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Performance
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Analysis of income and expense [abstract]  
Performance PerformanceRevenue
Millicom’s revenue comprises sale of services from its mobile business (including Mobile Financial Services - MFS) and its fixed and other services, as well as related devices and equipment. Recurring revenue consists of monthly subscription fees, airtime and data usage fees, interconnection fees, roaming fees, TV services, B2B contracts, MFS commissions and fees from other telecommunications services such as data services, short message services and other value added services. See section B.3. for details.
Accounting for revenue
Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.
The determination of whether or not the Group acts as principal or as an agent, when there is one or several performance obligations and the determination of the standalone selling price for contracts that involve more than one performance obligation may require significant judgment, such as when the selling price of a good or service is not readily observable. The Group determines the standalone selling price of each performance obligation in the contract in accordance to the prices that the Group would apply when selling the same services and/or telephone and equipment included in the obligation to a similar customer on a standalone basis. When standalone selling price of services and/or telephone and equipment are not directly observable, the Group maximizes the use of external input and uses the expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price.
The Group applies the following practical expedients foreseen in IFRS 15:
•No financial component adjustment to the transaction price whenever the period between the transfer of a promised good or service to a customer and the associated payment is one year or less; when the period is more than one year the financing component is adjusted, if material.
•Disclosure of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations only for contracts that have an original expected duration of more than one year (e.g. unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts that have an original duration of one year or less are not disclosed).
•If the consideration from a customer corresponds to the value of the entity’s performance obligation to the customer (i.e, if billing corresponds to accounting revenue), the price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations is not disclosed.
•Recognition of the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred, if the amortization period of the asset that otherwise would have been recognized is one year or less.
A summary of the timing for revenue recognition from contracts with customers, is disclosed in Note B.3. and further detailed below.
Post-paid connection fees are derived from the payment of a non-refundable / one-time fee charged to customer to connect to the network (e.g. connection / installation fee). Usually,they do not represent a distinct good or service and do not give rise to a separate performance obligation and therefore revenue is recognized over the minimum contract duration. If the fee is paid by a customer without having to pay this fee again over his tenure with the Group (e.g. the customer can readily extend his contract without having to pay the same fee again), it is accounted for as a material right with revenue recognized over the customer retention period.
Post-paid mobile / cable subscription fees are recognized over the relevant enforceable/subscribed service period (recurring monthly access fees that do not vary based on usage). The service provision is usually considered as a series of distinct services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Remaining unrecognized subscription fees, which are not refunded to the customers, are fully recognized once the customer has been disconnected. Customer premise equipment (CPE), provided to customers as a prerequisite to receive the subscribed Home services until return at the end of the contract duration, do not provide benefit to the customer on their own as they do not give rise to separate performance obligations and therefore are accounted for as part of the service provided to the customers.
Bundled offers are considered arrangements with multiple deliverables or elements, which can lead to the identification of separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized in accordance with the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the relative transaction price of the performance obligation.
Prepaid scratch / SIM cards are services where customers purchase a specified amount of airtime or other credit in advance. Revenue is recognized as the credit is used. Unused credit is carried in the statement of financial position as a contract liability, upon expiration of the validity period (when the portion of the contract liability relating to the expiring credit is recognized as revenue as there is no longer an obligation to provide those services).
Principal-Agent, some arrangements involve two or more unrelated parties that contribute to providing a specified good or service to a customer. In these instances, the Group determines whether it has promised to provide the specified good or service itself (as a principal) or to arrange for those specified goods or services to be provided by another party (as an agent). For example, performance obligations relating to services provided by third-party content providers (i.e., mobile Value Added Services or “VAS”) or service providers (i.e., wholesale international traffic) where the Group neither controls a right to the provider’s service nor controls the underlying service itself are presented net because the Group is acting as an agent. The Group generally acts as a principal for other types of services where the Group is the primary obligor of the arrangement. In cases the Group determines that it acts as a principal, revenue is recognized in the gross amount, whereas in cases the Group acts as an agent revenue is recognized in the net amount.
