increases in interest income driven by higher average interest rates.
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Provision for Income Taxes for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022

(dollars in millions) | Three Months |  |  |  | Nine Months |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Provision for income taxes | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 1,046 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  | 15 | %
Percentage of total revenue | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  |  |  | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  |
Effective tax rate | 20 | % |  | 22 | % |  |  |  | 21 | % |  | 20 | % |  |

Our effective tax rate decreased by approximately two percentage points for the three months ended September 1, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 2, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the net tax benefit from effects of non-U.S. operations during the three months ended September 1, 2023. Our effective tax rate increased by approximately one percentage point for the nine months ended September 1, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 2, 2022, primarily due to a net tax expense related to stock-based compensation recorded during the nine months ended September 1, 2023, as compared to a net tax benefit related to stock-based compensation recorded during the year-ago period, partially offset by an increase in the net tax benefit from effects of non-U.S. operations during the nine months ended September 1, 2023.
Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 1, 2023 was lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to the net tax benefits from effects of non-U.S. operations and the U.S. federal research tax credit, partially offset by state taxes. Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was the same as the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% as the net tax benefits from effects of non-U.S. operations and the U.S. federal research tax credit were largely offset by state taxes.
We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized based on evaluation of all available positive and negative evidence. On the basis of this evaluation, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount realizable. The total valuation allowance was $398 million as of September 1, 2023, primarily related to certain state credits.
We are a United States-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions. The current U.S. tax law subjects the earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries to U.S. tax and generally allows an exemption from taxation for distributions from foreign subsidiaries.
In the current global tax policy environment, the domestic and foreign governing bodies continue to consider, and in some cases introduce, changes in regulations applicable to corporate multinationals such as Adobe. As regulations are issued, we account for finalized regulations in the period of enactment.
Beginning in 2023, under the provisions introduced by the U.S. Tax Act, we are required to capitalize and amortize research and development costs. If the rule is not modified, there will continue to be an adverse impact on our effective rates for income taxes paid, which is partially offset by a benefit to our effective tax rates from the increase in the foreign-derived intangible income deduction, in fiscal 2023 and beyond.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
The gross liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties were $436 million and $307 million as of September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022, respectively. If the total unrecognized tax benefits as of September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022 were recognized, $307 million and $198 million would decrease the respective effective tax rates.
As of September 1, 2023 and September 2, 2022, the combined amounts of accrued interest and penalties related to tax positions taken on our tax returns were approximately $27 million and $14 million, respectively. These amounts were included in long-term income taxes payable in their respective years.
The timing of the resolution of income tax examinations is highly uncertain as are the amounts and timing of tax payments that are part of any audit settlement process. These events could cause large fluctuations in the balance sheet classification of our tax assets and liabilities. We believe that within the next 12 months, it is reasonably possible that either certain audits will conclude or statutes of limitations on certain income tax examination periods will expire, or both. Although the timing of resolution, settlement and closing of audits is not certain, it is reasonably possible that the underlying unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by up to $30 million over the next 12 months.
Our future effective tax rates may be materially affected by changes in the tax rates in jurisdictions where our income is earned, changes in jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in or interpretation of tax rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, or unexpected changes in business and market conditions that could reduce certain tax benefits.
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In addition, the United States and other countries and jurisdictions in which we conduct business, including those covered by governing bodies that enact tax laws applicable to us, such as the European Commission of the European Union, could make changes to relevant tax, accounting or other laws and interpretations thereof that have a material impact to us. These countries, governmental bodies and intergovernmental economic organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have or could make unprecedented assertions about how taxation is determined and, in some cases, have proposed or enacted new laws that are contrary to the way in which rules and regulations have historically been interpreted and applied. In the current global tax policy environment, any changes in laws, regulations and interpretations could adversely affect our effective tax rates, cause us to respond by making changes to our business structure, or result in other costs to us which could adversely affect our operations and financial results.
Moreover, we are subject to the examination of our income tax returns by domestic and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and have reserved for potential adjustments that may result from these examinations. Our policy is to record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. We believe our tax estimates to be reasonable; however, we cannot provide assurance that the final determination of any of these examinations will not have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash Flows
Our primary source of cash is receipts from revenue. Our primary uses of cash are general business expenses including payroll, income taxes, marketing and third-party hosting services, as well as our stock repurchase program as described below. Other customary sources of cash include proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments. Other customary uses of cash include business acquisitions, repayment of maturing senior notes, purchases of property and equipment and payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards.
This data should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

| As of
(in millions) | September 1, 2023 |  | December 2, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 6,601 |  |  | $ | 4,236 |
Short-term investments | $ | 915 |  |  | $ | 1,860 |
Working capital | $ | 2,076 |  |  | $ | 868 |
Stockholders’ equity | $ | 15,776 |  |  | $ | 14,051 |

A summary of our cash flows is as follows:

| Nine Months Ended
(in millions) | September 1, 2023 |  | September 2, 2022
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 5,705 |  |  | $ | 5,513 |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | 623 |  |  | (501) |
Net cash used for financing activities | (3,965) |  |  | (4,914) |
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | 2 |  |  | (72) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,365 |  |  | $ | 26 |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities of $5.71 billion for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was primarily comprised of net income adjusted for the net effect of non-cash items and changes in operating assets and liabilities. The primary working capital sources of cash were increases in income taxes payable due to the deferral of federal estimated tax payments to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 and decreases in trade receivables driven by strong collections, partially offset by increases in short term prepaid expenses.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities of $623 million for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was primarily due to maturities and sales of short-term investments partially offset by ongoing capital expenditures.
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Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used for financing activities of $3.97 billion for the nine months ended September 1, 2023 was primarily due to payments for our common stock repurchases, the repayment of our 2023 Notes and taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards. The above uses of cash were offset in part by proceeds from re-issuance of treasury stock related to our employee stock purchase plan. See the section titled “Stock Repurchase Program” below.
Liquidity and Capital Resources Considerations
Our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment balances may fluctuate during fiscal 2023 due to changes in our planned cash outlay.
Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, risks detailed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in titled Part II, Item 1A of this report. Based on our current business plan and revenue prospects, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment balances, our anticipated cash flows from operations and our available revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital, operating resource expenditure and capital expenditure requirements for the next twelve months.
Our cash equivalent and short-term investment portfolio as of September 1, 2023 consisted of asset-backed securities, corporate debt securities, money market funds, U.S. agency securities and U.S. Treasury securities. We use professional investment management firms to manage a large portion of our invested cash.
We expect to continue our investing activities, including short-term and long-term investments, purchases of computer and server hardware to operate our network infrastructure, sales and marketing, product support and administrative staff, and facilities expansion. Furthermore, cash reserves may be used to repurchase stock under our stock repurchase program and to strategically acquire companies, products or technologies that are complementary to our business.
On September 15, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement under which we intend to acquire Figma, Inc. (“Figma”) for approximately $20 billion, comprised of approximately half cash and half stock, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. Approximately 6 million additional restricted stock units will be granted to Figma’s Chief Executive Officer and employees that will vest over four years subsequent to closing. We continue to work toward closing the transaction, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals and satisfying customary closing conditions. We will be required to pay Figma a reverse termination fee of $1 billion if the transaction fails to receive regulatory clearance, assuming all other closing conditions have been satisfied or waived, or if it fails to close within 18 months from September 15, 2022. We expect to finance the cash portion of the consideration using cash on hand and debt instruments. While the transaction is pending, at a minimum we expect to maintain share repurchases sufficient to offset the dilution of equity issuances to our employees.
