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Business Combinations and Discontinued Operations | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, Transaction between Entities under Common Control, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract] |
Business Combinations and Discontinued Operations |
NOTE 2—BUSINESS COMBINATIONS AND DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
Discover Acquisition On February 19, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Capital One, Discover, a Delaware corporation and Vega Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”). On May 18, 2025, the Company closed the acquisition of Discover, pursuant to which (i) Merger Sub merged with and into Discover, with Discover as the surviving entity in the merger (the “Merger”); (ii) immediately following the Merger, Discover, as the surviving entity, merged with and into Capital One, with Capital One as the surviving entity in the second-step merger (the “Second Step Merger”); and (iii) immediately following the Second Step Merger, Discover Bank, a Delaware-chartered and wholly owned subsidiary of Discover, merged with and into CONA, with CONA as the surviving entity in the merger (the “CONA Bank Merger,” and collectively with the Merger and Second Step Merger, the “Transaction”). The Transaction enables the Company to leverage its newly acquired networks, customer base, technology, and data ecosystem to drive value for merchants, consumers, and small businesses. Upon closing, each share of common stock of Discover outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, other than certain shares held by Discover or Capital One, was converted into the right to receive 1.0192 shares of common stock of Capital One. Holders of Discover common stock received cash in lieu of fractional shares. At the effective time of the Second Step Merger, each share of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, of Discover, and each share of 6.125% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D, of Discover, in each case outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Second Step Merger, was converted into the right to receive a share of newly created Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series O or 6.125% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series P of Capital One. The following table summarizes the terms of the preferred stock issued as part of the Transaction. Table 2.1: Summary of Preferred Stock Terms
|  |  |  |  |  | Redeemable by Issuer Beginning |  | Per Annum Dividend Rate |  | Dividend Frequency |  | Liquidation Preference per Share |  | Total Shares Issued
Series |  | Description |  | Issuance Date |  |  |  |  |
Series O |  | Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative |  | May 18, 2025 |  | October 30, 2027 |  | 5.500% through 10/29/2027; resets 10/30/2027 and every quarter thereafter at three-month term SOFR + 3.338% |  | Semi-Annually through 10/30/2027;Quarterly thereafter |  | 100,000 |  |  | 5,700 |
Series P(1) |  | 6.125% Fixed- Rate Reset Non-Cumulative |  | May 18, 2025 |  | June 23, 2025 |  | 6.125% through 9/22/2025; resets 9/23/2025 and every subsequent 5 year anniversary at 5-Year Treasury Rate +5.783% |  | Semi-Annually |  | 100,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
________ (1)Series P was fully redeemed on June 30, 2025. See “Item 2. MD&A—Capital Management” for additional information. The Company reissued 256,497,213 shares of treasury stock valued at $50.6 billion as of the Closing Date to holders of Discover common stock, issued the 10,700 shares of Series O and Series P preferred stock described in the table above to holders of Discover preferred stock valued at $1.1 billion, and exchanged Discover stock-based compensation awards for Capital One replacement awards with a Closing Date value of $136 million, representing total purchase consideration of $51.8 billion. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we incurred $348 million and $757 million, respectively, of integration expenses related to the Transaction. The integration expenses are primarily driven by salaries and associate benefits and professional services, along with $124 million of acquisition-related expenses incurred as of the Closing Date. Integration expenses are included within operating expense in our consolidated statements of income. Since the announcement of the Transaction in the first quarter of 2024, we have incurred $991 million of integration expenses as of September 30, 2025. We accounted for the Transaction as a business combination in accordance with Topic 805, Business Combinations, with the Company as the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, we recorded the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective fair values as of the Closing Date, unless otherwise required. The determination of fair value requires management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are subjective in nature and subject to change. Fair value estimates related to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to adjustment for up to one year after the Closing Date as additional information becomes available (the “Measurement Period”). The Company’s purchase consideration allocation is considered preliminary as certain estimates related to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to continuing refinement. Valuations subject to refinement include, but are not limited to, loans, intangible assets, deposits and certain other assets and liabilities. The following Tables 2.2 through 2.5 present the preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the Closing Date. The amounts below reflect Measurement Period adjustments made during the third quarter of 2025, which primarily included a $600 million decrease in intangible assets, a $109 million decrease in premises and equipment, a $148 million decrease in deferred tax liabilities and a $536 million increase to goodwill. Table 2.2: Preliminary Allocation of Purchase Consideration
(in millions, except share and per share data) |  | Fair Value
Purchase consideration: |  |
Shares of Discover common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the acquisition |  | 251,679,740
Exchange ratio |  | 1.0192
Number of shares of Capital One treasury stock reissued in the acquisition before fractional shares adjustment |  | 256,511,991
