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PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS | 12 Months Ended
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Oct. 29, 2023
PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS |
PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS | 7. PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS We have several funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plans. These plans cover U.S. employees and certain foreign employees. The measurement date of our plans is October 31. The funded status as of October 31, 2023 of the significant plans follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Funded | ​ | Enrollment | ​
​ |  | Status |  | Status |
Pensions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. salaried qualified |  | $ | 1,511 | ​ | Closed | ​
U.S. hourly qualified | ​ |  | 1,042 | ​ | Open | ​
Other | ​ |  | (477) | ​ | Varies | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 2,076 | ​ | ​ | ​
OPEB | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. salaried |  | $ | (1,086) | ​ | Closed | ​
U.S. hourly | ​ |  | 178 | ​ | Closed | ​
Other | ​ |  | (93) | ​ | Varies | ​
Total | ​ | $ | (1,001) | ​ | ​ | ​
​ The components of net periodic pension and OPEB cost excluding the service component are included in the line item “Other operating expenses.” The components of net periodic pension (benefit) cost and the related assumptions consisted of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Pensions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Service cost |  | $ | 246 | ​ | $ | 349 | ​ | $ | 332 | ​
Interest cost | ​ |  | 533 | ​ |  | 330 | ​ |  | 276 | ​
Expected return on plan assets | ​ |  | (878) | ​ |  | (726) | ​ |  | (799) | ​
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | (13) | ​ |  | 132 | ​ |  | 259 | ​
Amortization of prior service cost | ​ |  | 38 | ​ |  | 34 | ​ |  | 12 | ​
Settlements/curtailment | ​ |  | 37 | ​ |  | 45 | ​ |  | 21 | ​
Net (benefit) cost | ​ | $ | (37) | ​ | $ | 164 | ​ | $ | 101 | ​
Weighted-average assumptions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Discount rates - service cost | ​ | ​ | 5.2% | ​ | ​ | 3.0% | ​ | ​ | 2.5% | ​
Discount rates - interest cost | ​ | ​ | 5.1% | ​ | ​ | 2.6% | ​ | ​ | 2.1% | ​
Rate of compensation increase | ​ | ​ | 3.8% | ​ | ​ | 3.7% | ​ | ​ | 3.7% | ​
Expected long-term rates of return | ​ | ​ | 6.3% | ​ | ​ | 5.1% | ​ | ​ | 6.0% | ​
Interest crediting rate - U.S. cash balance plans | ​ | ​ | 4.3% | ​ | ​ | 2.1% | ​ | ​ | 1.7% | ​
​ In November 2021, employees represented by the UAW approved a new collective bargaining agreement. We remeasured the U.S. hourly pension plan, which increased the 2022 pension expense by nearly $80 with $35 negatively impacting operating profit. The 2024 net periodic pension benefit is expected to increase by $130 due to an increase in the expected long-term rates of return on plan assets (estimated to be 7.0 percent) and the Canadian pension settlement charge recognized in 2023, described below. The components of net periodic OPEB cost and the assumptions related to the cost consisted of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
OPEB | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Service cost | ​ | $ | 27 | ​ | $ | 45 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​
Interest cost | ​ |  | 176 | ​ |  | 99 | ​ |  | 102 | ​
Expected return on plan assets | ​ |  | (117) | ​ |  | (110) | ​ |  | (77) | ​
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | (59) | ​ |  | (18) | ​ |  | 27 | ​
Amortization of prior service credit | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | (4) | ​
Net cost | ​ | $ | 24 | ​ | $ | 12 | ​ | $ | 96 | ​
Weighted-average assumptions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Discount rates - service cost | ​ | ​ | 6.1% | ​ | ​ | 3.6% | ​ | ​ | 3.4% | ​
Discount rates - interest cost | ​ | ​ | 5.4% | ​ | ​ | 2.3% | ​ | ​ | 2.1% | ​
Expected long-term rates of return | ​ | ​ | 5.7% | ​ | ​ | 4.4% | ​ | ​ | 5.4% | ​
​ The benefit plan obligations, funded status, and the assumptions related to the obligations at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 follow: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pensions | ​ | OPEB | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Change in benefit obligations | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Beginning of year balance | ​ | $ | (10,529) | ​ | $ | (14,525) | ​ | $ | (3,341) | ​ | $ | (4,930) | ​
Service cost | ​ |  | (246) | ​ |  | (349) | ​ |  | (27) | ​ |  | (45) | ​
Interest cost | ​ |  | (533) | ​ |  | (330) | ​ |  | (176) | ​ |  | (99) | ​
Actuarial gain | ​ |  | 504 | ​ |  | 4,122 | ​ |  | 285 | ​ |  | 1,492 | ​
Prior service cost | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (505) | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | (12) | ​
Benefits paid | ​ |  | 838 | ​ |  | 757 | ​ |  | 260 | ​ |  | 282 | ​
Health care subsidies | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (27) | ​ |  | (33) | ​
Settlement | ​ |  | 112 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange and other | ​ |  | (74) | ​ |  | 301 | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | 4 | ​
End of year balance | ​ |  | (9,928) | ​ |  | (10,529) | ​ |  | (3,029) | ​ |  | (3,341) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in plan assets (fair value) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning of year balance | ​ |  | 13,219 | ​ |  | 17,190 | ​ |  | 2,136 | ​ |  | 1,755 | ​
Actual loss on plan assets | ​ |  | (387) | ​ |  | (3,070) | ​ |  | (8) | ​ |  | (495) | ​
