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Goodwill and intangible assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in millions):
 
Years ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
Beginning balance
$
14,699

 
$
14,761

Addition from acquisitions
26

 
6

Currency translation adjustments
(22
)
 
(68
)
Ending balance
$
14,703

 
$
14,699


Other intangible assets
Other intangible assets consisted of the following (in millions):
 
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
Gross
carrying
amounts
 
Accumulated
amortization
 
Other intangible
assets, net
 
Gross
carrying
amounts
 
Accumulated
amortization
 
Other intangible
assets, net
Finite-lived intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Developed-product-technology rights
$
25,575

 
$
(8,322
)
 
$
17,253

 
$
12,573

 
$
(7,479
)
 
$
5,094

Licensing rights
3,761

 
(2,398
)
 
1,363

 
3,772

 
(2,032
)
 
1,740

Marketing-related rights
1,382

 
(965
)
 
417

 
1,297

 
(1,019
)
 
278

R&D technology rights
1,273

 
(947
)
 
326

 
1,148

 
(872
)
 
276

Total finite-lived intangible assets
31,991

 
(12,632
)
 
19,359

 
18,790

 
(11,402
)
 
7,388

Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IPR&D
54

 
—

 
54

 
55

 
—

 
55

Total other intangible assets
$
32,045

 
$
(12,632
)
 
$
19,413

 
$
18,845

 
$
(11,402
)
 
$
7,443


Developed-product-technology rights consists of rights related to marketed products acquired in acquisitions. Licensing rights consists primarily of contractual rights acquired in acquisitions to receive future milestone, royalty and profit-sharing payments; capitalized payments to third parties for milestones related to regulatory approvals to commercialize products; and up-front payments associated with royalty obligations for marketed products. Marketing-related rights consists primarily of rights related to the sale and distribution of marketed products. R&D technology rights pertains to technologies used in R&D that have alternative future uses. Developed-product-technology rights and marketing-related rights include assets acquired with the Otezla® acquisition. R&D technology rights includes assets acquired with the Nuevolution acquisition. See Note 2, Acquisitions.
IPR&D consists of R&D projects acquired in a business combination that are not complete at the time of acquisition due to remaining technological risks and/or lack of receipt of required regulatory approvals. All IPR&D projects have major risks and uncertainties associated with the timely and successful completion of the development and commercialization of product candidates, including our ability to confirm safety and efficacy based on data from clinical trials, our ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals and our ability to successfully complete these tasks within budgeted costs. We are not permitted to market a human therapeutic without obtaining regulatory approvals, and such approvals require the completion of clinical trials that demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective. In addition, the availability and extent of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payers, including government healthcare programs and private insurance plans as well as competitive product launches, affect the revenues a product can generate. Consequently, the eventual realized values, if any, of acquired IPR&D projects may vary from their estimated fair values. We review IPR&D projects for impairment annually, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable and upon the establishment of technological feasibility or regulatory approval.
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized amortization associated with our finite-lived intangible assets of $1.4 billion, $1.3 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets is included primarily in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The total estimated amortization for our finite-lived intangible assets for the years ending December 31, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, are $2.8 billion, $2.6 billion, $2.5 billion, $2.4 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively.