XML 39 R28.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.25.3

Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable, Gross, Allowance, and Net [Abstract]

Allowance for Credit Losses on Financing Receivables

The table below summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded lending commitments by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Our allowance for credit losses increased by $6.8 billion to $23.1 billion as of September 30, 2025 from December 31, 2024.

Table 5.1: Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity

						Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
(Dollars in millions)						Credit Card						Consumer Banking						Commercial Banking												Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of June 30, 2025						$	20,474					$	1,864					$	1,535											$	23,873
Charge-offs						(4,211)						(669)						(61)												(4,941)
Recoveries(1)						1,110						343						15												1,468
Net charge-offs						(3,101)						(326)						(46)												(3,473)
Provision for credit losses						2,364						340						9												2,713
Allowance build (release) for credit losses						(737)						14						(37)												(760)
Other changes(2)						(10)						0						0												(10)
Balance as of September 30, 2025						19,727						1,878						1,498												23,103
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of June 30, 2025						0						0						135												135
Provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments						0						0						0												0
Balance as of September 30, 2025						0						0						135												135
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2025						$	19,727					$	1,878					$	1,633											$	23,238

						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
(Dollars in millions)						Credit Card						Consumer Banking						Commercial Banking												Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of December 31, 2024						$	12,974					$	1,884					$	1,400											$	16,258
Charge-offs(3)						(10,779)						(1,957)						(180)												(12,916)
Recoveries(1)						2,551						1,058						38												3,647
Net charge-offs						(8,228)						(899)						(142)												(9,269)
Initial allowance for purchased credit deteriorated loans						2,870						0						0												2,870
Benefit from expected recoveries of charged off loans(4)						(3,305)						0						0												(3,305)
Provision for credit losses(5)						15,388						893						240												16,521
Allowance build (release) for credit losses						6,725						(6)						98												6,817
Other changes(2)						28						0						0												28
Balance as of September 30, 2025						19,727						1,878						1,498												23,103
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of December 31, 2024						0						0						143												143
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments						0						0						(8)												(8)
Balance as of September 30, 2025						0						0						135												135
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2025						$	19,727					$	1,878					$	1,633											$	23,238

						Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(Dollars in millions)						Credit Card						Consumer Banking						Commercial Banking												Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of June 30, 2024						$	13,040					$	2,065					$	1,544											$	16,649
Charge-offs						(2,632)						(707)						(88)												(3,427)
Recoveries(1)						478						306						39												823
Net charge-offs						(2,154)						(401)						(49)												(2,604)
Provision for credit losses						2,084						351						35												2,470
Allowance release for credit losses						(70)						(50)						(14)												(134)
Other changes(2)						19						0						0												19
Balance as of September 30, 2024						12,989						2,015						1,530												16,534
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of June 30, 2024						0						0						129												129
Provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments						0						0						13												13
Balance as of September 30, 2024						0						0						142												142
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2024						$	12,989					$	2,015					$	1,672											$	16,676

						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(Dollars in millions)						Credit Card						Consumer Banking						Commercial Banking												Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of December 31, 2023						$	11,709					$	2,042					$	1,545											$	15,296
Charge-offs						(7,892)						(2,003)						(166)												(10,061)
Recoveries(1)						1,273						869						55												2,197
Net charge-offs						(6,619)						(1,134)						(111)												(7,864)
Provision for credit losses						7,888						1,107						96												9,091
Allowance build (release) for credit losses						1,269						(27)						(15)												1,227
Other changes(2)						11						0						0												11
Balance as of September 30, 2024						12,989						2,015						1,530												16,534
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of December 31, 2023						0						0						158												158
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments						0						0						(16)												(16)
Balance as of September 30, 2024						0						0						142												142
Combined allowance and reserve as of September 30, 2024						$	12,989					$	2,015					$	1,672											$	16,676

__________

(1)The amount and timing of recoveries are impacted by our collection strategies, which are based on customer behavior and risk profile and include direct customer communications, repossession of collateral, the periodic sale of charged off loans as well as additional strategies, such as litigation.

(2)Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments.    

(3)Charge-offs exclude $19.4 billion of Discover loans acquired in the second quarter of 2025 that were fully charged-off, with expected recoveries of $3.3 billion included as a benefit to the allowance for credit losses.

(4)Represents contractual rights to collect on recoveries of acquired Discover loans that are charged off.

(5)The provision for credit losses includes the initial allowance for credit losses of $8.8 billion for non-PCD loans acquired in the Transaction.

