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Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2018
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation See the Glossary of Defined Terms at the beginning of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for terms used throughout the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We prepared the condensed consolidated financial statements following the requirements of the SEC for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP can be condensed or omitted. The financial information included in our condensed consolidated financial statements for subsidiaries operating outside the U.S. is as of and for the three and nine months ended August 26, 2018 and August 27, 2017. The financial information included in our condensed consolidated financial statements for U.S. subsidiaries is as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 1, 2017. Revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities can vary during each quarter of the year. Therefore, the results and trends in these interim financial statements may not be representative of those for the full year. We are responsible for the unaudited financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The interim financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair statement of our condensed consolidated balance sheets and condensed consolidated statements of income. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our 2017 Financial Report.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards | Adoption of New Accounting Standards On January 1, 2018, we adopted eleven new accounting standards. The quantitative impacts on our prior period condensed consolidated financial statements of adopting the following new standards are summarized in the tables within the section titled Impacts to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, further below. Revenues––We adopted a new accounting standard for revenue recognition and changed our revenue recognition policies accordingly. Generally, the previous revenue recognition standards permitted recognition when persuasive evidence of a contract existed, delivery had occurred, and the seller's price to the buyer was fixed or determinable. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the product to our customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange. We adopted the new accounting standard utilizing the modified retrospective method, and, therefore, no adjustments were made to amounts in our prior period financial statements. We recorded the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as an adjustment to increase the opening balance of Retained earnings by $584 million on a pre-tax basis ($450 million after-tax). This amount includes $500 million (pre-tax) related to the timing of recognizing Other (income)/deductions––net primarily for upfront and milestone payments on our collaboration arrangements ($394 million, pre-tax) and, to a lesser extent, product rights and out-licensing arrangements, and $84 million (pre-tax) related to the timing of recognizing Revenues and Cost of sales on certain product shipments. The impact of adoption did not have a material impact to our condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018. For additional information, see Note 1C. Financial Assets and Liabilities––The new accounting standard related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities makes the following changes to prior guidance and requires:
• | certain equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value now recognized in net income. However, equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values may be measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer;
• | a qualitative assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values to identify impairment; and
• | separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or in the accompanying notes to the financial statements.
We adopted the new accounting standard utilizing the modified retrospective method, and, therefore, no adjustments were made to amounts in our prior period financial statements. We recorded the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as an adjustment to increase the opening balance of Retained earnings by $462 million on a pre-tax basis ($419 million after-tax) related to the net impact of unrealized gains and losses primarily on available-for-sale equity securities, restricted stock and private equity securities. In the third quarter of 2018, we recorded net unrealized gains on equity securities of $8 million and in the first nine months of 2018, we recorded net unrealized gains on equity securities of $344 million, in Other (income)/deductions––net. For additional information, see Note 4 and Note 7. Presentation of Net Periodic Pension and Postretirement Benefit Cost––We adopted a new accounting standard that requires the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs other than the service costs be presented in Other (income)/deductions––net, and that the presentation be applied retrospectively. We adopted the presentation of the net periodic benefit costs other than service costs by reclassifying these costs from Cost of sales, Selling, informational and administrative expenses, Research and development expenses and Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs to Other (income)/deductions––net. We elected to apply the practical expedient as it is impracticable to determine the disaggregation of the cost components for amounts capitalized within Inventories and property, plant and equipment and amortized in each of those periods. We have therefore reclassified the prior period net periodic benefit costs/(credits) disclosed in Note 10 to apply the retrospective presentation for comparative periods. As of January 1, 2018, only service costs will be included in amounts capitalized in Inventories or property, plant and equipment, while the other components of net periodic benefit costs will be included in Other (income)/deductions––net. For additional information, see Note 4 and Note 10. Income Tax Accounting––The new guidance removes the prohibition against recognizing current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to a third party, unless the asset transferred is inventory. We adopted the standard utilizing the modified retrospective method, and, therefore, no adjustments were made to amounts in our prior period financial statements. We recorded the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as an adjustment to decrease the opening balance of Retained earnings by $189 million. Accounting for Hedging Activities––The standard includes the following changes:
• | Permits hedge accounting for risk components in hedging relationships involving nonfinancial risk and interest rate risk;
• | Changes the guidance for designating fair value hedges of interest rate risk and for measuring the change in fair value of the hedged item in fair value hedges of interest rate risk;
• | No longer requires the separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness, but requires the income statement presentation of the earnings effect of the hedging instrument with the earnings effect of the hedged item;
• | Permits us to exclude the portion of the change in fair value of a currency swap that is attributable to a cross-currency basis spread from the assessment of hedge effectiveness; and
• | Simplifies hedge effectiveness testing.