Term Loan Credit Agreement
In January 2023, we entered into a delayed draw credit agreement, providing for a senior unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”) of up to $3.5 billion for the purpose of partially funding the purchase price and related fees for our acquisition of Figma. The Term Loan is available for funding in a single drawing upon the closing of the Figma acquisition at any time prior to March 15, 2024 and will mature two years following the initial funding date. As of September 1, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan.
Revolving Credit Agreement
We have a $1.5 billion senior unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders, providing for loans to us and certain of our subsidiaries through June 30, 2027. Subject to the agreement of lenders, we may obtain up to an additional $500 million in commitments, for a maximum aggregate commitment of $2 billion. As of September 1, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement and the entire $1.5 billion credit line remains available for borrowing. Under the terms of our Revolving Credit Agreement, we are not prohibited from paying cash dividends unless payment would trigger an event of default or if one currently exists. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Senior Notes
We have $3.65 billion senior notes outstanding, which rank equally with our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. As of September 1, 2023, the carrying value of our senior notes was $3.63 billion and our maximum commitment for interest payments was $321 million for the remaining duration of our outstanding senior notes. Interest is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1. Our senior notes do not contain any financial covenants. See Note 14 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our debt.
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Commercial Paper Program
Subsequent to September 1, 2023, we established a commercial paper program under which we may issue unsecured commercial paper up to a total of $3 billion outstanding at any time, with maturities of up to 397 days from the date of issue. The net proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper are expected to be used for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, stock repurchases, refinancing indebtedness or any other general corporate purposes.
Contractual Obligations
Our principal commitments as of September 1, 2023 consisted of purchase obligations resulting from agreements to purchase goods and services in the ordinary course of business and obligations under operating lease arrangements. There have been no material changes in those obligations during the nine months ended September 1, 2023.
Other
Beginning in 2023, under the provisions introduced by the U.S. Tax Act, we are required to capitalize and amortize research and development costs. If the rule is not modified, there will continue to be an adverse impact on our effective rates for income taxes paid, which is partially offset by a benefit from the increase in the foreign-derived intangible income deduction, in fiscal 2023 and beyond.
The recent U.S. Internal Revenue Service disaster-area tax relief allows for deferral of our federal estimated tax payments to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. As of the third quarter of fiscal 2023, we have deferred approximately $830 million of fiscal 2023 federal estimated tax payments.
The Inflation Reduction Act enacted in 2022 introduced new provisions including a corporate book minimum tax effective for us beginning in fiscal 2024 and an excise tax on net stock repurchases made after December 31, 2022. We continue to monitor developments and evaluate impacts, if any, of these provisions on our results of operations and cash flows.
Stock Repurchase Program
To facilitate our stock repurchase program, designed to return value to our stockholders and minimize dilution from stock issuances, we may repurchase our shares in the open market or enter into structured repurchase agreements with third parties. In December 2020, our Board of Directors granted authority to repurchase up to $15 billion in our common stock through the end of fiscal 2024.
During the nine months ended September 1, 2023, we repurchased a total of 9.7 million shares, including approximately 5.7 million shares at an average price of $396.43 through structured repurchase agreements entered into during fiscal 2022 and the nine months ended September 1, 2023, as well as 4.0 million shares at an average purchase price of $348.46 through an accelerated share repurchase agreement entered into during the first quarter of fiscal 2023.
During the third quarter of fiscal 2023, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution, whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $1 billion. As of September 1, 2023, $333 million of the prepayment remained under our outstanding structured stock repurchase agreement.
Subsequent to September 1, 2023, as part of the December 2020 stock repurchase authority, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $1 billion. Upon completion of the $1 billion stock repurchase agreement, $2.15 billion remains under our December 2020 authority.
See Note 11 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our stock repurchase program.
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Indemnifications
In the ordinary course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope to customers and channel partners against claims of intellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of our products and from time to time, we are subject to claims by our customers under these indemnification provisions. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not been significant and we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnification provisions on our future results of operations.
To the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreements whereby we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is or was serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we have director and officer insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
There have been no material changes in our market risk exposures for the nine months ended September 1, 2023, as compared to those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 2, 2022.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Based on their evaluation as of September 1, 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and regulations and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 1, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Adobe have been detected.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
See Note 13 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding our legal proceedings.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
As previously discussed, our actual results could differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Below we discuss some of the factors that could cause these differences. These and many other factors described in this report could adversely affect our operations, performance and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Ability to Grow Our Business
The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we cannot continue to develop, acquire, market and offer new products and services or enhancements to existing products and services that meet customer requirements, our operating results could suffer.
The markets for our products and services are characterized by intense competition, new industry standards, evolving distribution models, limited barriers to entry, new technology developments, short product life cycles, customer price sensitivity, global market conditions and frequent product introductions (including alternatives with limited functionality available at lower costs or free of charge). Any of these factors could create downward pressure on pricing and gross margins and could adversely affect our renewal and upsell and cross-sell rates, as well as our ability to attract new customers.
Our future success will depend on our continued ability to enhance and integrate our existing products and services, introduce new products and services in a timely and cost-effective manner, meet changing customer expectations and needs, extend our core technology into new applications, and anticipate emerging standards, business models, software delivery methods and other technological developments. For example, consumers continue to migrate from personal computers to tablet and mobile devices and from desktop to the web. While we offer our products on a variety of platforms, if we cannot continue adapting our products to tablet and mobile devices or the web, or if our competitors can adapt their products more quickly than us, our business could be harmed. In addition, releases of new devices or operating systems may make it more difficult for our products to perform or may require significant cost to adapt our solutions. The potential costs and delays incurred as a result could harm our business. If we fail to anticipate or misjudge customers’ rapidly changing needs and expectations or adapt to emerging technological trends, our market share and results of operations could suffer.
Furthermore, some of our competitors and potential competitors enjoy competitive advantages such as greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources, broader brand awareness and access to larger customer bases. As a result of these advantages, potential and current customers might select the products and services of our competitors, causing a loss of our market share. Our competitors, including large enterprises, may develop products, features or services that are similar to ours or that achieve greater acceptance, may undertake more far-reaching and successful product development efforts or marketing campaigns, or may adopt more aggressive pricing policies.
For additional information regarding our competition and the risks arising out of the competitive environment in which we operate, see the section titled “Competition” contained in Part I, Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Introduction of new technology could harm our business and results of operations.
The expectations and needs of technology consumers are constantly evolving. As new technology is developed, integration of our products and services with one another and other companies’ offerings creates an increasingly complex ecosystem that is also partly reliant on third parties. If any disruptive technology, or competing products, services or operating systems that are not compatible with our solutions, achieve widespread acceptance, our operating results could suffer and our business could be harmed.
The introduction of, or limitations on, certain technologies may reduce the effectiveness of our products and our business operations. For example, some of our products and services, including those marketed or licensed through adobe.com, rely on tracking, third-party cookies or other identifiers to help our customers more effectively advertise and detect and prevent fraudulent activity. However, consumers can, with increasing ease, implement technologies to limit the ability to collect and use data to deliver or advertise services. Increased use of methods to control the use of these technologies through customers’ browsers, operating systems, device settings or “ad-blocking” software or applications may harm our business.
