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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☑ |  | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, or

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 1-11083
BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 04-2695240
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

300 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752-1234
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
508 683-4000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | BSX |  | New York Stock Exchange
0.625% Senior Notes due 2027 |  | BSX27 |  | New York Stock Exchange
5.50% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 per share |  | BSX PR A |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
NONE
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes: ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes: ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes: ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorted period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes: ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes: ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $53.2 billion based on the last reported sale price of $37.27 of the registrant’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. (For this computation, the registrant has excluded the market value of all shares of common stock of the registrant reported as beneficially owned by executive officers, and directors of the registrant; such exclusion shall not be deemed to constitute an admission that any such person is an affiliate of the registrant.)

The number of shares outstanding of Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, as of January 31, 2023 was 1,434,780,104.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2022 with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I |  | 3
ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 3
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 18
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 32
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 32
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 32
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 32
PART II |  | 33
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 33
ITEM 6. | RESERVED | 35
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 36
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 62
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 65
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 123
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 123
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 123
ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 124
PART III |  | 125
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 125
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 125
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 125
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 125
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 125
PART IV |  | 126
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 126
ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 135
SIGNATURES | 136

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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Our Company
Boston Scientific Corporation is a global developer, manufacturer and marketer of medical devices that are used in a broad range of interventional medical specialties. Our mission is to transform lives through innovative medical solutions that improve the health of patients around the world. As a medical technology leader for more than 40 years, we have advanced the practice of less-invasive medicine by helping physicians and other medical professionals diagnose and treat a wide range of diseases and medical conditions and improve patients’ quality of life by providing alternatives to surgery and other medical procedures that are typically traumatic to the body. We advance science for life by providing a broad range of high performance solutions to address unmet patient needs and reduce the cost of healthcare. When used in this report, the terms "we," "us," "our" and "the Company" mean Boston Scientific Corporation and its divisions and subsidiaries.
Business Strategy
We operate pursuant to five strategic imperatives. We aim to: Strengthen Category Leadership, Expand into High Growth Adjacencies, Drive Global Expansion, Fund the Journey to Fuel Growth and Develop Key Capabilities. We believe that our execution of these strategic imperatives will help us deliver on our mission, drive innovation and increase value for our customers and employees, while strengthening our leadership position in the medical device industry and delivering profitable revenue growth.
We expect to continue to invest in our core franchises and pursue opportunities to diversify and further expand our presence in strategic, high-growth adjacencies and new global markets, including growth within the countries we define as emerging markets. Maintaining and expanding our international presence is an important component of our long-term growth strategy. Through our international presence, we seek to increase net sales and market share, leverage our relationships with leading physicians and their clinical research programs, accelerate the time to bring new products to market and gain access to worldwide technological developments that we can implement across our product lines. Our research and development efforts are focused largely on the development of next-generation and novel technology offerings across multiple programs and all divisions. In the past several years, we have completed numerous acquisitions in support of our growth strategy, both strengthening our core franchises and expanding into high growth adjacent markets. We continue to develop digital tools and technologies that enable us to compete more effectively and deliver first class remote physician education, drive deeper patient engagement and increase digitally-enabled sales force productivity.
We have a firm commitment to corporate social responsibility and living our values as a global business and global corporate citizen. This includes taking actions to combat discrimination and advancing equality and diversity, including through financial support of racial equity initiatives in the communities where we live and work, protecting the environment, investing in our employees' health and well-being, and many other initiatives that we believe ultimately help us create value responsibly. Refer to discussion of Community Outreach below and Corporate Sustainability included in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding measures we are undertaking.
Product Offerings
Our core businesses are organized into two reportable segments: MedSurg and Cardiovascular. The following describes our key product offerings and new product innovations by reportable segment.
MedSurg
Endoscopy
Our Endoscopy business develops and manufactures devices to diagnose and treat a broad range of gastrointestinal and pulmonary conditions with innovative, less invasive technologies. Our product offerings include the following:
•Resolution 360™ Clips and Resolution 360™ ULTRA Clips, hemostatic clipping technology designed to stop and help prevent bleeding during endoscopic procedures,
•WallFlex™ Biliary Stent Systems, used for relieving biliary obstructions by providing bile drainage in both malignant and benign strictures,
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•AXIOS™ Stents and Electrocautery Enhanced Delivery Systems, the first, and currently only stents systems in the U.S. indicated for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts,
•SpyGlass™ DS II Direct Visualization Systems and SpyGlass™ Discover Digital Catheters, the first single-use scopes to enable physicians to take a single-stage approach to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the pancreaticobiliary system, including treating patients with bile duct stones,
•EXALT™ Model D Single-Use Duodenoscopes for use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures, the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared single-use (disposable) duodenoscopes on the market,
•Acquire™ Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Biopsy Devices, which are designed to obtain larger tissue specimens for histological assessment and diagnosis of diseases such as pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and stomach lesions and
•our infection prevention portfolio, designed to minimize the risk of infection transmission and improve operational efficiencies by streamlining manual cleaning or eliminating the need for cleaning and tracking.
Urology
Our Urology business develops and manufactures devices to treat various urological and pelvic conditions for both male and female anatomies, including kidney stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction and incontinence. Our product offerings include the following:
•a comprehensive line of stone management products, including ureteral stents, catheters, baskets, guidewires, sheaths and balloons,
•LithoVue™ Single-Use Digital Flexible Ureteroscopes, which deliver detailed high-resolution digital images for high-quality visualization and seamless navigation,
•Lumenis Pulse™ Holmium Laser Systems with MOSES™ Technology, complemented by a full line of laser fibers and accessories used in urology and otolaryngology procedures,
•our Prosthetic Urology portfolio, which includes AMS 700™, our penile implants to treat erectile dysfunction and AMS 800™, our urinary control systems to treat male urinary incontinence,
•GreenLight XPS™ Laser System, MoXy™ Fiber, and Rezūm™ Systems for treatment of BPH and
•SpaceOAR™ Hydrogel Systems which help reduce side effects that men may experience after receiving radiotherapy to treat prostate cancer, together with our SpaceOAR VUE™ Hydrogel, providing clinicians with enhanced product visualization.
In the third quarter of 2022, we launched the Rezūm™ Water Vapor Therapy System in Japan following regulatory approval from Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) and received approval of a new reimbursement category from Japan’s Central Social Insurance Medical Counsel (Chuikyo) for both the device and procedure.
In the first quarter of 2023, we received FDA clearance for and will begin a limited market release of our LithoVue™ Elite Single-Use Digital Flexible Ureteroscope System, the first ureteroscope system with the ability to monitor intrarenal pressure in real-time during ureteroscopy procedures.
Neuromodulation
Our Neuromodulation business develops and manufactures devices to treat various neurological movement disorders and manage chronic pain. Our product offerings include the following:
•Precision Montage™ and WaveWriter Alpha™ Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) Systems, designed to provide improved pain relief to a wide range of patients who suffer from chronic pain, with proprietary features such as Multiple Independent Current Control, our Illumina 3D™ Proprietary Programming Software and FAST™ Therapy for profound parathesia-free pain relief in minutes, used by physicians to target specific areas of pain and customize stimulation of nerve fibers more precisely,
•our G4™ Generator and consumable portfolio in Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) for pain management used by physicians to treat patients with chronic pain,
•Our Cognita™ Practice Optimization suite of tools designed to increase awareness, streamline patient management, and sustain long-term outcomes for patients,
•Vercise Gevia™ and Vercise Genus™ Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Systems for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, tremor, and intractable primary and secondary dystonia, a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and
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•Superion™ Indirect Decompression Systems, minimally-invasive devices used to improve physical function and reduce pain in patients with moderate lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).
Our Vercise™ DBS Systems are approved in the U.S. as an adjunctive therapy that aids in reducing some of the symptoms of moderate to advanced Parkinson’s disease as well as for patients diagnosed with essential tremor. The Vercise Genus™ DBS platform features a full portfolio of primary cell and rechargeable MRI conditional systems with Bluetooth connectivity and the Cartesia™ Directional Lead, providing multi-directional stimulation designed for greater precision, intended to minimize side effects for patients. In 2022, we further expanded our portfolio with Image Guided Programming with the US release of Stimview™ XT, a proprietary DBS visualization software developed in collaboration with Brainlab AG, providing clinicians with real-time, 3D visualization and stimulation of brain anatomy.
Cardiovascular
Cardiology
Interventional Cardiology Therapies (ICTx)
Our Interventional Cardiology Therapies business develops and manufactures technologies for diagnosing and treating coronary artery disease and aortic valve conditions. Our product offerings include the following:
•OptiCross™ IVUS Imaging Catheters,
•iLab™ Ultrasound Imaging Systems with Polaris Software, designed to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of blocked vessels and other heart disorders, compatible with our full line of imaging catheters,
•AVVIGO™ Guidance Systems and AVVIGO™ Guidance System II, incorporating high-definition IVUS all in a mobile or integrated platform,
•ROTAPRO™ Rotational Atherectomy Systems, which regulate the flow of air to the advancer, controlling burr rotation speed, and also monitor and display burr rotation speed and rotational atherectomy procedural time,
•SYNERGY™, SYNERGY MEGATRON™ and SYNERGY™ XD Everolimus-Eluting Platinum Chromium Coronary Stent Systems, featuring an ultra-thin abluminal (outer) bioabsorbable polymer coating,
•Safari2™ Pre-Shaped Guidewires, intended to facilitate the introduction and placement of interventional devices within the heart,
•ACURATE neo2™ Aortic Valve Systems for use in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures and
•SENTINEL™ Cerebral Embolic Protection Systems, used to reduce the risk of stroke in TAVR procedures and is clinically proven to decrease cerebral embolization and its associated neurological effects.
Watchman
Our WATCHMAN FLX™ Left Atrial Appendage Closure (LAAC) Devices are designed to close the left atrial appendage in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who are at risk for ischemic stroke. WATCHMAN™ is the first device to offer a non-pharmacologic alternative to oral anti-coagulants that has been studied in a randomized clinical trial and is the leading device in percutaneous LAAC globally.
Cardiac Rhythm Management
Our Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) business develops and manufactures a variety of implantable devices that monitor the heart and deliver electricity to treat cardiac abnormalities. Our product offerings include the following:
•the RESONATE™ family of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) and implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-D), including our proprietary HeartLogic™ Heart Failure (HF) Diagnostic and SmartCRT™ Technology with Multisite pacing in CRT-D,
•EMBLEM™ MRI S-ICD System, the world's first, and currently only, commercially available subcutaneous implantable cardiac defibrillators (S-ICD), which provides physicians the ability to treat patients who are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest without touching the heart,
•ACCOLADE™ family of pacemakers and implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemakers (CRT-P),
•ACUITY™ X4 Quadripolar LV Leads, RELIANCE™ family of ICD Leads and our INGEVITY™ Pacing Leads,
•LATITUDE™ Remote Patient Management Systems, which allow for more frequent monitoring and better guided treatment decisions by enabling physicians to monitor implantable system performance remotely,
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•LUX-Dx™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) systems, long-term diagnostic devices implanted in patients to detect arrhythmias associated with conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF), cryptogenic stroke and syncope and
•BodyGuardian™ remote cardiac monitoring systems provide a full range of mobile health solutions and remote monitoring services, ranging from ambulatory cardiac monitors – including short and long-term holter monitors – to cardiac event monitors and mobile cardiac telemetry.
Our entire transvenous defibrillator portfolio leverages our EnduraLife™ Battery Technology and has magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conditional labeling when used with our current generation of leads.
Electrophysiology
Our Electrophysiology business develops and manufactures less-invasive medical technologies used in the diagnosis and treatment of rate and rhythm disorders of the heart, including a broad portfolio of therapeutic and diagnostic catheters and a variety of equipment used in the Electrophysiology lab. Our product offerings include the following:
•Rhythmia™ Mapping Systems, catheter-based, 3-D cardiac mapping and navigation solutions designed to help diagnose and guide treatment of a variety of arrhythmias,
•cardiac ablation catheters including the Blazer™, IntellaNav™, IntellaNav Stablepoint™ and IntellaTip MiFi Open-Irrigated Ablation Catheter families, featuring a unique Total Tip Cooling™ Design and DIRECTSENSE™ Software for monitoring radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery during procedures,
•IntellaMap Orion™ Mapping Catheters, for use with our Rhythmia Mapping System to provide high-density, high-resolution maps of the heart,
•Farapulse™ Pulsed Field Ablation (PFA) Systems for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF),
•POLARx™ Cryoablation Systems for the treatment of AF and
•intracardiac ultrasound catheters, delivery sheaths and other accessories
On February 14, 2022, we completed our acquisition of Baylis Medical Company, Inc (Baylis Medical), which has developed the radiofrequency (RF) NRG™ and VersaCross™ Transseptal Platforms as well as a family of guidewires, sheaths and dilators used to support left heart access, which expands our electrophysiology and structural heart product portfolios. In the second quarter of 2022, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for and launched the VersaCross Connect™ LAAC Access Solution developed by Baylis Medical, providing safe and efficient access to the left side of the heart.
Peripheral Interventions
Our Peripheral Interventions business develops and manufactures products to diagnose and treat peripheral arterial and venous diseases, as well as products to diagnose, treat and ease various forms of cancer. Our broad peripheral portfolio includes stent systems, balloon catheters, guidewires, atherectomy and thrombectomy systems, embolization devices, radioactive microspheres, radiofrequency and cryotherapy ablation systems, microcatheters and drainage catheters.
Our peripheral arterial product offerings include:
•EPIC™ and Innova™ Self-Expanding Stent Systems,
•Eluvia™ Drug Eluting Vascular Stent Systems, innovative stents built on the Innova stent platform, designed to deliver a sustained dosage of paclitaxel during the time when restenosis is most likely to occur,
•Mustang™, Coyote™ and Sterling™ PTA Balloon Catheters designed for a wide variety of peripheral angioplasty procedures and
•Ranger™ Drug-Coated Balloons, innovative balloons built on the Sterling balloon platform, featuring a low-dose of paclitaxel.
In the third quarter of 2022, we launched an ELUVIA™ line extension, introducing the longest-length available for treatment of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the superficial femoral artery. We are also the first company to provide physicians with both a drug-eluting stent and drug-coated balloon option for the treatment of patients with PAD.
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Our venous disease product offerings include the following:
•AngioJet™ Thrombectomy Systems, used in endovascular procedures to remove blood clots from blocked arteries and veins and our AngioJet Zelante DVT™ Thrombectomy Catheters to treat deep vein thrombosis,
•WOLF Thrombectomy™ Platform, which is designed to mechanically remove the clots without damaging blood vessels, while also minimizing blood loss,
•EKOS™ Ultrasound Assisted Thrombolysis systems used to treat pulmonary embolisms and
•Varithena™ Polidocanol Injectable Foam used to improve the symptoms of superficial venous incompetence and the appearance of visible varicosities.
Our interventional oncology product offerings include the following:
•TheraSphere™ Y-90 radioactive glass microspheres used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer,
•Renegade™ HI-FLO™ Fathom™ Microcatheter and Guidewire System and Interlock™ - 35 Fibered IDC™ and 18 Fibered IDC™ Occlusion System for peripheral embolization,
•EMBOLD™ Detachable Coil System, used for arterial and venous embolizations in the peripheral vasculature, and
•ICEFX™ and Visual ICE™ Cryoablation Systems for destruction of tissue, using image-guided needles to enable cryoablation visualization for optimal tumor coverage.
Markets
Competition
We encounter significant competition across our product lines and in each market in which we sell our products and solutions, some from companies that may have greater financial, sales and marketing resources than we do. Our primary competitors include Abbott Laboratories and Medtronic plc, as well as a wide range of medical device companies that sell a single or limited number of competitive products or participate in only a specific market segment. In certain countries, and particularly in China, we also face competition from domestic medical device companies that may benefit from their status as local suppliers. We also face competition from non-medical device companies, which may offer alternative therapies for disease states that could also be treated using our products, or from companies offering technologies that could augment or replace procedures using our products.
We believe that our products and solutions compete primarily on their ability to deliver both differentiated clinical and economic outcomes for our customers by enabling physicians to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures safely and effectively often in a less-invasive and cost effective manner. We also compete on ease of use, comparative effectiveness, reliability and physician familiarity. In the current environment of managed care, with economically motivated buyers, consolidation among healthcare providers, increasing prevalence and importance of regional and national tenders, increased competition and declining reimbursement rates, we have been increasingly required to compete on the basis of price, value, reliability and efficiency. We believe the current global economic conditions and healthcare reform measures could continue to put additional competitive pressure on us, including on our average selling prices, overall procedure rates and addressable market sizes. We recognize that our continued competitive success will depend upon our ability to:
•offer products and solutions that provide differentiated clinical and economic outcomes,
•create or acquire innovative, scientifically advanced technologies,
•apply our technology and solutions cost-effectively and with superior quality across product lines and markets,
•develop or acquire proprietary products and solutions,
•attract and retain qualified personnel,
•obtain patent or other protection for our products,
•obtain required regulatory and reimbursement approvals,
•continually provide quality products and enhance our quality systems,
•supply sufficient inventory at competitive prices to meet customer demand.
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Research and Development
Our investment in research and development is critical to driving our future growth. Our investment in research and development supports the following:
•internal research and development programs, regulatory design and clinical science, as well as other programs obtained through our strategic acquisitions and alliances, and
•engineering efforts that incorporate customer feedback into continuous improvement efforts for currently marketed and next-generation products.
We have directed our development efforts toward innovative technologies designed to expand current markets or enter adjacent markets. We continue to transform how we conduct research and development by identifying best practices, driving efficiencies and optimizing our cost structure, which we believe will enable increased development activity and faster concept-to-market timelines. Focused, cross-functional teams take a formal approach to new product design and development, helping us to manufacture and offer innovative products consistently and efficiently. Involving cross-functional teams early in the process is the cornerstone of our product development cycle. We believe this collaboration allows our teams to concentrate resources on the most viable and clinically relevant new products and technologies and to maximize cost and time savings as we bring them to market.
In addition to internal development, we work with hundreds of leading research institutions, universities and clinicians around the world to develop, evaluate and clinically test our products. We continue to expand our collaborations to include research and development teams in our emerging market countries; these teams will focus on both global and local market requirements at a lower cost of development. We believe that these efforts will play a significant role in our future success.
Marketing and Sales
In 2022, we marketed our products and solutions to approximately 36,000 hospitals, clinics, outpatient facilities and medical offices in 130 countries worldwide. Large group purchasing organizations, hospital networks and other buying groups have become increasingly important to our business and represent a substantial portion of our net sales. Each of our businesses maintains dedicated sales forces and marketing teams focused on physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of different medical conditions, as well as on key hospital service line administrators.
The majority of our net sales are derived from countries in which we have direct sales organizations. We also have a network of distributors and dealers who offer our products in certain countries and markets. We expect to continue to leverage our infrastructure in markets where commercially appropriate and use third party distributors in those markets where it is not economical or strategic to establish or maintain a direct presence.
Resources
Manufacturing and Raw Materials
We are focused on continuously improving our supply chain effectiveness, strengthening our manufacturing processes and increasing operational efficiencies within our organization worldwide. In doing so, we seek to focus our internal resources on the development and commercial launch of new products and the enhancement of existing products. We also drive continuous improvement in product quality through process controls and validations, supplier and distribution controls and training and tools for our operations team. In addition, we remain focused on examining our operations and general business activities to enhance our operational effectiveness by identifying cost-improvement opportunities.
We remain committed to maintaining appropriate investments to ensure supply chain stability. We have an ongoing supplier resiliency program which identifies and mitigates risk and have taken measures to mitigate the impact of challenges within the global supply chain, including those caused in part by the COVID-19 pandemic. We consistently monitor our inventory levels, manufacturing, sterilization and distribution capabilities and partnerships and maintain recovery plans to address potential disruptions. Many components used in the manufacturing of our products are readily fabricated from commonly available raw materials or off-the-shelf items available from multiple supply sources; however, certain items are custom made to meet our specifications.
On an on-going basis, we track supplier status and inventory in risk areas and take action to prevent shortages, monitoring safety stock levels and building up product supplies as warranted, and mitigating risk of technology and material shortages by identifying new vendors.
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We have experienced increased levels of unpredictability in the supply of certain raw materials and components used in the manufacturing of our products. While we continue to believe we will have access to the raw materials and components that we need, these supply chain dynamics could result in increased costs to us or an inability to fully meet customer demand for certain of our products.
Proprietary Rights and Patent Litigation
We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property to protect our proprietary rights. We generally file patent applications in the U.S. and other countries where patent protection for our technology is appropriate and available. We hold patents worldwide that cover various aspects of our technology. In addition, we hold exclusive and non-exclusive licenses to a variety of third-party technologies covered by patents and patent applications. In the aggregate, these intellectual property assets and licenses are of material importance to our business; however, we believe that no single patent, technology, trademark, intellectual property asset or license is material in relation to our business as a whole.
We rely on non-disclosure and non-competition agreements with employees, consultants and other parties to protect, in part, trade secrets and other proprietary technology. There has been substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the medical device industry, particularly in the areas in which we compete. We continue to defend ourselves against claims and legal actions alleging infringement of the patent rights of others. Additionally, we may find it necessary to initiate litigation to enforce our patent rights, to protect our trade secrets or know-how and to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others. Accordingly, we may seek to settle some or all of our pending litigation, particularly to manage risk over time. Settlement may include cross licensing of the patents that are the subject of the litigation as well as our other intellectual property and may involve monetary payments to or from third parties.
We maintain insurance policies providing limited coverage against securities claims. We are substantially self-insured with respect to product liability claims and fully self-insured with respect to intellectual property infringement claims. The absence of significant third-party insurance coverage increases our potential exposure to unanticipated claims or adverse decisions. See Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our 2022 consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of intellectual property, product liability and other litigation and proceedings in which we are involved.
Regulatory Environment
Medical Device Regulatory Approvals
The medical devices that we manufacture, market and commercialize are subject to regulation by numerous worldwide regulatory bodies, including the U.S. FDA and comparable international regulatory agencies. These agencies require manufacturers of medical devices to comply with applicable laws and regulations governing development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, marketing and distribution. Medical devices are also generally subject to varying levels of regulatory control based on risk level of the device.
In the U.S., authorization to distribute a new device can generally be met in one of two ways. The first process requires that a premarket notification (510(k)) be made to the FDA to demonstrate that the device is as safe and effective as, or substantially equivalent to, a legally marketed device (the “predicate” device). Applicants must submit performance data to establish substantial equivalence. In some instances, data from human clinical trials must also be submitted in support of a 510(k) premarket notification. If so, these data must be collected in a manner that conforms to the applicable Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) regulations. The FDA must issue a decision finding substantial equivalence before commercial distribution can occur. Changes to cleared devices that could not significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device can generally be made without additional 510(k) premarket notifications; otherwise, a new 510(k) is required.
The second process requires the submission of a premarket approval (PMA) application to the FDA to demonstrate that the device is safe and effective for its intended use. This approval process applies to most Class III devices and generally requires clinical data to support the safety and effectiveness of the device, obtained in adherence with IDE requirements. The FDA will approve the PMA application if it finds that there is a reasonable assurance that the device is safe and effective for its intended purpose and that the proposed manufacturing is in compliance with the Quality System Regulation (QSR). For novel technologies, the FDA may seek input from an advisory panel of medical experts and seek their views on the safety, effectiveness and benefit-risk of the device. The PMA process is generally more detailed, lengthier and more expensive than the 510(k) process.
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In the European Union (EU), we are required to comply with the Medical Device Regulation (MDR or EU MDR) which became effective May 2021, superseding the existing Medical Device and Active Implantable Medical Device Directives. Medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the prior Directives (issued before May 2021) can continue to be sold during the applicable transition period or until the CE Certificate expires, whichever comes first, providing there are no significant changes to the design or intended use. The CE Mark, which is required to sell medical devices in the EU is affixed following a Conformity Assessment and either approval from the appointed independent Notified Body or through self-certification by the manufacturer. The selected pathway to CE marking is based on device risk classification. CE marking indicates conformity to the applicable General Safety and Performance Requirements (GSPRs) for the MDR. The MDR changes multiple aspects of the regulatory framework for CE marking, such as increased clinical evidence requirements, changes to labelling, and new requirements, including Unique Device Identification (UDI), and many new post-market reporting obligations. MDR also modifies and increases the compliance requirements for the medical device industry and will continue to require significant investment over the next few years to transition all products. The CE mark continues to be a prerequisite for successful registration in many other global geographies. In addition, other EU countries continue to impose significant local registration requirements despite the implementation of MDR, and the United Kingdom has introduced new requirements following its exit from the EU.
We are also required to comply with the regulations of every other country where we commercialize products before we can launch or maintain new products on the market, including regulations that have been introduced in many countries in the Middle East and Southeast Asia that previously did not have medical device regulations, or had minimal regulations. In Japan we are required to comply with Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) regulations. In conjunction with the MHLW, the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Agency is an independent agency that is responsible for reviewing drug and medical device applications and works with the MHLW to assess new product safety, develop comprehensive regulations, and monitor post-market safety.
The FDA and other worldwide regulatory agencies and competent authorities actively monitor compliance to local laws and regulations through review and inspection of design and manufacturing practices, record-keeping, reporting of adverse events, labeling and promotional practices. The FDA can ban certain medical devices, detain or seize adulterated or misbranded medical devices, order recall or market withdrawal of these devices and require notification of health professionals and others with regard to medical devices that present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health. The FDA may also enjoin and restrain a company for certain violations of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Safe Medical Devices Act, pertaining to medical devices, or initiate action for criminal prosecution of such violations. Regulatory agencies and authorities in the countries where we do business can halt production in or distribution within their respective country or otherwise take action in accordance with local laws and regulations.
International sales of medical devices manufactured in the U.S. that are not approved by the FDA for use in the U.S., or that are banned or deviate from lawful performance standards, are subject to FDA export requirements. Additionally, exported devices are subject to the regulatory requirements of each country to which the device is exported.
Our quality system is designed to enable us to satisfy various international quality system regulations, including those of the U.S. FDA with respect to products sold in the U.S. All of our medical device manufacturing facilities and distribution centers are certified under the ISO 13485 quality system standard, established by the International Standards Organization (ISO) for medical devices, which includes requirements for an implemented quality system that applies to component quality, supplier control, product design and manufacturing operations.
Healthcare Policies and Reimbursement
Political, economic and regulatory influences around the world continue to subject the healthcare industry to potential fundamental changes that could substantially affect our results of operations. We maintain a global Government Affairs presence, headquartered in Washington, D.C., to actively monitor and advocate on myriad legislation and policies that may potentially impact us, both on a domestic and an international front. The Government Affairs office works closely with members of Congress and committee staff, the White House and administration offices, state governors, legislatures and regulatory agencies, embassies and global governments on issues affecting our business. The Government Affairs office also advocates for public policy that benefits our employees and the patients we serve, and supports the communities in which we live.
Our products are purchased principally by hospitals, physicians and other healthcare providers around the world that typically bill various third-party payers, including government programs (e.g., Medicare and Medicaid in the U.S.) and private insurance payers, for the items and services provided to their patients. Government and private sector initiatives related to limiting the
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growth of healthcare costs (including price regulation), coverage and payment policies, comparative effectiveness reviews of therapies, technology assessments, price transparency and healthcare delivery and payment structure reforms, are continuing in many countries where we do business. We believe that these changes are causing the marketplace to place increased emphasis on the delivery of treatments that can reduce costs, improve efficiencies and/or increase patient access. Although we believe our products and technologies generate favorable clinical outcomes, value and cost efficiency, while also being less invasive than alternatives, the resources necessary to demonstrate value to our customers, patients, payers and other stakeholders are significant and new therapies may take significantly longer periods of time to gain widespread adoption.
Implementation of cost containment initiatives and healthcare reforms in significant markets such as the U.S., China, Australia, and other markets may limit the price of, or the level at which reimbursement is provided for, our products or procedures using our products, which in turn may make it less likely that a hospital or physician will select our products to treat patients.
Environmental Regulation and Management
We are subject to various environmental laws, directives and regulations both in the U.S. and abroad. Our operations involve the use of substances regulated under environmental laws, primarily in manufacturing and sterilization processes. We are focused on continuous improvement in environmental metrics with a goal of reducing pollution, minimizing depletion of natural resources and reducing our overall environmental footprint. Specifically, we are working to optimize energy and resource usage, ultimately reducing greenhouse gas emissions and waste. Refer to Corporate Sustainability included in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.
Human Capital
At Boston Scientific, our work is guided by core values that define our culture and empower our employees, including Caring, Diversity, Global Collaboration, High Performance, Meaningful Innovation and Winning Spirit. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 45,000 employees, of which approximately 56 percent were outside the U.S. We believe the collective talent of our employees and our shared corporate culture and values give us a competitive advantage.
Hiring, developing and retaining talented employees are key parts of our strategy and are critical to our success, particularly in the current environment of labor shortages and unprecedented job market conditions. We strive to do this by fostering a diverse, equitable and inclusive workplace, providing competitive pay and benefits and flexible work conditions, offering ongoing employee growth and development opportunities and cultivating a culture that prioritizes employee health, safety and well-being.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
We do our best work to advance health care when we have a diverse range of perspectives and experience on our team. Innovation thrives in a culture of engagement, inclusion and equity. The society in which we live and the customers and patients we serve are diverse and our employees at all levels of the organization must reflect this. In recent years, we have made steady progress to increase the overall representation of employees who identify as women and as African American/Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latinx, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, and two or more races (together, multicultural talent). As of December 31, 2022, women represented 30 percent of our Board of Directors, and 49 percent of our employees. In addition, 36 percent of employees in the U.S. and Puerto Rico identified as multicultural.
We are committed to our goal of making further progress toward expanding our workforce diversity. In 2020, we set measurable Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DE&I) goals with our “3UP by 2023” initiative, which included aspirations of a three percentage point increase in representation of both women and multicultural talent at the supervisor and manager level to 43 percent and 23 percent, respectively, by December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, 42.6 percent of management roles were held by women and, within the U.S and Puerto Rico, 22.6 percent were held by multicultural employees. While we are making progress, our work is far from over. We are committed to intentional action to drive meaningful change. We listen to our employees and use that feedback to complement and expand our existing DE&I programs to emphasize initiatives aimed at developing our pipeline of talent and fostering a psychologically safe and inclusive workplace for all. Additionally, our Executive Committee and our Board of Directors have oversight of employee diversity metrics and hiring trends. As evidence of our commitment to expand DE&I, in 2021, we introduced an ESG scorecard, including DE&I metrics, to our Annual Bonus Plan.
In addition, our ten Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) are at the heart of our DE&I strategy. ERGs are voluntary, company-sponsored employee groups that foster and celebrate our diverse work environment. They provide forums for us to learn from
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one another, celebrate our uniqueness and develop inclusive leadership skills. We support each ERG by designating global and local executive sponsors and providing financial resources. Our ERG chapters around the world collaborate across the business at all levels and are powerful voices for change in the company.
Additionally, our approach to supplier selection involves building DE&I throughout the Boston Scientific supplier network. We are committed to the increased and sustained support of diverse businesses that share our dedication to improving the quality of patient care. As part of our strategy to combat racism, we have taken steps to further expand the number of Black-owned enterprises that provide supply chain services for our business in the U.S., and are also supporting small and diverse vendors by shortening our standard payment terms.
Compensation and Benefits
We offer competitive, performance-based compensation programs, recognizing that employee well-being, safety, culture, engagement and recognition are all critical to a healthy work environment and productive workforce. We offer programs that acknowledge, respect and support an individual’s life and work choices. Our holistic programs are guided by overall workforce health, focusing on physical, financial and emotional well-being as well as a healthy work environment. We believe that investing in employee well-being leads to improved performance for the individual and the organization.
As part of our broader rewards portfolio, we offer competitive pay and benefits that are flexible and affordable to meet the individual needs of our employees. In addition to cash-based salaries, our rewards portfolio includes cash bonus programs, sales incentives, stock awards, recognition awards, health insurance, paid time off and family leave, retirement savings plans, childcare and Employee Assistance Programs that encourage overall well-being, including help with finances, inclusive family planning and support, elder/child care, legal support and mental health resources.
Equal pay for equal work is rooted in our values and foundational to fostering an inclusive environment. Pay equity is an important part of our long-standing global compensation planning practices. Sustaining pay equity requires constant measurement and attention, so we regularly conduct comprehensive audits, internal and external analyses and company-wide benchmarking of salaries to identify and eliminate disparities. In addition, we periodically contract with an independent, third party to assess pay equity across all positions. Our most recent pay equity study, completed in 2021, reported no statistically significant pay disparity for approximately 99 percent of our employees across gender globally and for multicultural talent in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. We continue to educate and train our people, update policies and expand benefits to decrease bias, increase gender and racial representation within our organization, and foster a culture where all employees feel valued and included.
Employee Health and Safety
We take a global approach to prioritizing and monitoring employee health and safety and we strive to foster a safety-oriented culture in all of our offices and facilities. We set health and safety goals which measure the number of injuries per 100 employees for the global organization. Our Employee Health & Safety Global and Regional Councils review performance monthly to discuss trends and risks, as well as opportunities for improvement. We have obtained ISO 45001:2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management System at eight of our key global locations. This is a globally recognized standard for employee Occupational Health and Safety, established by the International Standards Organization, which provides a voluntary framework to identify key occupational health and safety aspects associated with our business helping to deliver continuous improvement. We have established a company-wide safety goal of 0.25 or fewer injuries per 100 employees by 2030, cutting our year-over-year incident rate by approximately 50 percent from a base year of 2019. As of December 31, 2022, we have achieved a safety level of 0.28 per 100 employees.
Employee Growth and Development
Developing our people professionally is one of the most important things we do. We have robust succession planning to ensure our future leaders are ready to assume roles as they become available. At every level of the company, employees have access to training and tools they can use to advance their skills and expertise and create greater possibilities for their careers. We offer professional and technical courses, including on-the-job training, skills-based learning, mentoring opportunities and leadership development programs for high-potential employees.
Employee Engagement
We seek ongoing feedback from our employees to better understand what we are doing well and, conversely, how we can improve their experience. In addition to encouraging ongoing communication and feedback between employees and their
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managers, we conduct periodic employee engagement surveys to ensure all employees have an opportunity to share their insights and we take appropriate action in response. As evidence of our commitment to foster employee engagement, we include these metrics within the ESG scorecard that forms part of our Annual Bonus Plan.
Community Outreach
We are united by a goal to make a difference in the lives of the over 33 million patients we serve annually. The Boston Scientific Caring value guides us in the work we do each day including how we invest in the well-being of communities. We work to advance possibilities in our three focus areas of health, STEM education and community. Our efforts evolve frequently as do the pressing needs of our communities. In 2022, we focused on supporting Ukrainian refugees, providing aid to those impacted by natural disasters and addressing the basic needs of underserved populations in communities where we live and work. In February 2023, we provided donations to charitable organizations providing earthquake relief efforts in Türkiye and Syria, including overnight stays, meals, hygiene items and critical emergency supplies.
Our global community programs empowered employees to participate in and influence the way we care for local communities through volunteerism and personal donations. Many employees chose to support their communities through use of the Employee Matching Gifts program, which was doubled in 2022 on Giving Tuesday, the global day of giving that highlights the importance of supporting local communities around the world during the holiday season. Through employee contributions and the Boston Scientific match, a total of nearly $2 million was donated in 2022. In February 2023, we launched an additional match campaign through our Employee Matching Gifts Program for aid to Türkiye and Syria and are also providing volunteer opportunities for our employees based in Türkiye to give back to their local communities.
We have also collaborated with non-profit community organizations to decrease health disparities and reduce the risk for chronic disease for the underserved by increasing access to healthcare and screenings. Within many of the communities in which we operate, we have launched and funded a multi-year program to combat racism, inequity and injustice focused on five pillars: community, economic empowerment, education, healthcare disparities and government policies. We also continue our long-term Close the Gap initiative, which focuses on raising awareness and empowering healthcare providers to reach more patients of color, fight longstanding inequities, and address barriers to care. Through Close the Gap, hospitals and health systems are provided with zip code level data that highlight the disease prevalence and disparities occurring in their communities. The information, along with our health equity resources, allows health care administrators and providers to focus on improving care to underserved populations within their communities.
We are also passionate about inspiring young learners to see themselves in a Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) roles in the future. Employees on our global STEM teams worldwide work with underrepresented K-12 students to share their passion for STEM by providing interactive product demos, development programs, and hands-on activities for young learners in their communities.
Seasonality
Our net sales are influenced by many factors, including product launches, acquisitions, regulatory and reimbursement approvals, patient, physician and employee holiday schedules and other macro-economic conditions. While our consolidated net sales do not reflect any significant degree of seasonality, customer purchases of our medical devices have historically been lower in the first and third quarters of the year.
Available Information
Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), are available free of charge on our website (www.bostonscientific.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the material with or furnish it to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Additionally, the SEC maintains an internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Printed copies of these posted materials are also available free of charge to stockholders who request them in writing from Investor Relations, 300 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, MA 01752-1234. Information on our website or linked to our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Safe Harbor for Forward-Looking Statements
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Certain statements that we may make from time to time, including statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and information incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words like “anticipate,” “expect,” “project,” “believe,” “plan,” “estimate,” “intend,” “aim,” "goal," "target," "continue," "hope," "may" and similar words. These forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and estimates using information available to us at the time and are not intended to be guarantees of future events or performance. If our underlying assumptions turn out to be incorrect, or if certain risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results could vary materially from the expectations and projections expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on certain risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors described in Item 1A under the heading “Risk Factors” and the specific risk factors discussed below and in connection with forward-looking statements throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could cause actual results to vary materially from the expectations and projections expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties, in some cases, have affected and in the future could affect our ability to implement our business strategy and may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the statements expressed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties that may cause such differences include, among other things: future U.S. and global economic, political, competitive, reimbursement and regulatory conditions; manufacturing, distribution and supply chain disruptions and cost increases; disruptions caused by cybersecurity events; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations and financial results; disruptions caused by extreme weather or other climate change-related events; labor shortages and increases in labor costs; new product introductions and the market acceptance of those products; markets for our products; expected pricing environment; expected procedural volumes; the closing and integration of acquisitions; clinical trial results; demographic trends; intellectual property rights; litigation; financial market conditions; the execution and effect of our restructuring program; the execution and effect of our business strategy, including our cost-savings and growth initiatives; our ability to achieve environmental, social and governance goals and commitments; and future business decisions made by us and our competitors. New risks and uncertainties may arise from time to time and are difficult to predict, including those that have emerged or may increase in significance or likelihood as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. All of these factors are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of them are beyond our control. For a further list and description of these and other important risks and uncertainties that may affect our future operations, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors contained within this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC, which we may update in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors in subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q that we will file hereafter. We disclaim any intention or obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions, or circumstances on which those expectations may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements. This cautionary statement is applicable to all forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following are some of the important risk factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations in any forward-looking statements. For further discussion of these and other risk factors, see Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Our Businesses
•The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic conditions created in part by the pandemic on worldwide economies, financial markets, manufacturing and distribution systems, including disruption in the manufacture or supply of certain components, materials or products, and business operations,
•Labor shortages and the impact of inflation on the cost of raw materials and direct labor,
•Risks associated with challenging or uncertain domestic and international economic conditions, including those related to rising interest rates, inflation, currency devaluations or economies entering into periods of recession,
•The impact of natural disasters, climate change, additional future public health crises and other catastrophic events on our ability to manufacture, distribute and sell our products,
•The impact of competitive offerings, value-based procurement practices, government-imposed payback provisions and changes in reimbursement practices and policies on average selling prices for our products,
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•The ongoing impact on our business of physician alignment to hospitals, governmental investigations and audits of hospitals and other market and economic conditions on the overall number of procedures performed,
•The performance of, and physician and patient confidence in, our products and technologies or those of our competitors,
•The impact and outcome of ongoing and future clinical trials and market studies undertaken by us, our competitors or other third parties or perceived product performance of our or our competitors' products,
•Variations in clinical results, reliability or product performance of our and our competitors' products,
•Our ability to acquire or develop, launch and supply new or next-generation products and technologies worldwide and in line with our commercialization strategies in a timely and successful manner and with respect to our recent acquisitions,
•The effect of consolidation and competition in the markets in which we do business or plan to do business,
•Our ability to achieve our projected level or mix of product sales, as some of our products are more profitable than others,
•Our ability to attract and retain talent, including key personnel associated with recent acquisitions, and to maintain our robust corporate culture,
•The impact of enhanced requirements to obtain and maintain regulatory approval in the U.S. and around the world, including EU MDR and the associated timing and cost of product approval,
•The impact of increased pressure on the availability and rate of third-party reimbursement for our products and procedures in the U.S. and around the world, including with respect to the timing and costs of creating and expanding markets for new products and technologies,
•The issuance of new or revised accounting standards by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission, and
•The impact of potential goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges on our results of operations.
Regulatory Compliance, Litigation and Data Protection
•The impact of healthcare policy changes and legislative or regulatory efforts in the U.S., the EU and around the world to modify product approval or reimbursement processes, including a trend toward demonstrating clinical outcomes, comparative effectiveness and cost efficiency, as well as the impact of other healthcare reform legislation,
•Risks associated with our regulatory compliance and quality systems and activities in the U.S., the EU and around the world, including meeting regulatory standards applicable to manufacturing and quality processes,
•The effect of global legal, regulatory or market responses to climate change, including increased compliance burdens and costs to meet regulatory obligations,
•Our ability to minimize or avoid future field actions or FDA warning letters relating to our products and processes and the ongoing inherent risk of potential physician advisories related to our or our competitors' products,
•The impact of increased scrutiny of and heightened global regulatory enforcement facing the medical device industry arising from political and regulatory changes, economic pressures or otherwise, including under U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, U.S. False Claims Act and similar laws in other jurisdictions, U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and similar laws in other jurisdictions, and U.S. and foreign export control, trade embargo and customs laws,
•Costs and risks associated with current and future asserted litigation,
•The effect of our litigation and risk management practices, including self-insurance and compliance activities on our loss contingencies, legal provisions and cash flows,
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•The impact of, diversion of management attention as a result of, and costs to cooperate with, litigate and/or resolve governmental investigations and our class action, product liability, contract and other legal proceedings,
•The possibility of failure to protect our intellectual property rights and the outcome of patent litigation,
•Our ability to operate properly our information systems that support our business operations and protect our data integrity and products from a cyber-attack or other breach that has a material adverse effect on our business, reputation or results of operations including increased risks as an indirect result of the ongoing Russia/ Ukraine war, and
•The potential impact to internal control over financial reporting relating to potential restrictions to access to consigned inventory at customer locations for our inventory count procedures.
Innovation and Certain Growth Initiatives
•The timing, size and nature of our strategic growth initiatives and market opportunities, including with respect to our internal research and development platforms and externally available research and development platforms and technologies and the ultimate cost and success of those initiatives and opportunities,
•Our ability to complete planned clinical trials successfully, obtain regulatory approvals and launch new and next generation products in a timely manner consistent with cost estimates, including the successful completion of projects from in-process research and development,
•Our ability to identify and prioritize our internal research and development project portfolio and our external investment portfolio on profitable net sales growth opportunities as well as to maintain the estimated timing and costs of such projects and expected revenue levels for the resulting products and technologies,
•Our ability to develop, manufacture and market new products and technologies successfully and in a timely manner and the ability of our competitors and other third parties to develop products or technologies that render our products or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete,
•Our ability to execute appropriate decisions to discontinue, write-down or reduce the funding of any of our research and development projects, including projects from in-process research and development from our acquisitions, in our growth adjacencies or otherwise,
•Our dependence on acquisitions, alliances or investments to introduce new products or technologies and to enter new or adjacent growth markets and our ability to fund them or to fund contingent payments with respect to those acquisitions, alliances and investments, and
•The potential failure to successfully integrate and realize the expected benefits, including cost synergies, from the strategic acquisitions, alliances and investments we have consummated or may consummate in the future.
International Markets
•Our dependency on international net sales to achieve growth, and our ability to maintain or expand our worldwide market positions in the various markets in which we compete or seek to compete, including through investments in Emerging Markets such as Brazil, India and China,
•The timing and collectability of customer payments, as well as our ability to continue factoring customer receivables where we have factoring arrangements, or to enter new factoring arrangements with favorable terms,
•The impact on pricing due to national and regional tenders, including value-based procurement practices and government-imposed payback provisions,
•Geopolitical and economic conditions, including civil unrest, terrorist activity, governmental changes, restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders, tariffs and other protectionist measures,
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•The impact of the Russia/Ukraine war and tension between China/Taiwan, and related, downstream effects thereof, including the impact of sanctions on U.S. manufacturers doing business in these regions,
•Protection of our intellectual property,
•Our ability to comply with established and developing U.S. and foreign legal and regulatory requirements, including FCPA, EU MDR and similar laws in other jurisdictions,
•Our ability to comply with U.S. and foreign export control, trade embargo and customs laws,
•The impact of significant developments or uncertainties stemming from changes in the U.S. government following congressional elections, including changes in U.S. trade policies, tariffs and the reaction of other countries thereto, particularly China, and
•The potential effect of foreign currency fluctuations and interest rate fluctuations on our net sales, operating expenses and resulting profit margins.
Liquidity
•Our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to fund operations, capital expenditures, global expansion initiatives, any litigation settlements and judgments, share repurchases and strategic investments and acquisitions as well as maintaining our investment grade ratings and managing our debt levels and financial covenant compliance,
•Our ability to access the public and private capital markets when desired and to issue debt or equity securities on terms reasonably acceptable to us,
•The unfavorable resolution of open tax matters, exposure to additional tax liabilities and the impact of changes in U.S. and international tax laws,
•The unfavorable resolution of open litigation matters, exposure to additional loss contingencies and legal provisions,
•The impact of examinations and assessments by domestic and international taxing authorities on our tax provisions, financial condition or results of operations,
•The possibility of counterparty default on our derivative financial instruments, and
•Our ability to collect outstanding and future receivables and/or sell receivables under our factoring programs.
Cost Reduction and Optimization Initiatives
•Risks associated with changes made or expected to be made to our organizational and operational structure, pursuant to our restructuring plans as well as any further restructuring or optimization plans we may undertake in the future and our ability to recognize benefits and cost reductions from such programs and
•Business disruption and employee distraction as we execute our global compliance program, restructuring and optimization plans and divestitures of assets or businesses and implement our other strategic and cost reduction initiatives.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the exhibits hereto, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our business. Our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This section contains forward-looking statements. You should refer to the explanation of the qualifications and limitations on forward-looking statements set forth at the end of Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The considerations and risks that follow are organized within relevant headings but may be relevant to other headings as well. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.
General Risks
Challenging domestic and international economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Uncertainty around inflationary pressures, rising interest rates and monetary policy could potentially cause new, or exacerbate existing, economic challenges that we may face. These conditions could worsen, or others could arise, if the U.S. and global economies were to enter recessionary periods, triggered or exacerbated by monetary policy designed to curb inflation. If there were a general economic downturn, we may experience decreased customer spending or demand for our products and services, and our customers’ ability to pay for our products on a timely basis, or at all, may be impacted. The same economic conditions could also adversely affect our third-party vendors, including those that we utilize in our supply-chain and manufacturing operations, which may lead to a reduction or interruption in the supply of materials and components used in manufacturing our products or increase the price of such materials or components, as well as the distributors and dealers who offer our products in certain countries and markets. Inflationary pressure may also increase certain operational costs, including due to wage increases, or increases in the cost of materials or components. These adverse economic conditions or events could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Further, uncertainty about global economic conditions, including those resulting from credit and sovereign debt issues, has caused and may continue to cause disruption in the financial markets, including diminished liquidity and credit availability. These conditions may adversely affect our suppliers, leading them to experience financial difficulties or be unable to borrow money to fund their operations, which could cause disruptions in our ability to produce our products. Our customers may experience financial difficulties or be unable to borrow money to fund their operations, which may adversely impact their ability or decision to purchase our products, particularly capital equipment, or to pay for our products that they purchase on a timely basis, if at all. In addition, we have accounts receivable factoring programs in certain European and Asian countries. Deterioration of the global economy or increase in sovereign debt issues may impact our ability to transfer receivables to third parties in certain of those countries. Third parties, such as banks, offering factoring programs in these countries are looking to reduce their exposure levels to government owned or supported debt. This could result in terminations of, or changes to the costs or credit limits of our existing factoring programs. Such terminations or changes could have a negative impact on our cash flow and days sales outstanding. Uncertain or challenging economic conditions could also lead to greater fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial performance.
There can be no assurance that there will not be further deterioration in the global economy. Accordingly, we cannot predict to what extent global economic conditions, including negative or uncertain economic conditions, sovereign debt issues and increased focus on healthcare systems and costs in the U.S. and abroad, may impact negatively our average selling prices, net sales and profit margins, operations, procedural volumes and reimbursement rates from third party payers. In addition, economic and financial market conditions, including rising interest rates, and other factors beyond our control may adversely affect our ability to borrow money in the credit markets, access the capital markets and obtain financing for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) or other general purposes.
Market Risks
We face intense competition and may not be able to keep pace with the rapid technological changes in the medical devices industry, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The medical device markets in which we participate are highly competitive. We encounter significant competition across our product lines and in each market in which our products are sold from various medical device companies. Some of our competitors may have greater financial and marketing resources than we do, including as a result of consolidation among companies in our industry. Our primary competitors include Abbott Laboratories and Medtronic plc, as well as a wide range of medical device companies that sell a single or limited number of competitive products or which participate in only a specific
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market segment or segments. We also face competition from non-medical device companies, including pharmaceutical companies and providers of various diagnostic tests, which may offer alternative therapies or diagnostics for disease states also amenable to treatment or diagnosis using our products. New competitors may emerge in the future, potentially including companies introducing new sales or distribution models to our industry or leveraging genomic robotic, navigation, and/or other automation technologies. Digital technologies have and may continue to increase in their applicability and importance to various aspects of our business, operating and competitive environments, R&D pipeline and product portfolio. We believe we will need to develop new and enhanced digital capabilities and competences in order to remain competitive.
In addition, the medical device markets in which we participate are characterized by extensive research and development and rapid technological change. Developments by other companies of products and/or services, processes or technologies may make our products or proposed products obsolete or less competitive and may negatively impact our net sales. It is necessary for us to devote continued efforts and financial resources to the development or acquisition of scientifically advanced technologies and products. In addition, we will need to apply our technologies cost-effectively across product lines and markets, obtain patent and other protection for our technologies and products, obtain required regulatory and reimbursement approvals and successfully manufacture and market our products consistent with our quality standards. If we fail to develop or acquire new products or enhance existing products, such failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, a delay in the timing of the launch of next-generation products and the overall performance of, and continued physician confidence in, those products may result in declines in our market share and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We may experience declines in market size, average selling prices for our products, medical procedure volumes and our share of the markets in which we compete, which may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We continue to experience pressures across many of our businesses due to competitive activity, increased market power of our customers as the healthcare industry consolidates, national and regional government tenders, economic pressures experienced by our customers, staffing shortages within healthcare facilities that have and may continue to negatively impact demand for our products, public perception of our products, and the impact of managed care organizations and other third-party payers. These and other factors may adversely impact market sizes, as well as our share of the markets in which we compete, the average selling prices for our products or medical procedure volumes. There can be no assurance that the size of the markets in which we compete will increase, that we will be able to hold or gain market share or compete effectively on the basis of price or that the number of procedures in which our products are used will increase. Decreases in market sizes or our market share and declines in average selling prices or procedural volumes could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Continued consolidation in the healthcare industry or additional governmental controls exerted over pricing and access in key markets could lead to increased demands for price concessions or limit or eliminate our ability to sell to certain of our significant market segments, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Numerous initiatives and reforms by legislators, regulators and third-party payers to curb the rising cost of healthcare, and to increase access to care, have catalyzed a consolidation of aggregate purchasing power within the markets in which we sell our products. Additionally, a growing number of countries have instituted or are contemplating introducing regional or national tender processes driven primarily by price. In some cases, such processes may favor local companies to multinational companies like Boston Scientific. In other instances, multinationals may be subject to a separate tender bidding process in which they compete only with each other and not with domestic companies. Further, in certain markets, the regulatory process through which new medical devices are approved may be faster and/or less burdensome for domestic companies compared to multinationals. As the healthcare industry consolidates, competition to provide products and services is expected to continue to intensify, resulting in pricing pressures, decreased average selling prices and the exclusion of certain suppliers from important market segments. We expect that market demand, government regulation, third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, government contracting requirements and societal pressures will continue to change the worldwide healthcare industry, resulting in further business consolidations and alliances among our customers, which may increase competition, exert further downward pressure on the prices of our products and services and may adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Healthcare cost containment pressures, government payment and delivery system reforms, changes in private payer policies, and marketplace consolidations could decrease the demand for our products, the prices which customers are willing to pay for those products and/or the number of procedures performed using our devices, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our products are purchased principally by hospitals, physicians and other healthcare providers around the world that typically bill various third-party payers, including government programs, authorities or agencies (e.g., Medicare and Medicaid in the U.S.) and private health plans, for the healthcare supplies and services provided to their patients. Governments and payers may institute changes in healthcare delivery or payment systems that may reduce funding for services or encourage greater scrutiny of healthcare costs. The ability of customers to obtain appropriate reimbursement for their products and services is critical to the success of medical technology companies because it affects which products customers purchase and the prices they are willing to pay. Reimbursement and funding vary by country and can significantly impact the acceptance of new products and technologies and the use of established products and technologies. We may find limited demand for otherwise promising new products unless reimbursement approval is obtained from private and governmental third-party payers. Further legislative or administrative reforms to the reimbursement systems in the U.S., Japan, China, or other countries in a manner that significantly reduce or eliminate reimbursement for procedures using our medical devices, including price regulation, site of service requirements, competitive bidding and tendering, coverage and payment policies, comparative effectiveness of therapies, heightened clinical data requirements, technology assessments and managed-care arrangements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations
Geopolitical Risks
We are subject to a number of market, business, financial, legal and regulatory risks and uncertainties with respect to our international operations that could have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
International net sales accounted for 40 percent of our global net sales in 2022. An important part of our strategy is to continue pursuing growth opportunities in net sales and market share outside of the U.S. by expanding global presence, including in Emerging Markets. Our international operations are subject to a number of market, business and financial risks and uncertainties, including those related to our use of channel partners, go-to-market strategies, geopolitical and economic instability, foreign currency exchange and interest rate fluctuations, competitive product offerings, local changes in healthcare financing and payment systems and healthcare delivery systems, local product preferences and requirements, including preferences for local manufacturers, workforce instability, weaker intellectual property protection in certain countries than exists in the U.S. and longer accounts receivable cycles. Such risks and uncertainties may adversely impact our ability to implement our growth strategy in these markets and, as a result, our sales growth, market share and operating profits from our international operations may be adversely affected.
Our international operations are subject to established and developing legal and regulatory requirements for medical devices in each country in which our products are marketed and sold. Most foreign countries have medical device regulations. Further, most countries outside of the U.S. require product approvals be renewed or re-certified on a regular basis in order to continue to be marketed and sold there. In addition, several countries that previously did not have regulatory requirements for medical devices have established such requirements in recent years and other countries have expanded, or plan to expand, existing regulations, including requiring local clinical data in addition to global clinical data. These factors have caused or may cause us to experience more uncertainty, risk, expense and delay in obtaining approvals and commercializing products in certain jurisdictions, which could adversely impact our net sales, market share and operating profits from our international operations.
Further, international markets are affected by economic pressure to contain healthcare costs, which can lead to more rigorous evidence requirements and lower reimbursement rates for either our products directly or procedures in which our products are used. Governments and payers may also institute changes in healthcare delivery systems that may reduce funding for services, seek payback from market participants, or encourage greater scrutiny of healthcare costs. In addition, certain international markets may also be affected by foreign government efforts to reference reimbursement rates in other countries. All of these types of changes may ultimately reduce selling prices of our products and/or reduce the number of procedures in which our products are used, which may adversely impact our net sales, market share and operating profits from our international operations.
In addition, our international operations are subject to other established and developing U.S. and foreign legal and regulatory requirements, including FCPA and/or similar laws in other countries and U.S. and foreign import and export controls and licensing requirements, trade protection and embargo measures and customs laws. Global businesses, including those in the medical device industry, are facing increasing scrutiny of, and heightened enforcement efforts with respect to, their international operations. Any alleged or actual failure to comply with legal and regulatory requirements may subject us to
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government scrutiny, civil and/or criminal proceedings, sanctions and other liabilities, which may have a material adverse effect on our international operations, financial condition, results of operations and/or liquidity.
The US-China relationship will continue to shape the geopolitical stage. Legislation aimed at boosting competitiveness of U.S. businesses may have unintended effects on our business. We may also face greater competition in China, among other countries, from domestic medical device companies that may benefit from their status as local manufacturers and suppliers. Ultimately, tariffs and other protectionist measures, as well as prolonged uncertainty, may have adverse effects on our ability to source and manufacture products in a timely and cost effective manner, thereby adversely affecting our business.
Lastly, sanctions and export restrictions are expected to continue to proliferate, leading to greater uncertainty in emerging and growth markets. Notably the Russia/Ukraine war has created barriers to doing business in Russia, and the tension between China/Taiwan has created geopolitical shifts in Asia. Any significant changes in the political, economic, financial, competitive, legal and regulatory or reimbursement conditions where we conduct, or plan to expand, our international operations may have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Credit and Financial Risks
If we are unable to manage our debt levels, maintain investment grade credit ratings at the three ratings agencies, or if we experience a disruption in our cash flows, it could have an adverse effect on our cost of borrowing, financial condition or results of operations.
As part of our strategy to maximize stockholder value, we use financial leverage to manage our cost of capital. Our outstanding debt balance was $8.935 billion as of December 31, 2022. Although we currently have investment grade ratings at Moody's Investor Service, Standard & Poor's Rating Service and Fitch Ratings, our inability to maintain investment grade credit ratings could increase our cost of borrowing funds in the future and reduce our access to liquidity. Uncertain or negative economic conditions, as well as rising interest rates, could also increase our cost of borrowing in the future or reduce our access to liquidity. Delays in our product development and new product launches could result in disruption in our cash flow or our ability to continue to effectively manage our debt levels, which could have an adverse effect on our cost of borrowing, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, our credit agreements contain a financial covenant that require us to maintain a minimum specified leverage ratio and place other limits on our business. If we are unable to satisfy this covenant, we may be required to obtain waivers from our lenders and no assurance can be made that our lenders would grant such waivers on favorable terms or at all and we could be required to repay any borrowings on demand.
We may record future intangible asset impairment charges related to one or more of our global reporting units, which could materially adversely impact our results of operations.
We test our goodwill balances in the second quarter of each year as of April 1 for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest an impairment may exist. We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. We also test our indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present, and we review intangible assets subject to amortization quarterly for impairment. In evaluating the potential for impairment, we make assumptions regarding estimated revenue projections, growth rates, cash flows and discount rates.
On a quarterly basis, we monitor the key drivers of fair value to detect events or other changes that would warrant an interim impairment test of our goodwill and other intangible assets. Relatively small declines in the future performance and cash flows of a reporting unit or asset group, changes in our reporting units or in the structure of our business as a result of future reorganizations, acquisitions or divestitures of assets or businesses, or small changes in other key assumptions, may result in the recognition of significant asset impairment charges, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.
Business and Operational Risks
Failure to integrate acquired businesses into our operations successfully could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
As part of our strategy to realign our business portfolio, we have completed multiple acquisitions in recent years and may pursue additional acquisitions in the future. Our integration of acquired businesses requires significant efforts, including corporate restructuring and the coordination of information technologies, research and development, sales and marketing, operations, regulatory, supply chain, manufacturing, quality systems and finance. These efforts result in additional expenses and involve significant management time. Some of the factors that could affect the success of our acquisitions include, among others, the effectiveness of our due diligence process, our ability to execute our business plan for the acquired companies, the
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strength of the acquired technology, results of clinical trials, regulatory approvals and reimbursement levels of the acquired products and related procedures, the continued performance of critical transition services, our ability to adequately fund acquired in-process research and development projects and retain key employees and our ability to achieve synergies with our acquired companies, such as increasing sales of our products, achieving cost savings and effectively combining technologies to develop new products. In addition, foreign acquisitions involve unique risks, including those related to integration of operations across different geographies, cultures and languages, currency risks and risks associated with the economic, political, legal and regulatory environment in specific countries. Our failure to manage successfully and coordinate the growth of the acquired companies could have an adverse impact on our business and our future growth. In addition, we cannot be certain that the businesses we acquire will become profitable or remain so, and if our acquisitions are not successful, we may record related asset impairment charges in the future or experience other negative consequences on our operating results.
We may not be successful in our strategy relating to future strategic acquisitions of, investments in, or alliances with, other companies and businesses.
Our strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances are intended to further expand our ability to offer customers effective, high quality medical devices. We face competition for acquisitions from other healthcare and non-healthcare acquirers, financial sponsors, and from the market for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). Some of our competitors in the medical device sector may have access to substantially greater amounts of cash than we do that could be deployed into M&A or strategic investments if they so choose. The market for IPOs may also reduce the opportunities available to us for M&A and/or cause us to need to pay higher prices. If we are unsuccessful in our acquisitions, investments and alliances, it may adversely impact our ability to grow our business. Any potential future acquisitions we consummate may be dilutive to our earnings and may require additional debt or equity financing, depending on their size or nature. The success of our strategy relating to future acquisitions, investments or alliances will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to:
•identify suitable opportunities for acquisition, investment or alliance, if at all,
•manage acquisition, investment or alliance opportunities within our capital capacity and prioritize those investments to execute on our strategy,
•manage our due diligence process to uncover potential issues with targets,
•finance any future acquisition, investment or alliance on terms acceptable to us, if at all,
•complete acquisitions, investments or alliances in a timely manner on terms that are satisfactory to us, if at all,
•successfully integrate and operate acquired businesses,
•successfully identify and retain key target employees,
•comply with applicable laws and regulations, including foreign laws and regulations, and
•protect intellectual property and prevail in litigation related to newly acquired technologies.
We may not realize the expected benefits from our restructuring and optimization initiatives, our long-term cost savings programs may result in an increase in short-term expenses and our efforts may lead to unintended consequences.
We monitor the dynamics of the economy, the healthcare industry and the markets in which we compete, and assess opportunities for improved operational effectiveness and efficiency and to better align expenses with revenues, while preserving our ability to make investments in research and development projects, capital and our people, which we believe is important to our long-term success. As a result of these assessments, we have undertaken prior restructuring and optimization initiatives to enhance our growth potential and position us for long-term success. On February 22, 2023, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, a new global restructuring program (the 2023 Restructuring Plan) intended to support our efforts to expand operating performance and meet evolving global market demands and conditions by ensuring that we are structured and resourced to support our strategic imperatives and deliver sustainable value. The 2023 Restructuring Plan will further build on our Global Supply Chain Optimization strategy, which is intended to simplify our manufacturing and distribution network by transferring certain production lines among facilities and expanding operational efficiencies and resiliency. Key activities under the 2023 Restructuring Plan will also include optimizing certain functional capabilities to better support business growth and achieve cost synergies. These activities are expected to be initiated in the first quarter of 2023, and substantially completed by the end of 2025. The 2023 Restructuring Plan is expected to result in total pre-tax charges of approximately $450 million to $550 million and reduce gross annual pre-tax expenses by approximately $225 million to $275 million by the end of 2025 as program benefits are realized. We expect a substantial portion of the savings to be reinvested in strategic growth initiatives. While we expect limited role reductions as a result of these restructuring activities, we anticipate that our overall employee base will remain relatively unchanged upon completion of the 2023 Restructuring Plan as new jobs are created in areas of growth and resources are deployed to support an expanding portfolio and growing global market needs. These measures could yield unintended consequences, such as distraction of our management and employees, reduced employee productivity, business disruption, and inability to attract or retain key personnel, which could negatively affect our business, sales, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, our restructuring and optimization initiatives result in charges and expenses which impact
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our operating results. We cannot guarantee that the activities under our restructuring plans or other optimization initiatives will result in the desired efficiencies and estimated cost savings.
Our future growth is dependent upon the development of new products and enhancement of existing products, which requires significant research and development, clinical trials and regulatory approvals, all of which may be very expensive and time-consuming and may not result in commercially viable products.
In order to develop new products and enhance existing products, we focus our research and development programs largely on the development of next-generation and novel technology offerings across multiple programs and businesses. The development of new products and enhancement of existing products requires significant investment in research and development, clinical trials and regulatory approvals. The results of our product development efforts may be affected by a number of factors, including our ability to anticipate customer needs, innovate and develop new products, complete clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals and reimbursement in the U.S. and abroad, manufacture products in a cost-effective manner, obtain appropriate intellectual property protection for our products and gain and maintain market approval of our products. There can be no assurance that any products now in development or that we may seek to develop in the future will achieve technological feasibility, obtain regulatory approval or gain market acceptance. If we are unable to develop and launch new products and enhanced products, our ability to maintain or expand our market position in the markets in which we participate may be materially adversely impacted. Further, we are continuing to investigate and have completed several acquisitions that involve opportunities to further expand our presence in and diversify into, priority growth areas by accessing new products and technologies. There can be no assurance that our investments will be successful or that we will be able to access new products and technologies on terms favorable to us, or that these products and technologies will achieve commercial feasibility, obtain regulatory approval or gain market acceptance. A delay in the development or approval of new products and technologies or our decision to reduce or terminate our investments may adversely impact the contribution of these technologies to our future growth.
Additionally, certain products or groups of products, in particular new products or enhancements of existing products, may have a disproportionate impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to meet growth projections, poor clinical outcomes, increasing regulatory requirements, launch delays and inability to effectively scale manufacturing and achieve targeted margins with respect to any of these products or groups of products in particular may materially adversely impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The global COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts have had, and could in the future have, an adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and cash flows. We are unable to predict the extent to which the pandemic or a similar health crisis and related impacts may adversely impact our business operations, financial performance, results of operations, financial position and the achievement of our strategic objectives.
Our operations, financial performance and cash flows have been, and could in the future continue to be, negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the risks and challenging macroeconomic conditions caused by the pandemic, including, but not limited to, disruptions in economic activity, global supply chains and labor markets, operational challenges such as site shutdowns, workplace disruptions or limited provider capacity to perform procedures using our products that were deferred as a result of the pandemic, volatile financial market dynamics and significant volatility in price and availability of goods and services. These and other risks and uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its related impacts could adversely affect our business operations, financial position, results of operations and the achievement of strategic objectives. Because the severity, magnitude, and ultimate duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, or similar health crisis, and its economic consequences are uncertain, subject to rapid change, and difficult to predict, the pandemic’s future potential impact on our business, results of operations and financial performance remains uncertain and difficult to predict. Further, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or similar health crisis on our results of operations and financial performance depends on many factors that are not within our control, including, but not limited, to: governmental, business and individuals’ actions that have been and in the future may be taken in response to the pandemic or similar public health crises, the impact of the pandemic and actions taken in response on global and regional economies, general economic uncertainty in key global markets and financial market volatility, global economic conditions and levels of economic growth; and any continuing economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic even after it has subsided. The COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the risk factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Interruption of our supply chain or manufacturing operations, including resulting from natural disasters, further public health crises and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our products are designed and manufactured in technology centers around the world, either by us or third parties. In most cases, the manufacturing of any specific product is concentrated in one or a few locations. Factors such as a failure to follow specific
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internal protocols and procedures, equipment malfunction, environmental factors or damage to one or more of our facilities could adversely affect our ability to manufacture our products. In the event of an interruption in manufacturing, we may be unable to quickly move to alternate means of producing affected products or to meet customer demand. In the event of a significant interruption, for example, as a result of a failure to follow regulatory protocols and procedures, we may experience lengthy delays in resuming production of affected products due primarily to needs for regulatory approvals. As a result, we may experience loss of market share, which we may be unable to recapture and harm to our reputation, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Disruptions in the supply of the materials and components used in manufacturing our products by third-party vendors or the sterilization of our products could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We purchase the majority of the materials and components used in manufacturing our products from third-party vendors. Certain of these materials and components are purchased from single sources due to quality considerations, expertise, costs or constraints resulting from regulatory requirements. In certain cases, we may not be able to establish additional or replacement vendors for such materials or components in a timely or cost effective manner, largely as a result of FDA regulations that require validation of materials and components prior to their use in our products and the complex nature of our and many of our vendors' manufacturing processes. Further, uncertain or negative economic conditions, including as a result of inflationary pressures, rising interest rates or impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, could negatively affect our third-party vendors, which could lead to a reduction or interruption in the supply of materials and components used in manufacturing our products or increase the price of such materials or components. A reduction or interruption in the supply of materials and components used in manufacturing our products, an inability to timely develop and validate alternative sources if required or a significant increase in the price of such materials or components could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, many of our products require sterilization prior to sale and we utilize a mix of internal resources and contract sterilizers to perform this service. To the extent we or our contract sterilizers are unable to sterilize our products, whether due to capacity, availability of materials for sterilization, regulatory or other constraints, including federal and state regulations on the use of ethylene oxide, we may be unable to transition to alternative internal or external resources or methods in a timely or cost effective manner or at all, which could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
If we are unable to attract or retain key talent, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In our industry, there is substantial competition for key personnel in the regions in which we operate and we may face increased competition for such employees. Our business depends to a significant extent on the continued service of senior management and other key personnel, the development of additional management personnel and the hiring of new qualified employees. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in retaining and developing existing personnel or recruiting new personnel. The loss of one or more key employees, our ability to attract or develop additional qualified employees or any delay in hiring key personnel could have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to conditions that have created a highly competitive environment for talent. A shortage of skilled labor could also require higher wages that would increase labor costs. Our ability to attract and retain key talent at all levels of our organization has been and could continue to be challenged by these conditions, and inability to attract and retain talent could result in material adverse impacts to our business and results of operations.
Legal and Regulatory Risk Factors
Healthcare policy changes may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Political, economic and policy influences are leading the healthcare industry to make substantial structural and financial changes that will continue affecting our results of operations. Government and private sector initiatives aimed at limiting the growth of healthcare costs (including price regulation), coverage and payment policies, comparative effectiveness of therapies, technology assessments, increasing price transparency and reforming healthcare delivery and payment structures, are continuing in many countries where we do business. We believe that these changes are causing the marketplace to put increased emphasis on the delivery of treatments that can reduce costs, improve efficiencies and/or increase patient access. Although we believe our products and technologies generate favorable clinical outcomes, value and cost efficiency, while also being less invasive than alternatives, the resources and evidence necessary to demonstrate value to our customers, patients, payers and other stakeholders may be significant, and it may take a significant period of time to gain widespread adoption. Moreover, there can be no assurance that our strategies will succeed for every product.
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We cannot predict the specific healthcare programs and regulations that will be ultimately implemented by various regional and national governments. However, any changes that lower reimbursements for either our products and/or procedures using our products reduce medical procedure volumes and/or increase cost containment pressures on us or others in the healthcare sector could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We are subject to extensive and dynamic medical device regulation, which may impede or hinder the approval or sale of our products and, in some cases, may ultimately result in an inability to obtain approval of certain products or may result in the recall or seizure of previously approved products.
Our products, marketing, sales and development activities and manufacturing processes are subject to extensive and rigorous regulation by the FDA pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDC Act), by comparable agencies in foreign countries and by other regulatory agencies and governing bodies. Under the FDC Act, medical devices must receive FDA clearance or approval or an exemption from such clearance or approval before they can be commercially marketed in the U.S. In the EU, we are required to comply with the new Medical Device Regulation (MDR or EU MDR) effective May 2021 which supersedes the Medical Device Directives. Medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the current Directives (issued before May 2021) can continue to be sold until the earlier of May 2024 or when the CE Certificate expires, providing there are no significant changes to the design or intended use. Updates to the legislative text of the EU MDR were adopted by the European Parliament and are currently being reviewed for adoption by the Council of the European Union, including an extension of the transitional period to 2027 for class IIb and III and 2028 for class I and IIa medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the prior Directives (issued before May 2021). The CE Mark is applied following approval from an independent notified body or declaration of conformity. The process of obtaining marketing approval or clearance from the FDA or by comparable agencies in foreign countries for new products, or with respect to enhancements or modifications to existing products, could:
•take a significant period of time,
•require the expenditure of substantial resources,
•involve rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing, as well as increased post-market surveillance,
•require changes to products and
•result in limitations on the indicated uses of products.
In addition, exported devices are subject to the regulatory requirements of each country to which the device is exported. Some countries do not have medical device regulations, but in most countries, medical devices are regulated. Frequently, regulatory approval may first be obtained in a foreign country prior to application in the U.S. due to differing regulatory requirements; however, other countries, such as China for example, require approval in the country of origin or legal manufacturer first. Most countries outside of the U.S. require that product approvals be renewed or recertified on a regular basis, generally every four to five years. The renewal or recertification process requires that we evaluate any device changes and any new regulations or standards relevant to the device and conduct appropriate testing to document continued compliance. Where renewal or recertification applications are required, they may need to be renewed and/or approved in order to continue selling our products in those countries. There can be no assurance that we will receive the required approvals for new products or modifications to existing products on a timely basis or that any approval will not be subsequently withdrawn or conditioned upon extensive post-market study requirements.
Our global regulatory environment is becoming increasingly stringent and unpredictable, which could increase the time, cost and complexity of obtaining regulatory approvals, as well as the clinical and regulatory costs of supporting those approvals. Several countries that did not previously have regulatory requirements for medical devices have established such requirements in recent years and other countries have expanded on existing regulations. Certain regulators are exhibiting less flexibility and are requiring local preclinical and clinical data in addition to global data. While harmonization of global regulations has been pursued, requirements continue to differ significantly among countries. We expect this global regulatory environment will continue to evolve, which could impact our ability, or increase the time and cost, to obtain future approvals for our products.
The FDA and other worldwide regulatory agencies actively monitor compliance with local laws and regulations through review and inspection of design and manufacturing practices, recordkeeping, reporting of adverse events, labeling and promotional practices. The FDA can ban certain medical devices, detain or seize adulterated or misbranded medical devices, order repair, replacement or refund of these devices and require notification of health professionals and others with regard to medical devices that present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health. The FDA can take action against a company that promotes "off-label" uses. The FDA may also enjoin and restrain a company for certain violations of the FDC Act and other amending laws pertaining to medical devices, or initiate action for criminal prosecution of such violations. Any adverse regulatory action, depending on its magnitude, may restrict a company from effectively marketing and selling its products, may limit a company's ability to obtain future premarket clearances or approvals and could result in a substantial modification to our
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business practices and operations. International sales of medical devices manufactured in the U.S. that are not approved by the FDA for use in the U.S., or that are banned or deviate from lawful performance standards, are subject to FDA export requirements.
Regulations regarding the development, manufacture and sale of medical devices are evolving and subject to future change. We cannot predict what impact, if any, those changes might have on our business. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or manufacturer could result in fines, delays or suspensions of regulatory clearances or approvals, seizures or recalls of products, physician advisories or other field actions, operating restrictions and/or criminal prosecution. We may also initiate field actions as a result of a failure to strictly comply with our internal quality policies. The failure to receive product approval clearance on a timely basis, suspensions of regulatory clearances, seizures or recalls of products, physician advisories or other field actions, or the withdrawal of product approval by the FDA or by comparable agencies in foreign countries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our products are continually subject to clinical trials and other analyses conducted by us, our competitors or other third parties, the results of which may be unexpected, or perceived as unfavorable by the market, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
As a part of the regulatory process of obtaining marketing clearance for new products and new indications for existing products, we conduct and participate in numerous clinical trials with a variety of study designs, patient populations and trial endpoints. Unexpected or inconsistent clinical data from existing or future clinical trials or other analyses conducted by us, by our competitors or by third parties, including acquired businesses prior to acquisition by us, or the FDA's or the market's perception of this clinical data, may adversely impact our ability to obtain product approvals, our position in, and share of, the markets in which we participate and our business, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects.
The medical device industry and its customers continue to face scrutiny and regulation by governmental authorities and are often the subject of numerous investigations, often involving marketing and other business practices or product quality issues including device recalls or advisories. These investigations could result in the commencement of civil and criminal proceedings; imposition of substantial fines, penalties and administrative remedies, including corporate integrity agreements, stipulated judgments or exclusion; diversion of our employees' and management's attention; imposition of administrative costs and have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity; and may lead to greater governmental regulation in the future.
The medical devices we design, develop, manufacture and market are subject to rigorous regulation by the FDA and numerous other federal, state and foreign governmental authorities. These authorities continue to closely scrutinize our industry. We have received and in the future may receive, subpoenas and other requests for information from Congress and state and federal governmental agencies, including, among others, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Defense, as well as from foreign governments and agencies. The requests and/or subpoenas we have received relate primarily to financial arrangements with healthcare providers, regulatory compliance and sale and/or product promotional practices. We have cooperated with these subpoenas and other requests for information and expect to continue to do so in the future. We cannot predict when a matter will be resolved, the outcome of the matter or its impact on us and cooperation may involve significant costs, including document production costs. An adverse outcome in any matter could include the commencement of an investigation, civil and criminal proceedings, substantial fines, penalties and administrative remedies, including exclusion from government reimbursement programs, entry into Corporate Integrity Agreements (CIAs) with governmental agencies and amendments to any existing CIAs. In addition, resolution of any matter could involve the imposition of additional and costly compliance obligations. Cooperation with requests and investigations from external agencies result in employee resource costs and diversion of employee focus. If any requests or investigations continue over a long period of time, they could divert the attention of management from the day-to-day operations of our business and impose significant additional administrative burdens on us. These potential consequences, as well as any adverse outcome from these requests or investigations, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
In addition, certain foreign governments, state governments (including that of Massachusetts, where we are headquartered) and the U.S. federal government have enacted legislation aimed at increasing transparency of our interactions with healthcare providers. As an example, compliance with the U.S. Physician Payment Sunshine Act requires us by law to disclose payments and other transfers of value to all U.S. physicians and U.S. teaching hospitals at the U.S. federal level made after August 1, 2013. Any failure to comply with these legal and regulatory requirements could impact our business. In addition, we have and may continue to devote substantial additional time and financial resources to further develop and implement enhanced structure, policies, systems and processes to comply with enhanced legal and regulatory requirements, which may also impact our business.
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We anticipate that governmental authorities will continue to scrutinize our industry closely and that additional regulation may increase compliance and legal cost and exposure to litigation and have additional adverse effects on our operations.
Changes in tax laws, unfavorable resolution of tax contingencies, or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations and/or liquidity.
We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes and tariffs, in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We are subject to ongoing tax audits in various jurisdictions. Tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken and assess additional taxes. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these audits to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision, and we have established contingency reserves for material, known tax exposures. However, the calculation of such tax exposures involves the application of complex tax laws and regulations in many jurisdictions, as well as interpretations as to the legality under European Union state aid rules of tax advantages granted in certain jurisdictions. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcomes of these disputes or other tax audits or that issues raised by tax authorities will be resolved at a financial cost that does not exceed our related reserves and the actual outcomes of these disputes and other tax audits could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
Changes in tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application, in the jurisdictions where we are subject to tax could materially impact our effective tax rate. The U.S. enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) on December 22, 2017 and the Inflation Reduction Act on August 16, 2022. We expect the U.S. Treasury to issue future notices and regulations regarding the application and interpretation of these laws which could have a significant impact on our future results of operations as could interpretations made by the Company in the absence of regulatory guidance and judicial interpretations.
The Group of Twenty (G20), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and individual taxing jurisdictions where we and our affiliates do business have recently focused on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. The OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework (IF) on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) includes actions intended to equip governments with domestic and international rules and instruments to address tax avoidance, ensuring that profits are taxed where economic activities generating the profits are performed and where value is created. The actions include a two-pillar solution to address the tax challenges of the digitalized economy. Pillar One focuses on how profits are allocated between taxing jurisdictions and Pillar Two creates a 15% global minimum tax. On December 31, 2022 South Korea became the first country to enact Pillar Two into national law. On December 15, 2022, the Council of the (EU) European Union unanimously adopted a directive intended to provide EU member states a framework to implement the Pillar Two global minimum tax into their national laws by 2024. Additional countries including the United Kingdom and Japan are taking steps to implement Pillar Two into their national law. Currently, significant uncertainty exists regarding the detailed Pillar Two rules, whether such rules will be implemented consistently across taxing jurisdictions, how such rules interact with existing national tax laws and whether such rules are consistent with existing tax treaty obligations. Accordingly, the final adoption, implementation, and interpretation of Pillar Two across all jurisdictions where we do business could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
The tax laws in the U.S. and other countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis and any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, changes in customs laws and regulations in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
Our operations in Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and Malaysia presently benefit from various tax incentives and grants. Unless these incentives and grants are extended, they will expire between 2027 and 2034. If we are unable to renew, extend, or obtain new incentive and grants, the expiration of the existing incentives and grants could have a material impact on our financial results in future periods.
We may not effectively be able to protect our intellectual property or other sensitive data, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The medical device market in which we participate is largely technology driven. Physician customers have historically moved quickly to new products and new technologies. As a result, intellectual property rights, particularly patents and trade secrets, play a significant role in product development and differentiation. However, intellectual property litigation is inherently complex and unpredictable and appellate courts can overturn lower court decisions. Furthermore, as our business increasingly relies on technology systems and infrastructure, our intellectual property, other proprietary technology and other sensitive data are potentially vulnerable to loss, damage or misappropriation. Finally, our ability to protect novel business models is uncertain.
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Competing parties in our industry frequently file multiple suits to leverage patent portfolios across product lines, technologies and geographies and to balance risk and exposure between the parties. In some cases, several competitors are parties in the same proceeding, or in a series of related proceedings, or litigate multiple features of a single class of devices. These forces frequently drive settlement not only of individual cases, but also of a series of pending and potentially related and unrelated cases. In addition, although monetary and injunctive relief is typically sought, remedies and restitution are generally not determined until the conclusion of the trial court proceedings and can be modified on appeal. Accordingly, the outcomes of individual cases are difficult to time, predict or quantify and are often dependent upon the outcomes of other cases in other geographies.
A number of third parties have asserted that our current and former product offerings infringe patents owned or licensed by them. We have similarly asserted that products sold by our competitors infringe patents owned or licensed by us. Adverse outcomes in one or more of the proceedings against us could limit our ability to sell certain products in certain jurisdictions, or reduce our operating margin on the sale of these products and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Patents and other proprietary rights are and will continue to be essential to our business, and our ability to compete effectively with other companies will be dependent upon the proprietary nature of our technologies. We rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovations, strategic alliances, and licensing opportunities to develop, maintain and strengthen our competitive position. We pursue a policy of generally obtaining patent protection in both the U.S. and abroad for patentable subject matter in our proprietary devices and attempt to review third-party patents and patent applications to the extent publicly available in order to develop an effective patent strategy, avoid infringement of third-party patents, identify licensing opportunities and monitor the patent claims of others. We own numerous U.S. and foreign patents and have numerous patent applications pending. We also are party to license agreements pursuant to which patent rights have been obtained or granted in consideration for cash, cross-licensing rights or royalty payments. No assurance can be made that any pending or future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents, that any current or future patents issued to, or licensed by, us will not be challenged or circumvented by our competitors, or that our patents will not be found invalid. In addition, we may have to take legal action in the future to protect our patents, trade secrets or know-how or to assert them against claimed infringement by others. Any legal action of that type could be costly and time consuming and no assurances can be made that any lawsuit will be successful. We are generally involved as both a plaintiff and a defendant in a number of patent infringement and other intellectual property-related actions. The invalidation of key patents or proprietary rights that we own, or an unsuccessful outcome in lawsuits to protect our intellectual property, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
In addition, the laws of certain countries in which we market and plan on manufacturing some of our products in the near future, do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property in these countries, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Furthermore, our intellectual property, other proprietary technology and other sensitive data are potentially vulnerable to loss, damage or misappropriation from system malfunction, computer viruses and unauthorized access to our data or misappropriation or misuse thereof by those with permitted access and other events. While we have invested to protect our intellectual property, products and other data and continue to work diligently in this area, there can be no assurance that our precautionary measures will prevent breakdowns, breaches, cyber-attacks or other events. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.
Pending and future intellectual property litigation could be costly and disruptive to us.
We operate in an industry that is susceptible to significant intellectual property litigation and, in recent years, it has been common for companies in the medical device field to aggressively challenge the patent rights of other companies. We are currently the subject of various patent litigation proceedings and other proceedings described in more detail under Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Intellectual property litigation is expensive, complex and lengthy and its outcome is difficult to predict. Adverse outcomes in one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell certain products and on our operating margins, financial condition, results of operation or liquidity. Pending or future patent litigation may result in significant royalty or other payments or injunctions that can prevent the sale of products and may significantly divert the attention of our technical and management personnel. In the event that our right to market any of our products is successfully challenged, we may be required to obtain a license on terms which may not be favorable to us, if at all. If we fail to obtain a required license or are unable to design around a patent, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
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Pending and future product liability claims and other litigation, including private securities litigation, stockholder derivative suits and contract litigation, may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations or liquidity.
The design, manufacturing and marketing of medical devices of the types that we produce entail an inherent risk of product liability claims. Many of the medical devices that we manufacture and market are designed to be implanted in the human body for long periods of time or indefinitely. A number of factors could result in an unsafe condition or injury to, or death of, a patient with respect to these or other products that we manufacture or sell, including physician technique and experience in performing the surgical procedure, component failures, manufacturing flaws, design defects, off-label use or inadequate disclosure of product-related risks or product-related information. These factors could result in product liability claims, a recall of one or more of our products or a safety alert relating to one or more of our products. Product liability claims may be brought by individuals or by groups seeking to represent a class.
We are currently the subject of product liability litigation proceedings and other proceedings described in more detail under Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits, is difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in these types of lawsuits often seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, including not only actual damages, but also punitive damages. The magnitude of the potential losses relating to these lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. In addition, the cost to defend against any future litigation may be significant. Product liability claims, securities and commercial litigation and other litigation in the future, regardless of the outcome, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Additionally, we maintain an insurance policy providing limited coverage against securities claims and we are substantially self-insured with respect to product liability claims and fully self-insured with respect to intellectual property infringement claims. The fact that we do not maintain third-party insurance coverage for all categories of losses increases our exposure to unanticipated claims and adverse decisions and these losses could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Any failure to meet regulatory quality standards applicable to our manufacturing and quality processes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a medical device manufacturer, we are required to register our establishments and list our devices with the FDA and are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA for compliance with its Quality System Regulation requirements, which require manufacturers of medical devices to adhere to certain regulations, including testing, quality control and documentation procedures. In addition, the Federal Medical Device Reporting regulations require us to provide information to the FDA whenever there is evidence that reasonably suggests that a device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or, if a malfunction were to occur, could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is monitored rigorously through periodic inspections by the FDA which may result in observations on Form 483 and in some cases warning letters that require corrective action. In the European Community, we are required to maintain certain International Standards Organization (ISO) certifications in order to sell our products and must undergo periodic inspections by notified bodies to obtain and maintain these certifications. Many other countries in which we do business have similar requirements and other foreign governments or agencies may subject us to periodic inspections. If we, or our manufacturers, fail to adhere to quality system regulations or ISO requirements, this could delay production of our products and lead to fines, difficulties in obtaining regulatory clearances, recalls, enforcement actions, including injunctive relief or consent decrees, or other consequences, which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
We rely on the proper function, availability and security of information technology systems to operate our business and a cyber-attack or other breach of these systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We rely on information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) systems, including technology from third party vendors, manufacture and ship our products, as well as to process, transmit and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. Similar to other large multi-national companies, the size and complexity of our IT systems makes them vulnerable to a cyber-attack, malicious intrusion, breakdown, destruction, loss of data privacy, or other significant disruption. Various other factors may also cause system failures or security breaches, including power outages, natural disasters, inadequate or ineffective backups, issues with upgrading or creating new systems or platforms, vulnerabilities in third-party software or services, errors by our staff or third-party service providers, or breaches in the security of these technologies. Malicious actors may attempt to trick staff to disclose information to gain access to our systems and/or data. If our incident response, disaster
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recovery, and business continuity plans fail, they could result in adverse impacts to our business operations and our financial results.
Our information systems require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain, protect and enhance existing systems and develop new systems to keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology, evolving systems and regulatory standards, the increasing need to protect patient and customer information and changing customer patterns. In addition, third parties have and may continue to attempt to hack into our products to obtain data relating to patients, or alter the intended functionality of our medical devices, or disrupt performance of our products, or access our proprietary information and the technology from third party vendors that we rely upon may have defects or vulnerabilities which, in turn, create vulnerabilities or disruptions in our system. Cyber-attacks continue to evolve in complexity and scope, and inherently may be difficult to detect. We have seen, and could continue to see, software and supply-chain vulnerabilities and malware, which could affect our systems and the systems of our third-party vendors and business partners. Any failure by us to maintain or protect our IT or OT systems, products and data integrity, including from cyber-attacks, intrusions or other breaches, could result in outages or unauthorized access to patient data and personally identifiable information, theft of intellectual property or other misappropriation of assets, or otherwise compromise our confidential or proprietary information and disrupt our operations, or, in the worst case, could result in harm to patients. In addition, such attackers may make demands for ransom, which could result in financial loss, or, if we determine not to pay such ransom, other harm, loss, or misappropriation of our data and assets. Such failure, or demonstration of vulnerability to such failure, may also result in additional regulatory scrutiny. We also grow our company through acquisitions and may face risks associated with defects and vulnerabilities in their systems as we work to integrate the acquisitions into our IT system.
In the U.S., federal and state privacy and security laws require certain parts of our operations to protect the confidentiality of personal information including patient medical records and other health information, and to comply with other requirements with respect to personal data. In Europe, the Data Protection Directive requires us to manage individually identifiable information in the EU and, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) may impose fines of up to four percent of our global revenue. Internationally, some countries have also passed laws that require individually identifiable data on their citizens to be maintained on local servers and that may restrict transfer or processing of that data. We strive to meet the expectations of applicable regulations, however, there is no guarantee that we will avoid enforcement actions by governmental bodies or civil actions based on this growing body of regulations. Enforcement actions could be costly and interrupt regular operations of our business. Any of these events, in turn, may cause us to lose existing customers, have difficulty preventing, detecting and controlling fraud, have disputes with customers, physicians and other healthcare professionals, be subject to legal claims and liability, have regulatory sanctions or penalties imposed, have increases in operating expenses, incur expenses or lose revenues as a result of a data privacy breach or theft of intellectual property, or suffer other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our business and operations are subject to risks related to climate change.
The effects of global climate change present risks to our business. Natural disasters, extreme weather and other conditions caused by or related to climate change could adversely impact our supply chain, including manufacturing and distribution networks, the availability and cost of raw materials and components, energy supply, transportation, or other inputs necessary for the operation of our business. Climate change and natural disasters could also result in physical damage to our facilities as well as those of our suppliers, customers, and other business partners, which could cause disruption in our business and operations or increase costs to operate our business. Additionally, increased environmental regulation, including to address climate change, may result in increases in our costs to operate our business or restrict certain aspects of our activities. The extent and severity of climate change impacts are unknown, and therefore, the scope of potential impact on our business may be difficult to predict and it may be difficult to adequately prepare.
Our business could be negatively impacted by corporate social responsibility and sustainability matters.
In recent years, there has been an increased focus from certain investors, customers, employees, and other stakeholders concerning corporate social responsibility and sustainability matters. From time to time, we announce certain initiatives, including goals, regarding our focus areas, which include environmental matters, including carbon emissions and renewable energy goals, responsible sourcing, social investments and diversity, equity and inclusion. We may fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could fail in accurately reporting our progress on such initiatives and goals. Such failures could be due to changes in our business. Moreover, the standards by which corporate social responsibility and sustainability efforts and related matters are measured are developing and evolving, and certain areas are subject to assumptions that could change over time. In addition, we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals or perceived as not acting responsibly in connection with these matters. Any such matters, or related corporate social responsibility
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and sustainability matters, could have a material adverse impact on our future results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our world headquarters is located in the U.S, in Marlborough, Massachusetts, with principal regional headquarters located in Singapore and Voisins-le-Bretonneux, France. As of December 31, 2022, we maintained 15 principal manufacturing facilities, including eight in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, three in Ireland, two in Costa Rica, one in Malaysia, and one in Brazil, as well as various distribution and technology centers around the world. Many of these facilities produce and manufacture products for more than one of our divisions, and also perform research activities. Our products are distributed worldwide from primary customer fulfillment centers in Massachusetts, the Netherlands, Malaysia and Japan. The following is a summary of our facilities as of December 31, 2022 (in approximate square feet):

