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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes INCOME TAXES
Our effective tax rate was 12.1%, 12.6% and 18.2% for 2022, 2021 and 2020. The effective income tax rate for 2022 decreased due to the effective settlement of the United States federal income tax audit for years 2014 through 2018 and the reversal of deferred income tax on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. In addition, the effective income tax rates for 2022, 2021 and 2020 reflect the continued lower effective income tax rates as a result of our European operations, the tax effect related to the transfers of intellectual property between tax jurisdictions, the tax effect of future remittances of the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries and certain discrete tax items.
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
202220212020
United States federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
United States state and local income taxes, less federal deduction2.0 2.7 0.1 
Foreign income tax at rates other than 21%(4.1)(6.9)(3.3)
Tax related to repatriation of foreign earnings(2.4)1.4 3.0 
Intellectual property transfers0.1 (2.3)(1.4)
United States federal audit settlement(6.1)— — 
Goodwill impairment1.7 — — 
Other(0.1)(3.3)(1.2)
Effective income tax rate12.1 %12.6 %18.2 %
Earnings Before Income Taxes 
202220212020
United States$407 $433 $239 
International2,276 1,848 1,715 
Total$2,683 $2,281 $1,954 
Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Current income tax expense (benefit):202220212020
United States federal$(76)$155 $80 
United States state and local64 97 20 
International279 272 207 
Total current income tax expense$267 $524 $307 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
United States federal$(179)$(82)$1 
United States state and local(30)(23)(25)
International267 (132)72 
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)$58 $(237)$48 
Total income tax expense$325 $287 $355 
Interest and penalties included in other income (expense), net were income of $71 in 2022, and expense of ($23) and ($35) in 2021 and 2020. The United States federal deferred income tax benefit (expense) includes the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards of $56, $283 and $41 in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities
Deferred income tax assets:20222021
Inventories$516 $513 
Product-related liabilities26 39 
Other accrued expenses155 501 
Depreciation and amortization1,038 1,194 
State income taxes153 128 
Share-based compensation73 63 
Research and development capitalization204 — 
International interest expense carryforwards135 — 
Net operating loss and other credit carryforwards247 232 
Other165 191 
Total deferred income tax assets$2,712 $2,861 
Less valuation allowances(285)(164)
Net deferred income tax assets$2,427 $2,697 
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization$(1,037)$(891)
Undistributed earnings(47)(114)
Total deferred income tax liabilities$(1,084)$(1,005)
Net deferred income tax assets$1,343 $1,692 
Reported as:
Noncurrent deferred income tax assets$1,410 $1,760 
Noncurrent liabilities—Other liabilities(67)(68)
Total$1,343 $1,692 
Accrued interest and penalties were $66 and $150 on December 31, 2022 and 2021 which were reported in accrued expenses and other liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities.
Net operating loss carryforwards totaling $544 with $155 being subject to a full valuation allowance on December 31, 2022 are available to reduce future taxable earnings of certain domestic and foreign subsidiaries. United States loss carryforwards of $377 begin to expire in 2023. International loss carryforwards of $167 begin to expire in 2023; however, some have no expiration. We also have tax credit carryforwards of $133 with $91 being subject to a full valuation allowance. The credits with a full valuation allowance begin to expire in 2023. We do not anticipate generating income tax in excess of the non-expiring credits in the foreseeable future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was enacted in 2017 in the United States. We recorded a one-time transition tax on earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously deferred. The Act also subjects a United States shareholder to tax on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. We have elected to account for GILTI tax in the year the tax is incurred.
We recorded deferred income tax on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries not determined to be indefinitely reinvested. Determination of the total amount of unrecognized deferred income tax on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries is not practicable.
Uncertain Income Tax Positions
 20222021
Beginning uncertain tax positions$444 $457 
Increases related to current year income tax positions17 13 
Increases related to prior year income tax positions34 4 
Decreases related to prior year income tax positions(178)(18)
Settlements of income tax audits(13)— 
Statute of limitations expirations and other(6)— 
Foreign currency translation(12)(12)
Ending uncertain tax positions$286 $444 
Reported as:
Noncurrent liabilities—Income taxes$286 $444 
Our income tax expense would have been reduced by $289 and $445 in 2022 and 2021 had these uncertain income tax positions been favorably resolved. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change due
to one or more of the following events in the next 12 months: expiring statutes, audit activity, tax payments, competent authority proceedings related to transfer pricing or final decisions in matters that are the subject of controversy in various taxing jurisdictions in which we operate, including inventory transfer pricing, cost sharing, product royalty and foreign branch arrangements. We are not able to reasonably estimate the amount or the future periods in which changes in unrecognized tax benefits may be resolved. Interest and penalties incurred associated with uncertain tax positions are included in other income (expense), net.In the normal course of business, income tax authorities in various income tax jurisdictions both within the United States and internationally conduct routine audits of our income tax returns filed in prior years. These audits are generally designed to determine if individual income tax authorities are in agreement with our interpretations of complex income tax regulations regarding the allocation of income to the various income tax jurisdictions. Income tax expense in 2022 decreased $162 due to the effective settlement of the United States federal income tax audit for years 2014 through 2018. In addition, 2022 other income (expense), net includes a benefit of $50 related to the release of accrued interest associated with this settlement. Income tax years are open from 2019 through the current year for the United States federal jurisdiction. Income tax years open for our other major jurisdictions range from 2007 through the current year.