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Property, plant and equipment
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in millions):
 
 
 
December 31,
 
Useful life (in years)
 
2018
 
2017
Land
 
$
265

 
$
283

Buildings and improvements
10-40
 
3,616

 
3,507

Manufacturing equipment
8-12
 
2,418

 
2,372

Laboratory equipment
8-12
 
1,174

 
1,179

Capitalized software
3-5
 
1,124

 
1,150

Other
3-15
 
3,204

 
3,254

Construction in progress
 
953

 
834

Property, plant and equipment, gross
 
 
12,754

 
12,579

Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
 
(7,796
)
 
(7,590
)
Property, plant and equipment, net
 
 
$
4,958

 
$
4,989


During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized depreciation and amortization expense associated with our property, plant and equipment of $630 million, $604 million and $619 million, respectively.
Geographic information
Certain geographic information with respect to property, plant and equipment, net (long-lived assets), was as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
United States
$
2,373

 
$
2,349

Puerto Rico
1,476

 
1,527

ROW
1,109

 
1,113

Total property, plant and equipment, net
$
4,958

 
$
4,989