| Owned(1) |  | Leased(2) |  | Total
U.S. | 4,043,041 |  |  | 1,038,419 |  |  | 5,081,460 |
International | 2,424,123 |  |  | 2,026,634 |  |  | 4,450,757 |
| 6,467,164 |  |  | 3,065,053 |  |  | 9,532,217 |

(1) Includes our principal manufacturing facilities in Minnesota, Ireland, Puerto Rico and Coyol, Costa Rica, our manufacturing facility in Malaysia, our primary customer fulfillment centers in Massachusetts, the Netherlands, Malaysia and Japan, as well as our global headquarters located in Marlborough, Massachusetts.
(2) Includes our principal manufacturing facilities in California, Indiana, Brazil and Heredia, Costa Rica, as well as our regional headquarters located in Singapore and Voisins-le-Bretonneux, France.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
See Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-Kand incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not Applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
The principal market on which our common stock is traded is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “BSX.”
Holders of Record
As of January 31, 2023, there were 5,752 holders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
We did not pay a cash dividend in 2022, 2021 or 2020 on our common stock and currently we do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock. We may consider declaring and paying a cash dividend in the future; however, there can be no assurance that we will do so.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
Please see Item 12. "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters" under Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information on where to find information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases
On December 14, 2020, our Board of Directors approved, and we announced, a new stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $1.000 billion of our common stock (2020 Share Repurchase Program). We made no share repurchases in 2022 or 2021 and, as of December 31, 2022, had the full $1.000 billion remaining available under the 2020 Share Repurchase Program. Refer to Note J – Stockholders' Equity to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
There were no purchases of equity securities by the issuer or affiliated purchases in the fourth quarter of 2022, required to be reported here.
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Stock Performance Graph
The graph below compares the five-year total return to stockholders on our common stock with the return of the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Stock Index and the S&P Healthcare Equipment Index. The graph assumes $100 was invested in our common stock and in each of the named indices on December 31, 2017 and that any dividends were reinvested.
Note: The stock price performance shown on the graph above is not indicative of future price performance. This graph shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
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ITEM 6. RESERVED
Not applicable.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis provides information management believes to be relevant to understanding the financial condition and results of operations of Boston Scientific Corporation and its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For a full understanding of our financial condition and results of operations, this discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For additional information on our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020, refer to our previously filed Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Economic Trends
Uncertainty around inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, monetary policy and changes in tax laws could potentially cause new, or exacerbate existing, economic challenges that we may face, including the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our results of operations. These conditions could worsen, or others could arise, if the U.S. and global economies were to enter recessionary periods, triggered or exacerbated by monetary policy designed to curb inflation. Existing and future potential geopolitical dynamics, including matters related to the Russia/Ukraine war, as well as the tension between China/Taiwan, may create economic, supply chain, energy, and other challenges, which impact, and may in the future negatively impact our business. In particular, international conflicts may result in sanctions, tariffs, and other measures that restrict international trade and negatively affect our business operations and results. In 2022, we experienced increases in cost and limited availability of raw materials, components, and other inputs necessary to manufacture and distribute our products due to constraints and inflation within the global supply chain, as well as increases in wage costs and the cost and time to distribute our products. In 2023, we expect the impact of macroeconomic and supply chain conditions on our business to be similar to 2022.
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19, including all additional variations and strains thereof, a global pandemic (COVID-19 pandemic). Economic conditions created in part by the COVID-19 pandemic, have had, and may in the future have, a negative impact on our profitability. Further, the resurgence of COVID-19 infections and the emergence of new, more contagious variant strains of COVID-19, as well as staffing shortages within healthcare facilities, may negatively impact demand for our products, net sales, gross profit margin and operating expenses as a percentage of net sales. While the COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts may continue to negatively impact our performance to an extent, we continue to believe our long-term fundamentals remain strong and we intend to manage through these challenges with strategic focus and the winning spirit of our global team.
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Executive Summary
Financial Highlights and Trends
In 2022, we generated net sales of $12.682 billion, compared to $11.888 billion in 2021. This increase of $794 million, or 6.7 percent, included operational 1 growth of 11.1 percent and the negative impact of 440 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations. Operational net sales growth included organic 2 net sales growth of 8.7 percent in 2022 and the positive impact of 240 basis points from our acquisitions of Preventice Solutions, Inc. (Preventice), Farapulse, Inc. (Farapulse), the global surgical business of Lumenis, LTD (Lumenis) and Baylis Medical Company Inc. (Baylis Medical) for which there is less than a full period of comparable net sales. The increase in our net sales was primarily driven by recent acquisitions as well as the strength and diversity of our product portfolio coupled with growth in the underlying markets in which we compete and strong commercial execution. Refer to the Business and Market Overview section for further discussion of our net sales by global business.
Our reported net income available to common stockholders in 2022 was $642 million, or $0.45 per diluted share. Our reported results for 2022 included certain charges and/or credits which are excluded by management for purposes of assessing operating performance, totaling $1.816 billion (after-tax), or $1.26 per diluted share. Excluding these items, adjusted net income available to common stockholders 1 for 2022 was $2.459 billion, or $1.71 per diluted share.
Our reported net income available to common stockholders in 2021 was $985 million, or $0.69 per diluted share. Our reported results for 2021 included certain charges and/or credits which are excluded by management for purposes of assessing operating performance, totaling $1.351 billion (after-tax), or $0.94 per diluted share. Excluding these items, adjusted net income available to common stockholders 1 for 2021 was $2.336 billion, or $1.63 per diluted share.
1 Operational net sales growth rates, which exclude the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and other adjusted measures, including organic net sales, which exclude certain items required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP), are not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a replacement for, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Refer to Additional Information for a discussion of management’s use of these non-GAAP financial measures.
2 Organic net sales growth excludes the impact of foreign currency fluctuations and net sales attributable to acquisitions and divestitures for which there are less than a full period of comparable net sales.
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The following is a reconciliation of our results of operations prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP to those adjusted results considered by management. Refer to Results of Operations for a discussion of each reconciling item:

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
(in millions, except per share data) | Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes | Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | Net Income (Loss) | Preferred Stock Dividends | Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders | Impact per Share(3)
Reported | $ | 1,141 |  | $ | 443 |  | $ | 698 |  | $ | (55) |  | $ | 642 |  | $ | 0.45 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization expense | 803 |  | (109) |  | 694 |  | — |  | 694 |  | 0.48 |
Intangible asset impairment charges | 132 |  | (29) |  | 102 |  | — |  | 102 |  | 0.07 |
Acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits) | 285 |  | 53 |  | 338 |  | — |  | 338 |  | 0.24 |
Restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits) | 110 |  | (14) |  | 96 |  | — |  | 96 |  | 0.07 |
Litigation-related net charges (credits) | 173 |  | (40) |  | 133 |  | — |  | 133 |  | 0.09 |
Investment portfolio net losses (gains) | (30) |  | 2 |  | (28) |  | — |  | (28) |  | (0.02) |
European Union (EU) Medical device regulation (MDR) implementation costs | 71 |  | (10) |  | 62 |  | — |  | 62 |  | 0.04 |
Debt extinguishment charges | 194 |  | (45) |  | 149 |  | — |  | 149 |  | 0.10 |
Deferred tax expenses (benefits) | — |  | 140 |  | 140 |  | — |  | 140 |  | 0.10 |
Discrete tax items | — |  | 129 |  | 129 |  | — |  | 129 |  | 0.09 |
Adjusted | $ | 2,880 |  | $ | 366 |  | $ | 2,514 |  | $ | (55) |  | $ | 2,459 |  | $ | 1.71 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
(in millions, except per share data) | Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes | Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | Net Income (Loss) | Preferred Stock Dividends | Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders | Impact per Share(3)
Reported | $ | 1,076 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 1,041 |  | $ | (55) |  | $ | 985 |  | $ | 0.69 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization expense | 741 |  | (65) |  | 676 |  | — |  | 676 |  | 0.47 |
Intangible asset impairment charges | 370 |  | (51) |  | 318 |  | — |  | 318 |  | 0.22 |
Acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits) | (450) |  | (2) |  | (453) |  | — |  | (453) |  | (0.32) |
Restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits) | 191 |  | (22) |  | 169 |  | — |  | 169 |  | 0.12 |
Litigation-related net charges (credits) | 430 |  | (98) |  | 331 |  | — |  | 331 |  | 0.23 |
Investment portfolio net losses (gains) | 181 |  | (43) |  | 137 |  | — |  | 137 |  | 0.10 |
European Union (EU) Medical device regulation (MDR) implementation costs | 49 |  | (4) |  | 45 |  | — |  | 45 |  | 0.03 |
Deferred tax expenses (benefits) | — |  | 132 |  | 132 |  | — |  | 132 |  | 0.09 |
Discrete tax items | — |  | (5) |  | (5) |  | — |  | (5) |  | (0.00) |
Adjusted | $ | 2,587 |  | $ | 196 |  | $ | 2,391 |  | $ | (55) |  | $ | 2,336 |  | $ | 1.63 |

(3) For 2022 and 2021, the effect of assuming the conversion of our Series A 5.5% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (MCPS) into shares of common stock was anti-dilutive, and therefore excluded from the calculation of EPS. Accordingly, GAAP Net income (loss) and Adjusted net income were reduced by cumulative Preferred stock dividends, as presented in our consolidated statements of operations, for purposes of calculating GAAP Net income (loss) available to common stockholders.
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Business and Market Overview
In the first quarter of 2022, we reorganized our operational structure and have aggregated our core businesses, each of which generate revenues from the sale of medical devices into two reportable segments: MedSurg and Cardiovascular. Within the Cardiovascular segment, the newly formed Cardiology division represents the combined former Rhythm Management and Interventional Cardiology divisions. We have revised prior periods to conform to the current year presentation. The following section describes our results of operations by reportable segment and business unit. For additional information on our businesses and their product offerings, see Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
MedSurg
Endoscopy
Our Endoscopy business develops and manufactures devices to diagnose and treat a broad range of gastrointestinal and pulmonary conditions with innovative, less invasive technologies. Net sales of Endoscopy products of $2.221 billion represented 18 percent of our consolidated net sales in 2022. Endoscopy net sales increased $80 million, or 3.7 percent, in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase included operational net sales growth of 8.1 percent and the negative impact of 440 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations. These year-over-year changes were primarily driven by our biliary franchise led by our AXIOS™ Stent and Delivery System and our single-use imaging franchise, including our EXALT™ D Single-use Duodenoscope, as well as our infection prevention and hemostasis franchises.
Urology
Our Urology business develops and manufactures devices to treat various urological and pelvic conditions for both male and female anatomies, including kidney stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction and incontinence. Net sales of Urology products of $1.773 billion represented 14 percent of our consolidated net sales in 2022. Urology net sales increased $190 million, or 12.0 percent, in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase included operational net sales growth of 14.9 percent and the negative impact of 290 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations.
Operational net sales growth included organic net sales growth of 9.7 percent in 2022 and the positive impact of 530 basis points from our acquisition of Lumenis in the third quarter of 2021. Organic net sales growth was driven by our stone management franchise led by our LithoVue™ System, our prosthetic urology franchise and our prostate health franchise led by our Rezum™ System and SpaceOAR™ Hydrogel.
Neuromodulation
Our Neuromodulation business develops and manufactures devices to treat various neurological movement disorders and manage chronic pain. Net sales of Neuromodulation products of $917 million represented seven percent of our consolidated net sales in 2022. Neuromodulation net sales increased $8 million, or less than one percent, in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase included operational net sales growth of 3.5 percent and the negative impact of 260 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations. Operational net sales performance reflects growth within our spinal cord stimulation (SCS) franchise driven by our WaveWriter Alpha™ SCS System, strong procedural volumes of our Vercise Genus™ DBS systems as well as the recent launch of the Vercise™ 2-in-1 lead extension, largely offset by the impact of reimbursement challenges in the U.S. related to our Vertiflex Superion™ Indirect Decompression System.
Cardiovascular
Cardiology
Our Cardiology business develops and manufactures devices and medical technologies for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and abnormalities of the heart. Net sales of Cardiology products of $5.932 billion represented 47 percent of our consolidated net sales in 2022. Cardiology net sales increased $510 million, or 9.4 percent, in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase included operational net sales growth of 14.5 percent and the negative impact of 510 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations. Operational net sales growth included organic net sales growth of 10.4 percent in 2022 and the positive impact of 400 basis points from our acquisitions of Preventice, Farapulse and Baylis Medical in the first and third quarter of 2021 and the first quarter of 2022, respectively.
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Organic sales growth was primarily driven by continued market expansion of Left Atrial Appendage Closure (LAAC) procedures with our WATCHMAN™ FLX LAAC Device, as well as performance of our cardiac diagnostics franchise, POLARx™ and Farapulse™ ablation systems and percutaneous coronary intervention guidance franchises.
Peripheral Interventions
Our Peripheral Interventions business develops and manufactures products to diagnose and treat peripheral arterial and venous diseases, as well as products to diagnose, treat and ease various forms of cancer. Net sales of Peripheral Interventions products of $1.899 billion represented 15 percent of our consolidated net sales in 2022. Peripheral Interventions net sales increased $79 million, or 4.4 percent, in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase included operational net sales growth of 9.1 percent and the negative impact of 480 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations.
Operational net sales growth was primarily driven by our Ranger™ Drug-Coated Balloon and Eluvia™ Drug-Eluting Stent System, as well as our interventional oncology franchise led by our Therasphere™ Y-90 Radioactive Glass Microspheres.
Emerging Markets
As part of our strategic imperative to drive global expansion, we seek to grow net sales and market share by expanding our global presence, including in Emerging Markets. We define Emerging Markets as the 20 countries that we believe have strong growth potential based on their economic conditions, healthcare sectors and our global capabilities. Periodically, we assess our list of Emerging Markets countries, which currently include the following countries: Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Türkiye and Vietnam. Our Emerging Markets net sales represented 14 percent of our consolidated net sales in 2022 and 12 percent in 2021. In 2022, our Emerging Markets net sales grew 20.0 percent on a reported basis including operational net sales growth of 29.3 percent and the negative impact of 930 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations, compared to 2021. Operational net sales growth was driven primarily by growth in China and India as we continued to focus on globalization and execute new product launches.
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Results of Operations
Net Sales
The following table provides our net sales by reportable segment and business unit, and the relative change in growth on a reported basis:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | 2022 versus 2021 |  | 2021 versus 2020
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
Endoscopy | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 2,141 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |  |  | 3.7% |  | 20.3%
Urology | 1,773 |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | 1,286 |  |  | 12.0% |  | 23.1%
Neuromodulation | 917 |  |  | 909 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 0.9% |  | 19.5%
MedSurg | 4,911 |  |  | 4,633 |  |  | 3,827 |  |  | 6.0% |  | 21.0%
Cardiology | 5,932 |  |  | 5,422 |  |  | 4,290 |  |  | 9.4% |  | 26.4%
Peripheral Interventions | 1,899 |  |  | 1,820 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | 4.4% |  | 15.4%
Cardiovascular | 7,831 |  |  | 7,242 |  |  | 5,866 |  |  | 8.1% |  | 23.4%
| 12,742 |  |  | 11,875 |  |  | 9,694 |  |  | 7.3% |  | 22.5%
Other(4) | (60) |  |  | 13 |  |  | 219 |  |  | (+100.0)% |  | (93.9)%
Net Sales | $ | 12,682 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 9,913 |  |  | 6.7% |  | 19.9%

(4) In 2022, amounts reflect sales reserves established for Italian government payback provisions, not allocated to reportable segments, which are being disputed in the Italian court system. In 2021 and 2020, amounts relate to our Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. On March 1, 2021, we completed the divestiture of the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. Prior to the divestiture, we presented the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business as a standalone operating segment alongside our reportable segments.
Refer to Executive Summary for further discussion of our net sales and a comparison of our 2022 and 2021 net sales.
In 2021, we generated net sales of $11.888 billion compared to $9.913 billion in 2020. This increase of $1.975 billion, or 19.9 percent, included operational growth of 18.7 percent and the positive impact of 130 basis points from foreign currency fluctuations. Operational net sales included $212 million in 2021 associated with our acquisitions of Preventice, Farapulse and Lumenis, for which there was less than a full prior period of comparable net sales. Operational net sales also included $202 million in 2020 associated with our intrauterine health franchise and the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business, divested in the second quarter of 2020 and first quarter of 2021, respectively. The increase in our 2021 net sales was primarily driven by the recovery of elective and semi-emergent procedure volumes compared to 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic had a more significant impact on our net sales.
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Gross Profit
Our gross profit was $8.727 billion in 2022 and $8.177 billion in 2021. As a percentage of net sales, our gross profit remained flat at 68.8 percent in 2022 compared to 2021. The following is a reconciliation of our gross profit margins and a description of the drivers of the change from period to period:

| Gross Profit Margin
Year Ended December 31, 2020 | 65.0%
Sales pricing, volume and mix | 1.2%
Abnormal production variances | 1.3%
LOTUS Edge™ discontinuation | 0.9%
Net impact of foreign currency fluctuations | (0.3)%
All other, including other period expense | 0.7%
Year Ended December 31, 2021 | 68.8%
Manufacturing and supply costs | (0.6)%
Net impact of foreign currency fluctuations | 1.3%
Sales pricing, volume and mix | (0.2)%
All other, including other period expense | (0.5)%
Year Ended December 31, 2022 | 68.8%

Our gross profit margin for 2022 was flat compared to 2021. Global supply chain disruption drove increased manufacturing and supply costs, including inflation on costs of certain raw materials and components, direct labor and freight, as well as inefficiencies in our manufacturing plants due to constraints in material availability. The negative impact on our gross profit margin due to global supply chain disruption was offset by foreign currency fluctuations that drove gains on our foreign currency hedging contracts.
The primary factors contributing to the increase in our gross profit margin for 2021 compared to 2020 were higher sales volumes and favorable product mix associated with the resumption of the procedures using higher-margin products following reduced elective procedure volumes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, our gross profit margin in 2020 was negatively impacted by abnormal production variances attributable to manufacturing plant shut-downs, inventory charges related to the discontinuation of our LOTUS platform and sales return reserves due to our WATCHMAN FLX™ consignment conversion. These improvements were partially offset by price declines related primarily to sales of our coronary drug-eluting stent systems and foreign currency fluctuations. In addition, macro-environment factors negatively impacted our gross profit margin, including the cost of operating manufacturing plants with COVID-19 specific health and safety measures and increases in costs of certain raw materials, direct labor and freight.
EU MDR Implementation Costs
The European Union Medical Device Regulation (EU MDR) replaced the existing European Medical Devices Directive (MDD) and Active Implantable Medical Device Directive (AIMDD) regulatory frameworks, and manufacturers of medical devices were required to comply with EU MDR beginning in May 2021 for new product registrations and by May 2024 for medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the prior Directives (issued before May 2021). Updates to the legislative text of the EU MDR were adopted by the European Parliament and are currently being reviewed for adoption by the Council of the European Union, including an extension of the transitional period to 2027 for class IIb and III and 2028 for class I and IIa medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the prior Directives (issued before May 2021).
We began our implementation efforts in late 2019 and have incurred cumulative expenses of $245 million through December 31, 2022, which are primarily being recorded within Cost of product sold. We expect to incur total expenses of approximately $400 million to $450 million over the transition period.
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Operating Expenses
The following table provides a summary of our key operating expenses:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(in millions) | $ | % of Net Sales |  | $ | % of Net Sales |  | $ | % of Net Sales
Selling, general and administrative expenses | $ | 4,520 |  | 35.6 | % |  | $ | 4,359 |  | 36.7 | % |  | $ | 3,787 |  | 38.2 | %
Research and development expenses | 1,323 |  | 10.4 | % |  | 1,204 |  | 10.1 | % |  | 1,143 |  | 11.5 | %

Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses
In 2022, our SG&A expenses increased $161 million, or 4 percent compared to 2021 and were 100 basis points lower as a percentage of net sales. The increase in SG&A expenses was due primarily to higher selling costs driven by higher global net sales.
In 2021, our SG&A expenses increased $572 million, or 15 percent compared to 2020 and were 150 basis points lower as a percentage of net sales. The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to higher selling costs driven by higher global net sales and the targeted lifting of spending controls implemented in 2020 in response to the then escalating COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, SG&A expenses in 2021 were further impacted by higher restructuring-related spend and acquisition-related costs.
Research and Development (R&D) Expenses
We remain committed to advancing medical technologies and investing in meaningful research and development projects across our businesses. In 2022, our R&D expenses increased $119 million, or 10 percent compared to 2021, and were 30 basis points higher as a percentage of net sales as a result of targeted investments across our businesses. We expect to continue to make investments in clinical trials and innovative technologies to maintain a pipeline of new products that we believe will address unmet clinical needs and contribute to profitable sales growth.
In 2021, our R&D expenses increased $61 million, or 5 percent compared to 2020, and were 140 basis points lower as a percentage of sales, as a result of investments across our business.
Other Operating Expenses
The following provides a summary of certain of our other operating expenses, which are excluded by management for purposes of evaluating operating performance; refer to Additional Information for a further description.
Amortization Expense
Our amortization expense relates to intangible assets acquired in a business combination or asset acquisition, as well as internally-developed patents. In 2022, Amortization expense increased $62 million, or 8 percent, as compared to 2021. The increase was driven by the addition of amortizable intangible assets associated with recent acquisitions. In 2021, Amortization expense decreased $48 million, or 6 percent, as compared to 2020. The decrease was driven by the divestiture of the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business, partially offset by the addition of amortizable intangible assets associated with recent acquisitions.
Intangible Asset Impairment Charges
We recorded Intangible asset impairment charges of $132 million in 2022 and $370 million in 2021. The impairment charges recorded in 2022 were primarily associated with amortizable technology-related intangible assets that were initially established following our acquisition of Vertiflex, Inc., which is now part of our Neuromodulation business, resulting from lower revenue projections due to reimbursement challenges. The impairment charges recorded in 2021 were primarily associated with amortizable technology-related intangible assets that were initially established following our acquisition of VENITI, Inc., which is now part of our Peripheral Interventions business. These charges resulted from management’s decision to discontinue commercialization of the VICI VENOUS STENT™ System following a voluntary recall, due to cost to remediate and time to return to market. In addition, during 2021, we impaired the IPR&D assets established in connection with our acquisition of Millipede, Inc. which is now part of our Cardiology business. The charges resulted from the cancellation of the mitral valve IPR&D program due to the incremental time and cost required to complete the program and bring the technology to market.
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Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates for a discussion of key assumptions used in our intangible asset impairment testing and future events that could have a negative impact on the recoverability of our intangible assets.
Contingent Consideration Net Expense (Benefit)
To recognize changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability, we recorded net charges of $35 million in 2022 and net benefits of $136 million in 2021. In 2022, the net charges related to an increase in expected revenue-based payments as a result of over-achievement of net sales performance, primarily related to our 2021 acquisition of Farapulse. This increase was partially offset by a reduction in the contingent consideration liability for certain acquisitions for which we reduced the probability of achievement of associated regulatory and commercialization-based milestones upon which payment is conditioned. In 2021, the net benefits related to a reduction in the contingent consideration liability for certain prior acquisitions for which we reduced the probability of achievement of associated revenue and/or regulatory milestones upon which payment is conditioned, or, for milestones that would not be achieved due to management's discontinuation of the associated R&D program. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details related to our contingent consideration arrangements.
Restructuring and Restructuring-related Net Charges
On November 15, 2018, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, a global restructuring program (the 2019 Restructuring Plan). The 2019 Restructuring Plan was intended to support our effort to improve operating performance and meet anticipated market demands by ensuring that we were appropriately structured and resourced to deliver sustainable value to patients and customers. Key activities under the 2019 Restructuring Plan included supply chain network optimization intended to maximize our global manufacturing and distribution network capacity and building functional capabilities to support business growth. These activities were initiated in 2019 and substantially completed in 2022, following a one-year extension and expansion approved by our Board of Directors on February 22, 2021.
The following table provides a summary of cumulative pre-tax charges associated with the 2019 Restructuring Plan, by major type of cost, of which approximately $404 million resulted in cash outlays:

Type of Cost (in millions) | Total Amount Incurred
Restructuring charges: |  |  |
Termination benefits | $73 |  |
Other(1) | 54 |  |
Restructuring-related expenses: |  |  |
Transfer costs | 232 |  |
Other(2) | 102 |  |
| $461 |  |

(1) Consists primarily of consulting fees and costs associated with contractual cancellations.
(2) Comprised of other costs directly related to the restructuring program, including program management, accelerated depreciation, fixed asset write-offs, and costs to transfer product lines among facilities.
We recorded restructuring charges pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligation s related to the 2019 Restructuring Plan of $24 million in 2022, $38 million in 2021, and $32 million in 2020. In addition, we recorded restructuring-related charges within Cost of products sold, Selling, general and administrative expenses, and Research and development expenses of $86 million in 2022, $134 million in 2021, and $84 million in 2020 associated with activities under the 2019 Restructuring Plan.
On February 22, 2023, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, a new global restructuring program. For additional information, refer to “2023 Restructuring Plan” under the heading Liquidity and Capital Resources below.
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LOTUS Discontinuation
On November 17, 2020, we announced a global, voluntary recall of all unused inventory of our LOTUS Edge™ Aortic Valve System, and our decision to retire the entire LOTUS™ Valve platform. We recorded restructuring and restructuring-related net charges associated with the product discontinuation of $20 million in 2021 and $55 million in 2020. The restructuring activities were completed in 2021 and resulted in total pre-tax restructuring and restructuring-related net charges of approximately $75 million.
In addition, during 2020 we recorded $119 million of inventory charges within Cost of products sold and $8 million of Intangible asset impairment charges associated with the product discontinuation.
Litigation-related Net Charges (Credits)
We recorded litigation-related net charges of $173 million in 2022 and $430 million in 2021, primarily related to ongoing litigation associated with our transvaginal surgical mesh products principally in the U.S. and Australia, as well as costs associated with certain other legal matters. We increased the accrual associated with transvaginal mesh claims to account for changes in our estimates regarding settlement and litigation activity.
We continue to assess certain litigation and claims to determine the amounts, if any, that management believes will be paid as a result of such claims and litigation, and therefore, additional losses may be accrued and paid in the future, which could materially adversely impact our operating results, cash flows and/or our ability to comply with the financial covenant required by our credit agreements. Refer to Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional discussion of our material legal proceedings
Interest Expense
The following table provides a summary of our Interest expense and average borrowing rate:

