Goodwill and intangible assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in millions):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	15,529	$	14,890
Changes to goodwill resulting from acquisitions and divestitures, net(1)	3,089		651
Currency translation adjustments	11		(12)
Ending balance	$	18,629	$	15,529

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(1) For 2023, the increase to Goodwill was primarily due to goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Horizon. For 2022, the increase to goodwill was due to goodwill resulting from the acquisition of ChemoCentryx, changes to the acquisition date fair values of net assets acquired in the acquisition of Teneobio and the nonstrategic Gensenta divestiture. See Note 3, Acquisitions and divestitures.

Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets consisted of the following (in millions):


	December 31,
	2023						2022
	Gross carrying amounts		Accumulated amortization		Other intangible assets, net		Gross carrying amounts		Accumulated amortization		Other intangible assets, net
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Developed-product-technology rights	$	48,631	$	(18,049)	$	30,582	$	29,028	$	(15,045)	$	13,983
Licensing rights	3,865		(3,265)		600		3,864		(3,123)		741
Marketing-related rights	1,339		(1,264)		75		1,326		(1,167)		159
R&D technology rights	1,394		(1,228)		166		1,378		(1,190)		188
Total finite-lived intangible assets	55,229		(23,806)		31,423		35,596		(20,525)		15,071
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
IPR&D	1,218		—		1,218		1,009		—		1,009
Total other intangible assets	$	56,447	$	(23,806)	$	32,641	$	36,605	$	(20,525)	$	16,080

Developed-product-technology rights consists of rights related to marketed products acquired in acquisitions. Licensing rights consists primarily of contractual rights acquired in acquisitions to receive future milestone, royalty and profit-sharing payments; capitalized payments to third parties for milestones related to regulatory approvals to commercialize products; and up-front payments associated with royalty obligations for marketed products. Marketing-related rights consists primarily of rights related to the sale and distribution of marketed products. R&D technology rights pertains to technologies used in R&D that have alternative future uses. Developed-product-technology rights include assets acquired with the Horizon and ChemoCentryx acquisitions. IPR&D includes assets acquired with the Horizon and Teneobio acquisitions. R&D technology rights and licensing rights includes assets acquired with the Teneobio acquisition. See Note 3, Acquisitions and divestitures.

IPR&D consists of R&D projects acquired in a business combination that are not complete at the time of acquisition due to remaining technological risks and/or lack of receipt of required regulatory approvals. All IPR&D projects have major risks and uncertainties associated with the timely and successful completion of the development and commercialization of product candidates, including our ability to confirm safety and efficacy based on data from clinical trials, our ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals and our ability to successfully complete these tasks within budgeted costs. We are not permitted to market a human therapeutic without obtaining regulatory approvals, and such approvals require the completion of clinical trials that demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective. In addition, the availability and extent of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payers, including government healthcare programs and private insurance plans as well as competitive product launches, affect the revenues a product can generate. Consequently, the eventual realized values, if any, of acquired IPR&D projects may vary from their estimated fair values. We review IPR&D projects for impairment annually, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable and upon the establishment of technological feasibility or regulatory approval. During the third quarter of 2023, the development of AMG 340 acquired in connection with our Teneobio acquisition was terminated, resulting in an impairment charge of $783 million, which was recognized in Other operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income and included in Other items, net, in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See Note 18, Fair value measurement, for the impact on the related contingent consideration liability.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized amortization associated with our finite-lived intangible assets of $3.2 billion, $2.6 billion and $2.6 billion, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets is included primarily in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The total estimated amortization for our finite-lived intangible assets for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, are $4.8 billion, $4.5 billion, $3.9 billion, $3.9 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively.