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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income by region |
| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
U.S. | $ | 3,318 |  |  | $ | 4,178 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |
Non-U.S. | 2,694 |  |  | 3,381 |  |  | 4,568 |
| $ | 6,012 |  |  | $ | 7,559 |  |  | $ | 7,487 |
Tax Expense Current and Deferred |
| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Tax expense (benefit) consists of |  |  |  |  |
Current: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (21) |
U.S. State | 79 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 89 |
Non-U.S. | 768 |  |  | 1,099 |  |  | 1,177 |
| $ | 1,322 |  |  | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 1,245 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | 396 |
U.S. State | 39 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 8 |
Non-U.S. | (448) |  |  | (216) |  |  | (990) |
| (175) |  |  | 179 |  |  | (586) |
| $ | 1,147 |  |  | $ | 1,329 |  |  | $ | 659 |
Effective income tax rate reconciliation |
| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to our effective income tax rate as follows: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Taxes on non-U.S. earnings(1)(2) | (0.8) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 0.2 |
U.S. state income taxes(1) | 1.3 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.6 |
Reserves for tax contingencies | (2.6) |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 0.3 |
Employee share-based payments | (1.2) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (0.7) |
Reduction of certain receivables | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | — |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | (5.8) |
Reduction of taxes on unremitted earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14.2) |
Separation tax costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.5 |
All other items—net | (0.6) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | 0.9 |
| 19.1 | % |  | 17.6 | % |  | 8.8 | %
(1)Net of changes in valuation allowance (2)Includes U.S. taxes on non-U.S. earnings
Deferred Tax Assets, Liabilities | The tax effects of temporary differences and tax carryforwards which give rise to future income tax benefits and payables are as follows:
Deferred tax assets: | December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
Postretirement benefits other than pensions | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 111 |
Asbestos and environmental | 508 |  |  | 531 |
Employee compensation and benefits | 180 |  |  | 205 |
Lease liabilities | 197 |  |  | 167 |
Other accruals and reserves | 110 |  |  | 279 |
Net operating and capital losses | 779 |  |  | 652 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 219 |  |  | 246 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 2,078 |  |  | 2,191 |
Valuation allowance | (766) |  |  | (656) |
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 1,312 |  |  | $ | 1,535 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Pension | $ | (548) |  |  | $ | (469) |
Property, plant and equipment | (437) |  |  | (477) |
Right-of-use asset | (184) |  |  | (159) |
Intangibles | (898) |  |  | (1,296) |
Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries | (398) |  |  | (419) |
Other asset basis differences | (169) |  |  | (136) |
Other | (31) |  |  | (163) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (2,665) |  |  | (3,119) |
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (1,353) |  |  | $ | (1,584) |
Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards |
Jurisdiction | Expiration Period |  | Net Operating and Capital Loss Carryforwards |  | Tax Credit Carryforwards
U.S. Federal | 2040 |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 92 |
U.S. State | 2040 |  | 382 |  |  | 21 |
Non-U.S. | 2040 |  | 314 |  |  | 111 |
Non-U.S. | Indefinite |  | 2,532 |  |  | — |
|  |  | $ | 3,252 |  |  | $ | 224 |
Change in unrecognized tax benefits |
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Change in unrecognized tax benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 947 |
Gross increases related to current period tax positions | 94 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 370 |
Gross increases related to prior periods tax positions | 68 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 82 |
Gross decreases related to prior periods tax positions | (256) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (201) |
Decrease related to resolutions of audits with tax authorities | (35) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (40) |
Expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of taxes | (76) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (50) |
Foreign currency translation | 32 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (19) |
Balance at end of year | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 1,089 |
Summary of Income Tax Examinations |
Jurisdiction | Open Tax Years Based on Originally Filed Returns
Examination in progress |  | Examination not yet initiated
U.S. Federal | 2017 - 2018 |  | 2019 - 2020
U.S. State | 2011 - 2019 |  | 2016 - 2019
Australia | N/A |  | 2017 - 2020
Canada(1) | 2015 - 2018 |  | 2019 - 2020
China | 2010 - 2019 |  | 2020
France | 2017 - 2019 |  | 2020
Germany(1) | 2008 - 2018 |  | 2019 - 2020
India | 1999 - 2018 |  | 2019 - 2020
Italy | 2012 - 2017 |  | 2018 - 2020
Netherlands | 2016 - 2017 |  | 2018 - 2020
Switzerland(1) | 2015 - 2018 |  | 2019 - 2020
United Kingdom | 2013 - 2018 |  | 2019 - 2020

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