(in millions) | Year Ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest expense | $ | (470) |  |  | $ | (341) |  |  | $ | (361) |
Weighted average borrowing rate | 5.0 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 3.6 | %

Interest expense and our average borrowing rate increased in 2022, compared to the prior year, primarily due to $194 million of charges associated with the early extinguishment of $3.275 billion of certain of our senior notes, including payment of tender premiums and the acceleration of unamortized debt issuance costs. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average borrowing rate associated with our outstanding senior notes was 2.6 percent. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources, as well as Note D – Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements and Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our debt obligations.
Other, net
The following are the components of Other, net:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest income | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net foreign currency gain (loss) | (31) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (32) |
Net gains (losses) on investments | (1) |  |  | 250 |  |  | 383 |
Other income (expense), net | (16) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 7 |
| $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 362 |

In 2021, in connection with our acquisitions of Farapulse, Preventice and Devoro Medical, Inc. we remeasured the fair value of our previously-held interests in the acquired companies, which resulted in $475 million of gains recognized in Other, net. In addition, we recorded a loss of $178 million in 2021 and a gain of $363 million in 2020 on our investment in Pulmonx
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Corporation (Pulmonx) presented in Other, net associated with the remeasurement of our investment to fair value based on observable market prices, as well as the disposition of our remaining ownership.
The gains on previously held interests are included within Acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits) and the Pulmonx net gain (loss) is included in Investment portfolio net losses (gains) presented in the reconciliation of our results of operations prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP to those adjusted results considered by management. Refer to Financial Summary for the reconciliation and Additional Information for a discussion of management's use of non-GAAP financial measures.
Tax Rate
The following table provides a summary of our reported tax rate:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Reported tax rate | 38.9 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 2.9 | % |
Impact of certain receipts/charges(1) | (19.1) | % |  | 13.0 | % |  | 8.3 | % |
| 19.8 | % |  | 16.3 | % |  | 11.2 | % |

(1) These receipts/charges are taxed at different rates than our effective tax rate.
The change in our reported tax rate for 2022 compared to 2021, relates primarily to the jurisdictional mix of earnings and the impact of certain receipts and charges that are taxed at different rates than our effective tax rate. These receipts and charges include intangible asset impairment charges, acquisition/divestiture-related net charges, restructuring and restructuring-related net charges, litigation-related net charges, debt extinguishment net charges, as well as certain discrete tax items primarily related to restructuring activities, and tax windfall benefits associated with share-based payments.
In 2020, we received notification from the IRS regarding the examination of our 2014 through 2016 tax years stating that the Joint Committee on Taxation completed its review, and the IRS examination was resolved. Due to the resolution of these tax years, we recorded a net tax benefit of $91 million to release the reserves related to these years. We received a refund of $62 million from the IRS reflecting the net balance of amounts owed to us by the IRS after consideration of tax and interest due for these years.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (Inflation Reduction Act) was enacted into law by the U.S. government and includes a new corporate alternative minimum tax of 15 percent on the adjusted financial statement income (AFSI) of corporations with average AFSI exceeding $1.0 billion over a three-year period. Additionally, the Inflation Reduction Act imposes a 1 percent excise tax on the fair market value of net corporate stock repurchases. These provisions are effective beginning in 2023.
See Note H – Income Taxes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on our tax rate.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Based on our current business plan, we believe our existing balance of Cash and cash equivalents, future cash generated from operations, access to capital markets and existing credit facilities will be sufficient to fund our operations, invest in our infrastructure, pay our legal-related liabilities, pay taxes due, service and repay our existing debt and fund possible acquisitions for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. Please refer to Contractual Obligations and Commitments below for additional details on our future payment obligations and commitments.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $928 million of unrestricted Cash and cash equivalents on hand, comprised of $673 million invested in money market funds and time deposits and $256 million in interest bearing and non-interest-bearing bank accounts. We invest excess cash on hand in short-term financial instruments that earn at market interest rates while mitigating principal risk through instrument and counterparty diversification, as well as what we believe to be prudent instrument selection. We limit our direct exposure to securities in any one industry or issuer.
In 2021, we entered into a new $2.750 billion revolving credit facility (2021 Revolving Credit Facility) with a global syndicate of commercial banks and terminated our previous facility (2018 Revolving Credit Facility). The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility will mature on May 10, 2026, with one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions. This facility provides backing for our commercial paper program, and outstanding commercial paper directly reduces borrowing capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. There were no amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility or our commercial paper program as of December 31, 2022, resulting in an additional $2.220 billion of available liquidity. In anticipation of our purchase of a majority stake in Acotec Scientific Holdings Limited (Acotec), a Chinese medical technology company, which closed on February 20, 2023, we reserved approximately $530 million of our borrowing capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility in the fourth quarter of 2022 as proof of funds, as required by Hong Kong guidelines. We funded the acquisition using cash on hand and, as a result, have full borrowing capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility as of the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For additional details related to our debt obligations, including our financial covenant requirement, refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The following provides a summary and description of our net cash inflows (outflows):

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash provided by (used for) operating activities | $ | 1,526 |  |  | $ | 1,870 |  |  | $ | 1,508 |
Cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (2,011) |  |  | (1,597) |  |  | (411) |
Cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (548) |  |  | (95) |  |  | 293 |

Operating Activities
In 2022, cash provided by (used for) operating activities decreased $344 million compared to 2021. This decrease was primarily due to changes in working capital, including higher levels of inventory and accounts receivable. In 2021, cash provided by operating activities increased $362 million compared to 2020. This increase was primarily due to comparatively higher net sales and operating income compared to the prior year.
Cash provided by (used for) operating activities included litigation-related payments of $282 million in 2022, $441 million in 2021 and $420 million in 2020, related primarily to transvaginal mesh litigation.
Investing Activities
In 2022, cash provided by (used for) investing activities primarily included net cash payments of $1.542 billion for the acquisitions of Baylis Medical and Obsidio, Inc, as well as Purchases of property, plant and equipment and internal use software of $588 million partially offset by Proceeds from settlements of hedge contracts of $56 million and Proceeds from royalty rights of $70 million.
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In 2021, cash provided by (used for) investing activities primarily included payments of $2.258 billion for the acquisitions of Preventice, Lumenis, Farapulse and Devoro and Purchases of property, plant and equipment and internal use software of $554 million, partially offset by proceeds of $826 million from the divestiture of the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business and net Proceeds from investments and acquisitions of certain technologies of $279 million primarily from the disposition of our shares in Pulmonx.
Financing Activities
During the second quarter of 2022, we completed a public offering (the Offering) of €3.000 billion in aggregate principal amount of euro-dominated senior notes. The Offering resulted in cash proceeds of $3.270 billion, net of investor discounts and issuance costs. We used the net proceeds from the Offering to fund the tender offer and early redemption of combined aggregate principal amount of $3.275 billion of certain of our outstanding senior notes, as well as to pay accrued interest, tender premiums, fees and expenses. For more information, refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Cash provided by (used for) financing activities in 2022 also included Payments of contingent consideration previously established in purchase accounting of $335 million as well as Payments on short-term borrowings of $250 million.
In 2021, cash provided by (used for) financing activities primarily included Payments for royalty rights of $85 million and Cash dividends paid on preferred stock of $55 million, partially offset by Proceeds from issuances of shares of common stock pursuant to employee stock compensation and purchase plans of $110 million.
Our liquidity plans are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, some of which are outside our control. Macroeconomic conditions, adverse tax and litigation matter outcomes and other risks and uncertainties could limit our ability to successfully execute our business plans and adversely affect our liquidity plans.
Debt
The following table presents the current and long-term portions of our total debt:

| As of
(in millions) | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Current debt obligations | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 261 |
Long-term debt | 8,915 |  |  | $ | 8,804 |
Total debt | $ | 8,935 |  |  | $ | 9,065 |

The following table presents the portions of our total debt that are comprised of fixed and variable rate debt instruments, which are presented on an amortized cost basis:

| As of
(in millions) | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Fixed-rate debt instruments | $ | 8,910 |  |  | $ | 9,048 |
Variable rate debt instruments | 25 |  |  | 17 |
Total debt | $ | 8,935 |  |  | $ | 9,065 |

As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with the financial covenant required by the credit facilities described above. For additional details related to our debt obligations, including our financial covenant requirements, refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Equity
During 2022 we received $136 million in proceeds from stock issuances related to our stock option and employee stock purchase plans, compared to $110 million in 2021. Proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options and employee stock purchases vary from period to period based upon, among other factors, fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock and in the exercise and stock purchase patterns of employees. Stock-based compensation expense related to our stock ownership plans was $220 million in 2022 and $194 million in 2021. Stock-based compensation expense varies from period to period based upon, among other factors, the timing, number and fair value of awards granted during the period, forfeiture levels related to unvested awards and employee contributions to our employee stock purchase plan, as well as the retirement eligibility of stock award recipients.
On December 14, 2020, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $1.000 billion of our common stock. We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during 2022 or 2021, and had the full amount available under the authorization as of December 31, 2022. There were approximately 263 million shares in treasury as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Debt obligations(1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 1,567 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 960 |  |  | $ | 5,700 |  |  | $ | 8,986 |
Interest payments(2) | 240 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 1,587 |  |  | 2,664 |
Lease obligations | 80 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 492 |
Purchase obligations(2) | 755 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 1,021 |
Legal reserves(3) | 231 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 231 |
One-time transition tax | 122 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 146 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 386 |
| $ | 1,428 |  |  | $ | 1,037 |  |  | $ | 2,056 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | 7,522 |  |  | $ | 13,780 |

(1) Debt obligations are comprised of our senior notes outstanding as of December 31, 2022. This does not include unamortized debt issuance discounts, deferred financing costs and gain on fair value hedges or finance lease obligations. Refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
(2) In accordance with U.S. GAAP, these obligations relate primarily to expenses associated with future periods and, with the exception of accrued interest, are not reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Interest payments included above are calculated based on rates and required fees applicable to our outstanding debt obligations as of December 31, 2022 described in Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Interest payments above do not include interest on variable rate debt instruments.
(3) Timing of payment for our long-term liability for legal matters that are probable and estimable as of December 31, 2022 is uncertain and as such it is excluded from the table above. Refer to Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
The amounts in the table above with respect to purchase obligations relate primarily to non-cancellable inventory commitments and capital expenditures entered in the normal course of business. The table above does not include:
•Any future obligations to make payments of contingent consideration pursuant to certain of our acquisition agreements, due to the exact amount and timing of payments being uncertain. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information,
•Unrecognized tax benefits, accrued interest and penalties and other related items because the timing of their future cash settlement is uncertain. Refer to Note H – Income Taxes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information,
•Acquired IPR&D projects that require future funding to complete. We estimate that the total remaining cost to complete acquired IPR&D projects is between $55 million and $65 million. Net cash inflows from the projects currently in development are expected to continue through 2039, following the respective launches of these technologies in the U.S. and Europe. Certain of our acquisitions also involve the potential payment of contingent
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consideration, but the timing and amounts are uncertain. See Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information,
•Holders of our MCPS will be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, or an authorized committee thereof, out of funds legally available for payment, cumulative dividends at the annual rate of 5.50% of the liquidation preference of $100 per share, payable in cash or, subject to certain limitations, by delivery of shares of common stock or any combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election; provided, however, that any unpaid dividends on the MCPS will continue to accumulate as described in the Certificate of Designations,
•The definitive agreement, entered into on June 15, 2022, with Synergy Innovation Co, Ltd, to purchase its majority stake of M.I. Tech Co., Ltd., (M.I. Tech) for approximately $230 million, which we are working towards closing during the second quarter of 2023, and the definitive agreement, entered into on November 29, 2022, to acquire 100 percent of the fully diluted equity of Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. for approximately $615 million, which is expected to close during the first half of 2023, subject to customary closing conditions. Additionally, on February 20, 2023, we completed the acquisition of a majority stake in Acotec for approximately $520 million using cash on hand. See Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
2023 Restructuring Plan
On February 22, 2023, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, a new global restructuring program (the 2023 Restructuring Plan). The 2023 Restructuring Plan is intended to meet evolving global market demands and conditions by ensuring that we are structured and resourced to support our strategic imperatives and deliver sustainable value.
The 2023 Restructuring Plan will further build on our Global Supply Chain Optimization strategy, which is intended to simplify our manufacturing and distribution network by transferring certain production lines among facilities and expand operational efficiencies and resiliency. Key activities under the 2023 Restructuring Plan will also include optimizing certain functional capabilities to better support business growth and achieve cost synergies. These activities are expected to be initiated in the first quarter of 2023, and substantially completed by the end of 2025.
While we expect limited role reductions as a result of these restructuring activities, we anticipate that our overall employee base will remain relatively unchanged upon completion of the 2023 Restructuring Plan as new jobs are created in areas of growth and resources are deployed to support an expanding portfolio and growing global market needs.
The implementation of the 2023 Restructuring Plan is estimated to result in total pre-tax charges of approximately $450 million to $550 million, of which approximately $350 million to $450 million is expected to result in future cash outlays, and reduce gross annual pre-tax expenses by approximately $225 million to $275 million by the end of 2025 as program benefits are realized. We expect a substantial portion of the savings to be reinvested in strategic growth initiatives. The following table provides a summary of our estimates of total pre-tax charges associated with the 2023 Restructuring Plan by major type of cost:

Type of Cost (in millions) | Total Estimated Amount Expected to be Incurred
Restructuring charges: |  |  |
Termination benefits(1) | $60 | - | $80
Other(2) | 40 | - | 60
Restructuring-related expenses: |  |  |
Transfer costs | 250 | - | 280
Other(3) | 100 | - | 130
| $450 | - | $550

(1) Plans detailing specific employee impacts will be developed for each affected region and business, working with employee representative bodies where required under local laws.
(2) Consists primarily of consulting fees and costs associated with contractual cancellations.
(3) Comprised of other costs directly related to the restructuring program, including program management, accelerated depreciation, fixed asset write-offs, and costs to transfer product lines among facilities.
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Legal Matters
For a discussion of our material legal proceedings see Note I – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of accounting policies and methods. We have adopted accounting policies to prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP.
To prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities, including our contingent liabilities, as of the date of our financial statements and the reported amounts of our revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. We consider estimates to be critical (i) if we are required to make assumptions about material matters that are uncertain at the time of estimation or (ii) if materially different estimates could have been made or it is reasonably likely that the accounting estimate will change from period to period. The following are areas considered to be critical and require management’s judgment: Revenue Recognition, Inventory Provisions, Valuation of Intangible Assets and Contingent Consideration Liability, Goodwill Valuation, Legal and Product Liability Accruals and Income Taxes.
See Note A – Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to our accounting policies and our consideration of these critical accounting areas.
Revenue Recognition
Deferred Revenue
We record a contract liability, or deferred revenue, when we have an obligation to provide a product or service to the customer and payment is received or due in advance of our performance. When we sell a device with a future service obligation, we defer revenue on the unfulfilled performance obligation and recognize this revenue over the related service period. Generally, we do not have observable evidence of the standalone selling price related to our future service obligations; therefore, we estimate the selling price using an expected cost plus a margin approach. We allocate the transaction price using the relative standalone selling price method. The use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of revenue deferral.
Our contractual liabilities are primarily composed of deferred revenue related to the LATITUDE™ Patient Management System within our Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) business, for which revenue is recognized over the average service period based on device and patient longevity. Our contractual liabilities also include deferred revenue related to the LUX-Dx™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) system, also within our CRM business, for which revenue is recognized over the average service period based on device longevity and usage. The use of alternative assumptions could impact the period over which revenue is recognized.
Variable Consideration
We generally allow our customers to return defective, damaged and, in certain cases, expired products for credit. We base our estimate for sales returns upon historical trends and record the amount as a reduction to revenue when we sell the initial product. In addition, we may allow customers to return previously purchased products for next-generation product offerings. For these transactions, we defer recognition of revenue on the sale of the earlier generation product based upon an estimate of the amount of product to be returned when the next-generation products are shipped to the customer. Uncertain timing of next-generation product approvals, variability in product launch strategies, product recalls and variation in product utilization all affect our estimates related to sales returns and could cause actual returns to differ from these estimates.
We also offer sales rebates and discounts to certain customers and record these as a reduction of revenue and classify the corresponding liability as current. We estimate rebates for products where there is sufficient historical information available to predict the volume of expected future rebates. If we are unable to reasonably estimate the expected rebates, we record a liability for the maximum rebate percentage offered.
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Post-Implant Services
We provide non-contractual services to customers to ensure the safe and effective use of certain implanted devices. We forward accrue the costs to provide these services at the time the devices are sold by estimating the amount of time spent by our representatives performing these services and their compensation throughout the device life to determine the service cost. Changes to our business practice or the use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of accrued cost.
Inventory Provisions
We base our provisions for excess, expired and obsolete inventory primarily on our estimates of forecasted net sales. A significant change in the timing or level of demand for our products as compared to forecasted amounts may result in recording additional provisions for excess, expired and obsolete inventory in the future. Further, the industry in which we participate is characterized by rapid product development and frequent new product introductions. Uncertain timing of next-generation product approvals, variability in product launch strategies, product recalls and variation in product utilization all affect our estimates related to excess, expired and obsolete inventory.
Valuation of Intangible Assets and Contingent Consideration Liability
We base the fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination, including IPR&D, on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management, which consider management’s best estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. Further, for those arrangements that involve potential future contingent consideration, we record on the date of acquisition a liability equal to the fair value of the estimated additional consideration we may be obligated to pay in the future. We re-measure this liability each reporting period and record changes in the fair value through a separate line item within our consolidated statements of operations. Increases or decreases in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability can result from changes in discount rates, periods, timing and amount of projected revenue or timing or likelihood of achieving regulatory, revenue or commercialization-based milestones. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, cash flows, discount rates, useful life or probability of achieving clinical, regulatory or revenue-based milestones could result in different purchase price allocations and recognized amortization expense and contingent consideration expense or benefit in current and future periods.
We review intangible assets subject to amortization quarterly to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurred that would indicate impairment or adjustment to the remaining useful life. If we determine it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired based on our qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, we test the intangible asset for recoverability. If the carrying value of the intangible asset is determined not recoverable, we will write the carrying value down to fair value in the period the impairment is identified. We calculate fair value of our intangible assets as the present value of estimated future cash flows we expect to generate from the asset using a risk-adjusted discount rate. The use of alternative assumptions, including estimated cash flows, discount rates and alternative estimated remaining useful lives could result in different calculations of impairment.
In addition, we test our indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for impairment and reassess their classification as indefinite-lived assets, or more frequently if indicators exist. We assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that our indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, we then determine the fair value of the intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (FASB ASC Topic 350). If the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, we write the carrying value down to fair value. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, cash flows and discount rates could result in different fair value estimates.
Goodwill Valuation
We allocate any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination to goodwill. We test our goodwill balances in the second quarter of each year as of April 1 for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest an impairment may exist.
We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. For our 2022 annual impairment assessment, following the reorganization of our operational structure in the first quarter of 2022, we identified the following reporting units for purposes of our annual goodwill impairment test: Interventional Cardiology, Rhythm Management, Peripheral Interventions, Endoscopy, Urology and
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Neuromodulation. Based on the criteria prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 350, we aggregated the Interventional Cardiology Therapies and Watchman components of our Cardiology operating segment into a single Interventional Cardiology reporting unit and aggregated the Cardiac Rhythm Management and Electrophysiology components into a single Rhythm Management reporting unit.
In performing annual impairment assessments, when a quantitative test is performed, we typically use only the income approach, specifically the Discounted Cash Flow method, to derive the fair value of each of our reporting units in preparing our goodwill impairment assessments. We historically selected this method as being the most meaningful in preparing our goodwill assessments because we believe the income approach most appropriately measures the fair value of our income producing assets. We have considered using the market approach and cost approach but concluded they are not appropriate in valuing our reporting units given the lack of relevant market comparisons available for application of the market approach and the inability to replicate the value of the specific technology-based assets within our reporting units for application of the cost approach.
In applying the income approach, we make assumptions about the amount and timing of future expected cash flows, terminal value growth rates and appropriate discount rates. The amount and timing of future cash flows within our Discounted Cash Flow analysis is based on our most recent operational budgets, long range strategic plans and other estimates. The terminal value growth rate reflects our best estimates for stable, perpetual growth of our reporting units. We use estimates of market-participant risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital as a basis for determining the discount rates to apply to our reporting units’ future expected cash flows.
Although we use consistent methodologies in developing the assumptions and estimates underlying the fair value calculations used in our impairment tests, these estimates are uncertain by nature and can vary from actual results. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, cash flows and discount rates could result in different fair value estimates.
Future events that could have a negative impact on the levels of excess fair value over carrying value of our reporting units include, but are not limited to, the following:
•decreases in estimated market sizes or market growth rates due to greater-than-expected declines in procedural volumes, inclusive of those resulting from macroeconomic conditions, including inflationary pricing pressures and reductions in reimbursement levels,
•declines in our market share and penetration assumptions due to increased competition, an inability to develop or launch new and next-generation products and technology features in line with our commercialization strategies and market and/or regulatory conditions that may cause significant launch delays or product actions,
•decreases in our forecasted profitability due to an inability to implement successfully and achieve timely and sustainable cost improvement measures consistent with our expectations,
•negative developments in intellectual property litigation that may impact our ability to market certain products or increase our costs to sell certain products,
•the level of success of ongoing and future research and development efforts, including those related to acquisitions and increases in the research and development costs necessary to obtain regulatory approvals and launch new products,
•the level of success in managing the growth of acquired companies, achieving sustained profitability consistent with our expectations, establishing government and third-party payer reimbursement, supplying the market and increases in the costs and time necessary to integrate acquired businesses into our operations successfully,
•changes in our reporting units or in the structure of our business as a result of future reorganizations, acquisitions or divestitures of assets or businesses and
•increases in our market-participant risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital and increases in our market-participant tax rate and/or changes in tax laws or macroeconomic conditions.
Negative changes in one or more of these factors, among others, could result in future impairment charges.
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Legal and Product Liability Accruals
We are involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings, including intellectual property, breach of contract, securities litigation and product liability suits. In some cases, the claimants seek damages, as well as other relief, which, if granted, could require significant expenditures or impact our ability to sell our products. We accrue anticipated costs of settlement, damages, losses for product liability claims and, under certain conditions, costs of defense, based on historical experience or to the extent specific losses are probable and estimable. Otherwise, we expense these costs as incurred. If the estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within the range is more likely, we accrue the minimum amount of the range. Litigation and product liability matters are inherently uncertain, and the outcomes of individual matters are difficult to predict and quantify. As such, significant judgment is required in determining our legal and product liability accruals. Our estimates related to our legal and product liability accruals may change as additional information becomes available to us, including information related to the nature or existence of claims against us, trial court or appellate proceedings, and mediation, arbitration or settlement proceedings.
Income Taxes
We establish reserves when we believe that certain positions are likely to be challenged despite our belief that our tax return positions are fully supportable. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves significant judgment based on individual facts, circumstances and information available in addition to applying complex tax regulations in various jurisdictions across our global operations. Under U.S. GAAP, in order to recognize an uncertain tax benefit, the taxpayer must determine it is more likely than not the position will be sustained, and the measurement of the benefit is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon resolution of the benefit. Although we believe that we have adequately provided for liabilities resulting from tax assessments by taxing authorities, positions taken by these tax authorities could have a material impact on our effective tax rate, results of operations, financial position and/or cash flows.
As part of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (TCJA), we are subject to a territorial tax system in which we are required to establish an accounting policy in providing for tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. We have elected to treat the impact of GILTI as a period cost and report it as a part of continuing operations.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note P – New Accounting Pronouncements to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on standards implemented during 2022 and standards to be implemented in future periods.
Additional Information
Corporate Sustainability
Our sustainable environmental, social and governance practices underpin all aspects of our global business. Our approach is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and our material topics and practices are informed by a broad range of internal and external stakeholders – locally, nationally and globally. Our employees around the world work with suppliers and other organizations that share our commitment to these practices that help address issues related to health inequity, economic disparity, climate change and environmental protection. These efforts are supported by our cross-functional Corporate Social Responsibility Steering Committee, our Corporate Social Responsibility Council, our Environmental Health and Safety teams and policies, our Global Council for Inclusion, as well as our local, regional and national employee and community engagement programs. In addition, our Executive Committee performance is measured, among other things, against global gender and U.S. (inclusive of Puerto Rico) multicultural goals and performance against annual renewable electricity and carbon emissions goals.
We are also making measurable progress toward shaping a better future for our planet by proactively addressing energy consumption, carbon emissions and waste management. We have committed to a goal of carbon neutrality for Scope 1 and Scope 2 carbon emissions in our manufacturing and key distribution sites by 2030. Our Global Real Estate, Facilities, Environment, Health & Safety function is responsible for rigorously measuring, assessing and reporting progress toward these goals globally. We are focused on a “C3” strategy: Cutting energy use, Converting to renewable energy sources and Compensating with carbon offset projects where needed. Our Global Headquarters and U.S. distribution center in Massachusetts, and our manufacturing plants in Dorado, Puerto Rico and Coyol, Costa Rica all utilize solar energy from on-site installations. Our goal is to fully source or generate electricity from renewable sources by 2024, and by 2027, our goal is that 90
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percent of all energy used across our manufacturing and key distribution sites, will be from renewable sources, representing an important milestone toward our 2030 carbon neutrality commitment.
In 2022, we obtained additional ISO 50001:2018 - Energy Management Systems certification for our manufacturing plants in Maple Grove and Arden Hills, Minnesota and in Dorado, Puerto Rico. This brings the total number of ISO 50001:2018 certified sites in our global network to twelve. We have also obtained ISO 14001:2015 - Environment Management Systems certification at our major manufacturing plants and Tier 1 distribution centers around the world, as well as our Global Headquarters. These are globally recognized standards for employee Energy and Environmental Management Systems, established by the International Standards Organization, which provides a voluntary framework to identify key energy and environmental aspects associated with our business. Using these management systems and the specific attributes of our certified locations, we continue to improve our energy and environmental performance. We also have 12 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings on campuses in the U.S., Latin America, Europe and Asia. LEED is an internationally recognized certification program that seeks to ensure the mindful development, construction and maintenance of buildings in a way that benefits occupants and the environment by reducing waste and conserving resources.
Cybersecurity
We have established controls and procedures to escalate enterprise level issues, including cybersecurity matters, to the appropriate management levels within our organization and our Board of Directors, or members or committees thereof, as appropriate. Under our framework, cybersecurity issues, including those involving vulnerabilities introduced by our use of third-party software, are analyzed by subject matter experts and a crisis committee for potential financial, operational, and reputational risks, based on, among other factors, the nature of the matter and breadth of impact. Matters determined to present potential material impacts to our financial results, operations, and/or reputation are immediately reported by management to the Board of Directors, or individual members or committees thereof, as appropriate, in accordance with our escalation framework. In addition, we have established procedures to ensure that members of management responsible for overseeing the effectiveness of disclosure controls are informed in a timely manner of known cybersecurity risks and incidents that may materially impact our operations and that timely public disclosure is made, as appropriate.
International conflicts, including, but not limited to the Russia/Ukraine war and tension between China/Taiwan, have heightened cybersecurity risks on a global basis. While there is significant uncertainty around implications of cybersecurity attacks resulting from such conflicts, we have taken steps to better understand our readiness, including the resilience of our critical business functions, with the goal of reducing the impact if such an event were to occur.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented on a GAAP basis, we disclose certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted net income (loss), adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders and adjusted net income (loss) per share (EPS) that exclude certain charges (credits); operational net sales, which exclude the impact of foreign currency fluctuations; and organic net sales, which exclude the impact of foreign currency fluctuations as well as the impact of certain acquisitions and divestitures with less than a full period of comparable net sales. These non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered in isolation from or as a replacement for the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. Further, other companies may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures differently than we do, which may limit the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.
To calculate adjusted net income (loss), adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders and adjusted net income (loss) per share we exclude certain charges (credits) from GAAP net income and GAAP net income available to common stockholders, which include amortization expense, goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges, acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits), investment portfolio gains and losses, restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits), certain litigation-related net charges (credits), EU MDR implementation costs, debt extinguishment charges, deferred tax expenses (benefits) and discrete tax items. Amounts are presented after-tax using our effective tax rate, unless the amount is a significant unusual or infrequently occurring item in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740-270-30, "General Methodology and Use of Estimated Annual Effective Tax Rate."
The GAAP financial measure most directly comparable to adjusted net income (loss), adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders and adjusted net income (loss) per share are GAAP net income (loss), GAAP net income (loss) available to common stockholders and GAAP net income (loss) per common share - assuming dilution, respectively.
To calculate operational net sales growth rates, which exclude the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we convert actual net sales from local currency to U.S. dollars using constant foreign currency exchange rates in the current and prior periods.
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To calculate organic net sales growth rates, we also remove the impact of acquisitions and divestitures with less than a full period of comparable net sales. The GAAP financial measure most directly comparable to operational net sales and organic net sales is net sales reported on a GAAP basis.
Reconciliations of each of these non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP financial measure are included in the relevant sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Management uses these supplemental non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate performance period over period, to analyze the underlying trends in our business, to assess our performance relative to our competitors and to establish operational goals and forecasts that are used in allocating resources. In addition, management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to further its understanding of the performance of our operating segments. The adjustments excluded from our non-GAAP financial measures are consistent with those excluded from our operating segments’ measures of net sales and profit or loss. These adjustments are excluded from the segment measures reported to our chief operating decision maker that are used to make operating decisions and assess performance.
We believe that presenting adjusted net income (loss), adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders adjusted net income (loss) per share, operational and organic net sales growth rates, in addition to the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provides investors greater transparency to the information used by management for its operational decision-making and allows investors to see our results “through the eyes” of management. We further believe that providing this information assists our investors in understanding our operating performance and the methodology used by management to evaluate and measure such performance.
The following is an explanation of each of the adjustments that management excluded as part of these non-GAAP financial measures as well as reasons for excluding each of these individual items. In each case, management has excluded the item for purposes of calculating the relevant non-GAAP financial measure to facilitate an evaluation of our current operating performance and a comparison to our past operating performance:
Adjusted Net Income (loss), Adjusted Net Income (loss) Available to Common Stockholders and Adjusted Net Income (loss) per Share
•Amortization expense - We record intangible assets acquired in a business combination or asset acquisition, as well as internally-developed patents at historical cost and amortize them over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense is excluded from management's assessment of operating performance due to its non-cash nature and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges - These amounts represent write-downs of certain goodwill and/or other intangible asset balances. We review intangible assets subject to amortization quarterly to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurred that would indicate impairment and test our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for impairment. If we determine the carrying value of the amortizable intangible asset is not recoverable, goodwill of a reporting unit is impaired or it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, we will write the carrying value down to fair value in the period identified. Impairment charges are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits) - These adjustments may consist of (a) contingent consideration fair value adjustments; (b) gains on previously held investments; (c) due diligence, deal fees and other fees and costs related to our acquisition and divestiture transactions; (d) inventory step-up amortization and accelerated compensation expense; (e) integration and exit costs; and (f) separation costs and gains or losses primarily associated with the sale of a business or portion of a business. The contingent consideration fair value adjustments represent accounting adjustments to state contingent consideration liabilities at their estimated fair value. These adjustments can be highly variable depending on the assessed likelihood and amount of future contingent consideration. Gains on previously held investments, due diligence, deal fees and other fees and costs, inventory step-up amortization, accelerated compensation expense, and other expenses and gains or losses associated with divestitures or acquisitions can be highly variable and not representative of ongoing operations. Integration, separation and exit costs, include contract cancellations, severance and other compensation-related charges and costs, project management fees and costs, and other direct costs associated with the integration of our acquisitions or separation of our divested businesses. These integration, separation and exit activities take place over a defined timeframe and have distinct project timelines, are incremental to activities and costs that arise in the ordinary course
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of our business and are not considered part of our core, ongoing operations. These acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits) are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits) - These adjustments primarily represent severance and other compensation-related charges, fixed asset write-offs, contract cancellations, project management fees, facility shut down costs, costs to transfer manufacturing lines between geographically dispersed facilities and other direct costs associated with our restructuring plans. These restructuring plans each consist of distinct initiatives that are fundamentally different from our ongoing, core cost reduction initiatives in terms of, among other things, the frequency with which each action is performed and the required planning, resourcing, cost and timing. Examples of such initiatives include the movement of business activities, facility consolidations and closures and the transfer of product lines between manufacturing facilities, which, due to the highly regulated nature of our industry, requires a significant investment in time and cost to create duplicate manufacturing lines, run product validations and seek regulatory approvals. Restructuring initiatives take place over a defined timeframe and have a distinct project timeline that requires, and begins subsequent to, approval by our Board of Directors. In contrast to our ongoing cost reduction initiatives, restructuring initiatives typically result in duplicative cost and exit costs over the defined timeframe and are not considered part of our core, ongoing operations. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2020 and first half of 2021, we incurred restructuring and restructuring-related net charges associated with management’s decision to retire the LOTUS platform. These restructuring plans are incremental to the core activities that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits) are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Litigation-related net charges (credits) - These adjustments include certain significant product liability and other litigation-related charges and credits. We record these charges and credits, which we consider to be unusual or infrequent and significant, within the litigation-related charges line in our consolidated statements of operations; all other legal and product liability charges, credits and costs are recorded within selling general and administrative expenses. Certain litigation-related net charges (credits) are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•EU MDR implementation costs - These adjustments represent certain incremental costs specific to complying with new regulatory requirements in the EU. EU MDR replaced the existing European Medical Devices Directive (MDD) regulatory framework, and manufacturers of medical devices were required to comply with EU MDR beginning in May 2021 for new product registrations and by May 2024 for medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the prior Directives (issued before May 2021). Updates to the legislative text of the EU MDR were adopted by the European Parliament and are currently being reviewed for adoption by the Council of the European Union, including an extension of the transitional period to 2027 for class IIb and III and 2028 for class I and IIa medical devices which have a valid CE Certificate to the prior Directives (issued before May 2021). We expect to incur significant expenditures in connection with the adoption of the EU MDR requirements and we consider the adoption of EU MDR to be a significant change to a regulatory framework, and therefore, these expenditures are not considered to be ordinary course expenditures in connection with regulatory matters. As such, certain of these costs are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Debt extinguishment net charges (credits) - These amounts relate to the early extinguishment of certain outstanding principal amounts of our senior notes. Certain debt extinguishment net charges (credits) are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Investment portfolio net losses (gains) - These amounts represent write-downs or fair value remeasurement gains and losses related to our investment portfolio. Each reporting period, we evaluate our investments without a readily determinable fair value to determine if there are any events or circumstances that are likely to have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. If we identify an impairment indicator, we will estimate the fair value of the investment and compare it to its carrying value and determine if the impairment is other-than-temporary, and recognize an impairment loss. In addition, for those investments accounted for under the measurement alternative method of accounting, we record gains and losses to remeasure the carrying value of the investments to their fair values based on observable market prices or implied market values. Investment impairment charges and fair value remeasurements can be highly variable dependent on external market factors and conditions
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relative to the underlying investee, which are generally outside of the control of management, as such these amounts are excluded from management's assessment of performance.
•Deferred tax expenses (benefits) - This adjustment relates to a significant non-cash tax benefit arising from an intra-entity asset transfer of intellectual property completed in the fourth quarter of 2019 which resulted in our recording a $4.102 billion net deferred tax asset. The deferred tax benefit associated with the establishment of the net deferred tax asset as well as any deferred tax expense resulting from the reversal of the deferred tax asset are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
•Discrete tax items - These items represent adjustments of certain tax positions including those which a) are related to the finalization of the enactment date impact of the TCJA, or b) are related to the tax consequences of a non-GAAP adjustment item booked in a prior period. These discrete tax items are excluded from management's assessment of operating performance and from our operating segments' measures of profit and loss used for making operating decisions and assessing performance.
Operational Net Sales
•The impact of foreign currency fluctuations is highly variable and difficult to predict. Accordingly, management excludes the impact of foreign currency fluctuations for purposes of reviewing net sales and growth rates to facilitate an evaluation of our current operating performance and a comparison to our past operating performance.
Organic Net Sales
•Organic net sales growth excludes the impact of foreign currency fluctuations and net sales attributable to acquisitions and divestitures for which there are less than a full period of comparable net sales.
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans by Executive Officers
Periodically, certain of our executive officers adopt written stock trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act and our own Stock Trading Policy. A Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan is a written document that pre-establishes the amount, prices and dates (or formulas for determining the amounts, prices and dates) of future purchases or sales of our stock, including shares issued upon exercise of stock options or vesting of deferred stock units. These plans are entered into at a time when the person is not in possession of material non-public information about our company. We disclose details regarding individual Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans on the Investor Relations section of our website.
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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
As the management of Boston Scientific Corporation, we are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. We designed our internal control process to provide reasonable assurance to management and the Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on our assessment, we believe that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting is effective at a reasonable assurance level based on these criteria.
In accordance with the SEC Staff 's interpretive guidance for newly acquired businesses, we are permitted to omit an assessment of an acquired business's internal control over financial reporting from our assessment of internal control for up to one year from the acquisition date. As such, we have excluded Baylis Medical Company Inc., acquired on February 14, 2022, from our annual assessment of internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. This business represented less than one percent of total assets as of December 31, 2022 and approximately one percent of net sales for the year then ended.
Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This report, in which they expressed an unqualified opinion, is included below.

| /s/ Michael F. Mahoney |  | /s/ Daniel J. Brennan |
|  | Michael F. Mahoney |  |  | Daniel J. Brennan |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Boston Scientific Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Boston Scientific Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Boston Scientific Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.
As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Baylis Medical Company Inc., which is included in the 2022 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted less than 1% of total assets as of December 31, 2022 and approximately 1% of revenues for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Baylis Medical Company Inc.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2022 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
60

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 23, 2023
61

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We develop, manufacture and sell medical devices globally and our earnings and cash flows are exposed to market risk from changes in currency exchange rates and interest rates. We address these risks through a risk management program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We operate the program pursuant to documented corporate risk management policies. We do not enter derivative transactions for speculative purposes. Gains and losses on derivative financial instruments substantially offset losses and gains on underlying hedged exposures. Furthermore, we manage our exposure to counterparty risk on derivative instruments by entering into contracts with a diversified group of major financial institutions and by actively monitoring outstanding positions.
Our currency risk consists primarily of foreign currency denominated firm commitments, forecasted foreign currency denominated intercompany and third-party transactions and net investments in certain subsidiaries. We use both nonderivative (primarily manufacturing operations outside the U.S.) and derivative instruments to manage our earnings and cash flow exposure to changes in currency exchange rates. We had currency derivative instruments outstanding in the contract amount of $7.324 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $8.381 billion as of December 31, 2021. A ten percent appreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedged currencies would increase the derivative instruments’ fair value by $208 million as of December 31, 2022 compared to $298 million as of December 31, 2021. A ten percent depreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedged currencies would decrease the derivative instruments’ fair value by $254 million as of December 31, 2022 compared to $364 million as of December 31, 2021. Any increase or decrease in the fair value of our currency exchange rate sensitive derivative instruments would be substantially offset by a corresponding decrease or increase in the fair value of the hedged underlying asset, liability or forecasted transaction, resulting in minimal impact on our earnings.
Our interest rate risk relates primarily to U.S. dollar and euro-denominated borrowings partially offset by U.S. dollar cash investments. We have historically used interest rate derivative instruments to manage our earnings and cash flow exposure to changes in interest rates. We had no interest rate derivative instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, $8.986 billion in aggregate principal amount of our outstanding debt obligations were at fixed interest rates, representing approximately 100 percent of our total debt, on an amortized cost basis. As of December 31, 2022, our outstanding debt obligations at fixed interest rates were comprised of senior notes.
See Note D – Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding our derivative financial instruments.
62