Revenue from provision of Mobile Financial Services (MFS), such as commissions on peer to peer transfers, is generally recognized once the primary service has been provided to the customer. Revenue from interest earned on loans granted to customers are recognised over the period of the loan and are based on effective interest rates, with loan origination fees being treated as an adjustment to the effective interest rate.
Telephone and equipment sales are recognized as revenue once the customer obtains control of the good, that is, when the customer has the ability to direct the use and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from that good.
Revenue from the sale of cables, fiber, wavelength or capacity contracts, when part of the ordinary activities of the operation, is recognized as recurring revenue. Revenue is recognized when the cable, fiber, wavelength or capacity has been delivered to the customer, based on the amount expected to be received from the customer.
Revenue from operating lease of tower space is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying lease contracts. For Finance leases, interest income and the amortization of the lease receivable, equivalent to the net investment in the lease, are recognized over the lease term.
Revenue from contracts with customers from continuing operations:
202420232022
$ millionsTiming of revenue recognitionGroupGroupGroup
MobileOver time3,119 2,949 2,916 
Mobile Financial ServicesPoint in time39 44 40 
Fixed and other servicesOver time2,175 2,192 2,145 
OtherOver time84 65 69 
Service Revenue5,417 5,250 5,171 
Telephone and equipmentPoint in time387 411 454 
Revenue from contracts with customers5,804 5,661 5,624 
Expenses
The various costs and expenses incurred by the Group can be summarized as presented below. The Group recognizes and categorizes expenses by their nature as either 'equipment, programming and other direct costs' which are those more directly related to the generation of revenue or as '(Other) operating expenses and income' which are rather indirect costs. As a result, 'equipment, programming and other direct costs' specifically excludes the following costs/expense which are further detailed below and elsewhere in the consolidated financial statements:
•'Operating expenses, net' further detailed below;
•Depreciation and amortization, which are further detailed in Notes E.1.3.. ‘Movements in intangible assets’, E.2.2. ‘Movements in tangible assets’ and E.3. ‘Right of use assets’.
•‘Other operating income (expenses), net’, also further detailed below.
Equipment, programming and other direct costs
202420232022
(US$ millions)
Cost of telephone, equipment and other accessories(358)(386)(425)
TV Content and data costs(290)(349)(361)
Voice airtime and transmission costs(209)(234)(261)
Bad debt and obsolescence cost(143)(141)(124)
Call center costs(76)(72)(84)
Transmission and other costs(18)(19)(17)
Other costs(326)(306)(234)
Equipment, programming and other direct costs(1,420)(1,507)(1,506)

Operating expenses
Operating expenses incurred by the Group can be summarized as follows.
202420232022
(US$ millions)
Marketing expenses(525)(536)(570)
Site and network maintenance costs(325)(322)(310)
Employee related costs (B.4.)(553)(614)(494)
External and other services(262)(281)(251)
Other operating expenses(250)(290)(266)
Operating expenses, net(1,915)(2,043)(1,890)

Other operating income (expenses), net
The other operating income and expenses incurred by the Group can be summarized as follows:
Notes
202420232022
(US$ millions)
Impairment of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment
E.1., E.2.
(12)(3)(7)
Gain on the formation of a joint operationA.2.28 — — 
Gain (loss) on disposals of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment
E.2. E.4.2.
23 6 1 
Reverse earn-out in respect of Zantel's acquisition— — 2 
Gain (loss) on disposal of equity investments5 — — 
Other income (expenses) (i)10 8 2 
Other operating income (expenses), net54 10 (2)
(i) In 2024 other income is mainly attributed to contract lease modifications in Paraguay and Guatemala for $8 million in total (in 2023 is mainly attributed to contract lease modification in Colombia for $2 million and social obligation spectrum liability derecognition in Paraguay for $3 million.)
Accounting for equipment, programming and other direct costs and operating expenses
Equipment, programming and other direct costs
Equipment, programming and other direct costs are recorded on an accrual basis.
