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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
NOTE 16—INCOME TAXES
We recognize the current and deferred tax consequences of all transactions that have been recognized in the financial statements using the provisions of the enacted tax laws. Current income tax expense represents our estimated taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period and includes income tax expense related to our uncertain tax positions, as well as tax-related interest and penalties. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We record the effect of remeasuring deferred tax assets and liabilities due to a change in tax rates or laws as a component of income tax expense related to continuing operations for the period in which the change is enacted. We release income tax effects stranded in AOCI when an entire portfolio of the type of item is sold, terminated or extinguished. Income tax benefits are recognized when, based on their technical merits, they are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. The amount recognized is the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement.
The following table presents significant components of the provision for income taxes attributable to continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Table 16.1: Significant Components of the Provision for Income Taxes Attributable to Continuing Operations
 Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202420232022
Current income tax provision:
Federal taxes$1,598 $1,423 $2,125 
State taxes395 382 423 
International taxes23 76 104 
Total current provision$2,016 $1,881 $2,652 
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal taxes$(704)$(547)$(662)
State taxes(178)(145)(112)
International taxes29 (31)2 
Total deferred provision (benefit)(853)(723)(772)
Total income tax provision$1,163 $1,158 $1,880 
The international income tax provision is related to pre-tax earnings from foreign operations of approximately $266 million, $230 million and $462 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Total income tax provision does not reflect the tax effects of items that are included in AOCI, which include a tax benefit of $280 million in 2024, tax provision of $455 million in 2023, and a tax benefit of $3.2 billion in 2022. See “Note 11—Stockholders’ Equity” for additional information.
The following table presents the reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate applicable to income from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Table 16.2: Effective Income Tax Rate
 Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Income tax at U.S. federal statutory tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal benefit3.5 3.4 3.1 
Non-deductible expenses1.6 1.4 0.6 
Affordable housing, new markets and other tax credits(6.2)(6.8)(4.2)
Tax-exempt interest and other nontaxable income(0.9)(0.8)(0.4)
Changes in valuation allowance0.6 0.8 1.0 
Other, net0.1 0.2 (0.8)
Effective income tax rate19.7 %19.2 %20.3 %
The following table presents significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The valuation allowance below represents the adjustment of our foreign tax credit carryforward, certain state deferred tax assets and net operating loss carryforwards to the amount we have determined is more likely than not to be realized.
Table 16.3: Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
(Dollars in millions)December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses$3,730 $3,538 
Net unrealized loss on securities
2,527 2,223 
Rewards programs898 801 
Premises, equipment and software
607 278 
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards519 514 
Net unrealized loss on derivatives505 470 
Compensation and employee benefits479 444 
Other assets997 974 
Subtotal10,262 9,242 
Valuation allowance(529)(496)
Total deferred tax assets9,733 8,746 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right-of-use assets248 253 
Partnership investments133 148 
Goodwill and intangibles11657
Mortgage servicing rights76 85 
Loan Fees & Expenses4848
Original issue discount0 121
Other liabilities60 95 
Total deferred tax liabilities681 807 
Net deferred tax assets$9,052 $7,939 

Our gross federal net operating loss carryforwards were $3 million and $7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The net tax values of our state net operating loss and interest deduction carryforwards were $301 million and $273 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and they will expire from 2025 to 2043. Our foreign tax credit carryforwards were $214 million and $207 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and they will expire from 2029 to 2034.
Our valuation allowance increased by $33 million to $529 million as of December 31, 2024 compared to $496 million as of December 31, 2023. Of the total increase, $7 million is related to the current year increase in our foreign tax credit carryforwards that will not be realized prior to expiration and $29 million increase is related to increased state net operating losses and interest carryforwards to the amount we have determined is more likely than not to be realized.
We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense. We recognized a $4 million and $1 million tax expense in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1 million tax benefit in 2022.
The following table presents the accrued balance of tax, interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.
Table 16.4: Reconciliation of the Change in Unrecognized Tax Benefits
(Dollars in millions)Gross
Unrecognized
Tax Benefits		Accrued
Interest and
Penalties		Gross Tax,
Interest and
Penalties
Balance as of January 1, 2022$405 $14 $419 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year3 0 3 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years14 6 20 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years due to IRS and other settlements(381)(10)(391)
Balance as of December 31, 202241 10 51 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year2 0 2 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years10 4 14 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years due to IRS and other settlements(20)(7)(27)
Balance as of December 31, 202333 7 40 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year12 0 12 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years28 5 33 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years due to IRS and other settlements(8)(1)(9)
Balance as of December 31, 2024$65 $11 $76 
Portion of balance at December 31, 2024 that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate$60 $9 $69 
We are subject to examination by the IRS and other tax authorities in certain countries and states in which we operate. The tax years subject to examination vary by jurisdiction. During 2024, we continued to participate in the IRS Compliance Assurance Process (“CAP”) for our open federal income tax return years and have been accepted into CAP for 2025. During 2024, the IRS continued its post-filing examination of our 2021 and 2022 Federal income tax returns and pre-filings examination of our 2023 Federal income tax return.We expect our 2021, 2022 and 2023 exams to be concluded by December 31, 2025. We also expect that the IRS review of our 2024 Federal income tax return will be substantially completed in 2025 prior to its filing.
It is reasonably possible that further adjustments to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits may be made within 12 months of the reporting date as a result of future judicial or regulatory interpretations of existing tax laws. At this time, an estimate of the potential changes to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits cannot be made.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $1.6 billion of unremitted earnings of subsidiaries operating outside the U.S. that upon repatriation would have no additional U.S. income taxes. In accordance with the guidance for accounting for income taxes in special areas, nearly all these earnings are considered by management to be invested indefinitely.
As of December 31, 2024, retained earnings included approximately $287 million of pre-1987 bad debt reserves of acquired thrift institutions, for which no deferred federal income tax liability has been recognized. These amounts are subject to recapture and to federal income tax at the current corporate tax rate in the unlikely event that CONA, as the successor to the merged and acquired entities, makes distributions in excess of earnings and profits, redeems its stock or liquidates.