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Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable, Gross, Allowance, and Net [Abstract] |
Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments |
NOTE 5—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND RESERVE FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS
Our allowance for credit losses represents management’s current estimate of expected credit losses over the contractual terms of our loans held for investment as of each balance sheet date. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off are recognized within the allowance. Significant judgment is applied in our estimation of lifetime credit losses. When developing an estimate of expected credit losses, we use both quantitative and qualitative methods in considering all available information relevant to assessing collectibility. This may include internal information, external information, or a combination of both relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Our estimate of expected credit losses includes a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year and then reverts over a one-year period to historical losses at each relevant loss component of the estimate. Management will consider and may qualitatively adjust for conditions, changes and trends in loan portfolios that may not be captured in modeled results. These adjustments are referred to as qualitative factors and represent management’s judgment of the imprecision and risks inherent in the processes and assumptions used in establishing the allowance for credit losses. We have unfunded lending commitments in our Commercial Banking business that are not unconditionally cancellable by us and for which we estimate expected credit losses in establishing a reserve. This reserve is measured using the same measurement objectives as the allowance for loans held for investment. We build or release the reserve for unfunded lending commitments through the provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income. The related reserve for unfunded lending commitments is included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2024 Form 10-K for further discussion of the methodology and policies for determining our allowance for credit losses for each of our loan portfolio segments, as well as information on our reserve for unfunded lending commitments. Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity The table below summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded lending commitments by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Our allowance for credit losses increased by $6.8 billion to $23.1 billion as of September 30, 2025 from December 31, 2024. Table 5.1: Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
(Dollars in millions) |  | Credit Card |  | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 |  | $ | 20,474 |  |  | $ | 1,864 |  |  | $ | 1,535 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,873 |
Charge-offs |  | (4,211) |  |  | (669) |  |  | (61) |  |  |  |  | (4,941) |
Recoveries(1) |  | 1,110 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  | 1,468 |
Net charge-offs |  | (3,101) |  |  | (326) |  |  | (46) |  |  |  |  | (3,473) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 2,364 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 2,713 |
Allowance build (release) for credit losses |  | (737) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (37) |  |  |  |  | (760) |
Other changes(2) |  | (10) |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | (10) |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 19,727 |  |  | 1,878 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  |  |  | 23,103 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | 135 |
Provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | 135 |
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 19,727 |  |  | $ | 1,878 |  |  | $ | 1,633 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,238 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
(Dollars in millions) |  | Credit Card |  | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 12,974 |  |  | $ | 1,884 |  |  | $ | 1,400 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,258 |
Charge-offs(3) |  | (10,779) |  |  | (1,957) |  |  | (180) |  |  |  |  | (12,916) |
Recoveries(1) |  | 2,551 |  |  | 1,058 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  | 3,647 |
Net charge-offs |  | (8,228) |  |  | (899) |  |  | (142) |  |  |  |  | (9,269) |
Initial allowance for purchased credit deteriorated loans |  | 2,870 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 2,870 |
Benefit from expected recoveries of charged off loans(4) |  | (3,305) |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | (3,305) |
Provision for credit losses(5) |  | 15,388 |  |  | 893 |  |  | 240 |  |  |  |  | 16,521 |
Allowance build (release) for credit losses |  | 6,725 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 98 |  |  |  |  | 6,817 |
Other changes(2) |  | 28 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 28 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 19,727 |  |  | 1,878 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  |  |  | 23,103 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 143 |  |  |  |  | 143 |
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  | (8) |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | 135 |
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 19,727 |  |  | $ | 1,878 |  |  | $ | 1,633 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,238 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  | Credit Card |  | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | $ | 13,040 |  |  | $ | 2,065 |  |  | $ | 1,544 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,649 |
Charge-offs |  | (2,632) |  |  | (707) |  |  | (88) |  |  |  |  | (3,427) |
Recoveries(1) |  | 478 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 39 |  |  |  |  | 823 |
Net charge-offs |  | (2,154) |  |  | (401) |  |  | (49) |  |  |  |  | (2,604) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 2,084 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  | 2,470 |
Allowance release for credit losses |  | (70) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (14) |  |  |  |  | (134) |
Other changes(2) |  | 19 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 19 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 12,989 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  |  | 16,534 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 129 |  |  |  |  | 129 |
Provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  | 13 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 142 |  |  |  |  | 142 |