Employer contribution | ​ |  | 70 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 158 | ​ |  | 1,155 | ​
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (838) | ​ |  | (757) | ​ |  | (260) | ​ |  | (282) | ​
Settlement | ​ |  | (112) | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign exchange and other | ​ |  | 52 | ​ |  | (229) | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 3 | ​
End of year balance | ​ |  | 12,004 | ​ |  | 13,219 | ​ |  | 2,028 | ​ |  | 2,136 | ​
Funded status | ​ | $ | 2,076 | ​ | $ | 2,690 | ​ | $ | (1,001) | ​ | $ | (1,205) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted-average assumptions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Discount rates | ​ | ​ | 5.9% | ​ | ​ | 5.4% | ​ | ​ | 6.0% | ​ | ​ | 5.6% | ​
Rate of compensation increase | ​ | ​ | 3.8% | ​ | ​ | 3.8% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest crediting rate - U.S. cash balance plans | ​ | ​ | 4.9% | ​ | ​ | 4.4% | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ ​ The actuarial gain for pension for 2023 was due to an increase in discount rates. The actuarial gain for OPEB for 2023 was due to changes to health care assumptions. The actuarial gains for pension and OPEB for 2022 were due to an increase in discount rates. The pension prior service cost for 2022 was due to the new UAW collective bargaining agreement. During 2023, we irrevocably transferred to an insurance company $112 of a Canadian pension plan’s defined benefit obligations and related plan assets. The transaction resulted in no changes to the benefits to be received by the retired participants. We recognized a one-time, non-cash, pretax pension settlement charge of $36 related to the accelerated recognition of actuarial losses included within “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).” The discount rate assumptions used to determine the pension and OPEB obligations for all periods presented were based on hypothetical AA yield curves represented by a series of annualized individual discount rates. These discount rates represent the rates at which our benefit obligations could effectively be settled at the October 31 measurement dates. The mortality assumptions for the 2023 and 2022 U.S. benefit plan obligations used the most recent tables and scales issued by the Society of Actuaries at that time. The 2023 and 2022 mortality assumptions included an adjustment to the scale related to COVID for some plans. The weighted-average annual rates of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits (the health care cost trend rates) for medical and prescription drug claims for pre- and post-65 age groups used to determine the October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 accumulated postretirement benefit obligations were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Initial year | ​ | 18.7% (2023 to 2024) | ​ | 0.0% (2022 to 2023) | ​
Second year | ​ | 8.8% (2024 to 2025) | ​ | 12.6% (2023 to 2024) | ​
Ultimate | ​ | 4.7% (2032 to 2033) | ​ | 4.7% (2032 to 2033) | ​
​ An increase in Medicare Advantage premiums and prescription drug trends impacted the weighted-average annual rates of increase for the initial year in 2023. A decrease in Medicare Advantage premiums impacted the weighted-average annual rates of increase for the initial year in 2022. Information related to pension plans benefit obligations at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 follows: ​ ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Total accumulated benefit obligations for all plans | ​ | $ | 9,453 | ​ | $ | 10,068 | ​
Plans with accumulated benefit obligation exceeding fair value of plan assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated benefit obligations | ​ | ​ | 1,147 | ​ | ​ | 1,116 | ​
Fair value of plan assets | ​ | ​ | 704 | ​ | ​ | 672 | ​
Plans with projected benefit obligation exceeding fair value of plan assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Projected benefit obligations | ​ | ​ | 1,261 | ​ | ​ | 1,225 | ​
Fair value of plan assets | ​ | ​ | 729 | ​ | ​ | 692 | ​
​ The pension and OPEB amounts recognized in the balance sheet at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 consisted of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pensions | ​ | OPEB | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Noncurrent asset | ​ | $ | 2,608 |  | $ | 3,223 | ​ | $ | 399 |  | $ | 507 | ​
Less: Current liability | ​ |  | 59 | ​ |  | 42 | ​ | ​ | 40 | ​ | ​ | 39 | ​
Less: Noncurrent liability | ​ |  | 473 | ​ |  | 491 | ​ |  | 1,360 | ​ |  | 1,673 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 2,076 | ​ | $ | 2,690 | ​ | $ | (1,001) | ​ | $ | (1,205) | ​
​ The retirement benefits and other liabilities recognized in the balance sheet at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 consisted of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Deferred compensation - current | ​ | $ | 25 | ​ | $ | 30 | ​
Deferred compensation and other - noncurrent | ​ | ​ | 183 | ​ | ​ | 182 | ​
Pensions and OPEB - current | ​ | ​ | 99 | ​ | ​ | 81 | ​
Pensions and OPEB - noncurrent | ​ | ​ | 1,833 | ​ | ​ | 2,164 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 2,140 | ​ | $ | 2,457 | ​
​ The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income ‒ pretax at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 consisted of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pensions | ​ | OPEB | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Net actuarial (gain) loss | ​ | $ | 1,660 | ​ | $ | 926 | ​ | $ | (921) | ​ | $ | (820) | ​