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We may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future investments or acquisitions, and integration of acquisitions may disrupt our business and management.
We may not realize the anticipated benefits of an investment or acquisition of a company, division, product or technology, each of which involves numerous risks. These risks include:
•inability to achieve the financial and strategic goals for the acquired and combined businesses;
•difficulty in, and the cost of, effectively integrating the operations, technologies, products or services, and personnel of the acquired business;
•potential identified or unknown security vulnerabilities in acquired products that expose us to additional security risks or delay our ability to integrate the product into our offerings;
•entry into markets in which we have minimal prior experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions;
•disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of our management and other employees from other opportunities and challenges;
•inability to retain personnel of the acquired business;
•inability to retain key customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the acquired business;
•inability to take advantage of anticipated tax benefits;
•incurring acquisition-related costs or amortization costs for acquired intangible assets that could impact our operating results;
•elevated delinquency or bad debt write-offs related to receivables of the acquired business we assume;
•additional costs of bringing acquired companies into compliance with laws and regulations applicable to a multinational corporation;
•difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration;
•impairment of our relationships with employees, customers, partners, distributors or third-party providers of our technologies, products or services;
•failure of our due diligence processes to identify significant problems, liabilities or other challenges of an acquired company or technology;
•exposure to litigation or other claims in connection with, or inheritance of claims or litigation risk as a result of, an acquisition, such as claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties;
•incurring significant exit charges if products or services acquired in business combinations are unsuccessful;
•inability to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective;
•inability to obtain, or obtain in a timely manner, approvals from governmental authorities, which could delay, prevent or impose conditions on such acquisitions;
•the failure of strategic investments to perform as expected or to meet financial projections;
•delay in customer and distributor purchasing decisions due to uncertainty about the direction of our product and service offerings;
•additional stock-based compensation issued or assumed in connection with an acquisition, including the impact on stockholder dilution and our results of operations;
•increased accounts receivables collection times and working capital requirements associated with acquired business models; and
•incompatibility of business cultures.
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Mergers and acquisitions of technology companies are inherently risky. If we do not complete an announced acquisition transaction, including the pending acquisition of Figma, Inc., or integrate an acquired business successfully and in a timely manner, we may not realize the benefits of the acquisition to the extent anticipated, and in certain circumstances an acquisition could harm our financial position.
Our ability to acquire other businesses or technologies, make strategic investments or integrate acquired businesses effectively may also be impaired by adverse economic and political events, including trade tensions and increased global scrutiny of acquisitions and strategic investments. A number of countries, including the United States and countries in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, are considering or have adopted more stringent restrictions on such transactions, particularly in the technology sector. Governments may continue to adopt or tighten restrictions of this nature, and such restrictions or government actions could negatively impact our business and financial results.
The success of some of our product and service offerings depends on our ability to continue to attract and retain customers of and contributors to our online marketplaces for creative content.
The success of some of our product and service offerings, such as Adobe Stock, depends on our ability to continue to retain existing and attract new customers and contributors to these online marketplaces for creative content. An increase in paying customers has generally resulted in more content from contributors, which increases the size of our collection and in turn attracts new paying customers. We rely on the functionality and features of our online marketplaces, the size and content of our collection and the effectiveness of our marketing efforts to attract new customers and contributors and retain existing ones. New technologies may render the features of our online marketplaces obsolete, our collection may fail to grow as anticipated or our marketing efforts may be unsuccessful, any of which may adversely affect our results of operations.
If our products or platforms are used to create or disseminate objectionable content, particularly misleading content intended to manipulate public opinion, our brand reputation may be damaged, and our business and financial results may be harmed.
We believe that our brands have significantly contributed to the success of our business. Maintaining and enhancing the brands within Adobe increases our ability to enter new categories, launch new and innovative products to better serve our customers and expand our customer base. Our brands may be negatively affected by the use of our products or services to create or disseminate newsworthy content that is deemed to be misleading, deceptive or intended to manipulate public opinion (e.g., “DeepFakes”), by the use of our products or services for illicit, objectionable or illegal ends, or by our failure to respond appropriately and expeditiously to such uses of our products and services. Such uses of our products and services may also cause us to face claims related to defamation, rights of publicity and privacy, illegal content, intellectual property infringement, misinformation and personal injury torts. Maintaining and enhancing our brands may require us to make substantial investments and these investments may not be successful. If we fail to appropriately respond to objectionable content created using our products or services or shared on our platforms, our users may lose confidence in our brands, and our business and financial results may be adversely affected. In addition, government regulation designed to address misleading content could adversely impact our product offerings.
Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies, such as AI, in our offerings may result in reputational harm and liability.
Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies such as artificial intelligence (“AI”) in our offerings, may result in reputational harm and liability, and may cause us to incur additional research and development costs to resolve such issues. We are increasingly building AI into many of our offerings, including generative AI such as with our recent announcement of Adobe Firefly. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. If we enable or offer solutions that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on society, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. Potential government regulation related to AI use and ethics may also increase the burden and cost of research and development in this area, and failure to properly remediate such issues may cause public confidence in AI to be undermined, which could slow adoption of AI in our products and services. The rapid evolution of AI will require the application of resources to develop, test and maintain our products and services to help ensure that AI is implemented ethically in order to minimize unintended, harmful impact. Uncertainty around new and emerging AI applications such as generative AI content creation may require additional investment in the development of proprietary datasets and machine learning models, development of new approaches and processes to provide attribution or remuneration to content creators and building systems that enable creatives to have greater control over the use of their work in the development of AI, which may be costly and could impact our profit margin if we decide to expand generative AI into all our product offerings. Developing, testing and deploying AI systems may also increase the cost profile of our offerings due to the nature of the computing costs involved in such systems.
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Risks Related to the Operation of Our Business
Security breaches in data centers we manage, or third parties manage on our behalf, may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of employee and customer data, which could expose us to liability and adversely affect our reputation and business.
We process and store significant amounts of employee and customer data, a large volume of which is hosted by third-party service providers. A security incident impacting our own data centers or those controlled by our service providers may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of this data. Unauthorized access to or loss or disclosure of data stored by Adobe or our service providers may occur through physical break-ins, breaches of a secure network by an unauthorized party, software vulnerabilities or coding errors, employee mistakes, theft or misuse or other misconduct. It is also possible that unauthorized access to or disclosure of employee or customer data may occur through inadequate use of security controls by customers, service providers or employees. The compromise of personal, confidential or proprietary information could cause a loss of data, disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, give rise to remediation or other expenses and subject us to claims or other liabilities, regulatory investigations or fines. Adobe maintains insurance to cover operational risks, such as cyber risk and technology outages, but this insurance may not cover all costs associated with the consequences of personal, confidential or proprietary information being compromised. Further, such perceived or actual unauthorized loss or disclosure of the information we collect, process or store, or breach of our security could damage our reputation, result in the loss of customers and harm our business.
We rely on data centers managed both by Adobe and third parties to host and deliver our services, as well as access, collect, process, use, transmit and store data, and any interruptions or delays in these hosted services, or failures in data collection or transmission could expose us to liability and harm our business and reputation.