We early adopted the new accounting standard on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. In the third quarter of 2018, we recorded income of $23 million and in the first nine months of 2018, we recorded income of $68 million in Other (income)/deductions––net, whereas this item would have been classified in interest income in prior periods. For additional information, see Note 7F. Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from AOCI––We early adopted a new accounting standard that provides guidance on the reclassification of certain tax effects from AOCI. Under the new guidance, we elected to reclassify the stranded tax amounts related to the TCJA from AOCI to Retained earnings. We adopted the new accounting standard utilizing the modified retrospective method, and recorded the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as an adjustment to increase the opening balance of Retained earnings by $495 million, primarily due to the effect of the change in the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate. The impact on other stranded tax amounts related to the application of the TCJA was not material to our condensed consolidated financial statements. Classification of Certain Transactions in the Statement of Cash Flows––We retrospectively adopted an accounting standard that changed the presentation of certain information in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, including the classification of:
• | debt prepayment and extinguishment costs, resulting in an increase in Operating activities––Other adjustments, net and a decrease in Financing activities––Other financing activities, net of $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018; and
• | accreted interest on the settlement of commercial paper debt instruments, resulting in a decrease in Operating activities––Other adjustments, net, and an increase in Financing activities––Other financing activities, net of $69 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
The new standard also establishes guidance on the classification of certain cash flows related to contingent consideration in a business acquisition. Cash payments made soon after a business acquisition date will be classified as Investing activities, while payments made thereafter will be classified as Financing activities. Payments made in excess of the amount of the original contingent consideration liability will be classified as Operating activities. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements. Presentation of Restricted Cash in the Statement of Cash Flows––We adopted, on a retrospective basis, the new accounting standard, which requires that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with Cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. As a result, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, $10 million is presented as an increase in Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. Definition of a Business––We prospectively adopted the standard for determining whether business development transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. If substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset, the transaction will not qualify for treatment as a business. To be considered a business, a set of integrated activities and assets must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs, without regard as to whether a purchaser could replace missing elements. In addition, the definition of the term “output” has been narrowed to make it consistent with the updated revenue recognition guidance. In the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, there was no impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements from the adoption of this new standard. Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets––We prospectively adopted the standard, which applies to the full or partial sale or transfer of nonfinancial assets, including intangible assets, real estate and inventory. The standard provides that the gain or loss is determined by the difference between the consideration received and the carrying value of the asset. In the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, there was no impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements from the adoption of this new standard. Accounting for Modifications of Share-Based Payment Awards––We prospectively adopted the standard, which clarifies that certain changes in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award be accounted for as a modification. There was no impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements from the adoption of this new standard. Impacts to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements––The impacts on our prior period condensed consolidated financial statements of adopting the new standards described above are summarized in the following tables:
Adoption of the standard related to pension and postretirement benefit costs impacted our prior period condensed consolidated statements of income as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended October 1, 2017
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |  | As Previously Reported |  |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) |  |  | As Restated |
Cost of sales |  | $ | 2,847 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 2,844 |
Selling, informational and administrative expenses |  | 3,500 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3,504 |
Research and development expenses |  | 1,859 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1,865 |
Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs |  | 149 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 114 |
Other (income)/deductions––net |  | 51 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 79 |
Income from continuing operations before provision for taxes on income |  | 3,585 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,585 |
|  | Nine Months Ended October 1, 2017
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |  | As Previously Reported |  |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) |  |  | As Restated |
Cost of sales |  | $ | 7,980 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 7,972 |
Selling, informational and administrative expenses |  | 10,233 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 10,249 |