Credit Quality Indicator

The tables below present our Credit Card segment by delinquency status as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 4.3: Domestic and International Credit Card Delinquency Status

												September 30, 2025																		December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)												Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card:
Current												$	242,530					$	1,533					$	244,063					$	148,112					$	453					$	148,565
30-59 days												2,929						86						3,015						1,944						29						1,973
60-89 days												2,133						65						2,198						1,483						20						1,503
Greater than 90 days												4,557						118						4,675						3,549						28						3,577
Total domestic credit card												252,149						1,802						253,951						155,088						530						155,618
International card businesses:
Current												7,047						41						7,088						6,533						37						6,570
30-59 days												115						5						120						102						5						107
60-89 days												77						4						81						69						3						72
Greater than 90 days												146						5						151						135						6						141
Total international card businesses												$	7,385					$	55					$	7,440					$	6,839					$	51					$	6,890

Table 4.4: Personal Loans Delinquency Status

						September 30, 2025
						Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)						2025						2024						2023						2022						2021						Prior						Total Term Loans						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Personal loans—Delinquency status:
Current						$	3,216					$	3,161					$	1,930					$	805					$	264					$	93					$	9,469					$	0					$	0					$	9,469
30-59 days						6						22						25						13						4						2						72						0						0						72
60-89 days						4						18						20						9						3						1						55						0						0						55
Greater than 90 days						3						16						17						9						3						2						50						0						0						50
Total personal loans						$	3,229					$	3,217					$	1,992					$	836					$	274					$	98					$	9,646					$	0					$	0					$	9,646

The table below presents loans held for investment in our Consumer Banking segment loans held for investment by credit quality indicator as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We present our auto loan portfolio by Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) scores at origination and our retail banking loan portfolio by delinquency status, which includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming.

Table 4.5: Consumer Banking Portfolio by Vintage Year

						September 30, 2025
						Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)						2025						2024						2023						2022						2021						Prior						Total Term Loans						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Auto—At origination FICO scores:(1)
Greater than 660						$	13,606					$	12,853					$	5,902					$	5,413					$	3,323					$	742					$	41,839					$	0					$	0					$	41,839
621-660						5,201						4,385						2,537						1,951						1,198						375						15,647						0						0						15,647
620 or below						9,718						6,489						3,589						2,445						1,551						757						24,549						0						0						24,549
Total auto						28,525						23,727						12,028						9,809						6,072						1,874						82,035						0						0						82,035
Retail banking—Delinquency status:
Current						83						129						71						81						42						433						839						338						3						1,180
30-59 days						0						0						0						0						0						2						2						9						0						11
60-89 days						0						0						0						0						0						1						1						1						0						2
Greater than 90 days						0						0						0						0						0						1						1						1						0						2
Total retail banking						83						129						71						81						42						437						843						349						3						1,195
Total consumer banking						$	28,608					$	23,856					$	12,099					$	9,890					$	6,114					$	2,311					$	82,878					$	349					$	3					$	83,230

    

						December 31, 2024
						Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)						2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior						Total Term Loans						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Auto—At origination FICO scores:(1)
Greater than 660						$	17,057					$	8,333					$	8,194					$	5,621					$	1,482					$	394					$	41,081					$	0					$	0					$	41,081
621-660						5,584						3,492						2,906						1,986						667						235						14,870						0						0						14,870
620 or below						8,102						4,882						3,626						2,546						1,207						515						20,878						0						0						20,878
Total auto						30,743						16,707						14,726						10,153						3,356						1,144						76,829						0						0						76,829
Retail banking—Delinquency status:
Current						143						78						93						49						51						469						883						351						3						1,237
30-59 days						0						0						0						0						0						2						2						11						0						13
60-89 days						0						0						0						0						0						1						1						2						0						3
Greater than 90 days						0						0						0						0						1						7						8						1						1						10
Total retail banking						143						78						93						49						52						479						894						365						4						1,263
Total consumer banking						$	30,886					$	16,785					$	14,819					$	10,202					$	3,408					$	1,623					$	77,723					$	365					$	4					$	78,092

__________

(1)Amounts represent period-end loans held for investment in each credit score category. Auto loan credit scores generally represent average FICO scores obtained from three credit bureaus at the time of application and are not refreshed thereafter. Balances for which no credit score is available or the credit score is invalid are included in the 620 or below category.

The following table presents loans held for investment for our Commercial Banking segment by internal risk ratings as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The internal risk rating status includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming.

Table 4.6: Commercial Banking Portfolio by Internal Risk Ratings

						September 30, 2025
						Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)						2025						2024						2023						2022						2021						Prior						Total Term Loans						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Internal risk rating:(1)
Commercial and multifamily real estate
Noncriticized						$	1,681					$	1,623					$	2,207					$	3,516					$	1,530					$	4,919					$	15,476					$	15,875					$	50					$	31,401
Criticized performing						0						113						83						410						121						947						1,674						31						2						1,707
Criticized nonperforming						10						17						0						22						77						227						353						0						0						353
Total commercial and multifamily real estate						1,691						1,753						2,290						3,948						1,728						6,093						17,503						15,906						52						33,461
Commercial and industrial
Noncriticized						4,743						5,236						5,159						8,183						3,832						7,437						34,590						16,981						126						51,697
Criticized performing						3						191						172						415						787						415						1,983						864						4						2,851
Criticized nonperforming						10						25						12						284						197						234						762						121						0						883
Total commercial and industrial						4,756						5,452						5,343						8,882						4,816						8,086						37,335						17,966						130						55,431
Total commercial banking						$	6,447					$	7,205					$	7,633					$	12,830					$	6,544					$	14,179					$	54,838					$	33,872					$	182					$	88,892