Much of our business relies on hardware and services that are hosted, managed and controlled directly by Adobe or third-party service providers, including our online store at adobe.com and our Creative Cloud, Document Cloud and Experience Cloud solutions. We do not have redundancy for all of our systems, many of our critical applications reside in only one of our data centers, and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities. If our business relationship with a third-party provider of hosting or content delivery services is negatively affected, or if one of our content delivery suppliers were to terminate its agreement with us without adequate notice, we might not be able to deliver the corresponding hosted offerings to our customers, which could disrupt our business operations and those of our customers, subject us to reputational harm, costly and time-intensive notification requirements, and cause us to lose customers and future business. Supply chain disruptions stemming from the Russia-Ukraine war may harm our customers and suppliers and further complicate existing supply chain constraints. Occasionally, we migrate data among data centers and to third-party hosted environments. If a transition among data centers or to third-party service providers encounters unexpected interruptions, unforeseen complexity or unplanned disruptions despite precautions undertaken during the process, this may impair our delivery of products and services to customers and result in increased costs and liabilities, which may harm our operating results, reputation and our business.
It is also possible that hardware or software failures or errors in our systems (or those of our third-party service providers) could result in data loss or corruption, cause the information that we collect or maintain to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers regard as significant, or cause us to fail to meet committed service levels or comply with applicable notification requirements. Furthermore, our ability to collect and report data may be delayed or interrupted by a number of factors, including access to the internet, the failure of our network or software systems, security breaches or significant variability in visitor traffic on customer websites. In addition, the loss of data resulting from computer viruses, worms, ransomware or other malware may harm our systems could expose us to litigation or regulatory investigation, and costly and time-intensive notification requirements.
We may also find, on occasion, that we cannot deliver data and reports to our customers in near real time due to factors such as significant spikes in customer activity on their websites or failures of our network or software (or that of a third-party service provider). If we fail to plan infrastructure capacity appropriately and expand it proportionally with the needs of our customer base, and we experience a rapid and significant demand on the capacity of our data centers or those of third parties, service outages or performance issues could occur, which would impact our customers. Such a strain on our infrastructure capacity could subject us to regulatory and customer notification requirements, violations of service level agreement commitments or financial liabilities and result in customer dissatisfaction or harm our business. If we supply materially inaccurate information or experience significant interruptions in our systems, our reputation could be harmed, we could lose customers and we could be found liable for damages or incur other losses.
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Security vulnerabilities in our products and systems, or in our supply chain, could lead to reduced revenue or to liability claims.
Maintaining the security of our products and services is a critical issue for us and our customers. Cyberthreats are constantly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex, making it increasingly difficult to detect and successfully defend against them. Certain unauthorized parties have in the past managed, and may again in the future manage, to gain access to and misuse some of our systems and software, or that of our third-party service providers, in order to access the authentication, payment and personal information of our end users and employees. In addition, cyber-attackers (which may include individuals or groups, as well as sophisticated groups with significant resources, such as nation-state and state-sponsored attackers) also develop and deploy viruses, worms, credential stuffing attack tools and other malicious software programs, some of which may be specifically designed to attack our products, services, information systems or networks. The frequency and sophistication of such threats continues to increase and often becomes further heightened in connection with geopolitical tensions. Hardware, software and operating system applications that we develop or procure from third parties have contained and may contain defects in design or manufacture, including bugs, vulnerabilities and other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security of the system or impair a customer’s ability to operate or use our products. Like other global companies, we face an increasingly difficult challenge to attract and retain highly qualified security personnel to assist us in combating these security threats. The costs to prevent, eliminate, mitigate or alleviate cyber or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities are significant, and our efforts to address these problems, including notifying affected parties, may not be successful or may be delayed and could result in interruptions, delays, cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers. It is impossible to predict the extent, frequency or impact these problems may have on us.
Outside parties have in the past and may in the future attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or users of our products or services to disclose sensitive, personal or confidential information via illegal electronic spamming, phishing or other tactics. This existing risk is compounded given the current hybrid model work environment, where a large portion of our workforce spends a portion of their time working in our offices and a portion of their time working from home. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain physical access to our facilities in order to infiltrate our information systems or attempt to gain logical access to our products, services or information systems for the purpose of exfiltrating content and data. These actual and potential breaches of our security measures and the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about us, our employees, our customers or their end users, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data could expose us, our employees, our customers or other individuals affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information. This may result in litigation and liability or fines, costly and time-intensive notice requirements, governmental inquiry or oversight or a loss of customer confidence, any of which could harm our business or damage our brand and reputation, thereby requiring time and resources to mitigate these impacts. These risks will likely increase as we expand our hosted offerings, integrate our products and services and store and process more data.
These issues affect our products and services in particular because cyber-attackers tend to focus their efforts on popular offerings with a large user base, and we expect them to continue to do so. From time to time we have identified, and in the future we may identify other, vulnerabilities in some of our applications and services and those of our third-party service providers. In some cases, such vulnerabilities may not be immediately detected, which may make it difficult to recover critical services and lead to damaged assets. We continuously monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure in an effort to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of threats to our data, systems and networks, including malware and computer virus attacks, ransomware, unauthorized access, business email compromise, misuse, denial-of-service attacks, system failures and disruptions. These continued enhancements and changes, as well as changes designed to update and enhance our protective measures to address new threats, may increase the risk of a system or process failure or the creation of a gap in the associated security measures. Any such failure or gap could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial results. We devote significant resources to address security vulnerabilities through engineering more secure products, enhancing security and reliability features in our products and systems, code hardening, conducting rigorous penetration tests, deploying updates to address security vulnerabilities, regularly reviewing our service providers’ security controls, reviewing and auditing our hosted services against independent security control frameworks (such as ISO 27001, SOC 2 and PCI), providing resources, such as mandatory security training, for our workforce and improving our incident response time, but security vulnerabilities cannot be totally eliminated. The cost of undertaking these efforts could reduce our operating margins, and we may be unable to implement these measures quickly enough to prevent unauthorized access into our systems and products in all circumstances. Despite our preventative efforts, there is no assurance that our security measures will provide full effective protection from such events, and actual or perceived security vulnerabilities in our products and systems may harm our reputation or lead to claims against us (and have in the past led to such claims) and could lead some customers to stop using certain products or services or to reduce or delay future purchases. If we do not make the appropriate level of investment in our technology systems and we are not able to deliver the quality of data security and privacy our customers require or that
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meet our independent security control certification requirements, our business could be adversely affected. Customers may also adopt security measures designed to protect their existing computer systems from attack, which could delay adoption of new technologies. Moreover, delayed sales, lower margins or lost customers resulting from disruptions caused by cyber-attacks, overly burdensome preventative security measures or failure to fully meet independent security control certification requirements could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.
Some of our enterprise offerings have extended and complex sales cycles, which can make our sales cycles unpredictable.
Sales cycles for some of our enterprise offerings, including our Adobe Experience Cloud and Adobe Experience Platform solutions and Enterprise Term License Agreements (“ETLAs”) in our Digital Media business, are multi-phased and complex, which also makes it difficult to predict when a given sales cycle will close. The complexity in these sales cycles is due to several factors, including:
•the need for our sales representatives to educate customers about the use and benefit of large-scale deployments of our products and services;
•the desire of organizations to undertake significant evaluation processes to determine their technology requirements prior to making information technology expenditures and the need for our representatives to spend a significant amount of time assisting with such evaluations;
•intensifying competition within the industry;
•the negotiation of large, complex, enterprise-wide contracts;
•the need for our customers to obtain requisition approvals from various decision makers within their organizations due to the complexity of our solutions touching multiple departments; and
•customer budget constraints, economic conditions and unplanned administrative delays.