Research and development expenses |  | 5,346 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 5,367 |
Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs |  | 377 |  |  | (110 | ) |  | 267 |
Other (income)/deductions––net |  | (16 | ) |  | 81 |  |  | 65 |
Income from continuing operations before provision for taxes on income |  | 11,351 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,351 |
Adoption of the standards impacted our condensed consolidated balance sheet as follows:
|  |  |  | Effect of New Accounting Standards Higher/(Lower) |  |
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |  | As Previously Reported Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | Revenues |  |  | Financial Assets and Liabilities |  |  | Income Tax Accounting |  |  | Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from AOCI |  |  | Balance at January 1, 2018 |
Trade accounts receivable |  | $ | 8,221 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,234 |
Inventories |  | 7,578 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,567 |
Current tax assets |  | 3,050 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,036 |
Noncurrent deferred tax assets and other noncurrent tax assets |  | 1,855 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,838 |
Other noncurrent assets |  | 3,227 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (204 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,023 |
Other current liabilities |  | 11,115 |  |  | (123 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,992 |
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities |  | 3,900 |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,988 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  | 6,149 |  |  | (459 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,690 |
Retained earnings |  | 85,291 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 419 |  |  | (189 | ) |  | 495 |  |  | 86,466 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (9,321 | ) |  | — |  |  | (419 | ) |  | — |  |  | (495 | ) |  | (10,235 | )
Adoption of the standards related to the classification of certain transactions in the statement of cash flows and the presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows impacted our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as follows:
|  | Nine Months Ended October 1, 2017
|  |  |  | Effect of New Accounting Standards Inflow/(Outflow) |  |
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |  | As Previously Reported |  |  | Cash Flow Classification |  |  | Restricted Cash |  |  | As Restated |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other adjustments, net |  | $ | (561 | ) |  | $ | (43 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (604 | )
Other changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures |  | (3,644 | ) |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | (3,616 | )
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from redemptions/sales of short-term investments |  | 5,783 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 5,778 |
Proceeds from redemptions/sales of long-term investments |  | 2,417 |  |  | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 2,403 |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal payments on short-term borrowings |  | (7,691 | ) |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,659 | )
Net proceeds from short-term borrowings with original maturities of three months or less |  | 555 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | 184 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 193 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning |  | 2,595 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 2,666 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, ending |  | 2,779 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | 2,858 |
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,559 |  |  | $ | 1,342 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents in Short-term investments |  | 40 |  |  | — |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents in Long-term investments |  | 59 |  |  | — |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents in Other current assets |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents in Other noncurrent assets |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents shown in the condensed consolidated balance sheets |  | $ | 3,658 |  |  | $ | 1,431 |
Amounts included in restricted cash represent those required to be set aside by a contractual agreement in connection with ongoing litigation or to secure delivery of Pfizer medicines at the agreed upon terms. The restriction will lapse upon the resolution of the litigation or the proper delivery of the medicines. C. Revenues On January 1, 2018, we adopted a new accounting standard for revenue recognition. For further information, see Note 1B. We recorded direct product sales and/or alliance revenues of more than $1 billion for each of nine products in 2017. These direct products sales and/or alliance product revenues represented 46% of our revenues in 2017. The loss or expiration of intellectual property rights can have a significant adverse effect on our revenues as our contracts with customers will generally be at lower selling prices due to added competition and we generally provide for higher sales returns during the period in which individual markets begin to near the loss or expiration of intellectual property rights. Our Consumer Healthcare business includes OTC brands with a focus on dietary supplements, pain management, gastrointestinal and respiratory and personal care. According to Euromonitor International’s retail sales data, in 2017, our Consumer Healthcare business was the fifth-largest branded multi-national, OTC consumer healthcare business in the world and produced two of the ten largest selling consumer healthcare brands (Centrum and Advil) in the world. We sell biopharmaceutical products after patent expiration, and under patent, and, to a much lesser extent, consumer healthcare products worldwide to developed and emerging market countries. Revenue Recognition––We record revenues from product sales when there is a transfer of control of the product from us to the customer. We determine transfer of control based on when the product is shipped or delivered and title passes to the customer.
