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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of Earnings From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes | Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
United States | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 2,527 |  |  | $ | 2,054 |
Non-U.S. | 3,734 |  |  | 4,619 |  |  | 4,457 |
Total | $ | 5,044 |  |  | $ | 7,146 |  |  | $ | 6,511 |
Schedule of Provision for Income Taxes | The provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal U.S. | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | 59 |
Non-U.S. | 1,271 |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | 982 |
State and local | 197 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 125 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal U.S. | (737) |  |  | (362) |  |  | (55) |
Non-U.S. | (338) |  |  | (145) |  |  | (16) |
State and local | (129) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (31) |
Income tax provision | $ | 823 |  |  | $ | 818 |  |  | $ | 1,064 |
Schedule of Deferred Income Tax | Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 17 |
Inventories | 120 |  |  | 118 |
Pension and postretirement benefits | 25 |  |  | 17 |
Environmental and regulatory compliance | 37 |  |  | 39 |
Other accruals and prepayments | 574 |  |  | 406 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 115 |  |  | 105 |
Operating lease liabilities | 252 |  |  | 238 |
Research and development expense | 441 |  |  | 243 |
Tax credit and loss carryforwards | 557 |  |  | 479 |
Valuation allowances | (234) |  |  | (236) |
Total deferred tax asset | 1,905 |  |  | 1,426 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | (125) |  |  | (92) |
Insurance, including self-insurance | (315) |  |  | (803) |
Operating lease ROU assets | (228) |  |  | (219) |
Goodwill and other intangibles | (3,429) |  |  | (3,270) |
Total deferred tax liability | (4,097) |  |  | (4,384) |
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (2,192) |  |  | $ | (2,958) |
Reconciliation of the Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate to the Effective Tax Rate | The effective income tax rate from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 varies from the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate as follows:
| Percentage of Pretax Earnings
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Statutory federal income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) in tax rate resulting from: |  |  |  |  |
State income taxes (net of federal income tax benefit) | 1.2 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 1.0 | %
Non-U.S. rate differential | (3.4) | % |  | (3.4) | % |  | (2.4) | %
Resolution and expiration of statutes of limitation of uncertain tax positions | (0.4) | % |  | (0.3) | % |  | (2.9) | %
Realignment of businesses | 0.6 | % |  | (5.7) | % |  | — | %
Research credits | (1.6) | % |  | (0.6) | % |  | (0.6) | %
Foreign-derived intangible income, uncertain tax positions and other | (0.8) | % |  | (0.3) | % |  | 1.1 | %
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | (0.3) | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | (0.9) | %
Effective income tax rate | 16.3 | % |  | 11.4 | % |  | 16.3 | %
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding amounts accrued for potential interest and penalties related to both continuing and discontinued operations, is as follows ($ in millions):
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year | $ | 1,139 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |  |  | $ | 1,175 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | 72 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 47 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 41 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 166 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (15) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (100) |
Acquisitions, divestitures and other | (14) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 53 |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (11) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (219) |
Settlements | (8) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (4) |
Effect of foreign currency translation | 10 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (23) |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 1,139 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |

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- Definition Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (d) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-15 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 15A -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-15A Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 19 -SubTopic 10 -Topic 740 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-19 + Details
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