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of
Boston Scientific Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Boston Scientific Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
63

Description of the Matter | Business Combinations
As disclosed in Note B to the consolidated financial statements, during 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Baylis Medical Company Inc. for a purchase price of $1.46 billion, net of cash acquired. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. Auditing the Company’s accounting for the acquisition was complex due to the significant estimation required by management to determine the fair value of identified intangible assets, which totaled $657 million and principally consisted of developed technology. A significant emphasis is placed on the appropriateness of the estimates used by management to determine the fair value of acquired intangible assets due to the sensitivity of the respective fair values to the underlying assumptions. The Company used an income approach to measure the technology-related intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the value of the intangible assets included discount rates and certain assumptions that form the basis of the forecasted results, including revenue growth rates, estimates of technological obsolescence, operating profit margin and market participant synergies. These significant assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the controls over the Company’s accounting for acquisitions. For example, we tested controls over the identification and valuation of intangible assets, including the valuation models and underlying assumptions used to develop such estimates. We read the purchase agreement, evaluated the significant assumptions and methods used in developing the fair value estimates, and tested the recognition of (1) the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value; (2) the identifiable intangible assets acquired at fair value; and (3) goodwill measured as a residual. To test the estimated fair value of the intangible assets, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, evaluating the Company's use of the income approach and testing the significant assumptions used in the model, as described above. We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the analyses. For example, we compared the significant assumptions to current industry, market and economic trends, to the assumptions used to value similar assets in other acquisitions, to the historical results of the acquired business and to other guideline companies within the same industry. We involved our valuation professionals to assist with our evaluation of the methodology used by the Company and significant assumptions included in the fair value estimates.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1992.
Boston, Massachusetts
February 23, 2023
64

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net sales | $ | 12,682 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 9,913 |
Cost of products sold | 3,956 |  |  | 3,711 |  |  | 3,465 |
Gross profit | 8,727 |  |  | 8,177 |  |  | 6,448 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 4,520 |  |  | 4,359 |  |  | 3,787 |
Research and development expenses | 1,323 |  |  | 1,204 |  |  | 1,143 |
Royalty expense | 47 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 45 |
Amortization expense | 803 |  |  | 741 |  |  | 789 |
Goodwill impairment charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Intangible asset impairment charges | 132 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 460 |
Contingent consideration net expense (benefit) | 35 |  |  | (136) |  |  | (100) |
Restructuring net charges (credits) | 24 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 52 |
Litigation-related net charges (credits) | 173 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 278 |
Loss (gain) on disposal of businesses and assets | 22 |  |  | (78) |  |  | — |
| 7,078 |  |  | 6,978 |  |  | 6,528 |
Operating income (loss) | 1,649 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | (80) |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (470) |  |  | (341) |  |  | (361) |
Other, net | (38) |  |  | 218 |  |  | 362 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 1,141 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  | (79) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 443 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 2 |
Net income (loss) | 698 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | (82) |
Preferred stock dividends | (55) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (33) |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders | $ | 642 |  |  | $ | 985 |  |  | $ | (115) |
Net income (loss) per common share — basic | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | (0.08) |
Net income (loss) per common share — assuming dilution | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | (0.08) |
Weighted-average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 1,430.5 |  |  | 1,422.3 |  |  | 1,416.7 |
Assuming dilution | 1,439.7 |  |  | 1,433.8 |  |  | 1,416.7 |

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.
65

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 698 |  |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | (82) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (94) |  |  | (125) |  |  | 76 |
Net change in derivative financial instruments | 63 |  |  | 170 |  |  | (137) |
Net change in defined benefit pensions and other items | 37 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (1) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 6 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (63) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 1,096 |  |  | $ | (145) |

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.
66

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| As of December 31,
(in millions, except share and per share data) | 2022 |  | 2021
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 1,925 |
Trade accounts receivable, net | 1,970 |  |  | 1,778 |
Inventories | 1,867 |  |  | 1,610 |
Prepaid income taxes | 264 |  |  | 205 |
Other current assets | 731 |  |  | 799 |
Total current assets | 5,760 |  |  | 6,317 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 2,446 |  |  | 2,252 |
Goodwill | 12,920 |  |  | 11,988 |
Other intangible assets, net | 5,902 |  |  | 6,121 |
Deferred tax assets | 3,942 |  |  | 4,142 |
Other long-term assets | 1,500 |  |  | 1,410 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 32,469 |  |  | $ | 32,229 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current debt obligations | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 261 |
Accounts payable | 862 |  |  | 794 |
Accrued expenses | 2,160 |  |  | 2,436 |
Other current liabilities | 761 |  |  | 783 |
Total current liabilities | 3,803 |  |  | 4,274 |
Long-term debt | 8,915 |  |  | 8,804 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 144 |  |  | 310 |
Other long-term liabilities | 2,035 |  |  | 2,220 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value - authorized 50,000,000 shares; issued 10,062,500 shares as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value - authorized 2,000,000,000 shares; issued 1,696,633,993 shares as of December 31, 2022 and 1,688,810,052 shares as of December 31, 2021 | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Treasury stock, at cost - 263,289,848 shares as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 | (2,251) |  |  | (2,251) |
Additional paid-in capital | 20,289 |  |  | 19,986 |
Accumulated deficit | (750) |  |  | (1,392) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | 269 |  |  | 263 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 17,573 |  |  | 16,622 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | $ | 32,469 |  |  | $ | 32,229 |

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.
67

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except share data) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Preferred stock shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | 10,062,500 |  |  | 10,062,500 |  |  | — |
Preferred stock issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,062,500 |
Ending | 10,062,500 |  |  | 10,062,500 |  |  | 10,062,500 |
Common stock shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | 1,688,810,052 |  |  | 1,679,911,918 |  |  | 1,642,488,911 |
Common stock issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,382,500 |
Stock-based compensation | 7,823,941 |  |  | 8,898,134 |  |  | 8,040,507 |
Ending | 1,696,633,993 |  |  | 1,688,810,052 |  |  | 1,679,911,918 |
Preferred stock |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Preferred stock issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
Common stock |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Common stock issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 17 |
Treasury Stock |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | $ | (2,251) |  |  | $ | (2,251) |  |  | $ | (1,717) |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (535) |
Ending | $ | (2,251) |  |  | $ | (2,251) |  |  | $ | (2,251) |
Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | $ | 19,986 |  |  | $ | 19,732 |  |  | $ | 17,561 |
Preferred stock issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 975 |
Common stock issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 975 |
Stock-based compensation | 303 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 221 |
Ending | $ | 20,289 |  |  | $ | 19,986 |  |  | $ | 19,732 |
Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | $ | (1,392) |  |  | $ | (2,378) |  |  | $ | (2,253) |
Net income (loss) | 698 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | (82) |
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13 | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |
Preferred stock dividends | (55) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (33) |
Ending | $ | (750) |  |  | $ | (1,392) |  |  | $ | (2,378) |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax |  |  |  |  |
Beginning | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 270 |
Changes in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (94) |  |  | (125) |  |  | 76 |
Derivative financial instruments | 63 |  |  | 170 |  |  | (137) |
Defined benefit pensions and other items | 37 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (1) |
Ending | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 207 |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 17,573 |  |  | $ | 16,622 |  |  | $ | 15,326 |

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.
68

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 698 |  |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | (82) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by (used for) operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Loss (gain) on disposal of businesses and assets | 22 |  |  | (78) |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,136 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 1,123 |
Deferred and prepaid income taxes | (63) |  |  | (124) |  |  | (82) |
Stock-based compensation expense | 220 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 170 |
Goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges | 132 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 533 |
Net loss (gain) on investments and notes receivable | 1 |  |  | (250) |  |  | (333) |
Contingent consideration net expense (benefit) | 35 |  |  | (136) |  |  | (100) |
Inventory step-up amortization | 32 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 58 |
Debt extinguishment costs | 194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other, net | 125 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 244 |
Increase (decrease) in operating assets and liabilities, excluding purchase accounting: |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable | (220) |  |  | (279) |  |  | 335 |
Inventories | (321) |  |  | (346) |  |  | (65) |
Other assets | (209) |  |  | (134) |  |  | (265) |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (255) |  |  | 408 |  |  | (28) |
Cash provided by (used for) operating activities | 1,526 |  |  | 1,870 |  |  | 1,508 |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and internal use software | (588) |  |  | (554) |  |  | (376) |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | 12 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 12 |
Payments for acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired | (1,542) |  |  | (2,258) |  |  | (3) |
Proceeds from (payments for) investments and acquisitions of certain technologies | (24) |  |  | 279 |  |  | (146) |
Proceeds from disposal of certain businesses and assets | 5 |  |  | 826 |  |  | 15 |
Proceeds from royalty rights | 70 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 87 |
Proceeds from (payments for) settlements of hedge contracts | 56 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |
Cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (2,011) |  |  | (1,597) |  |  | (411) |
Payment of contingent consideration previously established in purchase accounting | (335) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (49) |
Payments for royalty rights | (75) |  |  | (85) |  |  | (97) |
Payments on short-term borrowings | (250) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,950) |
Proceeds from short-term borrowings, net of debt issuance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,245 |
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (714) |
Payments on borrowings from credit facilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,919) |
Proceeds from borrowings on credit facilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,916 |
Payments on long-term borrowings and debt extinguishment costs | (3,184) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,260) |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings, net of debt issuance costs | 3,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,683 |
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock | (55) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (28) |
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock in connection with public offering | — |  |  | — |  |  | 975 |
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with public offering | — |  |  | — |  |  | 975 |
Payments for repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (535) |
Cash used to net share settle employee equity awards | (53) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (59) |
Proceeds from issuances of shares of common stock pursuant to employee stock compensation and purchase plans | 136 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 111 |
Cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (548) |  |  | (95) |  |  | 293 |
Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash | (9) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (2) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | (1,042) |  |  | 173 |  |  | 1,388 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period | 2,168 |  |  | 1,995 |  |  | 607 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 2,168 |  |  | $ | 1,995 |

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.
69

BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION)

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Supplemental Information |  |  |  |  |
Cash (received) paid for income taxes, net | $ | 662 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 207 |
Cash paid for interest | 450 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 359 |
Fair value of contingent consideration recorded in purchase accounting | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | — |
Non-cash impact of transferred royalty rights | (70) |  |  | (82) |  |  | (87) |
(in millions) | As of December 31,
Reconciliation to amounts within the consolidated balance sheets: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 1,925 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents included in Other current assets | 149 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 208 |
Restricted cash equivalents included in Other long-term assets | 48 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 52 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 2,168 |  |  | $ | 1,995 |

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.
70

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE A – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Boston Scientific Corporation and our subsidiaries, after the elimination of intercompany transactions. When used in this report, the terms "we," "us," "our" and "the Company" mean Boston Scientific Corporation and its divisions and subsidiaries. We assess the terms of our investment interests to determine if any of our investees meet the definition of a variable interest entity (VIE). For any VIEs, we perform an analysis to determine whether our variable interests give us a controlling financial interest. The analysis identifies the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both 1) the power to direct activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and 2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity. Based on our assessments under the applicable guidance, we did not have controlling financial interests in any VIEs and, therefore, did not consolidate any VIEs during 2022, 2021 or 2020.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) and with the instructions to Form 10-K and Regulation S-X.
Amounts reported in millions within this report are computed based on the amounts in thousands. As a result, the sum of the components reported in millions may not equal the total amount reported in millions due to rounding. Certain columns and rows within tables may not add due to the use of rounded numbers. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying numbers in dollars.
Subsequent Events
We evaluate events occurring after the date of our accompanying consolidated balance sheets for potential recognition or disclosure in our consolidated financial statements. Those items requiring recognition in the financial statements have been recorded and disclosed accordingly. Those items requiring disclosure (non-recognized subsequent events) in the financial statements have been disclosed accordingly. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments, Note I – Commitments and Contingencies and Note J – Stockholders' Equity.
Accounting Estimates
To prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of our consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of our revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates included in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We record Cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets at cost, which approximates fair value. Our policy is to invest excess cash in short-term marketable securities earning a market rate of interest without assuming undue risk of loss of principal amounts invested and we limit our direct exposure to securities in any one industry or issuer. We consider cash equivalents to be all short-term marketable securities with remaining days to maturity of 90 days or less from the purchase date that can be readily converted to cash.
Restricted Cash
Amounts included in restricted cash represent cash on hand required to be set aside by a contractual agreement related to receivable factoring arrangements and deferred compensation plans and are included in Other current assets within our consolidated balance sheets. Generally, the restrictions related to the factoring arrangements lapse at the time we remit the
71

customer payments collected by us for servicing previously sold customer receivables to the purchaser. Restrictions for deferred compensation lapse when amounts are paid to the employee.
Restricted Cash Equivalents
Restricted cash equivalents primarily represent amounts paid into various qualified settlement funds related to our ongoing transvaginal surgical mesh litigation and current amounts related to our non-qualified pension plan and are included in Other current assets within our consolidated balance sheets. The restrictions related to the various qualified settlement funds will lapse as we approve amounts payable to claimants, at which time we no longer have rights to a return of the amounts paid into the various qualified settlement funds. Restricted cash equivalents are included in Other long-term assets within our consolidated balance sheets are related to deferred compensation plans.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, derivative financial instruments and accounts and notes receivable. Our investment policy limits exposure to concentrations of credit risk and changes in market conditions. Counterparties to financial instruments expose us to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance. We transact our financial instruments with a diversified group of major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings and actively monitor their credit ratings and our outstanding positions to limit our credit exposure. In the normal course, our payment terms with customers, including distributors, hospitals, healthcare agencies, clinics, doctors' offices and other private and governmental institutions, are typically 30 days in the U.S. but may be longer in international markets and generally do not require collateral.
We record credit loss reserves to Allowance for credit losses when we establish Trade accounts receivable if credit losses are expected over the asset's contractual life. We base our estimates of credit loss reserves on historical experience and adjust, as necessary, to reflect current conditions using reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information. We utilize an accounts receivable aging approach to determine the reserve to record at accounts receivable commencement for certain customers, applying country or region-specific factors. In performing the assessment of outstanding accounts receivable, regardless of country or region, we may consider significant factors relevant to collectability, including those specific to a customer such as bankruptcy, lengthy average payment cycles and type of account.
We write-off amounts determined to be uncollectible against this reserve. We are not dependent on any single institution, and no single customer accounted for more than ten percent of our net sales in 2022, 2021 and 2020; however, large group purchasing organizations, hospital networks, international distributors and dealers and other buying groups have become increasingly important to our business and represent a substantial portion of our net sales.
We closely monitor outstanding receivables for potential collection risks, including those that may arise from economic conditions, in both the U.S. and international economies. Our sales to government-owned or supported customers, particularly in southern Europe, are subject to an increased number of days outstanding prior to payment relative to other countries. Further, the ongoing site-of-service trend of shifting procedure volumes in the U.S. toward non-hospital settings, particularly ambulatory surgery centers and office-based labs, continues. Many of these customers are smaller than those we have historically done business with and may have more limited liquidity. We have adjusted our estimates of credit loss reserves for these customers, regions and conditions, as appropriate. We believe our Allowance for credit losses is adequate as of December 31, 2022; however, if significant changes were to occur in the payment practices of government customers, or if there is an increase in bankruptcies among our ambulatory surgery center or office-based customers, we may not be able to collect on receivables due to us from these customers, and our write-offs of uncollectible accounts may increase.
Revenue Recognition
We sell our products primarily through a direct sales force. In certain international markets, we sell our products through independent distributors or dealers. We consider revenue to be earned when all of the following criteria are met in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers:
•We have a contract with a customer that creates enforceable rights and obligations,
•Promised products or services are identified,
•The transaction price, or the amount we expect to receive, is determinable and
•We have transferred control of the promised items to the customer.
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Transfer of control is evidenced upon passage of title and risk of loss to the customer unless we are required to provide additional services. We treat shipping and handling costs performed after a customer obtains control of the good as a fulfillment cost and record these costs as a selling expense when incurred. We recognize revenue from consignment arrangements based on product usage, or implant, which indicates that the sale is complete. We recognize a receivable at the point in time we have an unconditional right to payment. Payment terms are typically 30 days in the U.S. but may be longer in international markets.
Deferred Revenue
We record a contract liability, or deferred revenue, when we have an obligation to provide a product or service to the customer and payment is received or due in advance of our performance. When we sell a device with a future service obligation, we defer revenue on the unfulfilled performance obligation and recognize this revenue over the related service period. Many of our Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) product offerings combine the sale of a device with our LATITUDE™ Patient Management System, which represents a future service obligation. Generally, we do not have observable evidence of the standalone selling price related to our future service obligations; therefore, we estimate the selling price using an expected cost plus a margin approach. We allocate the transaction price using the relative standalone selling price method. The use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of revenue deferral.
Contract liabilities are classified within Other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Our contractual liabilities are primarily composed of deferred revenue related to the LATITUDE Patient Management System. Revenue is recognized over the average service period which is based on device and patient longevity. Our contractual liabilities also include deferred revenue related to the LUX-Dx™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) system, also within our CRM business, for which revenue is recognized over the average service period based on device longevity and usage. We have elected not to disclose the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations when the original expected contract duration is one year or less. In addition, we have not identified material unfulfilled performance obligations for which revenue is not currently deferred.
Variable Consideration
We generally allow our customers to return defective, damaged and, in certain cases, expired products for credit. We base our estimate for sales returns upon historical trends and record the amount as a reduction to revenue when we sell the initial product. In addition, we may allow customers to return previously purchased products for next-generation product offerings. For these transactions, we defer recognition of revenue on the sale of the earlier generation product based upon an estimate of the amount of product to be returned when the next-generation products are shipped to the customer. Uncertain timing of next-generation product approvals, variability in product launch strategies, product recalls and variation in product utilization all affect our estimates related to sales returns and could cause actual returns to differ from these estimates.
We also offer sales rebates and discounts to certain customers. We treat sales rebates and discounts as a reduction of revenue and classify the corresponding liability as current. We estimate rebates for products where there is sufficient historical information available to predict the volume of expected future rebates. If we are unable to reasonably estimate the expected rebates, we record a liability for the maximum rebate percentage offered. We have entered certain agreements with group purchasing organizations to sell our products to participating hospitals at negotiated prices. We recognize revenue from these agreements following the same revenue recognition criteria discussed above.
Post-Implant Services
We provide non-contractual services to customers, where necessary, to ensure the safe and effective use of certain implanted devices. Because the revenue related to the immaterial services is recognized before they are delivered, we forward accrue the costs to provide these services at the time the devices are sold. We record these costs to Selling, general and administrative expenses within our consolidated statements of operations. We estimate the amount of time spent by our representatives performing these services and their compensation throughout the device life to determine the service cost. Changes to our business practice or the use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of accrued cost.
Warranty Obligations
We offer warranties on certain of our product offerings. The majority of our warranty liability relates to implantable devices offered by our CRM business, which include implantable defibrillator and pacemaker systems. These products come with a standard limited warranty covering the replacement of these devices. We offer a full warranty for a portion of the period post-implant and a partial warranty for a period of time thereafter. We estimate the costs that we may incur under our warranty programs based on the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims and cost per claim and record a
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liability equal to these estimated costs as cost of products sold at the time the product sale occurs. We assess the adequacy of our recorded warranty liabilities on a quarterly basis and adjust these amounts as necessary.
Inventories
We state inventories at the lower of first-in, first-out cost or net realizable value. We utilize a standard costing system, capitalizing variances between estimated and actual production costs during periods of normal production, and amortize to Cost of products sold over inventory turns. We expense manufacturing variances during periods of abnormal production, or less than 75 percent of manufacturing capacity. During 2020, we recorded $149 million of abnormal manufacturing variances attributable to lower production levels resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and lower than forecasted demand for our products. We did not record any abnormal production variances during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.
We base our provisions for excess, expired and obsolete inventory primarily on our estimates of forecasted net sales. A significant change in the timing or level of demand for our products as compared to forecasted amounts may result in recording additional provisions for excess, expired and obsolete inventory in the future. Further, the industry in which we participate is characterized by rapid product development and frequent new product introductions. Uncertain timing of next-generation product approvals, variability in product launch strategies, product recalls and variation in product utilization all affect our estimates related to excess, expired and obsolete inventory.
Property, Plant and Equipment
We state property, plant, equipment and leasehold improvements at historical cost. We charge expenditures for maintenance and repairs to expense and capitalize additions and improvements that extend the life of the underlying asset. We provide for depreciation using the straight-line method at rates that approximate the estimated useful lives of the assets. We depreciate buildings over a maximum life of 40 years; building improvements over the remaining useful life of the building structure; equipment, furniture and fixtures over a three to seven year life; and leasehold improvements over the shorter of the useful life of the improvement or the term of the related lease.
Valuation of Business Combinations
We allocate the amounts we pay for each acquisition to the assets we acquire and liabilities we assume based on their fair values at the date of acquisition, including identifiable intangible assets and in-process research and development (IPR&D), which either arise from a contractual or legal right or are separable from goodwill. We base the fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination, including IPR&D, on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management, which consider management’s best estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. We allocate to goodwill any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Transaction costs associated with these acquisitions are expensed as incurred through Selling, general and administrative expenses.
In cases where we acquire a company in which we previously held an equity stake, we attribute a portion of the purchase price to the previously-held equity interest, which is implied based on the total purchase consideration allocable to each of the shareholders, including Boston Scientific, according to priority of equity interests. We record a gain or loss in Other, net equal to the difference between the implied fair value of our prior ownership and the book value immediately prior to the acquisition.
Where an acquisition involves a contingent consideration arrangement, we recognize a liability equal to the fair value of the contingent payments we expect to make as of the acquisition date. We re-measure this liability each reporting period and record changes in the fair value through Contingent consideration net expense (benefit) on our consolidated statements of operations. Increases or decreases in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability can result from changes in discount rates, periods, timing and amount of projected revenue or timing or likelihood of achieving regulatory, revenue or commercialization-based milestones. Payment of additional consideration is generally contingent on the acquired company reaching certain performance milestones after the acquisition date, including attaining specified revenue levels, achieving product development targets and/or obtaining regulatory approvals for products in development at the date of the acquisition.
Indefinite-lived Intangibles and IPR&D
Our indefinite-lived intangible assets, which are not subject to amortization, include acquired balloon and other technology, which are foundational to our ongoing operations, as well as IPR&D intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Our IPR&D represents intangible assets that are used in research and development activities but have not yet reached technological feasibility, regardless of whether they have alternative future use. The primary basis for determining the technological
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feasibility or completion of these projects is obtaining regulatory approval to market the underlying products in an applicable geographic region. We classify IPR&D as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Upon completion of the associated research and development efforts, we will determine the useful life of the technology and begin amortizing the assets to reflect their use over their remaining lives. Upon permanent abandonment, we write-off the remaining carrying amount of the associated IPR&D intangible asset.
We test our indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually during the third quarter for impairment and reassess their classification as indefinite-lived assets. In addition, we review our indefinite-lived intangible assets for classification and impairment more frequently if impairment indicators exist. We assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that our indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, we then determine the fair value of the intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, we write the carrying value down to the fair value.
We use the income approach to determine the fair values of our IPR&D. We base our revenue assumptions on estimates of relevant market sizes, expected market growth rates, expected trends in technology and expected levels of market share. In arriving at the value of the in-process projects, we consider, among other factors, the in-process projects’ stage of completion, the complexity of the work completed as of the acquisition date, the costs already incurred, the projected costs to complete, the contribution of other acquired assets, the expected regulatory path and introduction dates by region and the estimated useful life of the technology. See Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for more information related to indefinite-lived intangibles, including IPR&D.
For asset purchases outside of business combinations, we expense any purchased research and development assets as of the acquisition date.
Amortization and Impairment of Intangible Assets
We record definite-lived intangible assets at historical cost and amortize them over their estimated useful lives. We use a straight-line method of amortization, unless a method that better reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed or otherwise used up can be reliably determined. The approximate useful lives for amortization of our intangible assets are as follows: patents and licenses, two to 20 years; amortizable technology-related and customer relationships, five to 25 years; other intangible assets, various. In addition, we classify internal use software as an intangible asset within our accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and amortize over a two to 15 year useful life. Due to the operational nature of these assets, we record the amortization of our internal use software within Cost of products sold; Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses, as appropriate within our accompanying consolidated statements of operations, and include in Amortization expense only that associated with intangible assets acquired in a business combination or asset acquisition, as well as internally-developed patents.
We review intangible assets subject to amortization quarterly to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurred that would indicate impairment or a change in the remaining useful life. Conditions that may indicate impairment include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of an asset, a product recall or an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. If we determine it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired based on our qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, we test the intangible asset for recoverability. For purposes of the recoverability test, we group our amortizable intangible assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows if the intangible asset does not generate cash flows independent of other assets and liabilities. If the carrying value of the intangible asset or asset group exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the intangible asset or asset group, we will write the carrying value down to fair value in the period impairment is identified.
We calculate fair value of our intangible assets as the present value of estimated future cash flows we expect to generate from the asset. In determining our estimated future cash flows associated with our intangible assets, we use estimates and assumptions about future revenue contributions, cost structures and remaining useful lives of the asset or asset group. See Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for more information related to impairments of intangible assets.
For patents developed internally, we capitalize costs incurred to obtain patents, including attorney fees, registration fees, consulting fees and other expenditures directly related to securing the patent.
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Goodwill Valuation
We allocate any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination to goodwill. We test our goodwill balances in the second quarter of each year as of April 1 for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest an impairment may exist.
We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. For our 2022 annual impairment assessment, following the reorganization of our operational structure in the first quarter of 2022, we identified the following reporting units for purposes of our annual goodwill impairment test: Interventional Cardiology, Rhythm Management, Peripheral Interventions, Endoscopy, Urology and Neuromodulation. Based on the criteria prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, we aggregated the Interventional Cardiology Therapies and Watchman components of our Cardiology operating segment into a single Interventional Cardiology reporting unit and aggregated the Cardiac Rhythm Management and Electrophysiology components into a single Rhythm Management reporting unit.
Investments in Publicly Traded and Privately-Held Entities
For publicly-held equity securities for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence, we measure at fair value with changes in fair value recognized currently in Other, net within our accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For privately-held equity securities for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence, we apply the measurement alternative approach and measure these investments at cost minus impairment, if any, adjusted to fair value for any observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. We account for investments in entities for which we have the ability to exercise significant influence under the equity method if we hold 50 percent or less of the voting stock and the entity is not a VIE in which we are the primary beneficiary in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. We record these investments initially at cost and adjust the carrying amount to reflect our share of the earnings or losses of the investee, including all adjustments similar to those made in preparing consolidated financial statements. Lastly, we have notes receivable from certain companies that we account for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for additional details on our investment balances.
Each reporting period, we evaluate our investments to determine if there are any events or circumstances that are likely to have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. Examples of such impairment indicators include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration in earnings performance, recent financing rounds at reduced valuations, a significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic or technological environment of an investee or a significant doubt about an investee’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we identify an impairment indicator, we will estimate the fair value of the investment and compare it to its carrying value. Our estimation of fair value considers financial information related to the investee available to us, including valuations based on recent third-party equity investments in the investee. For our investments for which we apply the measurement alternative, if the fair value of the investment is less than its carrying value, the investment is impaired and we recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between an investment’s carrying value and its fair value. For our equity method investments, if we determine an impairment is other-than-temporary, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between an investment’s carrying value and its fair value. We deem an impairment to be other-than-temporary unless available evidence indicates that the valuation is more likely than not to recover up to the carrying value of the investment in a reasonable period of time, and we have both the ability and intent to hold the investment for at least the period of time needed to recover the value.
Net gains and losses and impairments associated with our investment portfolio are included within Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Income Taxes
We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when we expect the differences to reverse. We reduce our deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion or all of the deferred tax assets. We consider relevant evidence, both positive and negative, to determine the need for a valuation allowance. Information evaluated includes our financial position and results of operations for the current and preceding years, the availability of deferred tax liabilities and tax carrybacks, as well as estimates of the impact of future taxable income and available prudent and feasible tax-planning strategies. We
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recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense. As part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), we are subject to a territorial tax system in which we are required to establish an accounting policy in providing for tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. We have elected to treat the impact of GILTI as a period cost and report it as part of continuing operations. See Note H – Income Taxes for further information and discussion of our income tax provision and balances including a discussion of the impacts of the TCJA.
Legal and Product Liability Costs
We are involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings, including intellectual property, breach of contract, securities and product liability litigation. In some cases, the claimants seek damages, as well as other relief, which, if granted, could require significant expenditures or impact our ability to sell our products. We are also the subject of certain governmental investigations, which could result in substantial fines, penalties and administrative remedies. We maintain an insurance policy providing limited coverage against securities claims, and we are substantially self-insured with respect to product liability claims and fully self-insured with respect to intellectual property infringement claims. We accrue anticipated costs of settlement, damages, losses for product liability claims and, under certain conditions, costs of defense, based on historical experience or to the extent specific losses are probable and estimable. Otherwise, we expense these costs as incurred. If the estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within the range is more likely, we accrue the minimum amount of the range. We analyze litigation settlements to identify each element of the arrangement. We allocate arrangement consideration to patent licenses received based on estimates of fair value and capitalize these amounts as assets if the license will provide an ongoing future benefit. We record certain legal and product liability charges, credits and costs of defense, which we consider to be unusual or infrequent and significant as Litigation-related charges (credits) in our consolidated statements of operations; all other legal and product liability charges, credits and costs are recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses within our consolidated statements of operations. See Note I – Commitments and Contingencies for discussion of our individual material legal proceedings.
Costs Associated with Exit Activities
We record employee termination costs in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 712, Compensation - Nonretirement and Postemployment Benefits, if we pay the benefits as part of an ongoing benefit arrangement, which includes benefits provided as part of our established severance policies or that we provide in accordance with international statutory requirements. We accrue employee termination costs associated with an ongoing benefit arrangement if the obligation is attributable to prior services rendered, the rights to the benefits have vested, the payment is probable and we can reasonably estimate the liability. We account for involuntary employee termination benefits that represent a one-time benefit in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligation s. We record such costs into expense over the employee’s future service period, if any.
Other costs associated with exit activities may include contract termination costs and consulting fees, which are expensed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 420 and are included within Restructuring net charges (credits) in our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, costs directly related to our active restructuring initiatives, including program management costs, accelerated depreciation, fixed asset write-offs and costs to transfer product lines among facilities are included within Costs of products sold, Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses within our consolidated statements of operations. Impairment of right of use lease assets and lease termination costs directly related to our active restructuring initiatives are expensed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 842 and included within Costs of products sold or Selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.
Translation of Foreign Currency
We translate all assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries from the functional currency, which is generally the local currency, into U.S. dollars using the year-end exchange rate. We show the net effect of these translation adjustments within our consolidated financial statements as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. We translate revenues and expenses at the average exchange rates in effect during the year. For any significant foreign subsidiaries located in highly inflationary economies, we re-measure their financial statements as if the functional currency were the U.S. dollar.
Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included within Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations, net of losses and gains from any related derivative financial instruments.
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Financial Instruments
We recognize all derivative financial instruments in our consolidated financial statements at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and we present assets and liabilities associated with our derivative financial instruments on a gross basis in our financial statements. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, for those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, the hedging instrument must be designated, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it qualifies for, and has been designated as part of a hedging relationship, as well as on the type of hedging relationship. Our derivative instruments do not subject our earnings to material risk, as gains and losses on these derivatives generally offset gains and losses on the item being hedged, and we do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes. Refer to Note D – Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements for more information on our hedging instruments.
Research and Development
We expense research and development (R&D) costs, including new product development programs, regulatory compliance and clinical research as incurred. Refer to Indefinite-lived Intangibles and IPR&D above for our policy regarding R&D projects acquired in connection with our business combinations and asset purchases.
NOTE B – ACQUISITIONS AND STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS
Our consolidated financial statements include the operating results for acquired entities from the respective dates of acquisition. We have not presented supplemental pro forma financial information for completed acquisitions or divestitures given their results are not material to our consolidated financial statements. Further, transaction costs were immaterial to our consolidated financial statements and were expensed as incurred.
On June 15, 2022, we announced our entry into a definitive agreement with Synergy Innovation Co, Ltd, to purchase its majority stake of M.I. Tech Co., Ltd., (M.I. Tech), a publicly traded Korean manufacturer and distributor of medical devices for endoscopic and urological procedures. The agreement, whereby we will purchase approximately 64 percent of the outstanding shares of M.I. Tech, consists of an upfront purchase price of KRW 291.2 billion or approximately $230 million at foreign currency exchange rates locked into at the time of the agreement via forward currency contracts. We are working towards closing the acquisition during the second quarter of 2023, subject to customary regulatory approvals. The M.I. Tech stent portfolio complements our existing Endoscopy portfolio which will provide physicians with more treatment options to meet specific patient needs.
On November 29, 2022, we announced our entry into a definitive agreement to acquire 100 percent of the outstanding equity of Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (Apollo), a public company which offers a portfolio of devices used during endoluminal procedures to close gastrointestinal defects, manage gastrointestinal complications and aid in weight loss for patients suffering from obesity. The agreement provides for an upfront cash payment of $10.00 per share, approximately $615 million, and is expected to close during the first half of 2023, subject to customary closing conditions. The Apollo business will be integrated into our Endoscopy division.
On February 20, 2023, we completed the acquisition of a majority stake in Acotec Scientific Holdings Limited (Acotec), a publicly traded Chinese manufacturer of drug-coated balloons used in the treatment of vascular and other diseases. We acquired approximately 65 percent of the outstanding shares of Acotec, for an upfront cash payment of HK$20.00 per share, or approximately $520 million at foreign currency exchange rates as of closing using cash on hand. The Acotec portfolio complements our existing Peripheral Interventions portfolio and will strengthen our presence in China.
2022 Acquisition
On February 14, 2022, we completed our acquisition of Baylis Medical Company Inc. (Baylis Medical), a privately-held company which has developed the radiofrequency (RF) NRG™ and VersaCross™ Transseptal Platforms as well as a family of guidewires, sheaths and dilators used to support left heart access, which expands our electrophysiology and structural heart product portfolios. The transaction consisted of an upfront cash payment of $1.463 billion, net of cash acquired, subject to closing adjustments. We are integrating the Baylis Medical business into our Cardiology division.
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Purchase Price Allocation
The final purchase price was comprised of the amount presented below:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment for acquisition, net of cash acquired | $ | 1,463 |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 1,463 |  |  |  |  |  |

The final purchase price allocation was comprised of the following components:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 988 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable intangible assets | 657 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets acquired | 112 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities assumed | (287) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net deferred tax liabilities | (7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 1,463 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Goodwill was primarily established due to synergies expected to be gained from leveraging our existing operations, as well as revenue and cash flow projections associated with future technologies.
We allocated a portion of the purchase price to the specific intangible asset categories as follows:

| Amount Assigned (in millions) |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years) |  | Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates used in Purchase Price Allocation
Amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology-related | $ | 622 |  |  | 11 |  | 11%
Other intangible assets | 36 |  |  | 11 |  | 11%
| $ | 657 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Our technology-related intangible assets consist of technical processes, intellectual property and institutional understanding with respect to products and processes that we intend to leverage in future products or processes and will carry forward from one product generation to the next. We used the multi-period excess earnings method, a form of the income approach, to derive the fair value of the technology-related intangible assets and are amortizing them on a straight-line basis over their assigned estimated useful lives.
2021 Acquisitions
On March 1, 2021, we completed our acquisition of Preventice Solutions, Inc. (Preventice), a privately-held company with a full portfolio of mobile cardiac health solutions and services, ranging from ambulatory cardiac monitors, to cardiac event monitors and mobile cardiac telemetry. The transaction consisted of an upfront cash payment of $925 million and up to an additional $300 million in a potential commercial milestone payment. We had been an investor in Preventice since 2015 and held an equity stake of approximately 22 percent immediately prior to the acquisition date. We remeasured the fair value of our previously-held investment based on the allocation of the purchase price according to priority of equity interests, which resulted in a $196 million gain recognized within Other, net. The transaction price for the remaining stake consisted of an upfront cash payment of $706 million, net of cash acquired, and an additional revenue-based milestone payment of $216 million made during the second quarter of 2022. The Preventice business is being managed by our Cardiology division.
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On August 6, 2021, we completed our acquisition of the remaining shares of Farapulse, Inc. (Farapulse), a privately-held company that developed a non-thermal ablation system for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) and other cardiac arrhythmias. The transaction consisted of an upfront cash payment of $450 million, up to $125 million upon achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and additional revenue-based payments over the next three years. We had been an investor in Farapulse since 2014 and held an equity stake of approximately 27 percent immediately prior to the acquisition date. We remeasured the fair value of our previously-held investment based on the allocation of the purchase price according to priority of equity interests which resulted in a $222 million gain recognized within Other, net. The transaction price for the remaining stake consisted of an upfront cash payment of $268 million, net of cash acquired, up to $92 million in additional clinical and regulatory milestone payments, as well as future revenue-based payments. We have made combined milestone and revenue based payments of $114 million to date. The Farapulse business is being integrated into our Cardiology division.
On September 1, 2021, we completed our acquisition of the global surgical business of Lumenis LTD. (Lumenis), a privately-held company that has developed and commercialized energy-based medical solutions, including innovative laser systems, fibers and accessories used for urology and otolaryngology procedures. The transaction consisted of an upfront cash payment of $1.032 billion, net of cash acquired. The Lumenis business is being integrated into our Urology division.
On November 8, 2021, we completed our acquisition of the remaining shares of Devoro Medical, Inc. (Devoro Medical), a privately-held company which has developed the WOLF Thrombectomy® Platform, a non-console and lytic-free platform designed to rapidly capture and extract blood clots in arterial, venous and pulmonary embolism procedures. The transaction consisted of an upfront cash payment of $320 million and up to $80 million upon achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones. We had been an investor in Devoro Medical since 2019 and held an equity stake of approximately 16 percent. We remeasured the fair value of our previously held investment based on the allocation of the purchase price according to priority of equity interests which resulted in a $57 million gain recognized within Other, net. The transaction price for the remaining stake consisted of an upfront cash payment of $251 million, net of cash acquired, and up to approximately $67 million in future milestone payments. The Devoro Medical business is being integrated into our Peripheral Interventions division.
Purchase Price Allocation
The final purchase price for the acquisitions completed during 2021 were comprised of the components presented below, which represents the determination of the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 805, Business Combinations.