Prior service (credit) cost | ​ |  | 406 | ​ |  | 446 | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (4) | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 2,066 | ​ | $ | 1,372 | ​ | $ | (922) | ​ | $ | (824) | ​
​ Actuarial gains and losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). To the extent unamortized gains and losses exceed 10 percent of the higher of the market-related value of assets or the benefit obligation, the excess is amortized as a component of net periodic (benefit) cost over the remaining service period of the active participants. For plans in which all or almost all of the plan’s participants are inactive, the amortization period is the remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants. Contributions We make any required contributions to the plan assets under applicable regulations and voluntary contributions after evaluating our liquidity position and ability to make tax-deductible contributions. Total contributions to the plans were $228 in 2023 and $1,240 in 2022, which included both required and voluntary contributions and direct benefit payments. 2022 OPEB contributions included a voluntary contribution of $1,000 to a U.S. plan. We expect to contribute approximately $85 to our pension plans and approximately $140 to our OPEB plans in 2024. The contributions include required and voluntary contributions and direct benefit payments from company funds. We have no significant required contributions to U.S. pension plan assets in 2024 under applicable funding regulations. Expected Future Benefit Payments The expected future benefit payments at October 29, 2023 were as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Pensions |  | OPEB* |
2024 | ​ | $ | 746 | ​ | $ | 249 | ​
2025 | ​ |  | 726 | ​ |  | 252 | ​
2026 | ​ |  | 727 | ​ |  | 257 | ​
2027 | ​ |  | 720 | ​ |  | 257 | ​
2028 | ​ |  | 708 | ​ |  | 257 | ​
2029 to 2033 | ​ |  | 3,564 | ​ |  | 1,251 | ​
* Net of prescription drug group benefit subsidy under Medicare Part D. ​ ​ Plan Asset Information The fair values of the pension plan assets at October 29, 2023 follow: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 | ​ | Level 3 |
Cash and short-term investments | ​ | $ | 513 | ​ | $ | 470 | ​ | $ | 43 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. equity securities | ​ |  | 342 | ​ |  | 330 | ​ | ​ | 12 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
International equity securities and funds | ​ |  | 199 | ​ |  | 197 | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed Income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government and agency securities | ​ |  | 1,017 | ​ |  | 759 | ​ |  | 258 | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Corporate debt securities | ​ |  | 4,389 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 4,389 | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 285 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 285 | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Private equity | ​ |  | 18 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | $ | 18 | ​
Other investments | ​ |  | 50 | ​ |  | 30 | ​ |  | 20 | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Derivative contracts - assets | ​ |  | 53 | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 36 | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Derivative interest rate contracts - liabilities | ​ |  | (309) | ​ |  | (215) | ​ |  | (94) | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Receivables, prepaids, and payables | ​ |  | (137) | ​ |  | (137) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Securities lending collateral | ​ |  | 615 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 615 | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Securities lending liability | ​ |  | (615) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (615) | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Securities sold short | ​ |  | (73) | ​ |  | (69) | ​ | ​ | (4) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total of Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 assets | ​ | ​ | 6,347 | ​ | $ | 1,382 | ​ | $ | 4,947 | ​ | $ | 18 | ​
Investments at net asset value: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 362 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. equity funds | ​ | ​ | 92 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
International equity funds | ​ | ​ | 151 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed income funds | ​ | ​ | 1,418 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Real estate funds | ​ | ​ | 462 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Hedge funds | ​ | ​ | 491 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Private equity | ​ | ​ | 1,306 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Venture capital | ​ | ​ | 1,341 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other investments | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total net assets | ​ | $ | 12,004 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ The fair values of the OPEB health care assets at October 29, 2023 follow: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |
Cash and short-term investments | ​ | $ | 76 | ​ | $ | 76 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed Income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government and agency securities | ​ |  | 637 | ​ |  | 596 | ​ | $ | 41 | ​
Corporate debt securities | ​ |  | 515 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 515 | ​
