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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income by region | Income before taxes
| Years Ended December 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
U.S. | $ | 4,178 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 2,873 |
Non-U.S. | 3,381 |  |  | 4,568 |  |  | 4,077 |
| $ | 7,559 |  |  | $ | 7,487 |  |  | $ | 6,950 |
Tax Expense Current and Deferred |
| Years Ended December 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Tax expense (benefit) consists of |  |  |  |  |
Current: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 2,061 |
U.S. State | 43 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 62 |
Non-U.S. | 1,099 |  |  | 1,177 |  |  | 787 |
| $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 1,245 |  |  | $ | 2,910 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | 190 |
U.S. State | 63 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 139 |
Non-U.S. | (216 | ) |  | (990 | ) |  | 2,123 |
| 179 |  |  | (586 | ) |  | 2,452 |
| $ | 1,329 |  |  | $ | 659 |  |  | $ | 5,362 |
Effective income tax rate reconciliation |
| Years Ended December 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to our effective income tax rate as follows: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
Taxes on non-U.S. earnings(1)(2) | (0.5 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | (12.8 | )
U.S. state income taxes(1) | 1.1 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.4 |
Reserves for tax contingencies | 2.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.6 |
Employee share-based payments | (1.2 | ) |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (2.9 | )
U.S. Tax Reform | (3.6 | ) |  | (5.8 | ) |  | 56.0 |
Reduction of taxes on unremitted earnings | — |  |  | (14.2 | ) |  | — |
Separation tax costs | — |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | — |
All other items—net | (1.2 | ) |  | 0.9 |  |  | (1.1 | )
| 17.6 | % |  | 8.8 | % |  | 77.2 | %
(1) | Net of changes in valuation allowance
(2) Includes U.S. taxes on non-U.S. earnings
Deferred Tax Assets, Liabilities | Deferred tax assets (liabilities) The tax effects of temporary differences and tax carryforwards which give rise to future income tax benefits and payables are as follows:
Deferred tax assets: | December 31,
2019 |  | 2018
Postretirement benefits other than pensions | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 120 |
Asbestos and environmental | 531 |  |  | 589 |
Employee compensation and benefits | 205 |  |  | 262 |
Other accruals and reserves | 279 |  |  | 336 |
Net operating and capital losses | 652 |  |  | 688 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 246 |  |  | 154 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 2,024 |  |  | 2,149 |
Valuation allowance | (656 | ) |  | (689 | )
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Pension | $ | (469 | ) |  | $ | (40 | )
Property, plant and equipment | (469 | ) |  | (422 | )
Intangibles | (1,296 | ) |  | (1,553 | )
Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries | (419 | ) |  | (616 | )
Other asset basis differences | (136 | ) |  | (110 | )
Other | (163 | ) |  | (50 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities | (2,952 | ) |  | (2,791 | )
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (1,584 | ) |  | $ | (1,331 | )
Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards |
Jurisdiction | Expiration Period |  | Net Operating and Capital Loss Carryforwards |  | Tax Credit Carryforwards
U.S. Federal | 2039 |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 89 |
U.S. State | 2039 |  | 389 |  |  | 20 |
Non-U.S. | 2039 |  | 277 |  |  | 142 |
Non-U.S. | Indefinite |  | 2,324 |  |  | — |
|  |  | $ | 3,006 |  |  | $ | 251 |
Change in unrecognized tax benefits |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Change in unrecognized tax benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | 877 |
Gross increases related to current period tax positions | 51 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 94 |
Gross increases related to prior periods tax positions | 83 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 153 |
Gross decreases related to prior periods tax positions | (34 | ) |  | (201 | ) |  | (91 | )
Decrease related to resolutions of audits with tax authorities | (3 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | (76 | )
Expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of taxes | (13 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | (54 | )
Foreign currency translation | (9 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | 44 |
Balance at end of year | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 947 |
Summary of Income Tax Examinations |
Jurisdiction | Open Tax Years Based on Originally Filed Returns
Examination in progress |  | Examination not yet initiated
U.S. Federal | 2015 - 2016 |  | 2017-2019
U.S. State | 2011 - 2017 |  | 2012-2018
Australia | N/A |  | 2016-2019
Canada(1) | 2015-2017 |  | 2018-2019
China | 2009-2018 |  | 2019
France | N/A |  | 2017-2019
Germany(1) | 2008-2017 |  | 2018-2019
India | 1999-2017 |  | 2018-2019
Italy | 2012-2017 |  | 2018-2019
Netherlands | 2016-2017 |  | 2018-2019
Switzerland(1) | 2012-2018 |  | 2019
United Kingdom | 2013-2017 |  | 2018-2019

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