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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended
--- | ---
Mar. 31, 2018 | Mar. 31, 2017
Operating activities |  |
Net income | $ 487 | $ 434
Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 230 | 225
Deferred income taxes | (12) | (37)
Pension and other postretirement benefits expense | 43 | 51
Contributions to pension plans | (40) | (128)
Contributions to other postretirement benefits plans | (5) | (6)
Changes in working capital | (459) | (166)
Other - net | 95 | 90
Net cash provided by operating activities | 339 | 463
Investing activities |  |
Capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment | (131) | (116)
Sales (purchases) of short-term investments - net | 31 | (93)
Other - net | (37) | (20)
Net cash used in investing activities | (137) | (229)
Financing activities |  |
Proceeds from borrowings | 179 | 194
Payments on borrowings | (33) | (254)
Cash dividends paid | (284) | (263)
Exercise of employee stock options | 19 | 38
Repurchase of shares | (300) | (255)
Employee taxes paid from shares withheld | (23) | (20)
Other - net | (1) | (3)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (443) | (563)
Effect of currency on cash | (3) | 8
Total decrease in cash | (244) | (321)
Cash at the beginning of the period | 561 | 543
Cash at the end of the period | $ 317 | $ 222

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