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 89 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 89 | ​
Other | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​
Securities lending collateral | ​ |  | 122 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 122 | ​
Securities lending liability | ​ |  | (122) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (122) | ​
Total of Level 1 and Level 2 assets | ​ | ​ | 1,325 | ​ | $ | 677 | ​ | $ | 648 | ​
Investments at net asset value: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed income funds | ​ | ​ | 392 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Real estate funds | ​ | ​ | 104 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Hedge funds | ​ | ​ | 104 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Private equity | ​ | ​ | 43 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Venture capital | ​ | ​ | 43 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other investments | ​ | ​ | 17 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total net assets | ​ | $ | 2,028 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ ​ The fair values of the pension plan assets at October 30, 2022 follow: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |
Cash and short-term investments | ​ | $ | 338 | ​ | $ | 283 | ​ | $ | 55 | ​
Equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. equity securities | ​ |  | 311 | ​ |  | 290 | ​ | ​ | 21 | ​
International equity securities and funds | ​ |  | 196 | ​ |  | 195 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​
Fixed Income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government and agency securities | ​ |  | 1,296 | ​ |  | 1,053 | ​ |  | 243 | ​
Corporate debt securities | ​ |  | 4,587 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 4,587 | ​
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 213 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 213 | ​
Other investments | ​ |  | 49 | ​ |  | 31 | ​ |  | 18 | ​
Derivative contracts - assets | ​ |  | 92 | ​ |  | 54 | ​ |  | 38 | ​
Derivative contracts - liabilities | ​ |  | (209) | ​ |  | (106) | ​ |  | (103) | ​
Receivables, prepaids, and payables | ​ |  | (207) | ​ |  | (207) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Securities lending collateral | ​ |  | 684 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 684 | ​
Securities lending liability | ​ |  | (684) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (684) | ​
Securities sold short | ​ |  | (64) | ​ |  | (58) | ​ | ​ | (6) | ​
Total of Level 1 and Level 2 assets | ​ | ​ | 6,602 | ​ | $ | 1,535 | ​ | $ | 5,067 | ​
Investments at net asset value: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 633 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. equity funds | ​ | ​ | 54 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
International equity funds | ​ | ​ | 125 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed income funds | ​ | ​ | 1,736 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Real estate funds | ​ | ​ | 592 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Hedge funds | ​ | ​ | 569 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Private equity | ​ | ​ | 1,322 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Venture capital | ​ | ​ | 1,553 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other investments | ​ | ​ | 33 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total net assets | ​ | $ | 13,219 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ The fair values of the OPEB health care assets at October 30, 2022 follow: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |
Cash and short-term investments | ​ | $ | 79 | ​ | $ | 79 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed Income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Government and agency securities | ​ |  | 629 | ​ |  | 597 | ​ | $ | 32 | ​
Corporate debt securities | ​ |  | 516 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 516 | ​
Mortgage-backed securities | ​ |  | 83 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 83 | ​
Other | ​ | ​ | (4) | ​ | ​ | (7) | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​
Securities lending collateral | ​ |  | 98 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 98 | ​
Securities lending liability | ​ |  | (98) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (98) | ​
Total of Level 1 and Level 2 assets | ​ | ​ | 1,303 | ​ | $ | 669 | ​ | $ | 634 | ​
Investments at net asset value: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. equity funds | ​ | ​ | 40 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
International equity funds | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed income funds | ​ | ​ | 347 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Real estate funds | ​ | ​ | 140 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Hedge funds | ​ | ​ | 188 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Private equity | ​ | ​ | 41 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Venture capital | ​ | ​ | 48 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other investments | ​ | ​ | 7 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total net assets | ​ | $ | 2,136 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ ​ Investments at net asset value in the preceding tables are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient and are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Fair value measurement levels in the preceding tables are defined in Note 25. Fair values are determined as follows: Cash and Short-Term Investments – The investments