(17) Derivative Instruments

It is the Company’s policy that derivative transactions are executed only to manage exposures arising in the normal course of business and not for the purpose of creating speculative positions or trading. The Company’s financial services operations manage the relationship of the types and amounts of their funding sources to their receivable and lease portfolio in an effort to diminish risk due to interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations, while responding to favorable financing opportunities. The Company also has foreign currency exposures at some of its foreign and domestic operations related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the functional currencies. In addition, the Company has interest rate exposure at certain equipment operations units for below market retail financing programs that are used as sales incentives and are offered for extended periods.

All derivatives are recorded at fair value on the balance sheet. Cash collateral received or paid is not offset against the derivative fair values on the balance sheet. Each derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, a fair value hedge, or remains undesignated. All designated hedges are formally documented as to the relationship with the hedged item as well as the risk-management strategy. Both at inception and on an ongoing basis the hedging instrument is assessed as to its effectiveness. If and when a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge, or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer likely to occur, or the hedge designation is removed, or the derivative is terminated, hedge accounting is discontinued.

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain interest rate and cross-currency interest rate contracts (swaps) were designated as hedges of future cash flows from borrowings. The total notional amounts of the receive-variable/pay-fixed interest rate contracts at April 28, 2019, October 28, 2018, and April 29, 2018 were $2,800 million, $3,050 million, and $1,800 million, respectively. The total notional amounts of the cross-currency interest rate contracts at April 29, 2018 was $11 million. Fair value gains or losses on these cash flow hedges were recorded in OCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense or other operating expenses (foreign exchange) in the same periods during which the hedged transactions affected earnings. These amounts offset the effects of interest rate or foreign currency exchange rate changes on the related borrowings. The cash flows from these contracts were recorded in operating activities in the statement of consolidated cash flows.

The amount of gain recorded in OCI at April 28, 2019 that is expected to be reclassified to interest expense or other operating expenses in the next twelve months if interest rates or exchange rates remain unchanged is approximately $1 million after-tax. These contracts mature in up to 20 months. There were no gains or losses reclassified from OCI to earnings based on the probability that the original forecasted transaction would not occur.

Fair Value Hedges

Certain interest rate contracts (swaps) were designated as fair value hedges of borrowings. The total notional amounts of the receive-fixed/pay-variable interest rate contracts at April 28, 2019, October 28, 2018, and April 29, 2018 were $9,464 million, $8,479 million, and $8,421 million, respectively. The fair value gains or losses on these contracts were generally offset by fair value gains or losses on the hedged items (fixed-rate borrowings) with both items recorded in interest expense.

The amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheet related to borrowings designated in fair value hedging relationships in millions of dollars follow:


			Cumulative Increase (Decrease) of Fair
			Value Hedging Adjustments Included in
			the Carrying Amount
	Carrying		Active
	Amount of		Hedging		Discontinued
April 28, 2019	Hedged Item		Relationships		Relationships		Total
Long-term borrowings due within one year*	$	190	$	1	$	(4)	$	(3)
Long-term borrowings		9,169		(31)		(38)		(69)

* Presented in short-term borrowings

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

The Company has certain interest rate contracts (swaps and caps), foreign exchange contracts (futures, forwards, and swaps), and cross-currency interest rate contracts (swaps), which were not formally designated as hedges. These derivatives were held as economic hedges for underlying interest rate or foreign currency exposures, primarily for certain borrowings, purchases or sales of inventory, and below market retail financing programs. The total notional amounts of these interest rate swaps at April 28, 2019, October 28, 2018, and April 29, 2018 were $7,775 million, $8,075 million, and $7,189 million, the foreign exchange contracts were $7,123 million, $6,842 million, and $6,791 million, and the cross-currency interest rate contracts were $98 million, $81 million, and $92 million, respectively. At April 28, 2019, October 28, 2018, and April 29, 2018, there were also $13 million, $66 million, and $123 million, respectively, of interest rate caps purchased and the same amounts sold at the same capped interest rate to facilitate borrowings through securitization of retail notes. The fair value gains or losses from the interest rate contracts were recognized currently in interest expense and the gains or losses from foreign exchange contracts in cost of sales or other operating expenses, generally offsetting over time the expenses on the exposures being hedged. The cash flows from these non-designated contracts were recorded in operating activities in the statement of consolidated cash flows.