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract with customers
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract with customers, including dealer commissions, are capitalized as Contract Costs in the statement of financial position and amortized in operating expenses over the expected benefit period, which is based on the average duration of contracts with customer (see practical expedient in note B.1.1.).
Segmental information
As further detailed in the Introduction note, Millicom operates in a single region (Latin America), and more specifically in the following countries: Guatemala, Colombia, Panama, Honduras, Bolivia, Paraguay, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
During the latter half of 2023, Millicom implemented significant organizational changes to focus on driving profitable growth with a leaner corporate structure. The Group also adopted a decentralized approach to streamline decision-making processes and enhance agility to improve profitability and shareholder value. Following these organizational changes, and considering the information being reviewed by the 'Chief Operating Decision Maker' ("CODM") to assess performance and allocate resources, Millicom's operating segments were redefined to align with its countries of operation.
During the third quarter of 2024, Millicom announced several organizational changes aimed at strengthening its connection with each country. With the appointment of a new Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the Group has streamlined its structure, ensuring that all General Managers of operations and Group Leadership team members report directly to him. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) together with the Group Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and the Chief Technology & Information Officer (CTIO) form the ‘Chief Operating Decision Maker’ (“CODM”).
Millicom´s CODM assesses performance and allocates resources, based on individual countries, which are its operating segments. The Honduras joint venture is reviewed by the CODM in a similar manner as for the Group’s controlled operations and is therefore also shown as a separate operating segment at 100%. However, these amounts are subsequently eliminated in order to reconcile with the Group consolidated numbers, as shown in the reconciliations below.
Management evaluates performance and makes decisions about allocating resources to the Group's operating segments based on financial measures, such as revenue, including service revenue, and EBITDA. Capital expenditures are also a significant aspect for management and in the telecommunication industry as a whole. Management believes that service revenue and EBITDA are essential financial indicators for the CODM and investors. These measures are particularly valuable for evaluating performance over time. Management utilizes service revenue and EBITDA when making operational decisions, allocating resources, and conducting internal comparisons against historical performance and competitor benchmarks. Additionally, these metrics provide deeper insights into the Group's operating performance. Millicom's Compensation and Talent Committee also employs service revenue and EBITDA when assessing employees' performance and compensation, including that of the Group's executives. A reconciliation of service revenue to revenue and EBITDA to profit before taxes is provided below.
Capital expenditures are reconciled with notes E.1. and E.2..
Revenue, Service revenue, EBITDA, capital expenditures and other segment information for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, are shown on the below:
December 31, 2024GuatemalaColombiaPanamaBoliviaHondurasParaguayOther segments (v)Total segmentsInter-segment and other eliminations(iv)Total Group
(US$ millions)
Service revenue(i)1,391 1,342 700 607 584 540 858 6,022 (605)5,417 
Telephone and equipment revenue212 39 56 6 34 18 56 420 (34)387 
Revenue 1,603 1,380 756 613 617 559 914 6,442 (638)5,804 
Inter-segment revenue9 2 2 1 4 4 8 29 n/an/a
Revenue from external customers1,594 1,379 753 613 613 555 906 6,413 n/an/a
EBITDA(ii)867 525 354 266 302 267 391 2,972 (504)2,469 
Capital expenditures (iii)175 144 96 73 75 72 132 766 (89)677 
(i)     Service revenue is revenue related to the provision of ongoing services such as monthly subscription fees for mobile and broadband, airtime and data usage fees, interconnection fees, roaming fees, mobile finance service commissions and fees from other telecommunications services such as data services, short message services, installation fees and other value-added services excluding telephone and equipment sales.
(ii)    EBITDA is operating profit excluding impairment losses, depreciation and amortization, share of profit in Honduras joint venture and gains/losses on the disposal of fixed assets.
(iii)    Capital expenditures correspond to additions of property, plant and equipment, as well as operating intangible assets, excluding spectrum and licenses. The Group capital expenditure additions can be reconciled with notes E.1.3.. and E.2.2.for amounts of $98 million and 579 million respectively (2023: $116 million and $693 million, respectively).
(iv)    Includes intercompany eliminations, unallocated items and Honduras as a joint venture.