include (1) cash accounts that are valued based on the account value, which approximates fair value; (2) investments that are valued at quoted prices in the active markets in which the investment trades or using a market approach (matrix pricing model) in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived from or corroborated by observable market data; and (3) investment funds that are valued based on a constant fund net asset value, which is based on quoted prices in the active market in which the investment fund trades, or the fund’s net asset value using the net asset value per share practical expedient (NAV), which is based on the fair value of the underlying securities. Equity Securities and Funds – The values are determined by quoted prices in the active market in which the equity investment trades, or the fund’s NAV, based on the fair value of the underlying securities. Fixed Income Securities and Funds and Other Funds – The securities are valued using either a market approach (matrix pricing model) in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, credit risk, and prepayment speeds, or they are valued using the quoted prices in the active market in which the fixed income investment trades. Fixed income and other funds are valued using the fund’s NAV, based on the fair value of the underlying securities. Real Estate, Venture Capital, Private Equity, and Hedge Funds – The investments that are structured as limited partnerships, excluding the private equity investments classified as Level 3, are valued at estimated fair value based on their proportionate share of the limited partnership’s fair value that is determined by the respective general partner. These investments are valued using the fund’s NAV, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments. Valuations may be lagged up to six months. The NAV is adjusted for cash flows (additional investments or contributions, and distributions) and any known substantive valuation changes through year end. The private equity investments classified as Level 3 are valued based on the current market pricing of the assets related to an expected secondary sale. The investments were transferred into Level 3 as of October 29, 2023. Derivative Instruments – The derivatives are valued using either an income approach (discounted cash flow) using market observable inputs, including swap curves and both forward and spot exchange rates, or a market approach (quoted prices in the active market in which the derivative instrument trades). The investment objective for the pension and health care plan assets is to fulfill the projected obligations to the beneficiaries over a long period of time, while meeting our fiduciary responsibilities. The asset allocation policy is the most important decision in managing the assets, and it is reviewed regularly. The asset allocation policy considers our long-term asset class risk/return expectations for each plan since the obligations are long-term in nature. The target asset allocations as of October 29, 2023 are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension | ​ | Health Care |
​ |  | Assets |  | Assets |
Equity | ​ | 5% | ​ | 9% | ​
Debt | ​ | 68% | ​ | 83% | ​
Real estate | ​ | 4% | ​ | 2% | ​
Other investments | ​ | 23% | ​ | 6% | ​
​ The assets are diversified and are managed by professional investment firms as well as by investment professionals who are company employees. As a result of our diversified investment policy, there were no significant concentrations of risk. A market related value of plan assets is used to calculate the expected return on assets. The market related value recognizes changes in the fair value of pension plan assets systematically over a five-year period. The market related value of the health care plan assets equals fair value. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets reflects management’s expectations of long-term average rates of return on funds invested to provide for benefits included in the projected benefit obligations. The expected return is based on the outlook for inflation and for returns in multiple asset classes, while also considering historical returns, asset allocation, and investment strategy. Our approach has emphasized the long-term nature of the return estimate such that the return assumption is not changed significantly unless there are fundamental changes in capital markets that affect our expectations for returns over an extended period of time (i.e., 10 to 20 years). The average annual return of our U.S. pension fund was approximately 6.8 percent during the past ten years and approximately 7.8 percent during the past 20 years. We have created a Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association trust (VEBA) for the funding of hourly postretirement health care benefits. The future expected asset returns for the VEBA is lower than the expected return on the other pension and health care plan assets due to investment in a higher proportion of liquid securities. These assets are in addition to the other postretirement health care plan assets that have been funded under Section 401(h) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and maintained in a separate account in the John Deere Pension Trust. Defined Contribution Plans We have defined contribution plans related to employee investment and savings plans primarily in the U.S. Our contributions and costs under these plans were $288 in 2023, $263 in 2022, and $207 in 2021. The contribution rate varies based on employee participation in the plans.

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