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Stock-based compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Components of Stock-based Compensation Expense
The following table reflects the components of stock-based compensation expense recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Income (in millions):
Years ended December 31,
202320222021
RSUs$309 $227 $183 
Performance units121 132 121 
Stock options43 42 37 
Total stock-based compensation expense, pretax473 401 341 
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense(102)(86)(74)
Total stock-based compensation expense, net of tax$371 $315 $267 
Summary of RSUs
The following table summarizes information regarding our RSUs:
Year ended December 31, 2023
Units
(in millions)
Weighted-average
grant date
fair value
Balance nonvested as of December 31, 2022
2.8 $228.71 
Granted1.0 $237.70 
Replacement awards granted - Horizon acquisition1.7 $267.47 
Vested(1.3)$231.81 
Forfeited(0.3)$234.35 
Balance nonvested as of December 31, 2023
3.9 $246.43 
Summary of Stock Option Assumptions
The weighted-average assumptions used in the option valuation model and the resulting weighted-average grant date fair values of stock options granted were as follows:
Years ended December 31,
202320222021
Closing price of our common stock on grant date$235.97$230.92 $237.17 
Expected volatility (average of implied and historical volatility)23.3 %24.5 %25.6 %
Expected life (in years)5.75.75.7
Risk-free interest rate3.4 %2.8 %1.0 %
Expected dividend yield3.5 %3.3 %2.9 %
Fair value of stock options granted$41.86$42.43 $40.43 
Summary of Stock Options
The following table summarizes information regarding our stock options:
Year ended December 31, 2023
Options
(in millions)
Weighted-
average
exercise price
Weighted-
average
remaining
contractual
life (in years)
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
(in millions)
Balance unexercised as of December 31, 20225.3 $207.29 
Granted1.1 $235.97 
Exercised(0.4)$182.33 
Expired/forfeited(0.1)$234.10 
Balance unexercised as of December 31, 2023
5.9 $213.90 6.7$438 
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2023
5.7 $213.15 6.7$427 
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023
2.8 $190.59 5.0$271 
Weighted-Average Assumptions The weighted-average assumptions used in the payout simulation model and the resulting weighted-average grant date fair values of performance units granted were as follows:
Years ended December 31,
202320222021
Closing price of our common stock on grant date$235.97 $230.92 $239.64 
Volatility21.6 %28.1 %29.3 %
Risk-free interest rate3.7 %0.3 %0.3 %
Fair value of units granted$252.49 $247.48 $254.68