We spend substantial time and expense on our sales efforts without assurance that potential customers will ultimately purchase our solutions. As we target our sales efforts at larger enterprise customers, these trends are expected to continue and could have a greater impact on our results of operations. Additionally, our enterprise sales pattern has historically been uneven, where a higher percentage of a quarter’s total sales occur during the final weeks of each quarter, which is common in our industry.
Our business could be harmed if we fail to effectively manage critical strategic third-party business relationships.
As our offerings expand and our customer base grows, our relationships with strategic partners become increasingly valuable. If our contractual relationships with these third parties were to terminate, or if we were unable to renew on favorable terms, our business could be harmed. This is especially the case when the third party’s offerings are integrated with our products and services, or where the third party’s offerings are difficult to substitute or replace. Alternative arrangements for such products and services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, and we may experience business interruptions upon a transition to an alternative partner. The failure of third parties to provide acceptable products and services or to update their technology may result in a disruption to our business operations and those of our customers, which may reduce our revenues and profits, cause us to lose customers and damage our reputation.
We increasingly utilize third-party distribution platforms, such as Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play Store, for the distribution of certain of our product offerings. Although we benefit from the strong brand recognition and large user base of these distribution platforms to attract new customers, the platform owners have wide discretion to change the pricing structure, terms of service and other policies with respect to us and other developers, and may offer or promote products that compete with our product offerings. Adverse changes by these third parties could adversely affect our financial results.
Failure of our third-party customer service and technical support providers to adequately address customers’ requests could harm our business and adversely affect our financial results.
Our customers rely on our customer service support organization to resolve issues with our products and services. We depend heavily, and expect to continue to rely heavily, on third-party customer service and technical support representatives to provide such services. This strategy presents risks to our business since we may not be able to influence the quality of support as directly as if our own employees performed these activities. Our customers may react negatively to providing information to, and receiving support from, third-party organizations, especially if these third-party organizations are based overseas. If we encounter problems with our third-party customer service and technical support providers, our reputation may be harmed, our ability to sell our offerings could be adversely affected, and we could lose customers and associated revenue.
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If we are unable to recruit and retain key personnel, our business may be harmed, and our attempts to operate under a hybrid work model may not be successful and adversely impact our business.
Much of our future success depends on the continued service, availability and performance of our senior management and highly-skilled personnel across all levels of our organization. Our senior management has acquired specialized knowledge and skills with respect to our business, and the loss of any of these individuals could harm our business, especially if we are not successful in developing adequate succession plans. Our efforts to attract, develop, integrate and retain highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications may be compounded by intensified restrictions on travel, immigration or the availability of work visas. Competition for experienced personnel in the information technology industry is intense and has recently intensified further due to industry trends in many areas where our employees are located. Further, the increased availability of hybrid or remote working arrangements has expanded the pool of companies that can compete for our employees and employment candidates. We may experience higher compensation costs to retain senior management and experienced personnel that may not be offset by improved productivity or increased sales. A hybrid work environment may also present operational, cybersecurity and workplace culture challenges. If we are unable to continue to successfully attract and retain highly skilled personnel and maintain our corporate culture in a hybrid work environment, our business may be harmed.
We continue to hire personnel in countries where exceptional technical knowledge and other expertise are offered at lower costs, which increases the efficiency of our global workforce structure and reduces our personnel related expenditures. Nonetheless, as globalization continues, competition for employees in these countries has increased, which may impact our ability to retain these employees and increase our compensation-related expenses. We may continue to expand our international operations and international sales and marketing activities, which would require significant management attention and resources. We may be unable to scale our infrastructure effectively or as quickly as our competitors in these markets, and our revenue may not increase sufficiently to offset these expected increases in costs, causing our results to suffer.
We believe that a critical contributor to our success to date has been our corporate culture, which we have built to foster innovation, teamwork and employee satisfaction. As we grow, including from the integration of employees and businesses acquired in connection with previous or future acquisitions, we may find it difficult to maintain important aspects of our corporate culture, which could negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit personnel who are essential to our future success.
Failure to manage our sales, partner and distribution channels effectively could result in a loss of revenue and harm our business.
We contract with a number of software distributors and other strategic partners, none of which are individually responsible for a material amount of our total net revenue in any recent period. Nonetheless, if an agreement with one of our distributors were terminated, any prolonged delay in securing a replacement distributor could have a negative impact on our results of operations.
Successfully managing our indirect distribution channel efforts to reach various customer segments for our products and services is a complex process across the broad range of geographies where we do business or plan to do business. Our distributors and other channel partners are independent businesses that we do not control. Notwithstanding the independence of our channel partners, we face legal risk and potential reputational harm from the activities of these third parties including, but not limited to, export control violations, workplace conditions, corruption and anti-competitive behavior.
We cannot be certain that our distribution channel will continue to market or sell our products and services effectively. If our partner and distribution channels are not successful, we may lose sales opportunities, customers and revenue. If our distributors favor our competitors’ products or services for any reason, they may fail to market our products or services effectively, which would cause our results to suffer. If our OEMs through which we distribute products and services decide not to bundle our applications on their devices, our results could suffer. Further, the financial health of our distributors and partners and our continuing relationships with them are important to our success. Some of these distributors and partners may be unable to withstand adverse changes in economic conditions, which could result in insolvency, the inability of such distributors and partners to obtain credit to finance access to or purchases of our products and services, or a delay in paying their obligations to us.
We also sell some of our products and services through our direct sales force. Risks associated with this sales channel include more extended sales and collection cycles, challenges related to hiring, retaining and motivating our direct sales force, and substantial amounts of ongoing training for sales representatives. Moreover, recent hires may not be as productive as we would like, as in most cases it takes significant time for them to achieve full productivity. Our business could be seriously harmed if our expansion efforts of our direct sales do not generate a corresponding significant increase in revenue and we are unable to achieve the efficiencies we anticipate. In addition, the loss of key sales employees could impact our customer relationships and future ability to sell to certain accounts covered by such employees.
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We face various risks associated with our operating as a multinational corporation.
As a global business that generates approximately 40% of our total revenue from sales to customers outside of the Americas, we are subject to a number of risks, including:
•inflation and actions taken by central banks to counter inflation;
•foreign currency fluctuations and controls;
•international and regional economic, political and labor conditions, including any instability or security concerns abroad, such as uncertainty caused by economic sanctions, trade disputes, armed conflicts and wars;
•tax laws (including U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiaries);
•increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;
•changes in, or impositions of, legislative or regulatory requirements;
•changes in laws governing the free flow of data across international borders;
•failure of laws to protect our intellectual property rights adequately;
•inadequate local infrastructure and difficulties in managing and staffing international operations;
•delays resulting from difficulty in obtaining export licenses for certain technology, tariffs, quotas and other trade barriers;
•the imposition of governmental economic sanctions on countries in which we do business or where we plan to expand our business;
•costs and delays associated with developing products in multiple languages;
•operating in locations with a higher incidence of corruption and fraudulent business practices; and
•other factors beyond our control, such as terrorism, war, natural disasters, climate change and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
Some of our third-party business partners have international operations and are also subject to these risks, and our business may be harmed if such partners are unable to appropriately manage these risks. If sales to any of our customers outside of the Americas are reduced, delayed or canceled because of any of the above factors, our revenue may decline.
Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
We are subject to risks associated with compliance with laws and regulations globally, which may harm our business.