Less: Number of fractional shares |  | (14,778)
Number of shares of Capital One treasury stock reissued in the acquisition |  | 256,497,213
Price per share of Capital One common stock |  | $ | 197.22 |
Fair value of consideration for outstanding common stock |  | 50,586 |
Fair value of consideration for preferred stock |  | 1,068
Fair value of consideration related to stock-based compensation awards |  | 136
Cash in lieu of fractional shares |  | 3
Fair value of purchase consideration |  | $ | 51,793 |
Allocation of purchase consideration to net assets acquired: |  |
Preliminary fair value of assets acquired: |  |
Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted cash for securitization investors(1) |  | $ | 16,467 |
Securities available for sale |  | 14,108
Net loans held for investment (see Table 2.3) |  | 108,609
Premises and equipment |  | 956
Interest receivable |  | 926
Intangible assets (see Table 2.4) |  | 17,610
Other assets(2) |  | 1,448
Assets of discontinued operations(3) |  | 7,981
Preliminary fair value of liabilities assumed: |  |
Interest payable |  | 347
Non-interest-bearing deposits |  | 1,710
Interest-bearing deposits (see Table 2.5) |  | 105,208
Securitized debt obligations |  | 5,827
Senior and subordinated notes |  | 6,917
Other borrowings |  | 538
Deferred tax liability(4) |  | 3,455
Other liabilities(5) |  | 6,088
Preliminary fair value of net assets acquired |  | $ | 38,015 |
Preliminary Goodwill |  | $ | 13,778 |
________ (1)Includes $1.0 billion restricted cash primarily related to securitization investors. (2)Includes tax credit and other investments, non-loan receivables, derivative assets, and other short-term assets. (3)Includes $7.9 billion of home loans classified as discontinued operations. (4)The Transaction generated a net deferred tax liability. On a consolidated basis, this net deferred tax liability is included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as we have a total net deferred tax asset as of September 30, 2025. (5)Includes rewards liabilities, associate compensation and benefit related liabilities, derivative liabilities, and other accrued expenses. Also includes the liability related to the Card Product Misclassification matter as of the Closing Date. For additional information, refer to “Note 14—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others.” The following table includes the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the acquired loans held for investment: Table 2.3: Acquired Loans Held for Investment
(Dollars in millions) |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Premium/(Discount)(1) |  | Loans held for investment |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | Net loans held for investment
Non-PCD loans |  | $ | 101,614 |  |  | $ | 1,069 |  |  | $ | 102,683 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 102,683 |
PCD loans |  | 6,894 |  | (538) |  |  | 6,356 |  | (2,870) |  |  | 3,486
Recoveries on acquired Discover loans that are fully charged off(2) |  | N/A |  | (865) |  |  | (865) |  |  | 3,305 |  |  | 2,440 |
Total |  | $ | 108,508 |  |  | $ | (334) |  |  | $ | 108,174 |  |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 108,609 |
________ (1)The premium of $1.1 billion for Non-PCD loans and non-credit discount of $1.4 billion for PCD loans will be amortized over the period of expected cash flows of the applicable loans. (2)Charge-offs exclude $19.4 billion of acquired PCD loans that are fully charged-off, with the expected recoveries of $3.3 billion included as a benefit to the allowance for credit losses. Purchased loans were evaluated to determine if, at the time of purchase, the loans had experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. In evaluating PCD loans, we considered a variety of factors including but not limited to delinquency, loan modification, revocation of revolving privileges and other qualitative factors that indicate deterioration in credit quality. Contractual rights to collect on recoveries of loans charged off by Discover were also considered in scope of the PCD accounting model. Subsequent to the closing of the Transaction, in the second quarter of 2025, we recorded an allowance for credit losses for non-PCD loans of $8.8 billion through the provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326. The following table summarizes the fair value of the intangible assets acquired: Table 2.4: Fair Value of Acquired Intangible Assets
(Dollars in millions) |  | Useful Life (1) |  | Amortization Methodology |  | Fair Value
Purchased credit card relationships |  | 11 |  | Accelerated |  | $ | 10,100 |
Network and financial partner relationships |  | 11 |  | Straight-line |  | 1,500
Core deposit |  | 10 |  | Accelerated |  | 1,040
Intangible assets with definite lives |  |  |  |  |  | 12,640
Discover Network |  | N/A |  | N/A - Indefinite useful life |  | 2,700
Brand/Trade names |  | N/A |  | N/A - Indefinite useful life |  | 2,270
Intangible assets with indefinite lives |  |  |  |  |  | 4,970
Total intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,610 |
________ (1)Weighted-average amortization period for acquired amortizing intangible assets is 11 years. The following table summarizes the fair value of the interest-bearing deposits acquired: Table 2.5: Fair Value of Acquired Interest-bearing Deposits
(Dollars in millions) |  | Fair Value
Time deposits |  | $ | 39,630 |
Other interest-bearing deposits |  | 65,578
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 105,208 |