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 12,989 |  |  | $ | 2,015 |  |  | $ | 1,672 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,676 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  | Credit Card |  | Consumer Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 11,709 |  |  | $ | 2,042 |  |  | $ | 1,545 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,296 |
Charge-offs |  | (7,892) |  |  | (2,003) |  |  | (166) |  |  |  |  | (10,061) |
Recoveries(1) |  | 1,273 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 55 |  |  |  |  | 2,197 |
Net charge-offs |  | (6,619) |  |  | (1,134) |  |  | (111) |  |  |  |  | (7,864) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 7,888 |  |  | 1,107 |  |  | 96 |  |  |  |  | 9,091 |
Allowance build (release) for credit losses |  | 1,269 |  |  | (27) |  |  | (15) |  |  |  |  | 1,227 |
Other changes(2) |  | 11 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 11 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 12,989 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  |  | 16,534 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 158 |  |  |  |  | 158 |
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | (16) |  |  |  |  | (16) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 142 |  |  |  |  | 142 |
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 12,989 |  |  | $ | 2,015 |  |  | $ | 1,672 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,676 |
__________ (1)The amount and timing of recoveries are impacted by our collection strategies, which are based on customer behavior and risk profile and include direct customer communications, repossession of collateral, the periodic sale of charged off loans as well as additional strategies, such as litigation. (2)Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments. (3)Charge-offs exclude $19.4 billion of Discover loans acquired in the second quarter of 2025 that were fully charged-off, with expected recoveries of $3.3 billion included as a benefit to the allowance for credit losses. (4)Represents contractual rights to collect on recoveries of acquired Discover loans that are charged off. (5)The provision for credit losses includes the initial allowance for credit losses of $8.8 billion for non-PCD loans acquired in the Transaction. We charge off loans when we determine that the loan is uncollectible. The amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest, is charged off as a reduction to the allowance for credit losses in accordance with our accounting policies. For more information, see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2024 Form 10-K. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off are recognized within the allowance, with a corresponding reduction to our provision for credit losses. The table below presents gross charge-offs for loans held for investment by vintage year during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Table 5.2: Gross Charge-Offs by Vintage Year
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  | Term Loans by Vintage Year |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  | Prior |  | Total Term Loans |  | Revolving Loans |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
Credit Card |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic credit card |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | $ | 10,019 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 10,199 |
Personal loans |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 177 |
International card business |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 393 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 403 |
Total credit card |  | 6 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 10,412 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 10,779 |
Consumer Banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto |  | 91 |  |  | 518 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 265 |  |  |  |  | 132 |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 1,900 |
Retail banking |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 57 |
Total consumer banking |  | 91 |  |  | 518 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 265 |  |  |  |  | 133 |  |  | 1,901 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 1,957 |
Commercial Banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and multifamily real estate |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 28 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 152 |
Total commercial banking |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 180 |
Total |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 576 |  |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 2,210 |  |  | $ | 10,516 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 12,916 |
Credit Card Partnership Loss Sharing Arrangements We have certain credit card partnership agreements that are presented within our consolidated financial statements on a net basis, in which our partner agrees to share a portion of the credit losses on the underlying loan portfolio. The expected reimbursements from these partners are netted against our allowance for credit losses. Our methodology for estimating reimbursements is consistent with the methodology we use to estimate the allowance for credit losses on our credit card loan receivables. These expected reimbursements result in reductions in net charge-offs and the provision for credit losses. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2024 Form 10-K for further discussion of our credit card partnership agreements. The table below summarizes the changes in the estimated reimbursements from these partners for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Table 5.3: Summary of Credit Card Partnership Loss Sharing Arrangements Impacts
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Estimated reimbursements from partners, beginning of period |  | $ | 1,191 |  |  | $ | 1,210 |  |  |
Amounts due from partners for charged off loans |  | (154) |  |  | (157) |  |  |
Change in estimated partner reimbursements that decreased provision for credit losses |  | 95 |  |  | 102 |  |  |
Estimated reimbursements from partners, end of period |  | $ | 1,132 |  |  | $ | 1,155 |  |  |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Estimated reimbursements from partners, beginning of period |  | $ | 1,010 |  |  | $ | 2,014 |  |  |
Amounts due from partners for charged off loans |  | (491) |  |  | (734) |  |  |
Change in estimated partner reimbursements that (increased) decreased provision for credit losses |  | 613 |  |  | (125) |  |  |
Estimated reimbursements from partners, end of period |  | $ | 1,132 |  |  | $ | 1,155 |  |  |

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