We are a global company subject to varied and complex laws, regulations and customs, both domestically and internationally. These laws and regulations relate to a number of aspects of our business, including trade protection, import and export control, anti-boycott, sanctions and embargoes, data and transaction processing security, payment card industry data security standards, records management, user-generated content hosted on websites we operate, privacy practices, data residency, corporate governance, antitrust and competition, employee and third-party complaints, anti-corruption, gift policies, conflicts of interest, securities regulations and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment. The application of these laws and regulations to our business is often unclear and may at times conflict. For example, in many foreign countries, particularly in those with developing economies, it is common to engage in business practices that are prohibited by U.S. regulations applicable to us, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. We cannot provide assurance that our employees, contractors, agents and business partners will not take actions in violation of our internal policies or U.S. laws. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in our business practices that result in reduced revenue and profitability. Non-compliance could also result in fines, damages, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation.
In addition, approximately 50% of our employees are located outside the United States. Accordingly, we are exposed to changes in laws governing our employee relationships in various U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, including laws and regulations regarding wage and hour requirements, fair labor standards, employee data privacy, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, citizenship requirements and payroll and other taxes, which likely would have a direct impact on our operating costs.
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Increasing regulatory focus on privacy and security issues and expanding laws and regulatory requirements could impact our business models and expose us to increased liability.
As a global company, Adobe is subject to global data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations and codes of conduct that apply to our various business units and data processing activities. These laws, regulations and codes are inconsistent across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving and differing (sometimes conflicting) interpretations. Government officials and regulators, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. This increased scrutiny may result in new interpretations of existing laws, thereby further impacting Adobe’s business. Globally, laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in Europe and the Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”) in China, and new and emerging state laws in the United States on privacy, data and related technologies, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, the California Privacy Rights Act, the Colorado Privacy Act and the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, as well as industry self-regulatory codes and regulatory requirements, create new privacy and security compliance obligations and expand the scope of potential liability, either jointly or severally with our customers and suppliers. While we have invested in readiness to comply with applicable requirements, the dynamic and evolving nature of these laws, regulations and codes, as well as their interpretation by regulators and courts, may affect our ability (and our enterprise customers’ ability) to reach current and prospective customers, to respond to both enterprise and individual customer requests under the laws (such as individual rights of access, correction and deletion of their personal information) and to implement our business models effectively. These laws, regulations and codes may also impact our innovation and business drivers in developing new and emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). These requirements, among others, may impact demand for our offerings and force us to bear the burden of more onerous obligations in our contracts. Perception of our practices, products or services, even if unfounded, as a violation of individual privacy, data protection rights or cybersecurity requirements subjects us to public criticism, lawsuits, investigations, claims and other proceedings by regulators, industry groups or other third parties, all of which could disrupt or adversely impact our business and reputation and expose us to increased liability. Additionally, we collect and store information on behalf of our business customers and if our customers fail to comply with contractual obligations or applicable laws, it could result in litigation or reputational harm to us.
Transferring personal information across international borders is complex and subject to legal and regulatory requirements as well as active litigation and enforcement in a number of jurisdictions around the world, each of which could have an adverse impact on our ability to process and transfer personal data as part of our business operations. For example, European data transfers outside the European Economic Area are highly regulated and litigated. The mechanisms that we and many other companies rely upon for European data transfers (e.g., Standard Contractual Clauses) are the subject of regulatory interpretation and judicial decisions by the Court of Justice of the European Union. We continue to closely monitor for developments related to valid transfer mechanisms available for transferring personal data outside the European Economic Area (including the Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework) and other countries that have similar trans-border data flow requirements and adjusting our practices accordingly. The judicial questions and regulatory interpretations related to the validity of transfers using Standard Contractual Clauses have resulted in some changes in the obligations required to provide our services in the European Union and could expose us to potential sanctions and fines for non-compliance. Several other countries, including China, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Hong Kong and Japan, have also established specific legal requirements for cross-border transfers of personal information and certain countries have also established specific legal requirements for data localization (i.e., where personal data must remain stored in the country). If other countries implement more restrictive regulations for cross-border data transfers or do not permit data to leave the country of origin, such developments could adversely impact our business and our enterprise customers’ business, our financial condition and our results of operations in those jurisdictions.
Our intellectual property portfolio is a valuable asset and we may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights, including our source code, from infringement or unauthorized copying, use or disclosure.
Our intellectual property portfolio is a valuable asset. Infringement or misappropriation of our patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and other intellectual property rights could result in lost revenues and ultimately reduce their value. Preventing unauthorized use or infringement of our intellectual property rights is inherently difficult. We actively combat software piracy as we enforce our intellectual property rights, but we nonetheless lose significant revenue due to illegal use of our software. If piracy activities continue at historical levels or increase, they may further harm our business. We apply for patents in the United States and internationally to protect our newly created technology and if we are unable to obtain patent protection for the technology described in our pending patent applications, or if the patents are not obtained timely, this could result in revenue loss, or have other adverse effects on operations and harm our business. We offer our products and services in foreign countries and we may seek intellectual property protection from those foreign legal systems. Some of those foreign countries may not have as robust or comprehensive of intellectual property protection laws and schemes as those offered in the United States, and the mechanisms to enforce intellectual property rights may be inadequate to protect our technology, which could harm our business. We also seek to protect our confidential information and trade secrets through the use of non-
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disclosure agreements with our customers, contractors, vendors and partners. However, there is a risk that our confidential information and trade secrets may be disclosed or published without our authorization, and in these situations, enforcing our rights may be difficult or costly.
If unauthorized disclosure of our source code occurs through security breach, cyber-attack or otherwise, we could lose future trade secret protection for that source code. Such loss could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could cause us to lose customers and could adversely affect our revenue and operating margins.
We may incur substantial costs defending against third parties alleging that we infringe their proprietary rights.
We have been, are currently and may in the future be subject to claims, negotiations and complex, protracted litigation relating to disputes regarding the validity or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, including patent rights. Intellectual property disputes and litigation are typically costly and can be disruptive to our business operations by diverting the attention of management and key personnel. We may not prevail in every lawsuit or dispute. Third-party intellectual property disputes, including those initiated by patent assertion entities, could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to enter into royalty and licensing arrangements on unfavorable terms, prevent us from offering certain products or services, subject us to injunctions restricting our sales, cause severe disruptions to our operations or the markets in which we compete, or require us to satisfy indemnification commitments with our customers, including contractual provisions under various license arrangements and service agreements. In addition, we may incur significant costs in acquiring the necessary third-party intellectual property rights for use in our products, in some cases to fulfill contractual obligations with our customers. Any of these occurrences could significantly harm our business.
Changes in accounting principles, or interpretations thereof, could have a significant impact on our financial position and results of operations.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These principles are subject to interpretation by the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles, how the principles are interpreted, or the adoption of new accounting standards can have a significant effect on our reported results, could retroactively affect previously reported transactions, and may require that we make significant changes to our systems, processes and controls.
Changes resulting from these new standards may result in materially different financial results and may require that we change how we process, analyze and report financial information and that we change financial reporting controls. For additional information regarding new standards that may have significant impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements, see the section titled “Adopted Accounting Guidance and Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective” in Note 1 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Such changes in accounting principles may have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations, or cause an adverse deviation from our revenue and profitability targets, which may negatively impact our financial results.
