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Retirement Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] |
Retirement Plans | RETIREMENT PLANS Defined Contribution Plans We provide certain employees with defined contribution plans and other types of retirement plans. A portion of our retirement plan expense under the defined contribution plans is funded with Stryker common stock. The use of Stryker common stock represents a non-cash operating activity that is not reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Plan expense | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 166 |
Expense funded with Stryker common stock | 29 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 22 |
Stryker common stock held by plan: |  |  |  |  |
Dollar amount | 358 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 272 |
Shares (in millions) | 2.3 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.3 |
Value as a percentage of total plan assets | 12 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 11 | %
Defined Benefit Plans Certain of our subsidiaries have both funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans covering some or all of their employees. Substantially all of the defined benefit pension plans have projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. Discount Rate The discount rates were selected using a hypothetical portfolio of high quality bonds on December 31 that would provide the necessary cash flows to match our projected benefit payments. Effective January 1, 2017, in countries where it was possible, we elected to change the method to calculate the service cost and interest cost components of net periodic benefit costs for our defined benefit plans and will measure these costs by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve of the projected cash flows for the respective plans. Our defined benefit plans previously utilized the yield curve approach to establish discount rates and we believe the new approach provides a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between projected cash flows and the corresponding spot yield curve rates. The change does not affect the measurement of our total benefit obligations for those plans and is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate inseparable from a change in accounting principle, which is applied prospectively. The reductions in service and interest costs for 2017 associated with this change in estimate are nominal. Expected Return on Plan Assets The expected return on plan assets is determined by applying the target allocation in each asset category of plan investments to the anticipated return for each asset category based on historical and projected returns.
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost
Net periodic benefit cost: | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Service cost | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | (42 | ) |  | $ | (33 | )
Interest cost | (11 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (11 | )
Expected return on plan assets | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |
Amortization of prior service credit | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Recognized actuarial loss | (11 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (9 | )
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | (53 | ) |  | $ | (49 | ) |  | $ | (42 | )
Changes in assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI:
Net actuarial gain (loss) | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (25 | ) |  | $ | (26 | )
Recognized net actuarial loss | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Prior service (credit) cost and transition amount | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | (18 | )
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and OCI | $ | (33 | ) |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | (60 | )
Weighted-average rates used to determine net periodic benefit cost:
Discount rate | 1.8 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 2.1 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 3.3 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 3.6 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 2.8 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.3 | %
Weighted-average discount rate used to determine projected benefit obligations | 1.9 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 1.8 | %
Investment Strategy The investment strategy for our defined benefit pension plans is to meet the liabilities of the plans as they fall due and to maximize the return on invested assets within appropriate risk tolerances.
| 2018 |  | 2017
Fair value of plan assets | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 370 |
Benefit obligations | (735 | ) |  | (708 | )
Funded status | $ | (359 | ) |  | $ | (338 | )
Reported as: |  |  |
Current liabilities—accrued compensation | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
Noncurrent liabilities—other liabilities | (339 | ) |  | (336 | )
Pre-tax amounts recognized in AOCI: |  |  |
Unrecognized net actuarial loss | (168 | ) |  | (189 | )
Unrecognized prior service credit | 11 |  |  | 12 |
Total | $ | (157 | ) |  | $ | (177 | )
The estimated net actuarial loss for the defined benefit pension plans to be reclassified from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost is $7 in 2019. The total estimated amortization of prior service credit and transition asset for the defined benefit pension plans to be reclassified from AOCI into net periodic benefit credit is $1 in 2019.
Change in Benefit Obligations |  |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning projected benefit obligations | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 588 |
Service cost | 44 |  |  | 42 |
Interest cost | 11 |  |  | 10 |
Foreign exchange impact | (16 | ) |  | 60 |
Employee contributions | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Actuarial (gains) losses | (1 | ) |  | 19 |
Acquisition | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (17 | ) |  | (17 | )
Ending projected benefit obligations | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | 708 |
Ending accumulated benefit obligations | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | 675 |
Change in Plan Assets |  |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning fair value of plan assets | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 308 |
Actual return | (2 | ) |  | 21 |
Employer contributions | 22 |  |  | 23 |
Employee contributions | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Foreign exchange impact | (6 | ) |  | 26 |
Acquisition | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (14 | ) |  | (14 | )
Ending fair value of plan assets | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 370 |
Allocation of Plan Assets
| 2019 Target | 2018 Actual |  | 2017 Actual
Equity securities | 26 | % | 26 | % |  | 28 | %
Debt securities | 45 |  | 46 |  |  | 45 |
Other | 29 |  | 28 |  |  | 27 |
Total | 100 | % | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Valuation of Plan Assets
2018 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 10 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10 |
Equity securities | 20 |  | 85 |  | — |  | 105 |
Corporate debt securities | 2 |  | 153 |  | — |  | 155 |
Other | 7 |  | 43 |  | 56 |  | 106 |
Total | $ | 39 |  | $ | 281 |  | $ | 56 |  | $ | 376 |
2017 |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4 |
Equity securities | 28 |  | 92 |  | — |  | 120 |
Corporate debt securities | 2 |  | 148 |  | — |  | 150 |
Other | 2 |  | 45 |  | 49 |  | 96 |
Total | $ | 36 |  | $ | 285 |  | $ | 49 |  | $ | 370 |
Our Level 3 pension plan assets consist primarily of guaranteed investment contracts with insurance companies. The insurance contracts guarantee us principal repayment and a fixed rate of return. The $7 increase in Level 3 pension plan assets is primarily related to actual returns and acquired assets. We expect to contribute $25 to our defined benefit pension plans in 2019.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024-2028
$ | 18 |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | 106 |

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