						December 31, 2024
						Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)						2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior						Total Term Loans						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Internal risk rating:(1)
Commercial and multifamily real estate
Noncriticized						$	1,820					$	2,574					$	3,846					$	2,230					$	903					$	4,887					$	16,260					$	12,691					$	49					$	29,000
Criticized performing						71						89						1,072						35						110						922						2,299						93						2						2,394
Criticized nonperforming						23						0						46						103						86						249						507						2						0						509
Total commercial and multifamily real estate						1,914						2,663						4,964						2,368						1,099						6,058						19,066						12,786						51						31,903
Commercial and industrial
Noncriticized						5,694						6,092						9,952						5,009						2,730						6,239						35,716						15,449						266						51,431
Criticized performing						101						190						680						932						92						258						2,253						887						0						3,140
Criticized nonperforming						41						13						186						43						184						91						558						143						0						701
Total commercial and industrial						5,836						6,295						10,818						5,984						3,006						6,588						38,527						16,479						266						55,272
Total commercial banking						$	7,750					$	8,958					$	15,782					$	8,352					$	4,105					$	12,646					$	57,593					$	29,265					$	317					$	87,175

__________

(1)Criticized exposures correspond to the “Special Mention,” “Substandard” and “Doubtful” asset categories defined by bank regulatory authorities.

The table below presents gross charge-offs for loans held for investment by vintage year during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Table 5.2: Gross Charge-Offs by Vintage Year

						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
						Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)						2025						2024						2023						2022						2021												Prior						Total Term Loans						Revolving Loans						Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
Credit Card
Domestic credit card						N/A						N/A						N/A						N/A						N/A												N/A						N/A						$	10,019					$	180					$	10,199
Personal loans						$	6					$	58					$	66					$	33					$	10											$	4					$	177					N/A						N/A						177
International card business						N/A						N/A						N/A						N/A						N/A												N/A						N/A						393						10						403
Total credit card						6						58						66						33						10												4						177						10,412						190						10,779
Consumer Banking
Auto						91						518						463						431						265												132						1,900						0						0						1,900
Retail banking						0						0						0						0						0												1						1						56						0						57
Total consumer banking						91						518						463						431						265												133						1,901						56						0						1,957
Commercial Banking
Commercial and multifamily real estate						0						0						0						2						2												24						28						0						0						28
Commercial and industrial						0						0						0						50						17												37						104						48						0						152
Total commercial banking						0						0						0						52						19												61						132						48						0						180
Total						$	97					$	576					$	529					$	516					$	294											$	198					$	2,210					$	10,516					$	190					$	12,916

Schedule of Loss Sharing Arrangement Impact

The table below summarizes the changes in the estimated reimbursements from these partners for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Table 5.3: Summary of Credit Card Partnership Loss Sharing Arrangements Impacts

						Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)						2025						2024
Estimated reimbursements from partners, beginning of period						$	1,191					$	1,210
Amounts due from partners for charged off loans						(154)						(157)
Change in estimated partner reimbursements that decreased provision for credit losses						95						102
Estimated reimbursements from partners, end of period						$	1,132					$	1,155

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions)						2025						2024
Estimated reimbursements from partners, beginning of period						$	1,010					$	2,014
Amounts due from partners for charged off loans						(491)						(734)
Change in estimated partner reimbursements that (increased) decreased provision for credit losses						613						(125)
Estimated reimbursements from partners, end of period						$	1,132					$	1,155

X

- Definition

Schedule of loss sharing arrangement impact

+ References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:	cof_ScheduleofLossSharingArrangementImpactTableTextBlock
Namespace Prefix:	cof_
Data Type:	dtr-types:textBlockItemType
Balance Type:	na
Period Type:	duration

X

- References

No definition available.

+ Details

Name:	us-gaap_AccountsNotesLoansAndFinancingReceivableGrossAllowanceAndNetAbstract
Namespace Prefix:	us-gaap_
Data Type:	xbrli:stringItemType
Balance Type:	na
Period Type:	duration

X

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of allowance for credit loss on financing receivable.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 326
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479319/326-20-50-13

+ Details

Name:	us-gaap_AllowanceForCreditLossesOnFinancingReceivablesTableTextBlock
Namespace Prefix:	us-gaap_
Data Type:	dtr-types:textBlockItemType
Balance Type:	na
Period Type:	duration

X

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of financing receivables by credit quality indicator. The credit quality indicator is a statistic about the credit quality of financing receivables. Examples include, but not limited to, consumer credit risk scores, credit-rating-agency ratings, an entity's internal credit risk grades, loan-to-value ratios, collateral, collection experience and other internal metrics.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 326
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479319/326-20-50-5

+ Details

Name:	us-gaap_FinancingReceivableCreditQualityIndicatorsTableTextBlock
Namespace Prefix:	us-gaap_
Data Type:	dtr-types:textBlockItemType
Balance Type:	na
Period Type:	duration