Changes in tax rules and regulations or interpretations thereof may adversely affect our effective tax rates.
We are a United States-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our current provision for income taxes and deferred tax assets or liabilities. Tax laws in the United States and in foreign tax jurisdictions are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations are issued. The applicability and impact of changes in tax laws and interpretations thereof could adversely affect our effective income tax rate and cash flows in future years.
Unanticipated changes in our tax rates could affect our future results of operations. Our future effective tax rates are likely to be unfavorably affected by changes in the tax rates in jurisdictions where our income is earned, changes in jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in or interpretation of tax rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, or unexpected negative changes in business and market conditions that could reduce certain tax benefits.
In addition, the United States and other countries and jurisdictions in which we conduct business, including those covered by governing bodies that enact tax laws applicable to us, such as the European Commission of the European Union, could make changes to relevant tax, accounting or other laws and interpretations thereof that have a material impact to us. These countries, governmental bodies and intergovernmental economic organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have or could make unprecedented assertions about how taxation is determined and, in some cases, have proposed or enacted new laws that are contrary to the way in which rules and regulations have historically been
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interpreted and applied. In the current global tax policy environment, any changes in laws, regulations and interpretations could adversely affect our effective tax rates, cause us to respond by making changes to our business structure, or result in other costs to us which could adversely affect our operations and financial results.
Moreover, we are subject to the examination of our income tax returns by domestic and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and have reserved for potential adjustments that may result from these examinations. We believe our tax estimates to be reasonable; however, we cannot provide assurance that the final determination of any of these examinations will not have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.
Contracting with government entities exposes us to additional risks inherent in the government procurement process.
We provide products and services, directly and indirectly, to a variety of domestic and foreign government entities, which introduces certain risks, including extended sales and collection cycles, varying governmental budgeting processes and adherence to complex procurement regulations and other government-specific contractual requirements. We have been, are currently and may in the future be subject to audits and investigations relating to our government contracts and any violations could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, payment of fines, and suspension or debarment from future government business, as well as harm to our reputation and financial results.
Risks Related to Financial Performance
If our customers fail to renew subscriptions in accordance with our expectations, our future revenue and operating results could suffer, and our subscription offerings may create additional risk related to the timing of revenue recognition.
Our offerings are typically subscription-based, pursuant to product and service agreements. Since our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our services after the expiration of their initial subscription period, which typically ranges from 1 to 36 months, our customers may not renew their subscriptions at the same or a higher level of service, for the same number of seats or for the same duration of time, if at all. Our varied customer base and flexible duration complicates our ability to precisely forecast renewal rates. Our customers’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their level of satisfaction with our services, our ability to continue enhancing features and functionality, the reliability (including uptime) of our subscription offerings, the prices of offerings and competitors’ offerings, the actual or perceived information security of our systems and services, decreases in the size of our customer base, reductions in our customers’ spending levels or declines in customer activity as a result of general economic conditions or uncertainty in financial markets, including as a result of a global health crisis and geopolitical conflict, which has affected and may continue to affect certain sectors of the economy disproportionately. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions or if they renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenue may decline.
We generally recognize revenue from our subscription offerings ratably over the terms of their subscription agreements. As a result, most of the subscription revenue we report in each quarter is the result of subscription agreements entered into during previous quarters. Any reduction in new or renewed subscriptions in a quarter may not be reflected in our revenue results until a later quarter and may decrease our revenue in future quarters. Lower sales, reduced demand for our products and services, and increases in our attrition rate may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our subscription model could also make it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue from subscription-based or hosted services through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers will be recognized over the applicable subscription term.
Additionally, in connection with our sales efforts to enterprise customers, a number of factors could affect our revenue, including longer-than-expected sales and implementation cycles, potential deferral of revenue and alternative licensing arrangements. If any of our assumptions about revenue from our subscription-based offerings prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those anticipated.
We may incur losses associated with currency fluctuations and may not be able to effectively hedge our exposure.
Our operating results are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates due to the global scope of our business. Geopolitical and economic events, including war, trade disputes, economic sanctions and emerging market volatility, and associated uncertainty have caused, and may in the future cause currencies to fluctuate. We attempt to mitigate a portion of these risks through foreign currency hedging based on our judgment of the appropriate trade-offs among risk, opportunity and expense. We regularly review our hedging program and make adjustments that we believe are appropriate. Our hedging activities have not and may not in the future offset more than a portion of the adverse financial impact resulting from unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
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If our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets become impaired, then we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
GAAP requires us to test for goodwill impairment at least annually. In addition, we review our goodwill and amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable, including declines in stock price, market capitalization or cash flows, and slower growth rates in our industry. Depending on the results of our review, we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets was determined, negatively impacting our results of operations.
We have issued $3.65 billion of notes in debt offerings and may incur other debt in the future, which may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results.
We have $3.65 billion in senior unsecured notes outstanding. We have a $3 billion commercial paper program with no amounts outstanding as of September 27, 2023. We also have a $1.5 billion senior unsecured revolving credit agreement and a $3.5 billion delayed draw term loan agreement (together, “Credit Agreements”), both of which are currently undrawn. This debt or future additional indebtedness may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results by, among other things:
•increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions;
•requiring the dedication of a portion of our expected cash flows from operations to service our debt, thereby reducing the amount of expected cash flows available for other purposes, including capital expenditures and acquisitions; and
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry.
Our senior unsecured notes, commercial paper program and our Credit Agreements impose restrictions on us and require us to maintain compliance with specified covenants. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. If we breach any of the covenants and do not obtain a waiver from the noteholders or lenders, then, subject to applicable cure periods, any outstanding debt may be declared immediately due and payable.
In addition, changes by any rating agency to our credit rating may negatively impact the value and liquidity of both our debt and equity securities, as well as the potential costs associated with a refinancing of our debt. Under certain circumstances, if our credit ratings are downgraded or other negative action is taken, the interest rate payable by us under our Credit Agreements could increase. Downgrades in our credit ratings could also restrict our ability to obtain additional financing in the future and affect the terms of any such financing.
Our investment portfolio may become impaired by deterioration of the financial markets.
Our cash equivalent and short-term investment portfolio as of September 1, 2023 consisted of asset-backed securities, corporate debt securities, money market funds, U.S. agency securities and U.S. Treasury securities. We follow an established investment policy and set of guidelines to monitor and help mitigate our exposure to interest rate and credit risk. The policy sets forth credit quality standards and limits our exposure to any one issuer, as well as our maximum exposure to various asset classes.
Should financial market conditions worsen in the future, including from impacts of inflationary pressures and rising interest rates or as a result of other geopolitical pressures, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, investments in some financial instruments may pose risks arising from market liquidity and credit concerns. In addition, any deterioration of the capital markets could cause our other income and expense to vary from expectations. As of September 1, 2023, we had no material impairment charges associated with our short-term investment portfolio, and although we believe our current investment portfolio has little risk of material impairment, we cannot predict future market conditions, market liquidity or credit availability, and we can provide no assurance that our investment portfolio will remain materially unimpaired.