As of September 30, 2025, we recorded preliminary goodwill from the Transaction of $13.8 billion, representing the amount by which total purchase consideration exceeded the preliminary fair value of the net assets acquired. The preliminary goodwill is primarily attributable to the revenue and cost synergies expected to arise from the Transaction. As the Transaction is nontaxable, goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. Goodwill has been preliminarily allocated to the Credit Card ($6.8 billion) and Other Consumer Banking ($7.0 billion) reporting units. As the Company continues to evaluate the underlying inputs and assumptions that are being used in the fair value estimates of net assets acquired, we may obtain additional information during the Measurement Period that may result in changes to the preliminary estimate of fair value of net assets acquired, preliminary goodwill, and the allocation of preliminary goodwill to our reporting units. The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of the significant assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted cash for securitization investors: The carrying amount of these assets was a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets, with the exception of certain securities maturing in less than 90 days from the Closing Date, which followed the same fair value methodology as Investment Securities. Investment Securities: Fair values for investment securities were based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices were not available, fair value estimates were based on observable inputs including quoted market prices for similar instruments, quoted market prices that were not in an active market or other inputs that were observable in the market. In the absence of observable inputs, fair value was estimated based on pricing models and/or discounted cash flow methodologies. This fair value methodology is consistent with that described in “Note 12—Fair Value Measurement” for our investment securities portfolio. Loans: Fair values for loans held for investment were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered credit loss expectations, market interest rates and other market factors from the perspective of a market participant. Loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics when applying various valuation assumptions. The probability of default, loss given default and prepayment assumptions were the key factors driving credit losses which were embedded into the estimated cash flows. These assumptions were informed by internal data on loan characteristics, historical loss experience, and market data. The interest component of the estimate was determined by discounting interest and principal cash flows through the life of each loan. The discount rates used for loans reflect market participants' considerations of prepayment, default, market, liquidity and other risk associated with the portfolio. Interest Receivable: The fair value of interest receivable approximated its carrying amount due to the short-term nature of the receivable. Intangible assets: The intangible assets identified in the Transaction include purchased credit card relationships, the Discover Network, brand/trade names, network and financial partner relationships and a core deposit intangible. All intangible assets were valued using an income approach under which future cash flows for each intangible asset were forecasted, tax-effected and then discounted using an appropriately risk-adjusted discount rate. A description of each intangible asset, along with the key inputs used in its valuation, is provided below: •Purchased credit card relationships: represent the value of future activity from existing credit card relationships over their expected lives. The fair value was estimated utilizing the multi-period excess earnings method, a type of the income approach. The key inputs into the valuation included projected future finance charge and fee income using assumptions of cardholder activity, relevant operating costs for managing these relationships, attrition based on cardholder account retention levels, contributory asset charges reflective of the other assets of the business that are required to generate these cash flows, a discount rate determined based on the estimated cost of equity, risk-free return rate and risk premium for the market and the specific risk profile of the intangible asset relative to the other assets acquired and the overall business, and the tax rate reflective of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. •Network and financial partner relationships: represent the value associated with the economics generated by the existing third-party partners, including third-party issuers of PULSE debit cards. The fair value was estimated utilizing the multi-period excess earnings method, a type of the income approach. The key inputs into the valuation included cash flow forecasts derived from revenue attributable to the partner relationships less applicable operating costs, attrition based on customer retention levels, the discount rate determined based on the estimated cost of equity, risk-free return rate and risk premium for the market and the specific risk profile of the respective intangible assets relative to the other assets acquired and the overall business, and the tax rate reflective of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. •Core deposit: represents the economics associated with the favorable funding spread between the acquired core deposit base and alternative sources of funding. The fair value was estimated utilizing the cost savings method, a type of the income approach. The key inputs into the valuation included attrition based on customer retention levels, alternative cost of funds at the time of acquisition, expected balance inflation over time, the discount rate determined based on the estimated cost of equity, risk-free return rate and risk premium for the market and the specific risk profile of the intangible asset relative to the other assets acquired and the overall business, and the tax rate reflective of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. •Discover Network: represents the value associated with the economics generated by the proprietary payment network, including any expected synergies. The fair value was estimated utilizing the multi-period excess earnings method, a type of the income approach. The key inputs into the valuation included the cash flow forecast derived from projected future revenues and costs associated with the network (inclusive of any synergies), contributory asset charges reflective of the other assets that are required in order for the network to generate these projected cash flows, a discount rate determined based on the estimated cost of equity, risk-free return rate and risk premium for the market and the specific risk profile of the intangible asset relative to the other assets acquired and the overall business, and the tax rate reflective of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. •Brand/Trade names: represent the economic benefits of