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Property, plant and equipment
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in millions):
December 31,
Useful life (in years)20202019
Land$259 $263 
Buildings and improvements
10-40
3,857 3,757 
Manufacturing equipment
8-12
2,865 2,655 
Laboratory equipment
8-12
1,257 1,236 
Fixed equipment122,406 2,338 
Capitalized software
3-5
1,216 1,154 
Other
5-10
1,091 975 
Construction in progress915 907 
Property, plant and equipment, gross13,866 13,285 
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(8,977)(8,357)
Property, plant and equipment, net$4,889 $4,928 
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we recognized depreciation and amortization expense associated with our property, plant and equipment of $640 million, $635 million and $630 million, respectively.
Geographic information
Certain geographic information with respect to property, plant and equipment, net (long-lived assets), was as follows (in millions):
 December 31,
 20202019
United States$2,473 $2,433 
Puerto Rico1,331 1,402 
ROW1,085 1,093 
Total property, plant and equipment, net$4,889 $4,928