General Risk Factors
Catastrophic events, including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are a highly automated business and rely on our network infrastructure and enterprise applications, internal technology systems and website for our development, marketing, operations, support, hosted services and sales activities. In addition, some of our businesses rely on third-party hosted services, and we do not control the operation of third-party data
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center facilities serving our customers from around the world, which increases our vulnerability. A disruption, infiltration or failure of these systems or third-party hosted services in the event of a major earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami or other weather event, power loss, telecommunications failure, software or hardware malfunctions, pandemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), cyber-attack, war, terrorist attack or other catastrophic event that our disaster recovery plans do not adequately address, could cause system interruptions, reputational harm, loss of intellectual property, delays in our product development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security and loss of critical data. Any of these events could prevent us from providing our products and services or could negatively impact a country or region in which we sell our products, which could in turn decrease that country’s or region’s demand for our products and services. Our corporate headquarters, a significant portion of our research and development activities, certain of our data centers and certain other critical business operations are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, and additional facilities where we conduct significant operations are located in the Salt Lake Valley Area, both of which are near major earthquake faults. A catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our data centers or our critical business or information technology systems could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations and, as a result, our future operating results could be adversely affected. The adverse effects of any such catastrophic event would be exacerbated if experienced at the same time as another adverse event.
The occurrence of regional epidemics or a global pandemic, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on how we and our customers are operating our businesses and our operating results. Our operations have also been and may in the future be negatively affected by a range of external factors related to the pandemic that are not within our control, including the emergence and spread of more transmissible variants. The extent to which global pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, impact our financial condition or results of operations will depend on factors such as the duration and scope of the pandemic, as well as whether there is a material impact on the businesses or productivity of our customers, partners, employee, suppliers and other partners. To the extent that an epidemic or pandemic harms our business and results of operations, many of the other risks described in this Part II, Item 1A of this report may be heightened.
Climate change may have a long-term impact on our business.
While we aim to mitigate risks associated with climate change and seek to partner with organizations that do the same, we recognize that there are inherent risks wherever business is conducted. Access to clean water and reliable energy in the communities where we conduct our business, whether for our offices, data centers, customers, vendors or employees, is a priority. Our major sites in California, Utah and India are vulnerable to climate-related events. While these events have a low-assessed risk of disrupting normal business operations, they have the potential to impact employees’ abilities to commute to and from work, stay connected effectively and access safe and healthy air quality. Climate-related events, including the increasing frequency and severity of weather events and their physical impact on U.S., India and other major regions’ critical infrastructure, have the potential to disrupt our business, our third-party suppliers, and/or the business of our customers, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to maintain or resume operations. Regulatory developments, changing market dynamics and stakeholder expectations regarding climate change may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. To inform our actions and disclosures, Adobe is aligned with the guidelines of the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures recommendations and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board and the Global Reporting Initiative environmental metrics.
Uncertainty about current and future economic conditions and other adverse changes in general political conditions in any of the major countries in which we do business could adversely affect our operating results.
As our business has grown, we have become increasingly subject to the risks arising from adverse changes in economic and political conditions, both domestically and globally, including trends toward protectionism and nationalism, other unfavorable changes in economic conditions, such as inflation, rising interest rates, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates or a recession, and other events beyond our control, such as economic sanctions, natural disasters, pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, epidemics, political instability, armed conflicts and wars, including the Russia-Ukraine war. Worsening economic conditions have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on the businesses and financial health of many of our customers and hurt their creditworthiness. As a result, current or potential customers may be unable to fund software purchases, which could cause them to delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products and services. Uncertainty about the effects of current and future economic and political conditions on us, our customers, suppliers and partners makes it difficult for us to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. If economic growth in countries where we do business slows, customers may delay or reduce technology purchases, advertising spending or marketing spending. This could result in reductions in sales of our products and services, more extended sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition. Among our customers are government entities, including the U.S. federal government, and our revenue could decline if spending cuts impact the government’s ability to purchase our products and services. Deterioration in economic conditions in any of the countries in which we do business could also cause slower or impaired collections on accounts receivable, which may adversely impact our liquidity and financial condition. A disruption in financial markets could impair our banking partners, on which we rely for operating cash management and derivative programs.
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Furthermore, if our customers are negatively impacted by these disruptions, such as being unable to access their existing cash to fulfill their payment obligations to us, our business may be negatively impacted. The occurrence of any of these events could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Revenue, margin or earnings shortfalls or the volatility of the market generally may cause the market price of our stock to decline.
In the past, the market price for our common stock experienced significant fluctuations and it may do so in the future. A number of factors may affect the market price for our common stock, such as:
•shortfalls in, or changes in expectations about, our revenue, margins, earnings, Annualized Recurring Revenue (“ARR”), sales of our Digital Experience offerings, or other key performance metrics;
•changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;
•whether our results meet analysts’ expectations;
•compression or expansion of multiples used by investors and analysts to value high technology SaaS companies;
•the announcement of new products or services, product enhancements, service introductions, strategic alliances or significant agreements by us or our competitors;
•the loss of large customers or our inability to increase sales to existing customers, retain customers or attract new customers;
•recruitment or departure of key personnel;
•variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations, changes in the competitive landscape generally and developments in our industry;
•general socio-economic, political or market conditions;
•macroeconomic conditions and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation and rising interest rates and global conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine war; and
•unusual events such as significant acquisitions by us or our competitors, divestitures, litigation, regulatory actions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance.
In addition, the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general may experience uneven investor confidence, which may cause the market price for our common stock to decline for reasons unrelated to our operating performance. Volatility in the market price of a company’s securities for a period of time may increase the company’s susceptibility to securities class action litigation. Oftentimes, this type of litigation is expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources which may adversely affect our business.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES, USE OF PROCEEDS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Below is a summary of stock repurchases for the three months ended September 1, 2023. See Note 11 of our notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding our stock repurchase program.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Repurchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans |  | Approximate Dollar Value that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans (1) |
| (in millions, except average price per share) |
Beginning repurchase authority |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,483 |  |
June 3—June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 444.16 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | $ | (333) |  |
July 1—July 28, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 491.66 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | (333) |  | (2)
July 29—September 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 518.16 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (334) |  | (2)
Total | 2.1 |  |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 3,483 |  |

_________________________________________
(1)In December 2020, the Board of Directors granted authority to repurchase up to $15 billion in our common stock through the end of fiscal 2024.
(2)In June 2023, we entered into a structured stock repurchase agreement with a large financial institution whereupon we provided them with a prepayment of $1 billion. As of September 1, 2023, approximately $333 million of the prepayment remained under this agreement.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
INDEX TO EXHIBITS

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit Number |  | SEC File No. |  | Filed Herewith
3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Adobe |  | 8-K |  | 4/26/11 |  | 3.3 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Adobe |  | 8-K |  | 10/9/18 |  | 3.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  | 8-K |  | 1/18/22 |  | 3.1 |  |  | 000-15175 |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934† |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as required by Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934† |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

___________________________

† |  | The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Adobe Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ADOBE INC.
| By: | /s/ DANIEL DURN
|  | Daniel Durn
|  | Executive Vice President and
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: September 27, 2023
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SUMMARY OF TRADEMARKS
The following trademarks of Adobe Inc. or its subsidiaries, which may be registered in the United States and/or other countries, are referenced in this Form 10-Q:
Acrobat
Acrobat Sign
Adobe
Adobe Analytics
Adobe Audience Manager
Adobe Campaign
Adobe Commerce
Adobe Experience Cloud
Adobe Express
Adobe Firefly
Adobe Scan
Adobe Stock
Adobe Target
Behance
Creative Cloud
Document Cloud
Journey Optimizer
Marketo
Marketo Engage
Workfront
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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