the ability to generate revenue based on the value of the trade names, which include the Discover, Diners Club and PULSE brands. The fair value for each was estimated utilizing the relief-from-royalty-method, a type of the income approach. The key inputs into the valuation included assumed royalty rates based on market transactions, cash flow forecasts derived from revenue attributable to each trade name, a discount rate determined based on the estimated cost of equity, risk-free return rate and risk premium for the market and the specific risk profile of the respective intangible assets relative to the other assets acquired and the overall business, and the tax rate reflective of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Interest-bearing deposits: The fair value of the time deposits was determined using a discounted cash flow model, whereby the expected cash flows associated with these time deposits were discounted at a market rate. The carrying amount of savings deposits, money market accounts, and other interest-bearing deposits approximated their fair values. Securitized debt obligations: Senior and subordinated notes; and Other borrowings: Fair values for securitized debt obligations, senior and subordinated notes, and other borrowings were based on quoted market prices, where available. If a market price was not available, valuations were based on quoted prices of comparable instruments. If neither approach was available, a discounted cash flow analysis was used, incorporating prevailing borrowing rates for similar financial instruments. Pro Forma Financial Information (unaudited) Our results from continuing operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include contributions to net interest income, non-interest income, and net income (loss) from continuing operations of $5.3 billion, $1.1 billion, and $(5.3) billion, respectively, from Discover. These results include the impacts from purchase accounting and the impact to provision for credit losses for the Discover non-PCD loan portfolio and exclude any amounts from areas that have been integrated and are therefore are not distinguishable from the results of our combined results of operations. The table below presents certain unaudited pro forma information that combines the historical results of operations of Capital One and Discover for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as if the Transaction had occurred on January 1, 2024. Included in the pro forma results are adjustments to reflect the impact of amortizing certain purchase accounting adjustments, such as the amortization of intangible assets and the accretion of discounts on certain acquired loans, transaction costs, as well as reflecting the impact of Discover’s sale of its student loan portfolio in 2024. Table 2.6: Selected Unaudited Pro Forma Results
|  |  | Combined Pro Forma Results
|  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions) |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net interest income(1) |  |  | $ | 12,580 |  |  | $ | 11,738 |  |  | $ | 36,335 |  |  | $ | 33,583 |
Non-interest income |  |  | 2,955 |  |  | 2,564 |  |  | 8,397 |  |  | 7,827 |
Income from continuing operations, net of tax(2) |  |  | 3,363 |  |  | 2,123 |  |  | 8,369 |  |  | (361) |
________ (1)Combined pro forma net interest income for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was adjusted to remove $244 million and $764 million, respectively, of interest income from the sold Discover student loan portfolio. (2)Combined pro forma income from continuing operations, net of tax, was adjusted to reflect the $8.8 billion increase to the provision for credit losses for the Discover non-PCD loan portfolio recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as if it had been recognized consistent with a Closing Date of January 1, 2024. This pro forma financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect what the actual combined financial results would have been had the closing of the Transaction been completed on January 1, 2024, nor is the information indicative of the results of operations in future periods. The pro forma financial information does not reflect the impact of possible business model changes nor does it consider any potential impacts of synergies, market conditions, or other factors. Discontinued Operations In the second quarter of 2025, the Board of Directors approved a plan to exit the Discover Home Loan business acquired as a part of the Transaction. The Home Loan business includes the origination and servicing of conventional mortgage refinance and home equity loans that are single family, owner occupied, closed-end with fixed interest rates, terms and payments, and are secured by a first or second lien. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company stopped originations of home loan products. We are actively marketing the business and are in the process of identifying potential buyers, with the sale expected to close within one year. As a result, the assets and liabilities of the Home Loan business have been classified as held for sale and are reported as assets of discontinued operations and liabilities of discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets, along with any associated hedges. The results of the Home Loan business, including any associated hedges, have been accounted for as discontinued operations and are reported as income or loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, on the consolidated statement of income.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for business combinations, including leverage buyout transactions (as applicable), and divestitures. This may include a description of a business combination or divestiture (or series of individually immaterial business combinations or divestitures) completed during the period, including background, timing, and assets and liabilities recognized and reclassified or sold. This element does not include fixed asset sales and plant closings. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 205 -SubTopic 20 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/205-20/tableOfContent Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Topic 805 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/805/tableOfContent + Details
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