(in millions) | Preventice |  | Lumenis |  | All Other | Total
Payment for acquisition, net of cash acquired | $ | 706 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | 519 |  | $ | 2,258 |
Fair value of contingent consideration | 221 |  |  | — |  |  | 218 |  | 440 |
Fair value of prior interest | 269 |  |  | — |  |  | 287 |  | 556 |
| $ | 1,197 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |  | $ | 3,254 |

The final purchase price allocation for these acquisitions was comprised of the following components:

(in millions) | Preventice |  | Lumenis |  | All Other | Total |
Goodwill | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 594 |  | $ | 2,053 |  |
Amortizable intangible assets | 237 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 465 |  | 1,125 |  |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 43 |  | 112 |  |
Other assets acquired | 65 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 9 |  | 372 |  |
Liabilities assumed | (32) |  |  | (282) |  |  | (11) |  | (325) |  |
Net deferred tax liabilities | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (75) |  | (84) |  |
| $ | 1,197 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |  | $ | 3,254 |  |

Goodwill was primarily established due to synergies expected to be gained from leveraging our existing operations, as well as revenue and cash flow projections associated with future technologies.
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In 2022, we recorded certain measurement period adjustments primarily related to our prior year acquisition of the surgical business of Lumenis. We recorded an accrued income tax liability within Other non-current liabilities within our consolidated balance sheet of $183 million related to uncertain tax positions assumed in connection with the acquisition. We expect to be indemnified for the majority of such tax obligations and we recognized a corresponding indemnification asset of $177 million within Other non-current assets within our consolidated balance sheets. Interest and penalties accrued on the tax liability are being recorded within Income tax expense (benefit) and corresponding adjustments to the indemnification asset are being recorded in Other, net within our accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The outcome of these matters is subject to uncertainty and ultimately, the amount of tax due and the related indemnification reimbursement we receive will be dependent on the outcome of tax return examinations by relevant authorities. Refer to Note Note G – Supplemental Balance Sheet Information for further details regarding our indemnification asset.
We allocated a portion of the purchase price to the specific intangible asset categories as follows:

| Amount Assigned (in millions) |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years) |  | Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates used in Purchase Price Allocation
Preventice: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology-related | $ | 215 |  |  | 9 |  | 10%
Other intangible assets | 22 |  |  | 8 |  | 10%
| $ | 237 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lumenis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology-related | $ | 388 |  |  | 12 |  | 11%
Other intangible assets | 35 |  |  | 11 |  | 11%
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
IPR&D | 69 |  |  | N/A |  | 12%
| $ | 492 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
All Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology-related | $ | 465 |  |  | 12 |  | 16% | - | 17%
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
IPR&D | 43 |  |  | N/A |  | 17%
| $ | 508 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

2021 Divestiture
On March 1, 2021, we completed the divestiture of the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business to Stark International Lux S.A.R.L., and SERB SAS, affiliates of SERB, a European specialty pharmaceutical group, for a purchase price of approximately $800 million, subject to certain adjustments including cash on hand at the closing of the transaction. The agreement included the transfer of five facilities and approximately 280 employees globally.
In 2020, we recorded Goodwill impairment charges of $73 million related to our Specialty Pharmaceuticals business and classified the remaining assets and liabilities as held for sale as of December 31, 2020.
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Contingent Consideration
Changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability were as follows:

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 196 |
Amount recorded related to current year acquisitions | 440 |
Contingent consideration net expense (benefit) | (136) |
Contingent consideration payments | (15) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 486 |
Contingent consideration net expense (benefit) | 35 |
Contingent consideration payments | (371) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 149 |

The payments made during 2022 were primarily related to our 2021 acquisitions of Farapulse and Preventice. As of December 31, 2022, the maximum amount of future contingent consideration (undiscounted) that we could be required to pay associated with our completed acquisitions was approximately $417 million. The net expense of $35 million recorded in 2022 related to an increase in expected revenue-based payments as a result of over-achievement of net sales performance, primarily related to Farapulse. The net benefit of $136 million recorded in 2021 related to a reduction in the contingent consideration liability for certain prior acquisitions for which we reduced the probability of achievement of associated revenue and/or regulatory milestones upon which payment is conditioned, or, for milestones that would not be achieved due to management's discontinuation of the associated R&D program. Refer to Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further details.
The recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of our contingent consideration liability that we expect to be required to settle include the following significant unobservable inputs:

Contingent Consideration Liability | Fair Value as of December 31, 2022 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range | Weighted Average(1)
R&D, Regulatory and Commercialization-based Milestones | $13 million | Discounted Cash Flow | Discount Rate | 1% | - | 2% | 2%
Probability of Payment | 10% | - | 25% | 22%
Projected Year of Payment | 2023 | - | 2025 | 2024
Revenue-based Payments | $136 million | Discounted Cash Flow | Discount Rate | 6 | % | - | 14% | 7%
Probability of Payment | 100% | 100%
Projected Year of Payment | 2023 | - | 2024 | 2023

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the contingent consideration liability. For projected year of payment, the amount represents the median of the inputs and is not a weighted average.
Projected contingent payment amounts related to our R&D, regulatory and commercialization-based and revenue-based milestones are discounted back to the current period, primarily using a discounted cash flow model. Significant increases or decreases in projected revenues, probabilities of payment, discount rates or the time until payment is made would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement as of December 31, 2022.
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Strategic Investments
The aggregate carrying amount of our strategic investments was comprised of the following:

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Equity method investments | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Measurement alternative investments(1) | 216 |  |  | 142 |
Publicly-held securities(2) | 2 |  |  | 10 |
Notes receivable | 1 |  |  | — |
| $ | 407 |  |  | $ | 412 |

(1) Measurement alternative investments are privately-held equity securities or agreements for future equity without readily determinable fair values that are measured at cost less impairment, if any, adjusted to fair value for any observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, recognized in Other, net within our accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(2) Publicly-held equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in Other, net within our consolidated statements of operations.
These investments are classified as Other long-term assets within our consolidated balance sheets, in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our accounting policies.
In 2021, we recorded a $178 million loss on our investment in Pulmonx Corporation presented in Other, net associated with the remeasurement of our investment during the period to fair value based on observable market prices, as well as the disposition of our remaining ownership. As of December 31, 2022, the cost of our aggregated equity method investments exceeded our share of the underlying equity in net assets by $232 million, which represents amortizable intangible assets, IPR&D, goodwill and deferred tax liabilities.
NOTE C – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The gross carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets and the related accumulated amortization for intangible assets subject to amortization and accumulated goodwill impairment charges are as follows:

| As of December 31, 2022 |  | As of December 31, 2021
(in millions) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization/ Write-offs |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization/ Write-offs
Technology-related | $ | 12,397 |  |  | $ | (7,378) |  |  | $ | 11,957 |  |  | $ | (6,754) |
Patents | 486 |  |  | (394) |  |  | 494 |  |  | (398) |
Other intangible assets | 1,960 |  |  | (1,400) |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | (1,325) |
Amortizable intangible assets | $ | 14,843 |  |  | $ | (9,173) |  |  | $ | 14,351 |  |  | $ | (8,476) |
Goodwill | $ | 22,820 |  |  | $ | (9,900) |  |  | $ | 21,888 |  |  | $ | (9,900) |
IPR&D | 112 |  |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |
Technology-related | 120 |  |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets | $ | 232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  |

The increase in our balance of goodwill and amortizable intangible assets is related primarily to our acquisition of Baylis Medical completed in the first quarter of 2022.
Intangible asset impairment charges were $132 million in 2022, $370 million in 2021 and $460 million in 2020. The impairment charges recorded in 2022 were primarily associated with amortizable technology-related intangible assets that were initially established following our acquisition of Vertiflex, Inc., which is now part of our Neuromodulation business, resulting from lower revenue projections due to reimbursement challenges. The impairment charges recorded in 2021 were primarily associated with amortizable technology-related intangible assets that were initially established following our acquisition of VENITI, Inc., which is now part of our Peripheral Interventions business. These charges resulted from management’s decision
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to discontinue commercialization of the VICI VENOUS STENT™ System following a voluntary recall, due to cost to remediate and time to return to market. In addition, during 2021, we impaired the IPR&D assets established in connection with our acquisition of Millipede, Inc. which is now part of our Cardiology business. The charges resulted from the cancellation of the mitral valve IPR&D program due to the incremental time and cost required to complete the program and bring the technology to market. The impairment charges recorded in 2020 were primarily associated with intangible assets established in connection with our acquisitions of Sadra Medical, Inc., Apama Medical Inc. and nVision Medical Corporation (nVision). Each of these impairment charges were recorded following management’s decision to cancel the programs due to the length of time, and remaining cost to complete and commercialize the technology, the cost to remediate quality issues or, specific to nVision, our understanding of the clinical evidence necessary to commercialize the technology.
The following represents our goodwill balance by reportable segment.

(in millions) | MedSurg |  | Cardiovascular |  |  |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 3,707 |  |  | $ | 6,243 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,951 |
Goodwill acquired | 544 |  |  | 1,520 |  |  |  |  | 2,064 |
Foreign currency fluctuations and other changes | (5) |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  | (27) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 4,246 |  |  | $ | 7,741 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,988 |
Goodwill acquired | — |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  |  | 1,030 |
Foreign currency fluctuations and other changes | (10) |  |  | (88) |  |  |  |  | (98) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 4,237 |  |  | $ | 8,684 |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,920 |

In the first quarter of 2022, we reorganized our operational structure in order to strengthen our category leadership in the markets we serve and, in particular, benefit our Cardiology customers and patients. Following the reorganization, we have aggregated our core businesses into two reportable segments: MedSurg and Cardiovascular, each of which generates revenues from the sale of medical devices. We have revised prior periods to conform to the current year presentation. There was no impact to the reporting units identified for purposes of our annual goodwill impairment testing.
In the second quarter of 2022, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test utilizing both the qualitative and quantitative approach described in FASB ASC Topic 350. The qualitative approach was used for testing reporting units where fair value has historically exceeded carrying value by greater than 100 percent, and all other reporting units were tested using the quantitative approach. We determined that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value and concluded that goodwill was not impaired or at risk of impairment.
Refer to Note A – Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion of our goodwill and intangible asset impairment testing.
Estimated Amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years based upon our amortizable intangible asset portfolio, consisting of intangible assets acquired in a business combination or asset acquisition, as well as internally developed patents, as of December 31, 2022 is as follows (in millions):

Fiscal Year |
2023 | $ | 781 |
2024 | 741 |
2025 | 683 |
2026 | 665 |
2027 | 625 |

These estimates do not include amortization expense associated with future acquisitions that have been announced but not yet completed as of December 31, 2022.
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NOTE D – HEDGING ACTIVITIES AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We address market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates through risk management programs which include the use of derivative and nonderivative financial instruments. We operate these programs pursuant to documented corporate risk management policies and do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes. Our derivative instruments do not subject our earnings to material risk, as the gains or losses on these derivatives generally offset losses or gains recognized on the hedged item.
We manage concentration of counterparty credit risk by limiting acceptable counterparties to major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of credit exposure to individual counterparties and by actively monitoring counterparty credit ratings and the amount of individual credit exposure. We also employ master netting arrangements that limit the risk of counterparty non-payment on a particular settlement date to the net gain that would have otherwise been received from the counterparty. Although not completely eliminated, we do not consider the risk of counterparty default to be significant as a result of these protections. Further, none of our derivative instruments are subject to collateral or other security arrangements, nor do they contain provisions that are dependent on our credit ratings from any credit rating agency.
Currency Hedging Instruments
Risk Management Strategy
Our risk from changes in currency exchange rates consists primarily of monetary assets and liabilities; forecasted intercompany and third-party transactions; net investments in certain subsidiaries; and, during 2022 prior to our acquisition of M.I. Tech, the purchase price of M.I. Tech, which was denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar. We manage currency exchange rate risk at a consolidated level to reduce the cost of hedging by taking advantage of offsetting transactions. We employ derivative and nonderivative instruments, primarily forward currency contracts, to reduce the risk to our earnings and cash flows associated with changes in currency exchange rates.
The success of our currency risk management program depends, in part, on forecast transactions denominated primarily in euro, British pound sterling, Swiss franc, Japanese yen, Chinese renminbi and Australian dollar. We may experience unanticipated currency exchange gains or losses to the extent the actual activity is different than forecasted. In addition, changes in currency exchange rates related to any unhedged transactions may impact our earnings and cash flows.
Hedge Designations and Relationships
Certain of our currency derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (FASB ASC Topic 815), and are intended to protect the U.S. dollar value of forecasted transactions. The gain or loss on a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is recorded in the Net change in derivative financial instruments component of Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (OCI) within our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying third-party transaction occurs. When the underlying third-party transaction occurs, we recognize the gain or loss in earnings within Cost of products sold in our consolidated statements of operations. In the event the hedging relationship is no longer effective, or if the occurrence of the hedged forecast transaction becomes no longer probable, we reclassify the gains or losses within AOCI to earnings at that time. The cash flows related to the derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are reported as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We also designate certain forward currency contracts as net investment hedges to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our entities with functional currencies denominated in the Swiss franc, Japanese yen, British pound sterling, South Korean won and Taiwan dollar. For these derivative instruments, we elected to use the spot method to assess hedge effectiveness. We also elected to exclude the spot-forward difference, referred to as the excluded component, from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately, as calculated at the date of designation, on a straight-line basis over the term of the currency forward contracts. As such, we defer recognition of foreign currency gains and losses within the Foreign currency translation adjustment (CTA) component of OCI, and we reclassify amortization of the excluded component from AOCI to current period earnings within Interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations.
We designate certain euro-denominated debt as net investment hedges to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our entities with functional currencies denominated in the Euro. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we designated as a net investment hedge our €900 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.625% senior notes issued in November 2019 and due in
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2027 (2027 Notes). For these nonderivative instruments, we defer recognition of the foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses within the CTA component of OCI. We reclassify these gains and losses to current period earnings within Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations only when the hedged item affects earnings, which would occur upon disposal or substantial liquidation of the underlying foreign subsidiary.
We also use forward currency contracts that are not part of designated hedging relationships as a part of our strategy to manage our exposure to currency exchange rate risk related to monetary assets and liabilities and related forecast transactions. These non-designated currency forward contracts have an original time to maturity consistent with the hedged currency transaction exposures, generally less than one year, and are marked-to-market with changes in fair value recorded to earnings within Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Certain of our non-designated forward currency contracts were entered into for the purpose of managing our exposure to currency exchange rate risk related to the KRW denominated purchase price of M.I. Tech. As of December 31, 2022, we had entered into $228 million in aggregate notional amount of these contracts.
Interest Rate Hedging Instruments
Risk Management Strategy
Our interest rate risk relates primarily to U.S. dollar and euro-denominated borrowings partially offset by U.S. dollar cash investments. We use interest rate derivative instruments to mitigate the risk to our earnings and cash flows associated with exposure to changes in interest rates. Under these agreements, we and the counterparty, at specified intervals, exchange the difference between fixed and floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. We designate these derivative instruments either as fair value or cash flow hedges in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815.
Hedge Designations and Relationships
We had no interest rate derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
In the event that we designate outstanding interest rate derivative instruments as cash flow hedges, we record the changes in the fair value of the derivatives within OCI until the underlying hedged transaction occurs. The balance of the deferred amounts on our terminated cash flow hedges within AOCI was a $8 million loss as of December 31, 2022 and a $24 million loss as of December 31, 2021.
We had no interest rate derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. In the event that we designate outstanding interest rate derivative instruments as fair value hedges, we record the changes in the fair values of interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges and of the underlying hedged debt instruments in Interest expense, which generally offset.
The following table presents the contractual amounts of our hedging instruments outstanding:

(in millions) |  | FASB ASC Topic 815 Designation |  | As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Forward currency contracts |  | Cash flow hedge |  | $ | 2,725 |  |  | $ | 3,996 |
Forward currency contracts |  | Net investment hedge |  | 365 |  |  | 493 |
Foreign currency-denominated debt(1) |  | Net investment hedge |  | 997 |  |  | 997 |
Forward currency contracts |  | Non-designated |  | 4,235 |  |  | 3,892 |
Total Notional Outstanding |  |  |  | $ | 8,321 |  |  | $ | 9,378 |

(1) Foreign currency-denominated debt is the €900 million debt principal designated as a net investment hedge.
The remaining time to maturity as of December 31, 2022 is within 48 months for all forward currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges and generally less than one year for all non-designated forward currency contracts. The forward currency contracts designated as net investment hedges generally mature within the next year. The euro-denominated debt principal designated as a net investment hedge has a contractual maturity of December 1, 2027.
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The following presents the effect of our derivative and nonderivative instruments designated as cash flow and net investment hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815 in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note O – Changes in Other Comprehensive Income for the total amounts relating to derivative and nonderivative instruments presented within our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

| Effect of Hedging Relationships on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
| Amount Recognized in OCI on Hedges |  | Consolidated Statements of Operations(1) |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
(in millions) | Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) | Tax Benefit (Expense) | Gain (Loss) Net of Tax |  | Location of Amount Reclassified and Total Amount of Line Item |  | Pre-Tax (Gain) Loss | Tax (Benefit) Expense | (Gain) Loss Net of Tax
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Forward currency contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | $ | 276 |  | $ | (62) |  | $ | 214 |  |  | Cost of products sold | $ | 3,956 |  |  | $ | (209) |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | (162) |
Net investment hedges(2) | 41 |  | (10) |  | 32 |  |  | Interest expense | 470 |  |  | (10) |  | 2 |  | (8) |
Foreign currency-denominated debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment hedges(3) | 61 |  | (14) |  | 47 |  |  | Other, net | 38 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Interest rate derivative contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | Interest expense | 470 |  |  | 16 |  | (4) |  | 13 |
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Forward currency contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | $ | 268 |  | $ | (60) |  | $ | 208 |  |  | Cost of products sold | $ | 3,711 |  |  | $ | (54) |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | (42) |
Net investment hedges(2) | 56 |  | (13) |  | 43 |  |  | Interest expense | 341 |  |  | (13) |  | 3 |  | (10) |
Foreign currency-denominated debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment hedges(3) | 82 |  | (19) |  | 64 |  |  | Other, net | (218) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Interest rate derivative contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | Interest expense | 341 |  |  | 5 |  | (1) |  | 4 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Forward currency contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | $ | (99) |  | $ | 22 |  | $ | (77) |  |  | Cost of products sold | $ | 3,465 |  |  | $ | (83) |  | $ | 19 |  | $ | (64) |
Net investment hedges(2) | (37) |  | 8 |  | (29) |  |  | Interest expense | 361 |  |  | (24) |  | 5 |  | (19) |
Foreign currency-denominated debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment hedges(3) | (89) |  | 21 |  | (68) |  |  | Other, net | (362) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Interest rate derivative contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | Interest expense | 361 |  |  | 5 |  | (1) |  | 4 |

(1) In all periods presented in the table above, the pre-tax (gain) loss amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings represent the effect of the hedging relationships on earnings.
(2) For our outstanding forward currency contracts designated as net investment hedges, the net gain or loss reclassified from AOCI to earnings as a reduction of Interest expense represents the straight-line amortization of the excluded component as calculated at the date of designation. This initial value of the excluded component has been excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815. In the current and prior periods, we did not recognize any gains or losses on the components included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness in earnings.
(3) For our outstanding euro-denominated debt principal designated as a net investment hedge, the change in fair value attributable to changes in the spot rate is recorded in the CTA component of OCI. No amounts were reclassified from AOCI to current period earnings.
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As of December 31, 2022, pre-tax net gains or losses for our derivative instruments designated, or previously designated, as cash flow and net investment hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815 that may be reclassified from AOCI to earnings within the next twelve months are presented below (in millions):

Designated Hedging Instrument |  | FASB ASC Topic 815 Designation |  | Location on Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) that may be Reclassified to Earnings
Forward currency contracts |  | Cash flow hedge |  | Cost of products sold |  | $ | 223 |
Forward currency contracts |  | Net investment hedge |  | Interest expense |  | 10 |
Interest rate derivative contracts |  | Cash flow hedge |  | Interest expense |  | (3) |

Net gains and losses on currency hedge contracts not designated as hedging instruments offset by net gains and losses from currency transaction exposures are presented below:

(in millions) |  | Location on Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net gain (loss) on currency hedge contracts |  | Other, net |  | $ | (53) |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 73 |
Net gain (loss) on currency transaction exposures |  | Other, net |  | 21 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (105) |
Net currency exchange gain (loss) |  |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | (32) |

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Fair Value Measurements
FASB ASC Topic 815 requires all derivative and nonderivative instruments to be recognized at their fair values as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet. We determine the fair value of our derivative and nonderivative instruments using the framework prescribed by FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, and considering the estimated amount we would receive or pay to transfer these instruments at the reporting date with respect to current currency exchange rates, interest rates, the creditworthiness of the counterparty for unrealized gain positions and our own creditworthiness for unrealized loss positions. In certain instances, we may utilize financial models to measure fair value of our derivative and nonderivative instruments. In doing so, we use inputs that include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, other observable inputs for the asset or liability and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means. The following are the balances of our derivative and nonderivative assets and liabilities:

(in millions) |  | Location on Consolidated Balance Sheets(1) |  | As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Derivative and Nonderivative Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Designated Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 183 |
Forward currency contracts |  | Other long-term assets |  | 149 |  |  | 169 |
|  |  |  | 345 |  |  | 352 |
Non-Designated Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts |  | Other current assets |  | 36 |  |  | 42 |
Total Derivative and Nonderivative Assets |  |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 394 |
Derivative and Nonderivative Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Designated Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32 |
Forward currency contracts |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |
Foreign currency-denominated debt(2) |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | 952 |  |  | 1,011 |
|  |  |  | 953 |  |  | 1,049 |
Non-Designated Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward currency contracts |  | Other current liabilities |  | 52 |  |  | 22 |
Total Derivative and Nonderivative Liabilities |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 1,071 |

(1)We classify derivative and nonderivative assets and liabilities as current when the settlement date of the contract is one year or less.
(2)Foreign currency-denominated debt is the €900 million debt principal designated as a net investment hedge. A portion of this notional is subject to de-designation and re-designation based on changes in the underlying hedged item.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
On a recurring basis, we measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value based upon quoted market prices. Where quoted market prices or other observable inputs are not available, we apply valuation techniques to estimate fair value. FASB ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The category of a financial asset or a financial liability within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:
•Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are other observable inputs, including quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities and market-corroborated inputs.
•Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs based on management’s best estimate of inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date, including assumptions about risk.
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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the following:

| As of
| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds and time deposits | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | 1,632 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,632 |
Publicly-held securities | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Hedging instruments | — |  |  | 381 |  |  | — |  |  | 381 |  |  | — |  |  | 394 |  |  | — |  |  | 394 |
Licensing arrangements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | 246 |
| $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | 1,642 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 2,282 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedging instruments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,071 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,071 |
Contingent consideration liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 486 |  |  | 486 |
Licensing arrangements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 281 |  |  | 281 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,005 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,071 |  |  | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | 1,838 |

Our investments in money market funds and time deposits are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. These investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents within our accompanying consolidated balance sheets, in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our accounting policies. In addition to $673 million invested in money market funds and time deposits as of December 31, 2022 and $1.632 billion as of December 31, 2021, we held $256 million in interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing bank accounts as of December 31, 2022 and $293 million as of December 31, 2021.
Our recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs include those related to our contingent consideration liability. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for a discussion of the changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability.
In addition, our recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs related to our licensing arrangements, including the contractual right to receive future royalty payments related to the Zytiga™ Drug. We own the contractual right to receive 50 percent of the future Zytiga™ Drug royalty payments from the licensee and remit such payments to the inventors associated with the intellectual property. We recognized a financial asset and associated liability for our licensing arrangements at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets using the fair value option in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. We elected the fair value option to measure the financial asset and associated liability as it provides for consistency and comparability of these instruments. Royalty payments we receive reduce the fair value of the financial asset and are presented within Proceeds from royalty rights, and payments we remit to inventors reduce the fair value of the financial liability and are presented within Payments for royalty rights within our consolidated statements of cash flows. We sold our right to receive and retain the other 50 percent of the future royalty payments in 2019 for an upfront cash payment, which we accounted for as a secured borrowing in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing. Although we sold these rights, we continue to recognize at fair value the future royalty payments as a financial asset and associated liability. Royalty payments associated with the rights we sold no longer impact our cash flows, and we present this activity as Non-cash impact of transferred royalty rights in the supplemental information to our consolidated statements of cash flows. We reduce the fair value of the financial asset and associated liability when such non-cash activity occurs.
We record the fair value of the financial asset and associated liability using a discounted cash flow approach considering the probability-weighted expected future cash flows to be generated by the royalty stream. The fair value of the financial liability also considers the related contractual provisions that govern our payment obligations. Significant increases or decreases in projected cash flows of the royalty stream and the related contractual provisions that govern our payment obligations, discount rates or the time until payment is made would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement of the licensing arrangements' financial asset and liability as of December 31, 2022. However, increases or decreases in the financial asset would be offset by increases or decreases in the financial liability, other than for timing of receipt and remittance; as such our earnings are not subject to material gains and losses from the licensing arrangement.
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The recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of our licensing arrangements recognized in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 include the following significant unobservable inputs:

Licensing Arrangements | Fair Value as of December 31, 2022 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range | Weighted Average(1)
Financial Asset | $127 million | Discounted Cash Flow | Discount Rate | 15% | 15%
Projected Year of Payment | 2023 | - | 2025 | 2024
Financial Liability | $159 million | Discounted Cash Flow | Discount Rate | 12% | - | 15% | 13%
Projected Year of Payment | 2023 | - | 2026 | 2024

(1) Unobservable inputs relate to a single financial asset and liability. As such, unobservable inputs were not weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments. For projected year of payment, the amount represents the median of the inputs and is not a weighted average.
Changes in the fair value of our licensing arrangements' financial asset were as follows:

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 365 |
Proceeds from royalty rights | (163) |
Fair value adjustment (expense) benefit | 44 |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 246 |
Proceeds from royalty rights | (141) |
Fair value adjustment (expense) benefit | 22 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 127 |

Changes in the fair value of our licensing arrangements' financial liability were as follows:

(in millions) |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 407 |
Payments for royalty rights | (166) |
Fair value adjustment expense (benefit) | 41 |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 281 |
Payments for royalty rights | (145) |
Fair value adjustment expense (benefit) | 23 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 159 |

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
We hold certain assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in periods after initial recognition. The fair value of a measurement alternative investment is not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for a discussion of our strategic investments and Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for a discussion of the fair values of our intangible assets including goodwill.
The fair value of our outstanding debt obligations was $8.203 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $10.196 billion as of December 31, 2021. We determined fair value by using quoted market prices for our publicly registered senior notes, classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, and face value for commercial paper, term loans and credit facility borrowings outstanding. Refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments for a discussion of our debt obligations.
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NOTE E – CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS
Borrowings and Credit Arrangements
We had total debt outstanding of $8.935 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $9.065 billion as of December 31, 2021, with current maturities of $20 million as of December 31, 2022 and $261 million as of December 31, 2021. The debt maturity schedule for our long-term debt obligations is presented below:

|  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | As of December 31, |  | Coupon Rate(1)
(in millions, except interest rates) |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
October 2023 Senior Notes(4) |  | August 2013 |  | October 2023 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | 4.125%
March 2024 Notes(4) |  | February 2019 |  | March 2024 |  | 504 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 3.450%
March 2025 Senior Notes(3) |  | March 2022 |  | March 2025 |  | 1,067 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.750%
May 2025 Senior Notes(4) |  | May 2015 |  | May 2025 |  | — |  |  | 523 |  |  | 3.850%
June 2025 Senior Notes |  | May 2020 |  | June 2025 |  | 500 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 1.900%
March 2026 Senior Notes(4) |  | February 2019 |  | March 2026 |  | 255 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 3.750%
December 2027 Senior Notes(3) |  | November 2019 |  | December 2027 |  | 960 |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | 0.625%
March 2028 Senior Notes(3) |  | March 2022 |  | March 2028 |  | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.375%
March 2028 Senior Notes(4) |  | February 2018 |  | March 2028 |  | 344 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 4.000%
March 2029 Senior Notes(4) |  | February 2019 |  | March 2029 |  | 272 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 4.000%
June 2030 Senior Notes |  | May 2020 |  | June 2030 |  | 1,200 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 2.650%
March 2031 Senior Notes(3) |  | March 2022 |  | March 2031 |  | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.625%
March 2034 Senior Notes(3) |  | March 2022 |  | March 2034 |  | 534 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.875%
November 2035 Senior Notes(2) |  | November 2005 |  | November 2035 |  | 350 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 6.750%
March 2039 Senior Notes(4) |  | February 2019 |  | March 2039 |  | 450 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 4.550%
January 2040 Senior Notes |  | December 2009 |  | January 2040 |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 7.375%
March 2049 Senior Notes(4) |  | February 2019 |  | March 2049 |  | 650 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 4.700%
Unamortized Debt Issuance Discount and Deferred Financing Costs |  |  |  | 2023 - 2049 |  | (76) |  |  | (76) |  |  |
Unamortized Gain on Fair Value Hedges |  |  |  | 2022 |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Finance Lease Obligation |  |  |  | Various |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  |
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,915 |  |  | $ | 8,804 |  |  |

Note: The table above does not include unamortized amounts related to interest rate contracts designated as cash flow hedges.
(1) Coupon rates are semi-annual, except for the euro-denominated notes, which bear an annual coupon.
(2) Corporate credit rating improvements may result in a decrease in the adjusted interest rate on our November 2035 Notes to the extent that our lowest credit rating is above BBB- or Baa3. The interest rates on our November 2035 Notes will be permanently reinstated to the issuance rate if the lowest credit ratings assigned to these senior notes is either A- or A3 or higher. Effective November 15, 2021, the interest rate payable decreased by 0.25 percent and began accruing at a rate of 6.75 percent following upgrades to our credit ratings. Effective May 2023, the interest rate payable will decrease by 0.25 percent and begin accruing at a rate of 6.50 percent following recent upgrades to our credit ratings.
(3) These notes are euro-denominated and presented in U.S. dollars based on the exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(4) Amounts repaid, or partially repaid as the case may be, in connection with the March 2022 tender offer and early redemption of certain of our outstanding senior notes are described below. In addition, in the first quarter of 2022, we repaid $250 million of 3.375% May 2022 Senior Notes classified within Current Debt Obligations within our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021.
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Contractual maturities of our long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:

Fiscal Year |
2023 | $ | — |
2024 | 504 |
2025 | 1,567 |
2026 | 255 |
2027 | 960 |
Thereafter | 5,700 |

Revolving Credit Facility
On May 10, 2021, we entered into a new $2.750 billion revolving credit facility (2021 Revolving Credit Facility) with a global syndicate of commercial banks and terminated our previous facility (2018 Revolving Credit Facility). The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility will mature on May 10, 2026, with one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions. This facility provides backing for our commercial paper program, and outstanding commercial paper directly reduces borrowing capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. There were no amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.
Financial Covenant
As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with the financial covenant required by the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility.

| Covenant Requirement as of December 31, 2022 |  | Actual as of December 31, 2022
Maximum permitted leverage ratio(1) | 3.75 times |  | 2.57 times

(1) Ratio of total debt to deemed consolidated EBITDA, as defined by the credit agreements, as amended.
The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility includes the financial covenant requirement for all of our credit arrangements that we maintain the maximum permitted leverage ratio of 3.75 times for the remaining term. The agreement provides for higher leverage ratios, at our election, for the period following a qualified acquisition, for which consideration exceeds $1.000 billion. In the event of such an acquisition, for the four succeeding quarters immediately following, including the quarter in which the acquisition occurs, the maximum permitted leverage ratio is 4.75 times. It steps down for the fifth, sixth and seventh succeeding quarters to 4.50 times, 4.25 times and 4.00 times, respectively. Thereafter, a maximum leverage ratio of 3.75 times is required through the remaining term of the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. We have not elected to increase the maximum permitted leverage ratio for qualified acquisitions due to our funding of these acquisitions using cash on hand.
The financial covenant requirement provides for an exclusion from the calculation of consolidated EBITDA, as defined by the agreement, through maturity, of any non-cash charges and up to $500 million in restructuring charges and restructuring-related expenses related to our current or future restructuring plans. As of December 31, 2022, we had $265 million of the restructuring charge exclusion remaining. In addition, any cash litigation payments (net of any cash litigation receipts), as defined by the agreements, are excluded from the calculation of consolidated EBITDA, as defined by the agreements, provided that the sum of any excluded net cash litigation payments do not exceed $1.455 billion in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2022, we had $866 million of the litigation exclusion remaining.
Any inability to maintain compliance with this covenant could require us to seek to further renegotiate the terms of our credit arrangements or seek waivers from compliance with this covenant, both of which could result in additional borrowing costs. Further, there can be no assurance that our lenders would agree to such new terms or grant such waivers on terms acceptable to us. In this case, all 2021 Revolving Credit Facility commitments would terminate, and any amounts borrowed under the facility would become immediately due and payable. Furthermore, any termination of our 2021 Revolving Credit Facility may negatively impact the credit ratings assigned to our commercial paper program, which may impact our ability to refinance any then outstanding commercial paper as it becomes due and payable.
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Commercial Paper
Our commercial paper program is backed by the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. We did not have any commercial paper outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Senior Notes
We had senior notes outstanding of $8.986 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $9.121 billion as of December 31, 2021. Our senior notes were issued in public offerings, are redeemable prior to maturity and are not subject to sinking fund requirements. Our senior notes are unsecured, unsubordinated obligations and rank on parity with each other. These notes are effectively junior to liabilities of our subsidiaries (see Other Arrangements below).
In March 2022, American Medical Systems Europe B.V. (AMS Europe), an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Boston Scientific, completed a registered public offering (the Offering) of €3.000 billion in aggregate principal amount of euro-dominated senior notes comprised of €1.000 billion of 0.750% Senior Notes due 2025, €750 million of 1.375% Senior Notes due 2028, €750 million of 1.625% Senior Notes due 2031 and €500 million of 1.875% Senior Notes due 2034 (collectively, the Eurobonds). Boston Scientific has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of AMS Europe's obligations under the Eurobonds, and no other subsidiary of Boston Scientific will guarantee these obligations. AMS Europe is a “finance subsidiary” as defined in Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi) of Regulation S-X. The financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of AMS Europe are consolidated in the financial statements of Boston Scientific. The Offering resulted in cash proceeds of $3.270 billion, net of investor discounts and issuance costs.
We used the net proceeds from the Offering to fund the tender offer and early redemption of combined aggregate principal amount of $3.275 billion of certain of our outstanding senior notes, as well as to pay accrued interest, tender premiums, fees and expenses. We recorded associated debt extinguishment charges of $194 million during the first quarter of 2022 presented in Interest expense within our consolidated statements of operations.
Other Arrangements
We have accounts receivable factoring programs in certain European countries and with commercial banks in China and Japan which include promissory notes discounting programs. We account for our factoring programs as sales under FASB ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing. We have no retained interest in the transferred receivables, other than collection and administration, and once sold, the accounts receivable are no longer available to satisfy creditors in the event of bankruptcy. Amounts de-recognized for accounts and notes receivable, which are excluded from Trade accounts receivable, net in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets, are aggregated by contract denominated currency below (in millions):

| As of December 31, 2022 |  | As of December 31, 2021
Factoring Arrangements | Amount De-recognized |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Amount De-recognized |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Euro denominated | $ | 161 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | 141 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Yen denominated | 194 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 223 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Renminbi denominated | 13 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | 11 |  |  | 3.2 | %

Other Contractual Obligations and Commitments
We had outstanding letters of credit of $135 million as of December 31, 2022 and $134 million as of December 31, 2021, which consisted primarily of bank guarantees and collateral for workers' compensation insurance arrangements. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had not recognized a related liability for our outstanding letters of credit in our consolidated balance sheets.
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Future minimum purchase obligations, relating primarily to non-cancellable inventory commitments and capital expenditures entered in the normal course of business, were as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):

Fiscal Year | Unrecorded Purchase Obligations
2023 | $ | 755 |
2024 | 119 |
2025 | 71 |
2026 | 35 |
2027 | 19 |
Thereafter | 21 |
| $ | 1,021 |

NOTE F – LEASES
We have operating and finance leases for real estate including corporate offices, land, warehouse space, and vehicles and certain equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are generally not recorded on the balance sheet, unless the arrangement includes an option to purchase the underlying asset, or an option to renew the arrangement, that we are reasonably certain to exercise (short-term leases). We recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term for short-term leases that we do not record on our balance sheet. If there is a change in our assessment of the lease term and, as a result, the remaining lease term extends more than 12 months from the end of the previously determined lease term, or we subsequently become reasonably certain that we will exercise an option to purchase the underlying asset, the lease no longer meets the definition of a short-term lease and is accounted for as either an operating or finance lease and recognized on the balance sheet. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 842, Leases, we account for the lease components and the non-lease components as a single lease component, with the exception of our warehouse leases. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to approximately 54 years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years. If we are reasonably certain we will exercise an option to extend the lease, the time period covered by the extension option is included in the lease term.
We determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present at the inception of the arrangement. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, we utilize the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received.
Our operating lease right-of-use assets are presented within Other long-term assets and corresponding liabilities are presented within Other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments for information regarding our finance leases. The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to our operating leases:

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Assets |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets in Other long-term assets | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 435 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities in Other current liabilities | 61 |  |  | 71 |
Operating lease liabilities in Other long-term liabilities | 347 |  |  | 389 |

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The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate information related to our operating leases:

| As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term | 10 years |  | 10 years
Weighted average discount rate | 3.3% |  | 2.6%

Our operating lease cost under FASB ASC Topic 842 was $91 million in 2022, $90 million in 2021 and $92 million in 2020.
The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to our operating leases:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 87 |

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations were $43 million and $68 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The following table presents the maturities of our operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):

Fiscal year | Operating Leases
2023 | $ | 80 |
2024 | 66 |
2025 | 55 |
2026 | 43 |
2027 | 34 |
Thereafter | 214 |
Total future minimum operating lease payments | 492 |
Less: imputed interest | (84) |
Present value of operating lease liabilities | $ | 408 |

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NOTE G – SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
Components of selected captions in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets are as follows:
Trade accounts receivable, net

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 2,079 |  |  | $ | 1,886 |
Allowance for credit losses | (109) |  |  | (108) |
| $ | 1,970 |  |  | $ | 1,778 |

The following is a rollforward of our Allowance for credit losses:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 74 |
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13 | n/a |  | n/a |  | 10 |
Credit loss expense | 35 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 49 |
Write-offs | (35) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (27) |
Ending balance | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 105 |

Note: Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted FASB ASC Topic 326 using the modified retrospective method, which requires that we recognize credit loss reserves when financial assets are established if credit losses are expected over the asset’s contractual life.
Inventories

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Finished goods | $ | 1,171 |  |  | $ | 1,029 |
Work-in-process | 147 |  |  | 128 |
Raw materials | 548 |  |  | 452 |
| $ | 1,867 |  |  | $ | 1,610 |

Approximately 27 percent of our finished goods inventory as of December 31, 2022 and approximately 30 percent as of December 31, 2021 was at customer locations pursuant to consignment arrangements or held by sales representatives.
Other current assets

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 188 |
Derivative assets | 232 |  |  | 226 |
Licensing arrangements | 60 |  |  | 132 |
Other | 290 |  |  | 254 |
| $ | 731 |  |  | $ | 799 |

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Property, plant and equipment, net

