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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of Earnings From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes | Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
United States | $ | 1,002 |  |  | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 2,527 |
Non-U.S. | 3,644 |  |  | 3,734 |  |  | 4,619 |
Total | $ | 4,646 |  |  | $ | 5,044 |  |  | $ | 7,146 |
Schedule of Provision for Income Taxes | The provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal U.S. | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 232 |
Non-U.S. | 929 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | 1,042 |
State and local | 62 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 126 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal U.S. | (300) |  |  | (737) |  |  | (362) |
Non-U.S. | (141) |  |  | (338) |  |  | (145) |
State and local | (42) |  |  | (129) |  |  | (75) |
Income tax provision | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 823 |  |  | $ | 818 |
Schedule of Deferred Income Tax | Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows ($ in millions):
| 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Inventories | 114 |  |  | 120 |
Pension and postretirement benefits | — |  |  | 25 |
Environmental and regulatory compliance | 38 |  |  | 37 |
Other accruals and prepayments | 631 |  |  | 574 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 122 |  |  | 115 |
Operating lease liabilities | 255 |  |  | 252 |
Research and development expense | 584 |  |  | 441 |
Tax credit and loss carryforwards | 760 |  |  | 557 |
Valuation allowances | (232) |  |  | (234) |
Total deferred tax asset | 2,292 |  |  | 1,905 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Pension and postretirement benefits | (9) |  |  | — |
Property, plant and equipment | (136) |  |  | (125) |
Insurance, including self-insurance | (400) |  |  | (315) |
Operating lease ROU assets | (238) |  |  | (228) |
Goodwill and other intangibles | (3,300) |  |  | (3,429) |
Total deferred tax liability | (4,083) |  |  | (4,097) |
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (1,791) |  |  | $ | (2,192) |
Reconciliation of the Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate to the Effective Tax Rate | The effective income tax rate from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 varies from the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate as follows:
| Percentage of Pretax Earnings
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Statutory federal income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) in tax rate resulting from: |  |  |  |  |
State income taxes (net of federal income tax benefit) | 0.8 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 1.2 | %
Non-U.S. rate differential | (2.9) | % |  | (3.4) | % |  | (3.4) | %
Resolution and expiration of statutes of limitation of uncertain tax positions | (0.6) | % |  | (0.4) | % |  | (0.3) | %
Realignment of businesses | — | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | (5.7) | %
Research credits | (1.5) | % |  | (1.6) | % |  | (0.6) | %
Foreign-derived intangible income, uncertain tax positions and other | 0.3 | % |  | (0.8) | % |  | (0.3) | %
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | (1.0) | % |  | (0.3) | % |  | (0.5) | %
Effective income tax rate | 16.1 | % |  | 16.3 | % |  | 11.4 | %
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding amounts accrued for potential interest and penalties related to both continuing and discontinued operations, is as follows ($ in millions):
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 1,139 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | 64 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 44 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 21 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 49 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (14) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (10) |
Acquisitions, divestitures and other | (12) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 6 |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (14) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (16) |
Settlements | (9) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (7) |
Effect of foreign currency translation | (21) |  |  | 10 |  |  | (22) |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 1,139 |

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