Fair values of derivative instruments in the condensed consolidated balance sheet in millions of dollars follow:


	April 28		October 28		April 29
Other Assets	2019		2018		2018
Designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts	$	105	$	29	$	34
Cross-currency interest rate contracts						3
Total designated		105		29		37

Not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts		34		51		53
Foreign exchange contracts		99		83		101
Cross-currency interest rate contracts		2		5		3
Total not designated		135		139		157

Total derivative assets	$	240	$	168	$	194

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts	$	125	$	321	$	316
Total designated		125		321		316

Not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts		40		29		25
Foreign exchange contracts		48		49		28
Cross-currency interest rate contracts		2				2
Total not designated		90		78		55

Total derivative liabilities	$	215	$	399	$	371

The classification and gains (losses) including accrued interest expense related to derivative instruments on the statement of consolidated income consisted of the following in millions of dollars:


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	April 28		April 29		April 28		April 29
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate contracts - Interest expense	$	141	$	(118)	$	274	$	(254)

Cash Flow Hedges:
Recognized in OCI
Interest rate contracts - OCI (pretax) *		(6)		6		(14)		14
Foreign exchange contracts - OCI (pretax) *				1				1

Reclassified from OCI
Interest rate contracts - Interest expense *		3		1		5		1

Not Designated as Hedges:
Interest rate contracts - Net sales	$	(7)			$	(17)
Interest rate contracts - Interest expense *		(10)	$	(5)		(18)
Foreign exchange contracts - Cost of sales		12		36		7	$	(12)
Foreign exchange contracts - Other operating *		80		164		100		(52)
Total not designated	$	75	$	195	$	72	$	(64)

* Includes interest and foreign exchange gains (losses) from cross-currency interest rate contracts.

Counterparty Risk and Collateral

Derivative instruments are subject to significant concentrations of credit risk to the banking sector. The Company manages individual counterparty exposure by setting limits that consider the credit rating of the counterparty, the credit default swap spread of the counterparty, and other financial commitments and exposures between the Company and the counterparty banks. All interest rate derivatives are transacted under International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) documentation. Each master agreement permits the net settlement of amounts owed in the event of default or termination.

Certain of the Company’s derivative agreements contain credit support provisions that may require the Company to post collateral based on the size of the net liability positions and credit ratings. The aggregate fair value of all derivatives with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position at April 28, 2019, October 28, 2018, and April 29, 2018, was $166 million, $350 million, and $344 million, respectively. In accordance with the limits established in these agreements, the Company received $1 million in cash collateral at April 28, 2019. The Company posted $59 million and $32 million in cash collateral at October 28, 2018 and April 29, 2018 respectively.

Derivatives are recorded without offsetting for netting arrangements or collateral. The impact on the derivative assets and liabilities related to netting arrangements and any collateral received or paid in millions of dollars follows:


	Gross Amounts		Netting		Collateral
April 28, 2019	Recognized		Arrangements		Received		Net Amount
Assets	$	240	$	(99)	$	(1)	$	140
Liabilities		215		(99)				116


	Gross Amounts		Netting		Collateral
October 28, 2018	Recognized		Arrangements		Paid		Net Amount
Assets	$	168	$	(65)			$	103
Liabilities		399		(65)	$	(59)		275


	Gross Amounts		Netting		Collateral
April 29, 2018	Recognized		Arrangements		Paid		Net Amount
Assets	$	194	$	(74)			$	120
Liabilities		371		(74)	$	(32)		265