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Land | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 109 |
Buildings and improvements | 1,695 |  |  | 1,523 |
Equipment, furniture and fixtures | 3,297 |  |  | 3,287 |
Capital in progress | 598 |  |  | 605 |
| 5,728 |  |  | 5,525 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | 3,282 |  |  | 3,273 |
| $ | 2,446 |  |  | $ | 2,252 |

Depreciation expense was $333 million in 2022, $352 million in 2021 and $333 million in 2020.
Other long-term assets

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Restricted cash equivalents | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 55 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 386 |  |  | 435 |
Derivative assets | 149 |  |  | 169 |
Investments | 407 |  |  | 412 |
Licensing arrangements | 67 |  |  | 114 |
Indemnification asset | 172 |  |  | — |
Other | 271 |  |  | 225 |
| $ | 1,500 |  |  | $ | 1,410 |

Accrued expenses

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Legal reserves | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 264 |
Payroll and related liabilities | 830 |  |  | 848 |
Rebates | 352 |  |  | 350 |
Contingent consideration | 74 |  |  | 289 |
Other | 674 |  |  | 686 |
| $ | 2,160 |  |  | $ | 2,436 |

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Other current liabilities

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred revenue | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 208 |
Licensing arrangements | 79 |  |  | 138 |
Taxes payable | 232 |  |  | 209 |
Other | 230 |  |  | 228 |
| $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 783 |

Other long-term liabilities

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Accrued income taxes | $ | 597 |  |  | $ | 442 |
Legal reserves | 212 |  |  | 284 |
Contingent consideration | 75 |  |  | 197 |
Licensing arrangements | 80 |  |  | 143 |
Operating lease liabilities | 347 |  |  | 389 |
Deferred revenue | 289 |  |  | 276 |
Other | 434 |  |  | 489 |
| $ | 2,035 |  |  | $ | 2,220 |

NOTE H – INCOME TAXES
Our Income (loss) before income taxes consisted of the following:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Domestic | $ | (1,119) |  |  | $ | (648) |  |  | $ | (660) |
Foreign | 2,260 |  |  | 1,724 |  |  | 581 |
| $ | 1,141 |  |  | $ | 1,076 |  |  | $ | (79) |

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The related expense (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (29) |
State | 19 |  |  | 33 |  |  | (35) |
Foreign | 381 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 151 |
| 451 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 87 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (92) |  |  | (256) |  |  | (26) |
State | (32) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (6) |
Foreign | 117 |  |  | 117 |  |  | (53) |
| (7) |  |  | (142) |  |  | (85) |
| $ | 443 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 2 |

The reconciliation of income taxes at the federal statutory rate to the actual expense (benefit) for income taxes is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | (21.0) | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 0.7 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 16.6 | %
Domestic taxes on foreign earnings | 15.3 | % |  | 6.8 | % |  | 155.4 | %
Effect of foreign taxes | (3.8) | % |  | (14.3) | % |  | (40.7) | %
Acquisition-related | 4.4 | % |  | (8.1) | % |  | (16.7) | %
Research credit | (4.5) | % |  | (3.0) | % |  | (43.0) | %
Valuation allowance | (1.3) | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | (42.0) | %
Goodwill impairment charges | — | % |  | — | % |  | 3.7 | %
Compensation-related | 0.6 | % |  | (0.6) | % |  | (7.7) | %
Non-deductible expenses | 0.4 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 64.4 | %
Uncertain tax positions | 7.7 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | (96.8) | %
Intra-entity asset transfers | — | % |  | — | % |  | 10.2 | %
Return to provision | (2.1) | % |  | (5.7) | % |  | (37.3) | %
Change in tax rates | (0.2) | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 51.8 | %
Other, net | 0.7 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 6.0 | %
| 38.9 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 2.9 | %

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Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

| As of December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred Tax Assets: |  |  |
Inventory costs and related reserves | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Tax benefit of net operating losses and credits | 511 |  |  | 620 |
Reserves and accruals | 304 |  |  | 324 |
Restructuring-related charges | 6 |  |  | 14 |
Litigation and product liability reserves | 103 |  |  | 127 |
Investment write-down | 38 |  |  | 31 |
Compensation related | 136 |  |  | 130 |
Federal benefit of uncertain tax positions | 9 |  |  | 8 |
Intangible assets | 3,668 |  |  | 3,546 |
Capitalized R&D | 160 |  |  | 67 |
Property, plant and equipment | 2 |  |  | 14 |
Other | — |  |  | 35 |
| 4,954 |  |  | 4,926 |
Less: valuation allowance | (1,004) |  |  | (1,014) |
| 3,950 |  |  | 3,912 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities: |  |  |
Unrealized gains and losses on derivative financial instruments | 117 |  |  | 79 |
Other | 34 |  |  | — |
| 151 |  |  | 79 |
Net Deferred Tax Assets | 3,799 |  |  | 3,833 |
Prepaid on intercompany profit | 264 |  |  | 205 |
Net Deferred Tax Assets and Prepaid on Intercompany Profit | $ | 4,062 |  |  | $ | 4,038 |

Our deferred tax assets, deferred tax liabilities and prepaid on intercompany profit are included in the following locations within our accompanying consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| Location on Consolidated Balance Sheets | As of December 31,
Component | 2022 |  | 2021
Prepaid on intercompany profit | Prepaid income taxes | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Non-current deferred tax asset | Deferred tax assets | 3,942 |  |  | 4,142 |
Deferred Tax Assets and Prepaid on Intercompany Profit |  | 4,206 |  |  | 4,348 |
Non-current deferred tax liability | Deferred tax liabilities | 144 |  |  | 310 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities |  | 144 |  |  | 310 |
Net Deferred Tax Assets and Prepaid on Intercompany Profit | $ | 4,062 |  |  | $ | 4,038 |

As of December 31, 2022, we had U.S. federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits, the tax effect of which was $464 million. As of December 31, 2021, we had U.S. federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits, the tax effect of which was $560 million. In addition, we had foreign tax net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits, the tax effect of which was $47 million as of December 31, 2022, and $60 million as of December 31, 2021. These tax attributes expire periodically beginning in 2023.
After consideration of all positive and negative evidence, we believe that it is more likely than not that a portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result, we recorded a valuation allowance of $1.004 billion as of December 31, 2022, and $1.014 billion as of December 31, 2021. The decrease in the valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, is primarily due to the release of valuation allowances on certain U.S. state net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards due to the repatriation of foreign earnings, offset by the concurrent build of the valuation allowance on
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other state attributes. The income tax impact of the unrealized gain or loss component of other comprehensive income and stockholders' equity was a charge of $56 million in 2022, a charge of $81 million in 2021 and a benefit of $78 million in 2020.
We obtain tax incentives through Free Trade Zone Regime offered in Costa Rica which allows 100 percent exemption from income tax in the first eight years of operations and 50 percent exemption in the following four years. This tax incentive resulted in income tax savings of $162 million in 2022, $149 million in 2021 and $64 million in 2020. The tax incentive for 100 percent exemption from income tax is expected to expire in 2027, with the 50 percent exemption to expire in 2031. The impact on Net income (loss) per common share - assuming dilution was $0.11 for 2022, $0.10 for 2021 and $0.04 for 2020. We also benefit from tax incentives in Puerto Rico through a Grant of Industrial Tax Exemption (Grant) which applies a reduced tax rate to our taxable profits, resulting in income tax savings of $21 million in 2022, $27 million in 2021 and $30 million in 2020. This Grant expires in 2034, with an option to extend for an additional 15 years. The impact on Net income (loss) per common share - assuming dilution was $0.02 in each of the years 2022, 2021 and 2020. Additionally, we benefit from tax incentives in Malaysia which allow a full tax exemption on manufacturing of specific medical device products, which will expire in 2029, with an option to renew for an additional five-year term. This incentive has resulted in income tax savings of $17 million in 2022 and $0 in 2021 and 2020. The impact on Net income (loss) per common share - assuming dilution was $0.01 in 2022 and de minimis in 2021 and 2020.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $492 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which a net $410 million, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2021, we had $255 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which a net $177 million, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2020, we had $261 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which a net $183 million, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning Balance | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 455 |
Additions based on positions related to the current year | 88 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 28 |
Additions based on positions related to prior years | 177 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 6 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (20) |  |  | (36) |  |  | (186) |
Settlements with taxing authorities | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (27) |
Statute of limitation expirations | (8) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (15) |
Ending Balance | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 261 |

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. We have concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters through 2016 and substantially all material state and local income tax matters through 2014. We have concluded substantially all foreign income tax matters through 2015.
In 2020, we received notification from the IRS regarding the examination of our 2014 through 2016 tax years stating that the Joint Committee on Taxation completed its review, and the IRS examination was resolved. Due to the resolution of these tax years, we recorded a net tax benefit of $91 million to release the reserves related to these years. We received a refund of $62 million from the IRS reflecting the net balance of amounts owed to us by the IRS after consideration of tax and interest due for these years.
We recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense. We had $77 million accrued for gross interest and penalties as of December 31, 2022, $43 million as of December 31, 2021, and $41 million as of December 31, 2020. Net tax expense related to interest and penalties was immaterial in 2022, 2021 and 2020. The increase in our net tax expense related to interest and penalties as of December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, is related to reaching settlements with taxing authorities.
It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months we will resolve multiple issues with foreign, federal and state taxing authorities, resulting in a reduction in our balance of unrecognized tax benefits of up to $75 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2017, we were required under the TCJA to calculate a one-time transition tax based on our total post-1986 foreign subsidiaries' earnings and profits (E&P) that we previously deferred from U.S. income taxes. As a result of various audit activities, the revised amount of transition tax was approximately $937 million as of December 31, 2022, as compared to $938 million as of December 31, 2021. We anticipate offsetting this liability against existing tax attributes, reducing the required payment to approximately $586 million, which will be remitted over an eight-year period. We have begun
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remitting the required installment payments, with a balance remaining of $386 million as of December 31, 2022. In addition, we have provided for U.S. state income taxes of $14 million on all U.S. dollar-denominated E&P accumulated through December 31, 2017, which constitutes the preponderance of our foreign subsidiaries' accumulated E&P through December 31, 2017. We intend to indefinitely reinvest the unremitted foreign earnings of all other subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017, as well as all subsequent earnings generated by all of our foreign subsidiaries. Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any remaining undistributed foreign earnings and additional outside basis difference in these entities is not practicable.
We are subject to a territorial tax system under the TCJA, in which we are required to provide for tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. We have established an accounting policy election to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred as a period expense.
NOTE I – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The medical device market in which we participate is largely technology driven. As a result, intellectual property rights, particularly patents and trade secrets, play a significant role in product development and differentiation. Over the years, there has been litigation initiated against us by others, including our competitors, claiming that our current or former product offerings infringe patents owned or licensed by them. Intellectual property litigation is inherently complex and unpredictable. In addition, competing parties frequently file multiple suits to leverage patent portfolios across product lines, technologies and geographies and to balance risk and exposure between the parties. In some cases, several competitors are parties in the same proceeding, or in a series of related proceedings, or litigate multiple features of a single class of devices. These dynamics frequently drive settlement not only for individual cases, but also for a series of pending and potentially related and unrelated cases. Although monetary and injunctive relief is typically sought, remedies and restitution are generally not determined until the conclusion of the trial court proceedings and can be modified on appeal. Accordingly, the outcomes of individual cases are difficult to time, predict or quantify and are often dependent upon the outcomes of other cases in other geographies.
During recent years, we successfully negotiated closure of several long-standing legal matters and have received favorable rulings in several other matters; however, there continues to be outstanding intellectual property litigation. Adverse outcomes in one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell certain products and on our operating margins, financial position, results of operations and/or liquidity.
In addition, product liability, securities and commercial claims have been asserted against us and similar claims may be asserted against us in the future related to events not known to management at the present time. We maintain an insurance policy providing limited coverage against securities claims and we are substantially self-insured with respect to product liability claims and fully self-insured with respect to intellectual property infringement claims. The absence of significant third-party insurance coverage increases our potential exposure to unanticipated claims or adverse decisions. Product liability claims, securities and commercial litigation and other legal proceedings in the future, regardless of their outcome, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell certain products and on our operating margins, financial position, results of operations and/or liquidity.
In addition, like other companies in the medical device industry, we are subject to extensive regulation by national, state and local government agencies in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate. From time to time we are the subject of qui tam actions and governmental investigations often involving regulatory, marketing and other business practices. These qui tam actions and governmental investigations could result in the commencement of civil and criminal proceedings, substantial fines, penalties and administrative remedies and have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and/or liquidity.
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 450, Contingencies, we accrue anticipated costs of settlement, damages, losses for product liability claims and, under certain conditions, costs of defense, based on historical experience or to the extent specific losses are probable and estimable. Otherwise, we expense these costs as incurred. If the estimate of a probable loss is a range and no amount within the range is more likely, we accrue the minimum amount of the range.
Our accrual for legal matters that are probable and estimable was $443 million as of December 31, 2022, and $548 million as of December 31, 2021, and includes certain estimated costs of settlement, damages and defense primarily related to product liability cases or claims related to our transvaginal surgical mesh products. A portion of our legal accrual for transvaginal surgical mesh product claims is already funded through our qualified settlement fund (QSF), which is included in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in Other current assets of $149 million as of December 31, 2022, and $188 million as of December 31, 2021. Refer to Note A – Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.
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We recorded litigation-related net charges of $173 million in 2022, $430 million in 2021 and $278 million in 2020, primarily related to ongoing litigation associated with our transvaginal surgical mesh products principally in the U.S. and Australia, as well as costs associated with certain other legal matters. We increased the accrual associated with transvaginal mesh claims to account for changes in our estimates regarding settlement and litigation activity. The charges recorded in 2020 were also inclusive of a reserve related to claims made by a coalition of state attorneys general, which has since been settled.
We continue to assess certain litigation and claims to determine the amounts, if any, that management believes will be paid as a result of such claims and litigation and, therefore, additional losses may be accrued and paid in the future, which could materially adversely impact our operating results, cash flows and/or our ability to comply with our financial covenant. In management's opinion, we are not currently involved in any legal proceedings other than those specifically identified below, which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operations and/or cash flows. Unless included in our legal accrual or otherwise indicated below, a range of loss associated with any individual material legal proceeding cannot be reasonably estimated.
Patent Litigation
On October 28, 2015, the Company filed suit against Cook Group Limited and Cook Medical LLC (collectively, Cook) in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (1:15-cv-00980) alleging infringement of certain Company patents regarding Cook’s Instinct™ Endoscopic Hemoclip. The Company seeks lost profits, a reasonable royalty and a permanent injunction. The case was transferred to the District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. Cook filed Inter Partes Review (IPR) requests with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) against four then-asserted patents, which resulted in the court staying the case until 2020. All IPRs concluded and confirmed the validity of certain claims of each challenged patent. In February 2023, the District Court issued summary judgment rulings dismissing certain claims and defenses. Trial on the remaining two asserted patents is scheduled for May 2023. The Company has also asserted patents against Cook in Germany and the United Kingdom. Trials are scheduled in the United Kingdom in February 2023 and in Germany in April 2023.
On November 20, 2017, The Board of Regents, University of Texas System and TissueGen. Inc. (collectively, UT), served a lawsuit against us in the Western District of Texas. The complaint against the Company alleges patent infringement of two U.S. patents owned by UT, relating to “Drug Releasing Biodegradable Fiber Implant” and “Drug Releasing Biodegradable Fiber for Delivery of Therapeutics,” and affects the manufacture, use and sale of our Synergy™ Stent System. UT primarily seeks a reasonable royalty. On March 12, 2018, the District Court for the Western District of Texas dismissed the action and transferred it to the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. On September 5, 2019, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the dismissal of the District Court for the Western District of Texas. In April 2020, the United States Supreme Court denied the UT’s Petition for Certiorari. UT proceeded with its case against us in Delaware. In January 2023, a jury trial was held on the issue of whether the one UT patent still asserted in the case was valid and whether it was infringed by the Company. On January 31, 2023, a jury concluded that UT’s patent was valid and willfully infringed by the Company, and awarded UT $42 million in damages. The Company intends to appeal the jury's verdict.
Product Liability Litigation
Multiple product liability cases or claims related to transvaginal surgical mesh products designed to treat stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse have been asserted against us, predominantly in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, and Australia. Plaintiffs generally seek monetary damages based on allegations of personal injury associated with the use of our transvaginal surgical mesh products, including design and manufacturing claims, failure to warn, breach of warranty, fraud, violations of state consumer protection laws and loss of consortium claims. We have entered into individual and master settlement agreements in principle or are in the final stages of entering agreements with certain plaintiffs' counsel, to resolve the majority of these cases and claims. All settlement agreements were entered into solely by way of compromise and without any admission or concession by us of any liability or wrongdoing. In addition, in April 2021 the Company's Board of Directors received a shareholder demand under section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, for inspection of books and records related to mesh settlements. The Company has notified our insurer and retained counsel to respond to the demand.
We have established a product liability accrual for remaining claims asserted against us associated with our transvaginal surgical mesh products and the costs of defense thereof. While our U.S. case count has remained materially the same over the past three years, we have increased our reserve to account for changes in our estimates regarding settlement and litigation activity. We continue to engage in discussions with plaintiffs’ counsel regarding potential resolution of pending cases and claims. We continue to vigorously contest these cases and claims and expect that more cases will go to trial in the coming years than have gone to trial in the past several years. The final resolution of the cases and claims is uncertain and could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity. Trials involving our transvaginal surgical mesh
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products have resulted in both favorable and unfavorable judgments for us. We do not believe that the judgment in any one trial is representative of potential outcomes of all cases or claims related to our transvaginal surgical mesh products.
Governmental Investigations and Qui Tam Matters
On December 1, 2015, the Brazilian governmental entity known as CADE (the Administrative Council of Economic Defense), served a search warrant on the offices of our Brazilian subsidiary, as well as on the Brazilian offices of several other major medical device makers who do business in Brazil, in furtherance of an investigation into alleged anti-competitive activity with respect to certain tender offers for government contracts. On June 20, 2017, CADE, through the publication of a “technical note,” announced that it was launching a formal administrative proceeding against Boston Scientific’s Brazilian subsidiary, Boston Scientific do Brasil Ltda. (BSB), as well as against the Brazilian operations of Medtronic, Biotronik and St. Jude Medical, two Brazilian associations, ABIMED and AMBIMO and 29 individuals for alleged anti-competitive behavior. Under applicable guidance, BSB could be fined a percentage of BSB’s 2016 gross revenues. In August 2021, the investigating commissioner issued a preliminary recommendation of liability against all of the involved companies, and also recommended that CADE impose fines and penalties. However, on October 25, 2021, the CADE Attorney General's office recommended dismissal of the charges and allegations against BSB and the individual BSB employees who were still individual defendants. Subsequently, on March 30, 2022, the Federal Prosecutor’s office issued a non-binding recommendation that is contrary to the Attorney General’s recommendation. The full Commission is considering both of these recommendations but has not yet issued its decision. We continue to deny the allegations, intend to defend ourselves vigorously and will appeal any decision of liability by the full Commission to the Brazilian courts. During such an appeal, the decision would have no force and effect, and the Court would consider the case without being bound by CADE’s decision.
In March 2022, the Company received a whistleblower letter alleging Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in Vietnam. The Company has received related subpoenas for documents from the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company is cooperating with government agencies while investigating these allegations.
Other Proceedings
On December 4, 2020, Enrique Jevons, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, filed a class action complaint against the Company, Michael F. Mahoney and Daniel J. Brennan, stemming from the recall and retirement of the LOTUS Edge™ Aortic Valve System (LOTUS System) in United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. On December 14, 2020, the parties agreed to transfer the case to the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. On December 16, 2020, Mariano Errichiello, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, filed a second, materially similar class action complaint against the Company, Michael F. Mahoney, Joseph M. Fitzgerald, and Daniel J. Brennan in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Subsequently, on March 30, 2021, the Court consolidated the two actions, and appointed Mariano Errichiello as the lead plaintiff. Under the terms of the Court-approved Scheduling Order, Counsel for Mr. Errichiello was required to file an Amended Complaint on or before June 4, 2021, which they did. The Amended Complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages in favor of the alleged class as well as unspecified equitable relief. In response, the Company brought a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint which it filed on July 19, 2021. On December 20, 2022, the Court granted in part and denied in part the Company’s motion to dismiss. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself against the surviving allegations. On December 15, 2020, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Boston Regional Office (Boston SEC) notified the Company that it was conducting an investigation related to the Company’s decision to retire the LOTUS System and issued a voluntary request for documents and information related to that decision. On February 10, 2021, the Boston SEC issued a second voluntary request for additional documents and information. The Company cooperated fully with the requests, and on January 3, 2022, the SEC informed us that it was concluding its investigation and that it did not intend to recommend an enforcement action. On February 8, 2021, the Company received a letter from The Vladimir Gusinsky Revocable Trust, a shareholder, demanding that the Company’s Board of Directors conduct an investigation into actions by the Company’s directors and executive officers regarding statements made about the effectiveness and commercial viability of the LOTUS System. The Trust subsequently agreed to stay its demand, pending the outcome of any dispositive motion against the Amended Complaint in the class action complaint described above. The Company received letters on behalf of the Union Excavators Local 731 Pension Fund and Diane Nachbaur, two stockholders of the Company, on July 26, 2021, and July 29, 2021, respectively, each demanding access to certain books and records of the Company, pursuant to 8 Delaware Section 220, regarding the business, operations, effectiveness and commercial viability of the LOTUS system, and related items.
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Matters Concluded Since December 31, 2021
On December 21, 2017, Janssen Biotech, Inc., Janssen Oncology, Inc, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, and Johnson & Johnson (collectively, Janssen) were served with a qui tam complaint filed on behalf of the United States, 29 states, and the District of Columbia. The complaint, which was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleges that Janssen violated the federal False Claims Act and state law when providing pricing information for ZYTIGA to the government in connection with direct government sales and government-funded drug reimbursement programs. The case has been transferred to United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. On June 20, 2019, the complaint was amended to include BTG International Limited as a defendant. In May 2020, a class action complaint was filed in New Jersey federal court against Janssen and BTG by a direct purchaser of Zytiga on behalf of similarly situated entities. The complaint was amended in February 2021 and alleged that BTG and Janssen violated antitrust laws by attempting to enforce certain patents against potential generic competitors. On October 12, 2021, the court granted BTG and Janssen’s motion to compel arbitration in the direct purchaser action and stayed all direct purchaser proceedings. On December 17, 2021, the court granted BTG’s motion to dismiss the qui tam action. On January 10, 2022, the court granted the parties’ stipulation of dismissal with prejudice as to the claims of the direct purchaser plaintiff, whose claims had been stayed in the October 12, 2021, order compelling arbitration.
On May 16, 2018, Arthur Rosenthal et al., filed a plenary summons against Boston Scientific Corporation and Boston Scientific Limited with the High Court of Ireland alleging that payments were due pursuant a transaction agreement regarding Labcoat Limited, a company Boston Scientific purchased in 2008 that provided coating technology for drug-eluting stents. Labcoat sought monetary damages related to an earn-out provision. On March 25, 2022, the parties agreed to a confidential settlement which resolved the dispute. The settlement did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
On December 9, 2016, the Company and Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation filed a patent infringement action against Nevro Corp. (Nevro) in United States District Court for the District of Delaware (16-cv-1163) alleging that ten U.S. patents owned by Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation were infringed by Nevro's Senza™ Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) System. The Company sought lost profits, a reasonable royalty and a permanent injunction. At a trial held in October and November 2021 regarding six of Boston Scientific's originally asserted patent claims, a jury granted Boston Scientific a monetary award, finding that each asserted claim was valid, that four of the six claims were infringed by Nevro, and that two of the claims were willfully infringed by Nevro. On July 29, 2022, the parties reached a confidential settlement agreement, pursuant to which the Company agreed to make a payment to Nevro of $85 million to resolve all pending litigation between the parties, including this matter and the 18-cv-664 and 21-cv-258 matters described below.
On April 21, 2018, the Company and Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation filed a patent infringement, theft of trade secrets and tortious interference with a contract action against Nevro in United States District Court for the District of Delaware (18-cv-664), and amended the complaint on July 18, 2018, alleging that nine U.S. patents owned by Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation were infringed by Nevro’s Senza™ I and Senza™ II SCS Systems. On December 9, 2019, Nevro filed an answer and counterclaims, in which it alleged that our SCS systems infringed five Nevro patents. Nevro sought lost profits, a reasonable royalty and a permanent injunction. On July 29, 2022, the parties agreed to a confidential settlement, described above.
On February 23, 2021, Nevro filed a complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (21-cv-258). The complaint alleged infringement of five Nevro patents by certain of the Company’s spinal cord stimulation systems. Nevro sought lost profits, a reasonable royalty and a permanent injunction. On July 29, 2022, the parties agreed to a confidential settlement, described above.
The Company was previously named a defendant in multiple filed product liability cases involving our Greenfield Vena Cava Filter, which we discontinued marketing and actively selling in the fourth quarter of 2018. Most of the filed cases were part of a consolidated matter in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. We had also received notice of multiple additional unfiled claims. As of December 31, 2022, we have entered into master settlement agreements, the last of which was finalized on January 12, 2023, to resolve all but a small handful of these cases and claims.
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NOTE J – STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue 50 million shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the powers, designations, preferences and relative participating, option or other rights thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption terms, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders.
On May 27, 2020, we completed an offering of 10,062,500 shares of 5.50% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (MCPS), Series A at a price to the public and liquidation preference of $100 per share. The net proceeds from the MCPS offering were approximately $975 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. As of December 31, 2022, our MCPS had an aggregate liquidation preference of $1.006 billion.
Holders of MCPS will be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, or an authorized committee thereof, out of funds legally available for payment, cumulative dividends at the annual rate of 5.50% of the liquidation preference of $100 per share, payable in cash or, subject to certain limitations, by delivery of shares of common stock or any combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election; provided, however, that any unpaid dividends on the MCPS will continue to accumulate as described in the Certificate of Designations.
Subject to certain exceptions, no dividend or distribution will be declared or paid on shares of our common stock, and no common stock will be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired for consideration by us or any of our subsidiaries unless, in each case, all accumulated and unpaid dividends for all preceding dividend periods have been declared and paid, or a sufficient amount of cash or number of shares of common stock has been set apart for the payment of such dividends, on all outstanding shares of MCPS. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, winding-up or dissolution, no distribution of our assets may be made to holders of our common stock until we have paid holders of our MCPS, each of which will be entitled to receive a liquidation preference in the amount of $100 per share plus accumulated and unpaid dividends.
Unless earlier converted, each share of MCPS will automatically convert on June 1, 2023, subject to postponement for certain market disruption events, into between 2.3834 and 2.9197 shares of common stock, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. The number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion will be determined based on the average volume-weighted average price per share of common stock over the 20 consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the 21st scheduled trading day immediately preceding June 1, 2023.
The MCPS is not subject to any redemption, sinking fund or other similar provisions. However, at our option, we may purchase or exchange the MCPS from time to time in the open market, by tender or exchange offer or otherwise, without the consent of, or notice to, holders of MCPS. The holders of the MCPS will not have any voting rights, with limited exceptions.
During 2022, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors (the Committee), pursuant to authority delegated to such committee by our Board of Directors, declared and we paid quarterly cash dividends of $14 million, or $1.3750 per MCPS share to holders, representing dividend periods through November 2022. On January 30, 2023, the Committee declared a cash dividend of $1.3750 per MCPS share to holders of our MCPS as of February 15, 2023, representing a dividend period from December 2022 through February 2023. We have presented cumulative, unpaid dividends within Accrued expenses within our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022.
Common Stock
We are authorized to issue 2.000 billion shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if and when declared by our Board of Directors, and to share ratably in our assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders in the event of liquidation. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption, or conversion rights. The holders of common stock do not have cumulative voting rights. The holders of a majority of the shares of common stock can elect all of the directors and can control our management and affairs. Holders of common stock are junior to holders of MCPS in terms of liquidation preference.
On May 27, 2020, we completed an offering of 29,382,500 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $34.25 per share. The net proceeds from the common stock offering were approximately $975 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the May 27, 2020 MCPS and
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common stock offerings to repay remaining amounts outstanding under our previous term loan credit agreement that matured on April 20, 2021 and to pay related fees, expenses and premiums. The remaining proceeds were used for general corporate purposes.
In 2020, we repurchased approximately 15.7 million shares of our common stock pursuant to our 2013 share repurchase program for a total of approximately $535 million in cash, which represented the full amount remaining under the existing authorization.
On December 14, 2020, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $1.000 billion of our common stock. We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during 2022 and had the full amount available under the authorization as of December 31, 2022.
There were approximately 263 million shares in treasury as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
NOTE K – STOCK INCENTIVE AND PURCHASE PLANS
Employee and Director Stock Incentive Plans
In 2020, our Board of Directors and stockholders approved amendments to our 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan effective October 1, 2020 (Amended and Restated 2011 LTIP), authorizing for issuance up to 171 million shares of our common stock. The Amended and Restated 2011 LTIP covers officers, directors, employees and consultants and provides for the grant of restricted or unrestricted common stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), options to acquire our common stock, stock appreciation rights, performance awards (market-based and performance-based RSUs) and other stock and non-stock awards. Shares reserved under our current and former stock incentive plans totaled approximately 175 million as of December 31, 2022. The Executive Compensation and Human Resources Committee (the Committee) of the Board of Directors, consisting of independent, non-employee directors may authorize the issuance of common stock and cash awards under the Amended and Restated 2011 LTIP in recognition of the achievement of long-term performance objectives established by the Committee.
Non-qualified options issued to employees are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of our stock on the grant date, vest over a four-year service period and have a ten-year contractual life. In the case of qualified options, if the recipient owns more than ten percent of the voting power of all classes of stock, the option granted will be at an exercise price of 110 percent of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and will expire over a period not to exceed five years. Non-vested stock awards, including restricted stock awards (RSAs), RSUs and deferred stock units (DSUs) issued to employees are generally granted with an exercise price of zero and typically vest in four or five equal annual installments. These awards represent our commitment to issue shares to recipients after the vesting period. Upon each vesting date, such awards are no longer subject to risk of forfeiture and we issue shares of our common stock to the recipient.
The following presents the impact of stock-based compensation on our consolidated statements of operations:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cost of products sold | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 167 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 130 |
Research and development expenses | 41 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 30 |
| 220 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 170 |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (32) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (28) |
| $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 142 |
Net impact per common share - basic | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Net impact per common share - assuming dilution | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |

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Stock Options
We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the grant-date fair value of stock options granted to employees under our stock incentive plans. We calculated the fair value for options granted using the following estimated weighted-average assumptions:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Options granted (in thousands) | 3,287 |  |  | 3,822 |  |  | 3,819 |
Weighted-average exercise price | $ | 44.02 |  |  | $ | 37.69 |  |  | $ | 41.79 |
Weighted-average grant-date fair value | $ | 13.64 |  |  | $ | 10.77 |  |  | $ | 10.44 |
Black-Scholes Assumptions |  |  |  |  |
Expected volatility | 28 | % |  | 29 | % |  | 23 | %
Expected term (in years, weighted) | 6.1 |  | 5.9 |  | 5.8
Risk-free interest rate | 1.42% | - | 3.87% |  | 0.66% | - | 1.20% |  | 0.27% | - | 1.72%

Expected Volatility
We use our historical volatility and implied volatility as a basis to estimate expected volatility in our valuation of stock options.
Expected Term
We estimate the expected term of options using historical exercise and forfeiture data. We believe that this historical data provides the best estimate of the expected term of new option grants.
Risk-Free Interest Rate
We use yield rates on U.S. Treasury securities for a period approximating the expected term of the award to estimate the risk-free interest rate in our grant-date fair value assessment.
Expected Dividend Yield
We have not historically paid cash dividends on our common stock and currently we do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we have assumed an expected dividend yield of zero in our grant-date fair value assessment.
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Information related to stock options under stock incentive plans are as follows:

| Stock Options (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 | 23,065 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 3,819 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (3,096) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/forfeited | (666) |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 | 23,122 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 3,822 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (4,796) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/forfeited | (699) |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | 21,448 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 3,287 |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (2,745) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/forfeited | (502) |  |  | 34 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 21,489 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | 5.9 |  | 297 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2022 | 13,674 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 4.6 |  | 258 |
Expected to vest as of December 31, 2022 | 7,535 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 8.2 |  | 38 |
Total vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2022 | 21,209 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 296 |

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $72 million in 2022, $137 million in 2021 and $84 million in 2020.
Non-Vested Stock
We value RSAs, RSUs and DSUs based on the closing trading value of our shares on the date of grant. Information related to non-vested stock awards is as follows:

| Non-Vested Stock Award Units (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2019 | 11,079 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Granted | 3,609 |  |  | 41 |
Vested(1) | (4,147) |  |  | 25 |
Forfeited | (554) |  |  | 34 |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 9,987 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Granted | 4,240 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Vested(1) | (3,823) |  |  | $ | 31 |
Forfeited | (658) |  |  | 36 |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 9,745 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Granted | 3,854 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Vested(1) | (3,482) |  |  | $ | 36 |
Forfeited | (680) |  |  | 44 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 9,438 |  |  | $ | 41 |

(1)The number of shares vested includes shares withheld on behalf of employees to satisfy statutory tax withholding requirements.
The total vesting date fair value of shares that vested was approximately $150 million in 2022, $148 million in 2021 and $172 million in 2020.
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Market-based RSU and DSU Awards
During 2022 and 2021, we granted market-based RSU awards, and in 2020, we granted market-based DSU awards to certain members of our senior management team. The number of shares ultimately issued to the recipient is based on the total stockholder return (TSR) of our common stock as compared to the TSR of the common stock of the other companies in the S&P 500 Healthcare Index over a three-year performance period. The number of RSUs and DSUs ultimately granted under this program range from 0 percent to 200 percent of the target number awarded to the participant as determined by achievement of the performance criteria of the program. In addition, in general, award recipients must remain employed by us throughout the three-year performance period to attain the full amount of the market-based RSU's and DSUs that satisfied the market performance criteria.
We determined the fair value of the market-based RSU and DSU awards to be approximately $12 million for 2022, $11 million for 2021 and $8 million for 2020. We determined these fair values based on Monte Carlo simulations as of the date of grant, utilizing the following assumptions:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Awards |  | Awards |  | Awards
Stock price on date of grant | $ | 44.19 |  |  | $ | 37.50 |  |  | $ | 42.16 |
Measurement period (in years) | 2.9 |  | 2.9 |  | 2.9
Risk-free rate | 1.71 | % |  | 0.20 | % |  | 1.37 | %

We recognize the expense on these awards in our consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the three-year measurement period.
Free Cash Flow Performance-based RSU and DSU Awards
During 2022 and 2021, we granted free-cash flow performance-based RSU awards, and in 2020, we granted free-cash flow performance-based DSU awards to certain members of our senior management team. The attainment of these performance-based RSUs and DSUs is based on our adjusted free cash flow (AFCF) measured against our goal set by the Executive Compensation and Human Resources Committees of our Board of Directors, based on our internal annual financial plan performance for AFCF. AFCF is measured over a one-year performance period beginning January 1st of each year and ending December 31st. The number of RSUs and DSUs ultimately granted under this program range from 0 percent to 150 percent of the target number of performance-based RSUs and DSUs awarded to the participant as determined by achievement of the performance criteria of the program. In addition, in general, award recipients must remain employed by us throughout a three-year service period (inclusive of the one-year performance period) to attain the full amount of the performance-based RSUs and DSUs that satisfied the performance criteria.
The following table presents our assumptions used in determining the fair value of our AFCF awards currently expected to vest as of December 31, 2022:

| 2022 AFCF |  | 2021 AFCF |  | 2020 AFCF
Fair value, net of forfeitures to date (in millions) | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Achievement of target payout | 88 | % |  | 131 | % |  | 89 | %
Year-end stock price used in determining fair value | $ | 46.27 |  |  | $ | 42.48 |  |  | $ | 35.95 |

We recognize the expense on these awards in our consolidated statements of operations over the vesting period which is three years after the date of grant.
Expense Attribution
We recognize compensation expense for our stock incentive plan using a straight-line method over the substantive vesting period. Most of our stock awards provide for immediate vesting upon death or disability of the participant. In addition, our stock grants to employees provide for accelerated vesting of our stock-based awards, other than performance-based and market-based awards, upon retirement, if the stock award has been held for at least one year by the recipient. In accordance with the terms of our stock grants, for employees who will become retirement eligible prior to the vest date we expense stock-based awards, other than performance-based and market-based awards, over the greater of one year or the period between grant date and retirement-eligibility. The performance-based and market-based awards discussed above do not contain provisions that would accelerate the full vesting of the awards upon retirement-eligibility.
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We recognize stock-based compensation expense for the value of the portion of awards that are ultimately expected to vest. FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation allows forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The term “forfeitures” is distinct from “cancellations” or “expirations” and represents only the unvested portion of the surrendered stock-based award. We have applied, based on an analysis of our historical forfeitures, a weighted-average annual forfeiture rate of approximately five percent to all unvested stock-based awards as of December 31, 2022, which represents the portion that we expect will be forfeited each year over the vesting period. We re-evaluate this analysis annually or more frequently if there are significant changes in circumstances and adjust the forfeiture rate as necessary. Ultimately, we will only recognize expense for those shares that vest.
Unrecognized Compensation Cost
We expect to recognize the following future expense for awards outstanding as of December 31, 2022:

| Unrecognized Compensation Cost (in millions) (1) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Vesting Period (in years)
Stock options | $ | 38 |  |  |
Non-vested stock awards | 181 |  |  |
| $ | 219 |  |  | 1.7

(1)Amounts presented represent compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In May 2022, our stockholders approved an additional 10 million shares that may be issued under our global employee stock purchase plan. Our global employee stock purchase plan now provides for the granting of options to purchase up to 60 million shares of our common stock to all eligible employees. Under the global employee stock purchase plan, we grant each eligible employee, at the beginning of each six-month offering period, an option to purchase shares of our common stock equal to not more than ten percent of the employee’s eligible compensation or the statutory limit under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Such options may be exercised only to the extent of accumulated payroll deductions at the end of the offering period, at a purchase price equal to 85 percent of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning or end of each offering period, whichever is less. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 11 million shares available for future issuance under the employee stock purchase plan. We temporarily suspended our global employee stock purchase plan for the offering period for the second half of 2020 due to cost-savings initiatives in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and resumed the plan beginning with the offering period for the first half of 2021.
Information related to shares issued or to be issued in connection with the employee stock purchase plan based on employee contributions and the range of purchase prices is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Shares issued or to be issued (in thousands) | 2,850 |  |  | 2,578 |  |  | 1,387 |
Range of purchase prices | $ | 31.68 |  | - | $ | 32.31 |  |  | $ | 29.98 |  | - | $ | 36.11 |  |  | $ | 29.84 |
Expense recognized (in millions) | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 10 |

We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the grant-date fair value of shares issued under the employee stock purchase plan. We recognize expense related to shares purchased through the employee stock purchase plan ratably over the offering period.
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NOTE L – WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | 1,430.5 |  |  | 1,422.3 |  |  | 1,416.7 |
Net effect of common stock equivalents | 9.2 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | — |
Weighted average shares outstanding - assuming dilution | 1,439.7 |  |  | 1,433.8 |  |  | 1,416.7 |

The following securities were excluded from the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding - assuming dilution because their effect in the periods presented below would have been antidilutive:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Common stock equivalents(1) | n/a |  | n/a |  | 14
Stock options outstanding(2) | 6 |  | 3 |  | 6
MCPS(3) | 24 |  | 24 |  | 14

(1) Represents common stock equivalents pursuant to our employee stock-based compensation plans, which are anti-dilutive in 2020 due to our Net loss position in this period.
(2) Represents stock options outstanding pursuant to our employee stock-based compensation plans with exercise prices that were greater than the average fair market value of our common stock for the related periods.
(3) Represents common stock issuable upon the conversion of MCPS. Refer to Note J – Stockholders' Equity for additional information.
We base Net income (loss) per common share - assuming dilution upon the weighted-average number of common shares and common stock equivalents outstanding during each year. Potential common stock equivalents are determined using the treasury stock method. We exclude stock options, stock awards and MCPS from the calculation if the effect would be anti-dilutive. The dilutive effect of MCPS is calculated using the if-converted method. The if-converted method assumes that these securities were converted to shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period to the extent that the effect is dilutive.
In 2022, 2021 and 2020, the effect of assuming the conversion of MCPS into shares of common stock was anti-dilutive, and therefore excluded from the calculation of earnings per share (EPS). Accordingly, Net income (loss) was reduced by cumulative Preferred stock dividends, as presented in our consolidated statements of operations, for purposes of calculating Net income (loss) available to common stockholders.
NOTE M – SEGMENT REPORTING
In the first quarter of 2022, we reorganized our operational structure in order to strengthen our category leadership in the markets we serve, and, in particular, benefit our Cardiology customers and patients. Following the reorganization, we have aggregated our core businesses into two reportable segments: MedSurg and Cardiovascular, each of which generates revenues from the sale of medical devices. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, we identified our reportable segments based on the nature of our products, production processes, type of customer, selling and distribution methods and regulatory environment, as well as the economic characteristics of each of our operating segments.
We measure and evaluate our reportable segments based on their respective net sales, operating income, excluding intersegment profits, and operating income as a percentage of net sales, all excluding the impact of foreign currency. We exclude from operating income of reportable segments certain corporate-related expenses and certain transactions or adjustments that our chief operating decision maker (CODM) considers to be non-operational, such as amounts related to amortization expense, goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits), restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits), certain litigation-related net charges (credits) and EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR) implementation costs. Although we exclude these amounts from operating income of reportable segments, they are included in reported Income (loss) before income taxes within our consolidated statements of operations and are included in the reconciliation below. Refer to Note N – Revenue for net sales by reportable segment presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
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A reconciliation of the totals reported for the reportable segments to the applicable line items within our accompanying consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in millions, except percentages). We have revised prior periods to conform to the current year presentation.

| Year Ended December 31,
Net sales | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
MedSurg | $ | 5,057 |  |  | $ | 4,616 |  |  | $ | 3,844 |
Cardiovascular | 8,161 |  |  | 7,212 |  |  | 5,913 |
Total net sales of reportable segments | 13,218 |  |  | 11,828 |  |  | 9,756 |
Other(1) | (60) |  |  | 13 |  |  | 219 |
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations | (476) |  |  | 47 |  |  | (65) |
| $ | 12,682 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 9,913 |

| Year Ended December 31,
Income (loss) before income taxes | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
MedSurg | $ | 1,625 |  |  | $ | 1,524 |  |  | $ | 1,156 |
Cardiovascular | 2,113 |  |  | 1,888 |  |  | 1,043 |
Total operating income of reportable segments | 3,737 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 2,198 |
Unallocated amounts: |  |  |  |  |
Corporate expenses, including hedging activities and impact of foreign currency fluctuations on operating income of reportable segments | (436) |  |  | (406) |  |  | (424) |
Intangible asset impairment charges, acquisition/divestiture-related net charges (credits), restructuring and restructuring-related net charges (credits), certain litigation-related net charges (credits) and EU MDR implementation costs | (789) |  |  | (1,070) |  |  | (1,208) |
Amortization expense | (803) |  |  | (741) |  |  | (789) |
Other(1) | (60) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 143 |
Operating income (loss) | 1,649 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | (80) |
Other income (expense), net | (508) |  |  | (123) |  |  | 1 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 1,141 |  |  | $ | 1,076 |  |  | $ | (79) |

(1) In 2022, amounts reflect sales reserves established for Italian government payback provisions, which are being disputed in the Italian court system. These amounts were not allocated to our reportable segments or considered by our CODM for resource allocation and decision-making purposes. In 2021 and 2020, amounts relate to our Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. On March 1, 2021, we completed the divestiture of the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. Prior to the divestiture, we presented the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business as a standalone operating segment alongside our reportable segments.