• | Customers––Our biopharmaceutical products are sold principally to wholesalers but we also sell directly to retailers, hospitals, clinics, government agencies and pharmacies, and, in the case of our vaccine products in the U.S., we primarily sell directly to the CDC, wholesalers and individual provider offices. Our consumer healthcare customers include retailers and, to a lesser extent, wholesalers and distributors.
Biopharmaceutical products that ultimately are used by patients are generally covered under governmental programs, managed care programs and insurance programs, including those managed through pharmacy benefit managers, and are subject to sales allowances and/or rebates payable directly to those programs. Those sales allowances and rebates are generally negotiated, but government programs may have legislated amounts by type of product (e.g., patented or unpatented).
• | Our Sales Contracts––Sales on credit are typically under short-term contracts. Collections are based on market payment cycles common in various markets, with shorter cycles in the U.S. Sales are adjusted for sales allowances, chargebacks, rebates and sales returns and cash discounts. Sales returns occur due to loss of exclusivity, product recalls or a changing competitive environment.
• | Deductions from Revenues––Our gross product revenues are subject to a variety of deductions, which generally are estimated and recorded in the same period that the revenues are recognized. Such variable consideration represents chargebacks, rebates, sales allowances and sales returns. These deductions represent estimates of the related obligations and, as such, knowledge and judgment is required when estimating the impact of these revenue deductions on gross sales for a reporting period.
Specifically:
• | In the U.S., we sell our products to distributors and hospitals under our sales contracts. However, we also have contracts with managed care or pharmacy benefit managers and legislatively mandated contracts with the federal and state governments under which we provide rebates to them based on medicines utilized by the lives they cover. We record provisions for Medicare, Medicaid, and performance-based contract pharmaceutical rebates based upon our experience ratio of rebates paid and actual prescriptions written during prior quarters. We apply the experience ratio to the respective period’s sales to determine the rebate accrual and related expense. This experience ratio is evaluated regularly to ensure that the historical trends are as current as practicable. We estimate discounts on branded prescription drug sales to Medicare Part D participants in the Medicare “coverage gap,” also known as the “doughnut hole,” based on the historical experience of beneficiary prescriptions and consideration of the utilization that is expected to result from the discount in the coverage gap. We evaluate this estimate regularly to ensure that the historical trends and future expectations are as current as practicable. For performance-based contract rebates, we also consider current contract terms, such as changes in formulary status and rebate rates.
• | Outside the U.S., the majority of our pharmaceutical sales allowances are contractual or legislatively mandated and our estimates are based on actual invoiced sales within each period, which reduces the risk of variations in the estimation process. In certain European countries, rebates are calculated on the government’s total unbudgeted pharmaceutical spending or on specific product sales thresholds and we apply an estimated allocation factor against our actual invoiced sales to project the expected level of reimbursement. We obtain third-party information that helps us to monitor the adequacy of these accruals.
• | Provisions for pharmaceutical chargebacks (primarily reimbursements to U.S. wholesalers for honoring contracted prices to third parties) closely approximate actual amounts incurred, as we settle these deductions generally within two to five weeks of incurring the liability.
• | Provisions for pharmaceutical sales returns are based on a calculation for each market that incorporates the following, as appropriate: local returns policies and practices; historical returns as a percentage of sales; an understanding of the reasons for past returns; estimated shelf life by product; an estimate of the amount of time between shipment and return or lag time; and any other factors that could impact the estimate of future returns, such as loss of exclusivity, product recalls or a changing competitive environment. Generally, returned products are destroyed, and customers are refunded the sales price in the form of a credit.
• | We record sales incentives as a reduction of revenues at the time the related revenues are recorded or when the incentive is offered, whichever is later. We estimate the cost of our sales incentives based on our historical experience with similar incentives programs to predict customer behavior.