Operating income of reportable segments as a percentage of net sales of reportable segments | Year Ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
MedSurg | 32.1 | % |  | 33.0 | % |  | 30.1 | %
Cardiovascular | 25.9 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 17.6 | %

| Year Ended December 31,
Depreciation expense | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
MedSurg | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 90 |
Cardiovascular | 245 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 240 |
Total depreciation expense of reportable segments | 333 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 330 |
Other(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Consolidated depreciation expense | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 333 |

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| As of December 31,
Total assets | 2022 |  | 2021
MedSurg | $ | 2,501 |  |  | $ | 2,178 |
Cardiovascular | 5,205 |  |  | 4,417 |
Total assets of reportable segments | 7,706 |  |  | 6,595 |
Goodwill | 12,920 |  |  | 11,988 |
Other intangible assets, net | 5,902 |  |  | 6,121 |
All other corporate assets | 5,941 |  |  | 7,525 |
| $ | 32,469 |  |  | $ | 32,229 |

| As of December 31,
Long-lived assets | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
U.S. | $ | 1,241 |  |  | $ | 1,190 |  |  |
Ireland | 478 |  |  | 436 |  |  |
Costa Rica | 246 |  |  | 185 |  |  |
Other countries | 481 |  |  | 440 |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 2,446 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  |
Goodwill | 12,920 |  |  | 11,988 |  |  |
Other intangible assets, net | 5,902 |  |  | 6,121 |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets in Other long-term assets | 386 |  |  | 435 |  |  |
| $ | 21,653 |  |  | $ | 20,795 |  |  |

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NOTE N – REVENUE
We generate revenue primarily from the sale of single-use medical devices and present revenue net of sales taxes within our consolidated statements of operations. In the first quarter of 2022, we reorganized our business structure into five operating segments. The following tables disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by component and geographic region (in millions). We allocate revenue from contracts with customers to geographic regions based on the location where the sale originated. We have revised prior periods to conform to current year presentation:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Businesses | U.S. |  | Int'l |  | Total |  | U.S. |  | Int'l |  | Total |  | U.S. |  | Int'l |  | Total
Endoscopy | $ | 1,341 |  |  | $ | 880 |  |  | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | 919 |  |  | $ | 2,141 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 780 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |
Urology | 1,257 |  |  | 516 |  |  | 1,773 |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | 918 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 1,286 |
Neuromodulation | 715 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 917 |  |  | 713 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 909 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 761 |
MedSurg | 3,312 |  |  | 1,599 |  |  | 4,911 |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 4,633 |  |  | 2,528 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | 3,827 |
Interventional Cardiology Therapies | 744 |  |  | 1,485 |  |  | 2,228 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | 2,209 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 1,247 |  |  | 1,975 |
Watchman | 915 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 1,019 |  |  | 729 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 829 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 324 |
Cardiac Rhythm Management | 1,337 |  |  | 763 |  |  | 2,100 |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | 805 |  |  | 2,019 |  |  | 992 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 1,704 |
Electrophysiology | 275 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 287 |
Cardiology | 3,271 |  |  | 2,662 |  |  | 5,932 |  |  | 2,850 |  |  | 2,572 |  |  | 5,422 |  |  | 2,091 |  |  | 2,199 |  |  | 4,290 |
Peripheral Interventions | 1,048 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 1,899 |  |  | 996 |  |  | 824 |  |  | 1,820 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 1,577 |
Cardiovascular | 4,319 |  |  | 3,512 |  |  | 7,831 |  |  | 3,846 |  |  | 3,396 |  |  | 7,242 |  |  | 2,979 |  |  | 2,888 |  |  | 5,866 |
Other 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60) |  |  | 10 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 219 |
Total Net Sales | $ | 7,632 |  |  | $ | 5,111 |  |  | $ | 12,682 |  |  | $ | 6,911 |  |  | $ | 4,978 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 5,701 |  |  | $ | 4,212 |  |  | $ | 9,913 |

(1) In 2022, amounts reflect sales reserves established for Italian government payback provisions, which are being disputed in the Italian court system. These amounts were not allocated to our reportable segments or considered by our CODM for resource allocation and decision-making purposes. In 2021 and 2020, amounts relate to our Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. On March 1, 2021, we completed the divestiture of the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business. Prior to the divestiture, we presented the Specialty Pharmaceuticals business as a standalone operating segment alongside our reportable segments. Specialty Pharmaceuticals net sales were substantially U.S. based.
Refer to Note M – Segment Reporting for information on our reportable segments.

| Year Ended December 31,
Geographic Regions | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. | $ | 7,632 |  |  | $ | 6,901 |  |  | $ | 5,508 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 2,526 |  |  | 2,518 |  |  | 2,097 |
Asia-Pacific | 2,116 |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | 1,781 |
Latin America and Canada | 469 |  |  | 386 |  |  | 307 |
Other 1 | (60) |  |  | 13 |  |  | 219 |
Total Net Sales | $ | 12,682 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 9,913 |
Emerging Markets(2) | $ | 1,715 |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 1,138 |

(2) We define Emerging Markets as the 20 countries that we believe have strong growth potential based on their economic conditions, healthcare sectors and our global capabilities. Periodically, we assess our list of Emerging Markets countries, which currently include the following countries: Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Türkiye and Vietnam. We have revised prior period amounts to conform to the current year's presentation.
Contract liabilities are classified within Other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities within our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Our deferred revenue balance was $509 million as of December 31, 2022 and $484 million as of December 31, 2021. Our contractual liabilities are primarily composed of deferred revenue related to the LATITUDE™ Patient Management System within our Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) business, for which revenue is recognized over the
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average service period based on device and patient longevity. Our contractual liabilities also include deferred revenue related to the LUX-Dx™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) system, also within our CRM business, for which revenue is recognized over the average service period based on device longevity and usage. We recognized revenue of $156 million in 2022 that was included in the above contract liability balance as of December 31, 2021. We have elected not to disclose the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations when the original expected contract duration is one year or less. In addition, we have not identified material unfulfilled performance obligations for which revenue is not currently deferred.
We capitalize sales force commissions related to contracts with customers when the associated revenue is expected to be earned over a period that exceeds one year. Deferred commissions are primarily related to the sale of devices enabled with our LATITUDE™ Patient Management System. We have elected to expense commission costs when incurred for contracts with an expected duration of one year or less. Capitalized commission fees are amortized over the period the associated products or services are transferred. Similarly, we capitalize certain recoverable costs related to the delivery of the LATITUDE™ Remote Monitoring Service. These fulfillment costs are amortized over the average service period.
In 2020, we recorded $179 million in revenue reserves primarily related to our conversion to a consignment commercial model for our LAAC franchise with the launch of our next-generation WATCHMAN FLX™ Device in the U.S. In connection with the conversion, we repurchased customer-owned inventory and subsequently recognized revenue for consigned units as they were consumed.
Refer to Note A – Significant Accounting Policies for additional information on our accounting policies relating to revenue recognition.
NOTE O – CHANGES IN OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The following table provides the reclassifications out of Other comprehensive income, net of tax:

(in millions) | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Net Change in Derivative Financial Instruments |  |  |  | Net Change in Defined Benefit Pensions and Other Items |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  |  |  | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | 263 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (86) |  |  | 214 |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | 163 |
(Income) loss amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (8) |  |  | (150) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (157) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (94) |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 6 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 269 |

(in millions) | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Net Change in Derivative Financial Instruments |  |  |  | Net Change in Defined Benefit Pensions and Other Items |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |  |  | $ | (47) |  |  | $ | 207 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 12 |  |  | 208 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 228 |
(Income) loss amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (137) |  |  | (38) |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | (173) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (125) |  |  | 170 |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 56 |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  |  |  | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | 263 |

Refer to Note D – Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements for further detail on our net investment hedges recorded in Foreign currency translation adjustments and our cash flow hedges recorded in Net change in derivative financial instruments.
The gains and losses on defined benefit and pension items before reclassifications and gains and losses on defined benefit and pension items reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax were reduced by immaterial income tax impacts in 2022 and in 2021.
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NOTE P – NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Periodically, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies. Recently issued standards typically do not require adoption until a future effective date. Prior to their effective date, we evaluate the pronouncements to determine the potential effects of adoption on our consolidated financial statements. During 2022, we implemented the following standards, which did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
ASC Update No. 2021-05
In July 2021, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842): Lessors—Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments. The amendments in Update No. 2021-05 revise lessor lease classification guidance and require accounting for certain leases with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or rate as operating leases. Such classification is required if the lease would have been classified as a sales-type or direct financing lease in accordance with guidance in FASB ASC Topic 842 and the lessor would have otherwise recognized a day-one loss. Update No. 2021-05 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted Update No. 2021-05 in the first quarter of 2022 on a prospective basis.
ASC Update No. 2022-06
In December 2022, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. Update No. 2022-06 defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, in order to align with the March 2021 U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announcement that updated the intended cessation date of all currencies and tenors of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) to June 30, 2023. Update No. 2022-06 was effective immediately at issuance.
Standards to be Implemented
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. Update No. 2022-01 expands the current single-layer method to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio under the method, among other updates to these methods. Update No. 2022-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted on any date on or after the issuance of this update for any entity that has adopted the amendments in Update No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, for the corresponding period. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments- Credit Losses (Topic 326: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. Update No. 2022-02 makes amendments related to troubled debt restructurings for entities that have adopted Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as well as amendments related to vintage disclosures for entities with investments in financing receivables that have adopted Update No. 2016-13. Update No. 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Update No. 2022-02 should be applied prospectively, with the option of modified retrospective adoption for the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings. Early adoption is permitted on any date on or after the issuance of this update for any entity that has adopted the amendments in Update No. 2016-13. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. Update No. 2022-03 clarifies the guidance in Topic 820 related to measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, as well as introduces new disclosure requirements for these types of equity securities. Update No. 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance and the amendments in this update should be applied prospectively. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In September 2022, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2022-04, Liabilities— Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50). Update No. 2022-04 enhances the transparency of supplier finance programs by requiring that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose sufficient qualitative and quantitative information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to understand the program's nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude. Update No.
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2022-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on the newly required roll forward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted and should be applied retrospectively to each period in which a balance sheet is presented, except for the amendment on roll forward information, which should be applied prospectively. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
No other new accounting pronouncements, issued or effective in the period had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
NOTE Q – EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT PLANS
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Domestic Retirement Plans
Following our 2006 acquisition of Guidant, we assumed the Guidant Supplemental Retirement Plan, a frozen, non-qualified defined benefit plan for certain former officers and employees of Guidant. The Guidant Supplemental Retirement Plan was partially funded through a Rabbi Trust that contains segregated company assets within restricted cash used to pay the benefit obligations related to the plan.
We also maintain an Executive Retirement Plan, a defined benefit plan covering executive officers and other key contributors. Participants may retire with benefits once retirement conditions have been satisfied.
U.K. Plan
As a result of our 2019 acquisition of BTG plc. (BTG), we assumed a benefit obligation related to a defined benefit pension plan sponsored by BTG for eligible United Kingdom employees. During the second quarter of 2022, we transferred the benefit obligation and associated assets of the pension plan to third party insurers, and as a result, were relieved from primary responsibility of the benefit obligation and the related plan assets. The transaction did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
Other International Retirement Plans
In addition, we maintain retirement plans covering certain international employees.
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We use a December 31 measurement date for these plans and record the net unfunded and underfunded portion as a liability within non-current liabilities, with the current portion within accrued expenses, on the consolidated balance sheets, recognizing changes primarily through OCI. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the funded status of our plans were unfunded or underfunded in aggregate. The outstanding obligation is as follows:

| As of December 31, 2022
(in millions) | Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) |  | Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) |  | Fair value of Plan Assets |  | Unfunded/Underfunded PBO Recognized
Domestic Retirement Plans | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55 |
Other International Retirement Plans | 140 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 51 |
| $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 105 |

| As of December 31, 2021
(in millions) | Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) |  | Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) |  | Fair value of Plan Assets |  | Unfunded/Underfunded PBO Recognized
Domestic Retirement Plans | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 59 |
U.K. Plan | 209 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 3 |
Other International Retirement Plans | 214 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 103 |
| $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 166 |

A rollforward of the changes in the PBO for our retirement plans is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning obligations | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 532 |
Acquired plans | — |  |  | 4 |
Service costs | 13 |  |  | 17 |
Interest costs | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Actuarial (gain) loss | (54) |  |  | (7) |
Plan curtailments/settlements | (191) |  |  | — |
Plan amendments and assumption changes | (25) |  |  | (6) |
Benefits paid | (6) |  |  | (22) |
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations | (37) |  |  | (20) |
Ending obligation | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 502 |

The critical assumptions associated with our employee retirement plans for 2022 are as follows:

| Weighted Average Discount Rate |  | Weighted Average Expected Return |  |  |  | Weighted Average Rate of Compensation Increase(1)
Domestic Retirement Plans | 5.32% |  | n/a |  | 2.00%
Other International Retirement Plans | 2.62% |  |  |  | 2.27% |  | 3.00%

(1) Rates of compensation increase were not weighted by relative fair value. As such, the amount represents the median of the inputs and is not a weighted average.
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The critical assumptions associated with our employee retirement plans for 2021 are as follows:

| Weighted Average Discount Rate |  | Weighted Average Expected Return |  | Weighted Average Rate of Compensation Increase(1)
Domestic Retirement Plans | 2.40% |  | n/a |  | 1.50%
U.K. Plan | 0.70% |  | 0.70% |  | n/a
Other International Retirement Plans | 0.82% |  | 2.16% |  | 2.60%

(1) Rates of compensation increase were not weighted by relative fair value. As such, the amount represents the median of the inputs and is not a weighted average.
A rollforward of the changes in the fair value of plan assets for our funded retirement plans is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning fair value | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 355 |
Acquired plans | — |  |  | 1 |
Actual return on plan assets | (2) |  |  | 5 |
Employer contributions | 16 |  |  | 12 |
Participant contributions | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Plan curtailments/settlements | (185) |  |  | — |
Actuarial gain (loss) | (25) |  |  | (4) |
Benefits paid | (9) |  |  | (22) |
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations | (32) |  |  | (13) |
Ending fair value | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 336 |

For our defined benefit plans, excluding our U.K. Plan, we base our discount rate on the rates of return available on high-quality bonds with maturities approximating the expected period over which benefits will be paid. The rate of compensation increase is based on historical and expected rate increases. We base our rate of expected return on plan assets on historical experience, our investment guidelines and expectations for long-term rates of return. Our assets are invested in a variety of securities, primarily equity securities and government bonds. These securities are considered Level 1 and Level 2 investments.
Prior to the transfer, the U.K. Plan utilized the insurance buy-in methodology and based its discount rate on a yield curve reflective of the market pricing obtained in the most recent buy-in transaction, which occurred prior to the acquisition of BTG, and movements in market-observed buy-in pricing as of December 31, 2021. We believed this to be a reasonable proxy for an effective settlement rate of the buy-in assets. The discount rate was calculated as the single equivalent assumption that gives the same value of the liabilities as if the figures were calculated using the full yield curve. We assumed that all pension increases would continue to be linked to the Retail Price Inflation (RPI), both before and after retirement, for all members, with the exception of post-88 Guaranteed Minimum Pensions (GMP), which would be based on Consumer Price Inflation (CPI). We based our rate of expected return on plan assets as equal to the discount rate used to value the buy-in assets. The U.K. Plan assets' investment policy was to invest in fully matching assets. This was achieved through the purchase of two buy-in policies (Buy-in contracts), which provided payments designed to equal all future benefit payments due from the fund. As of December 31, 2021, the Buy-in contracts represented 100 percent of the total plan assets, as compared to the target percentage of 100 percent, and are considered Level 3 investments.
The following table presents the fair value hierarchy of the U.K. Plan assets measured at fair value:

| As of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2021 |  |
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buy-in contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Changes in the fair value of the U.K. Plan Level 3 assets were as follows:

(in millions) | Buy-in Contracts
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 205 |
Actual return on plan assets | 0 |
Employer contributions | 1 |
Plan curtailments/settlements | (160) |
Actuarial gain (loss) | (24) |
Benefits paid | (2) |
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations | (22) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | — |

Expected benefit payments are estimated based on the same assumptions used in determining our benefit obligation as of December 31, 2022. Actual benefit payments will depend on future employment and compensation, average years employed and average life spans, in addition to other factors. Changes in any of these factors could significantly impact these estimated future benefit payments. Benefit payments expected to be paid during the next ten years for our Domestic Retirement Plans and our Other International Retirement Plans are as follows:

(in millions) | Post Retirement Benefits
2023 | $ | 15 |
2024 | 8 |
2025 | 13 |
2026 | 14 |
2027 | 14 |
2028 - 2032 | 70 |

Defined Contribution Plan
We also sponsor a voluntary 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan for eligible employees. We match 200 percent of employee elective deferrals for the first two percent of employee eligible compensation and 50 percent of employee elective deferrals greater than two percent, but not exceeding six percent, of employee eligible compensation. Total expense for our matching contributions to the plan was $123 million in 2022, $118 million in 2021 and $102 million in 2020.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022 pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and ensure that such material information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on their evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s annual report on our internal control over financial reporting is contained in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The report of Ernst & Young LLP on our internal control over financial reporting is contained in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
During 2022, we began a multi-year implementation of a new global enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, which will replace our existing system. The implementation is expected to occur in phases over the next several years. As the phased implementation occurs, it may result in changes to our processes and procedures which may result in changes to our internal controls over financial reporting. As such changes occur, we will evaluate quarterly whether they materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
2023 Restructuring Plan
On February 22, 2023, our Board of Directors approved, and we committed to, a new global restructuring program (the 2023 Restructuring Plan). The 2023 Restructuring Plan is intended to meet evolving global market demands and conditions by ensuring that we are structured and resourced to support our strategic imperatives and deliver sustainable value.
The 2023 Restructuring Plan will further build on our Global Supply Chain Optimization strategy, which is intended to simplify our manufacturing and distribution network by transferring certain production lines among facilities and expand operational efficiencies and resiliency. Key activities under the 2023 Restructuring Plan will also include optimizing certain functional capabilities to better support business growth and achieve cost synergies. These activities are expected to be initiated in the first quarter of 2023, and substantially completed by the end of 2025.
While we expect limited role reductions as a result of these restructuring activities, we anticipate that our overall employee base will remain relatively unchanged upon completion of the 2023 Restructuring Plan as new jobs are created in areas of growth and resources are deployed to support an expanding portfolio and growing global market needs.
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The implementation of the 2023 Restructuring Plan is estimated to result in total pre-tax charges of approximately $450 million to $550 million, of which approximately $350 million to $450 million is expected to result in future cash outlays. The following table provides a summary of our estimates of total pre-tax charges associated with the 2023 Restructuring Plan by major type of cost:

Type of Cost (in millions) | Total Estimated Amount Expected to be Incurred
Restructuring charges: |  |  |
Termination benefits(1) | $60 | - | $80
Other(2) | 40 | - | 60
Restructuring-related expenses: |  |  |
Transfer costs | 250 |  | 280
Other(3) | 100 | - | 130
| $450 | - | $550

(1) Plans detailing specific employee impacts will be developed for each affected region and business, working with employee representative bodies where required under local laws.
(2) Consists primarily of consulting fees and costs associated with contractual cancellations.
(3) Comprised of other costs directly related to the restructuring program, including program management, accelerated depreciation, fixed asset write-offs, and costs to transfer product lines among facilities.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Our independent registered public accounting firm is Ernst & Young LLP, New York, NY, (PCAOB ID 42).
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements.
The response to this portion of Item 15 is set forth under Item 8.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules.
The response to this portion of Item 15 (Schedule II) follows the signature page to this report. All other financial statement schedules are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
(a)(3) Exhibits (* documents filed or furnished with this report, # compensatory plans or arrangements)

EXHIBIT NO. | TITLE
3.1 |  | Third Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed February 28, 2008, File No. 1-11083).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
3.3 |  | Certificate of Designations of 5.50% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on May 26, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2020, File No. 1-11083).
4.1 |  | Specimen Certificate for shares of the Company's Common Stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1. File No. 33-46980).
4.2 |  | Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed on February 23, 2022, File No. 1-11083).
4.3 |  | Indenture dated as of June 25, 2004, between the Company and JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 25, 2004, File No. 1-11083).
4.4 |  | Indenture dated as of November 18, 2004, between the Company and J.P. Morgan Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2004, File No. 1-11083).
4.5 |  | First Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 21, 2006 between the Company and J.P. Morgan Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 26, 2006, File No. 1-11083).
4.6 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 26, 2006 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.6 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 26, 2006, File No. 1-11083).

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4.7 |  | Form of Global Security for the 6.25% Notes due 2035 in the aggregate principal amount of $350,000,000, and Notice to Holders thereof (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 and Exhibit 99.7 to the Company's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2005 and April 26, 2006, respectively, File No. 1-11083).
4.8 |  | Indenture dated as of June 1, 2006, between the Company and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2006, File No. 1-11083).
4.9 |  | 7.375% Senior Note due January 15, 2040 in the aggregate principal amount of $300,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 14, 2009, File No. 1-11083).
4.10 |  | Indenture dated as of May 29, 2013, between the Company and U.S. Bank Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Com p a ny's Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No 333-188918.
4.11 |  | Form of 4.000% Senior Note Due March 1, 2028 in the aggregate amount of $500,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2018, File No. 1-11083).
4.12 |  | Form of 3.450% Senior Note due March 1, 2024 in the aggregate amount of $850,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
4.13 |  | Form of 3.750% Senior Note due March 1, 2026 in the aggregate amount of $850,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
4.14 |  | Form of 4.000% Senior Note due March 1, 2029 in the aggregate amount of $850,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
4.15 |  | Form of 4.550% Senior Note due March 1, 2039 in the aggregate amount of $750,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
4.16 |  | Form of 4.700% Senior Note Due March 1, 2049 in the aggregate amount of $100,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
4.17 |  | Form of 0.625% Senior Note Due December 1, 2027 in the aggregate amount of €900,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
4.18 |  | Form of 1.900% Senior Note Due June 1, 2025 in the aggregate amount of $500,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2020, File No. 1-11083).
4.19 |  | Form of 2.650% Senior Note due June 1, 2030 in the aggregate amount of $1,200,000,000 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2020, File No. 1-11083).
4.20 |  | Indenture dated as of March 8, 2022, among the Company, American Medical Systems Europe B.V., and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2022, File No. 1-11083).

127

4.21 |  | Form of 0.750% Senior Note due March 8, 2025 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2022, File No. 1-11083).
4.22 |  | Form of 1.375% Senior Note due March 8, 2028 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2022, File No. 1-11083).
4.23 |  | Form of 1.625% Senior Note due March 8, 2031 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2022, File No. 1-11083).
4.24 |  | Form of 1.875% Senior Note due March 8, 2034 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2022, File No. 1-11083).
10.1 |  | Form of Omnibus Amendment dated as of December 21, 2006, among the Company, Boston Scientific Funding Corporation, Variable Funding Capital Company LLC, Victory Receivables Corporation and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., New York Branch (Amendment No. 1 to Receivables Sale Agreement and Amendment No. 9 to Credit and Security Agreement) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Annual Report on 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006 filed on March 1, 2007, File No. 1-11083).
10.2 |  | Form of Amended and Restated Receivables Sale Agreement dated as of November 7, 2007 between the Company and each of its Direct or Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries that Hereafter Becomes a Seller Hereunder, as the Sellers, and Boston Scientific Funding LLC, as the Buyer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 13, 2007, File No. 1-11083).
10.3 |  | License Agreement among Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cook Incorporated and the Company dated July 9, 1997, and related Agreement dated December 13, 1999 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002, filed on March 31, 2003, File No. 1-11083).
10.4 |  | Amendment between Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the Company dated November 23, 2004 modifying July 9, 1997 License Agreement among Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cook Incorporated and the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 24, 2004, File No. 1-11083).
10.5 |  | Transaction Agreement, dated as of January 8, 2006, as amended, between the Company and Abbott Laboratories (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.47, Exhibit 10.48, Exhibit 10.49 and Exhibit 10.50 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2005, filed on March 1, 2006, and Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 7, 2006, File No. 1-11083).
10.6 |  | Settlement Agreement among Johnson & Johnson, Guidant LLC and the Company, dated as of February 13, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 30, 2015, filed on May 6, 2015, File No. 1-11083).
10.7 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) under the Company's 2000 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 10, 2004, File No. 1-11083).#
10.8 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, as filed August 7, 2012. File No. 1-11083).#
10.9 |  | Form of Boston Scientific Corporation Excess Benefit Plan, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits 10.1 and 10.4 to the Company's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed on July 5, 2005 and December 22, 2008, respectively, File No. 1-11083).#

128

10.10 |  | Form of Trust under the Boston Scientific Corporation Excess Benefit Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 5, 2005, File No. 1-11083).#
10.11 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation Deferred Bonus Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 17, 2010, File No. 1-11083).#
10.12 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, Amended and Restated, effective January 1, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2010, as filed February 17, 2011, File No. 1-11083).#
10.13 |  | Form of First Amendment to Boston Scientific Corporation 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, filed on February 17, 2012, File No. 1-11083).#
10.14 |  | Form of Second Amendment to Boston Scientific Corporation 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, as amended and restated, (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, filed on August 7, 2012, File No. 1-11083).#
10.15 |  | Form of Third Amendment to Boston Scientific Corporation 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012, filed on November 6, 2012, File No. 1-11083).#
10.16 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, filed on February 17, 2012, File No. 1-11083).#
10.17 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) under the Company's 2003 and 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plans (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011, filed on August 5, 2011, File No. 1-11083).#
10.18 |  | Form of Offer Letter dated September 6, 2011 between the Company and Michael F. Mahoney, as supplemented September 13, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 19, 2011, File No. 1-11083).#
10.19 |  | Form of Amendment, dated February 14, 2012, to Offer Letter dated September 6, 2011 between the Company and Michael F. Mahoney, as supplemented September 13, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.100 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, filed on February 17, 2012, File No. 1-11083).#
10.20 |  | Form of Offer Letter by and between the Company and Joseph M. Fitzgerald dated February 27, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 30, 2015, filed on May 6, 2015, File No. 1-11083). #
10.21 |  | Boston Scientific Deferred Compensation Option Program (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed on August 27, 2002, File No. 333-98755).#
10.22 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation Domestic Relocation Policy Tier 5 Executive Officer Homeowner, effective January 2007 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.118 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed on February 22, 2013, File No. 1-11083).#
10.23 |  | Form of Letter to Key Management Personnel re: Change in Control Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2013, File No. 1-11083).

129

10.24 |  | Form of Offer Letter by and between the Company and Daniel J. Brennan, dated October 22, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed October 24, 2013 File No. 1-11083). #
10.25 |  | Form of Long-Term Incentive Plan Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, filed on August 7, 2013, File No. 1-11083).#
10.26 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation U.S. Severance Plan for Exempt Employees, as amended and restated, effective August 1, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, filed on August 7, 2013, File No. 1-11083).#
10.27 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan of the Company, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 31, 2008, File No. 1-11083).#
10.28 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013, filed on November 5, 2013, File No. 1-11083).#
10.29 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2006 Global Employee Stock Ownership Plan, as amended and restated, effective July 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed on August 6, 2014, File No. 1-11083). #
10.30 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated effective August 1, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2016, File No. 1-11083). #
10.31 |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014, filed on November 5, 2014, File No. 1-11083). #
10.32 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014, filed on November 5, 2014, File No. 1-11083). #
10.33 |  | Form of Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014, filed on November 5, 2014, File No. 1-11083). #
10.34 |  | First Amendment to Boston Scientific Corporation Deferred Bonus Plan, effective January 1, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014, filed on November 5, 2014, File No. 1-11083). #
10.35 |  | Form of 2016 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, filed on May 4, 2016, File No. 1-11083). #
10.36 |  | Form of 2017 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed on May 3, 2017, File No. 1-11083).#

130

10.37 |  | Second Amended and Restated Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of February 7, 2017, by and among Boston Scientific Funding LLC, Boston Scientific Corporation, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, New York Branch, as Lenders, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and SMBC Nikko Securities America, Inc., as Co-Agents, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2017, File No. 1-11083).
10.38 |  | Second Amended and Restated Receivables Sale Agreement, dated as of February 7, 2017, by and among Boston Scientific Corporation, each of its direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries that become a seller thereunder and Boston Scientific Funding LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2017, File No. 1-11083).
10.39 |  | Form of 2018 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's the 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, as filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083).#
10.40 |  | Form of 2018 Global Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083).#
10.41 |  | Form of 2018 Acquisition-Related Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083). #
10.42 |  | Form of 2018 Acquisition-Related Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083). #
10.43 |  | Form of 2018 Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083). #
10.44 |  | Form of 2018 Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083). #
10.45 |  | Form of 2018 Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan# (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Current Report on Form 10-Q quarter ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 1, 2018, File No. 1-11083). #
10.46 |  | Form of 2019 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on April 29, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#
10.47 |  | Form of 2019 Global Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on April 29, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#
10.48 |  | Form of 2019 Global Acquisition-Related Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on April 9, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#
10.49 |  | Form of 2019 Global Acquisition-Related Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on April 29, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#

131

10.50 |  | Form of 2019 Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on April 29, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#
10.51 |  | Form of 2019 Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed on April 29, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#
10.52 |  | Underwriting Agreement, dated February 21, 2019, as supplemented by the Terms Agreement, dated February 21, 2019, among the Company and Barclays Capital Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as representatives of the underwriters (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019, File No. 1-11083).
10.53 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2020 Total Shareholder Return Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1, 2020 - December 31, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 20, 2019 File No. 1-11083).#
10.54 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2020 Free Cash Flow Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1 - December 31, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 20, 2019, File No. 1-11083).#
10.55* |  | Form of 2020 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.56* |  | Form of 2020 Global Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.57* |  | Form of 2020 Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.58* |  | Form of 2020 Deferred Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company's 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.59 |  | Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2020, File No. 1-11083).#
10.60 |  | Underwriting Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2020, as supplemented by the Terms Agreement, dated May 14, 2020, among Boston Scientific Corporation and Barclays Capital Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as representatives of the underwriters. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2020, File No. 1-11083).
10.61 |  | Underwriting Agreement relating to the Common Stock, dated as of May 21, 2020, among Boston Scientific Corporation and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and BofA Securities Inc., as representatives of the underwriters. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2020, File No. 1-11083).
10.62 |  | Underwriting Agreement relating to the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, dated as of May 21, 2020, among Boston Scientific Corporation and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and BofA Securities Inc., as representatives of the underwriters. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2020, File No. 1-11083).
10.63 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2021 Total Shareholder Return Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1, 2021 - December 31, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 24, 2020, File No. 1-11083).#

132

10.64 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2021 Free Cash Flow Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1 - December 31, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 24, 2020, File No. 1-11083).#
10.65* |  | Form of 2021 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.66* |  | Form of 2021 Global Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.67* |  | Form of 2021 Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Total Shareholder Return). #
10.68* |  | Form of 2021 Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Free Cash Flow). #
10.69* |  | Form of 2021 Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.70* |  | Form of 2021 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.71 |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2021, by and among Boston Scientific Corporation, the several lenders parties thereto, Barclays Bank PLC, Citibank, N.A., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A as documentation agents, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2021, File No. 1-11083)
10.72* |  | Amendment, dated as of December 21, 2022, to Credit Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2021, by and among Boston Scientific Corporation, the several lenders parties thereto, Barclays Bank PLC, Citibank, N.A., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A as documentation agents, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent.
10.73 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2022 Annual Bonus Plan, Performance Period January 1 - December 31, 2022 effective as of January 1, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 23, 2021, File No. 001-11083).#
10.74 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2022 Total Shareholder Return Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1, 2022 - December 31, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 23, 2021, File No. 001-11083).#
10.75 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2022 Free Cash Flow Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1 - December 31, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 23, 2021, File No. 001-11083).#
10.76* |  | Form of 2022 Global Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.77* |  | Form of 2022 Global Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.78* |  | Form of 2022 Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Total Shareholder Return). #

133

10.79* |  | Form of 2022 Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Free Cash Flow). #
10.80* |  | Form of 2022 Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.81* |  | Form of 2022 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan. #
10.82 |  | Form of EC Non-CEO Change in Control Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2022, File No. 1-11083). #
10.83* |  | Form of Offer Letter by and between the Company and Arthur Butcher, dated April 1, 2022. #
10.84* |  | Form of Offer Letter by and between the Company and Jeffrey Mirviss, dated December 11, 2012. #
10.85* |  | Boston Scientific Corporation Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2023. #
10.86 |  | Employee Stock Purchase Plan, Amended and Restated Effective as of July 1, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2022, File No.1-11083). #
10.87 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2023 Annual Bonus Plan, Performance Period January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2022, File No. 1-11083). #
10.88 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2023 Relative Total Shareholder Return Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1, 2023 – December 31, 2025 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2022, File No. 1-11083). #
10.89 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation 2023 Organic Net Sales Growth Performance Share Program, Performance Period January 1 – December 31, 2023, (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2022, File No. 1-11083)). #
21* |  | List of Boston Scientific's subsidiaries as of January 31, 202 3.
23* |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP.
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

134

101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101)

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
135

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | Boston Scientific Corporation
|  | By: |  | /s/ Daniel J. Brennan
|  |  |  | Daniel J. Brennan
|  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  | (duly authorized officer and principal financial officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Daniel J. Brennan
|  |  |  | Daniel J. Brennan
|  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Michael F. Mahoney
|  |  |  | Michael F. Mahoney
|  |  |  | Director, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Jonathan R. Monson
|  |  |  | Jonathan R. Monson
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President, Global Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Nelda J. Connors
|  |  |  | Nelda J. Connors
|  |  |  | Director

136

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Charles J. Dockendorff
|  |  |  | Charles J. Dockendorff
|  |  |  | Director

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Yoshiaki Fujimori
|  |  |  | Yoshiaki Fujimori
|  |  |  | Director

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Donna A. James
|  |  |  | Donna A. James
|  |  |  | Director

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Edward J. Ludwig
|  |  |  | Edward J. Ludwig
|  |  |  | Director

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ David J. Roux
|  |  |  | David J. Roux
|  |  |  | Director

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Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ John E. Sununu
|  |  |  | John E. Sununu
|  |  |  | Director

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ David S. Wichmann
|  |  |  | David S. Wichmann
|  |  |  | Director

Dated: February 23, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Ellen M. Zane
|  |  |  | Ellen M. Zane
|  |  |  | Director

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Schedule II
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

Description (in millions) | Balance at Beginning of Year |  | Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13(1) |  | Credit loss exposure(1) |  | Write-offs(2) |  |  |  | Balance at End of Year
Year Ended December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances for credit losses | $ | 108 |  |  | n/a |  | 35 |  |  | (35) |  |  |  |  | $ | 109 |
Year Ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances for credit losses | $ | 105 |  |  | n/a |  | 28 |  |  | (25) |  |  |  |  | $ | 108 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances for uncollectible accounts | $ | 74 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  | $ | 105 |

(1) Following the adoption of FASB ASC Topic 326 as of January 1, 2020, we record credit loss reserves to Allowance for credit losses when we establish Trade accounts receivable if credit losses are expected over the asset's contractual life. Subsequent credit loss reserves are recorded when deemed uncollectible. Amounts shown within credit loss exposure above were established through selling, general and administrative expense.
(2) Represents actual write-offs of uncollectible accounts.
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