Our accruals for Medicare rebates, Medicaid and related state program rebates, performance-based contract rebates, chargebacks, sales allowances and sales returns and cash discounts totaled $5.5 billion as of September 30, 2018 and $4.9 billion as of December 31, 2017.
The following table provides information about the balance sheet classification of these accruals:
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
Reserve against Trade accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 1,297 |  |  | $ | 1,352 |
Other current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accrued rebates |  | 3,235 |  |  | 2,674 |
Other accruals |  | 641 |  |  | 512 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  | 374 |  |  | 385 |
Total accrued rebates and other accruals |  | $ | 5,548 |  |  | $ | 4,923 |
Amounts recorded for revenue deductions can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. On a quarterly basis, our adjustments of estimates to reflect actual results generally have been less than 1% of revenues, and have resulted in either a net increase or a net decrease in Revenues. Product-specific rebates, however, can have a significant impact on year-over-year individual product growth trends. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from Revenues. D. Collaborative Arrangements Payments to and from our collaboration partners are presented in our condensed consolidated statements of income based on the nature of the arrangement (including its contractual terms), the nature of the payments and applicable accounting guidance. Under co-promotion agreements, we record the amounts received from our collaboration partners as alliance revenues, a component of Revenues, when our collaboration partners are the principal in the transaction and we receive a share of their net sales or profits. Alliance revenues are recorded as we perform co-promotion services for the collaboration and the collaboration partners sell the products to their customers within the applicable period. The related expenses for selling and marketing these products are included in Selling, informational and administrative expenses. In collaborative arrangements where we manufacture a product for our collaboration partners, we record revenues when we transfer control of the product to our collaboration partners. All royalty payments to collaboration partners are included in Cost of sales. Royalty payments received from collaboration partners are included in Other (income)/deductions—net. Reimbursements to or from our collaboration partners for development costs are recorded net in Research and development expenses. Upfront payments and pre-approval milestone payments due from us to our collaboration partners in development stage collaborations are recorded as Research and development expenses. Milestone payments due from us to our collaboration partners after regulatory approval has been attained for a medicine are recorded in Identifiable intangible assets—Developed technology rights. Upfront and pre-approval milestone payments earned from our collaboration partners by us are recognized in Other (income)/deductions—net over the development period for the collaboration products, when our performance obligations include providing R&D services to our collaboration partners. Upfront, pre-approval and post-approval milestone payments earned by us may be recognized in Other (income)/deductions—net immediately when earned or over other periods depending upon the nature of our performance obligations in the applicable collaboration. Where the milestone event is regulatory approval for a medicine, we generally recognize milestone payments due to us in the transaction price when regulatory approval in the applicable jurisdiction has been attained. We may recognize milestone payments due to us in the transaction price earlier than the milestone event in certain circumstances when recognition of the income would not be probable of a significant reversal. On January 1, 2018, we adopted a new accounting standard on revenue recognition (see Note 1B). As a result of the adoption, we recognized the following cumulative effect adjustments related to collaboration arrangements to Retained earnings:
• | $394 million (pre-tax) for collaborative arrangements where upfront, pre-approval and regulatory approval milestone payments received from our collaboration partners are recognized in Other (income)/deductions—net over a reduced period. Under the new standard, the income from upfront and pre-approval milestone payments due to us is typically recognized over the development period for the collaboration when our performance obligation, in addition to granting a license, is to provide research and development services to our collaboration partners, and major regulatory approval milestones are typically recognized immediately when earned as the related development period has ended. The income from upfront and milestone payments is typically recognized immediately as earned if our performance obligation, in addition to granting a license, is only for commercialization activities. Under the old standard, this income was recognized over the combined development and estimated commercialization (including co-promotion) period for the collaboration products.
• | $82 million (pre-tax) for collaborative arrangements where we manufacture products for our collaboration partners and recognize Revenues and Cost of sales for product shipments at an earlier point in time. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized when we transfer control of the products to our collaboration partners. Under the old standard, revenue was recognized when our collaboration partners sell the products and transfer title to their third party customers.

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