(v)    Includes our operations in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
December 31, 2023GuatemalaColombiaPanamaBoliviaHondurasParaguayOther segments (v)Total segmentsInter-segment and other eliminations(iv)Total Group
(US$ millions)
Service revenue(i)1,339 1,268 669 601 572 544 847 5,842 (591)5,250 
Telephone and equipment revenue225 45 50 11 39 24 55 450 (39)411 
Revenue 1,564 1,313 719 613 612 568 902 6,292 (631)5,661 
Inter-segment revenue8 3 2 — 5 3 7 28 n/an/a
Revenue from external customers1,556 1,311 717 613 607 565 895 6,264 n/an/a
EBITDA(ii)807 420 296 224 272 236 352 2,609 (498)2,111 
Capital expenditures (iii)183 161 100 92 103 97 148 883 (73)809 
December 31, 2022GuatemalaColombiaPanamaBoliviaHondurasParaguayOther segments (v)Total segmentsInter-segment and other eliminations(iv)Total Group
(US$ millions)
Service revenue(i)1,373 1,253 624 608 549 530 801 5,739 (568)5,171 
Telephone and equipment revenue (i)245 83 27 13 37 26 60 491 (37)454 
Revenue1,618 1,335 651 621 586 556 861 6,230 (605)5,624 
Inter-segment revenue8 4 2 — 4 2 7 28 n/an/a
Revenue from external customers(ii)1,611 1,331 649 621 582 554 854 6,202 n/an/a
EBITDA(ii)857 404 298 242 262 245 330 2,638 (409)2,228 
Capital expenditures (iii)197 277 106 124 78 107 138 1,028 (55)973 
Reconciliation of EBITDA for reportable segments to the Group Profit before taxes:
(US$ millions)202420232022
EBITDA for reportable segments2,9722,6092,638
Depreciation(916)(978)(999)
Amortization(319)(360)(345)
Share of profit in joint venture
544232
Other operating income (expenses), net5410(2)
Interest and other financial expenses(716)(712)(617)
Interest and other financial income462818
Other non-operating (expenses) income, net(119)36(78)
Profit (loss) from other joint ventures and associates, net—(3)—
Honduras as joint venture(302)(272)(262)
Unallocated expenses and other reconciling items (i)(202)(225)(148)
Profit before taxes from continuing operations552175238
(i) The unallocated expenses are primarily related to centrally managed costs.
People
Number of permanent employees
202420232022
Subsidiaries (i)13,456 15,742 18,534 
Honduras joint venture 729 785 912 
Total14,185 16,527 19,446 
(i)    Emtelco (subsidiary of UNE EPM Telecomunicaciones S.A.) headcount are excluded from this disclosure and any internal reporting because their costs are classified as direct costs and not employee related costs.
Notes
202420232022
(US$ millions)
Wages and salaries(421)(463)(372)
Social security(63)(73)(69)
Share based compensationB.4.1.(50)(52)(29)
Pension and other long-term benefit costsB.4.2.(3)(3)(2)
Other employees related costs(17)(24)(22)
Total(553)(614)(494)
Restructuring Costs
During 2024 and 2023, Millicom carried out cost reduction projects, with a focus on efficiency improvements; the Group recorded in 2024 $115 million of the above mentioned as severance costs (2023: $87 million), of which $94 million are presented as "Wages and salaries" (2023: $78 million) and $21 million as "Share based compensation" (2023: $9 million).
On September 19, 2024, Millicom announced that Mauricio Ramos stepped down from his roles as Director and Executive Chairman of the Board. A separation agreement was signed; this agreement provided for the immediate vesting of all unvested share plans, modified on September 30, 2024, to be paid in cash, with the entire amount of the separation agreement paid in 2024. In line with IFRS 2, shares acceleration component are treated as an early settlement and recognized immediately as employee related costs in the Statement of Income and as share-based compensation in the Statement of Changes in Equity. The portion associated with the shares cancellation was reflected in the Statement of Changes in Equity and in the Statement of Cash Flows.
Share-based compensation
1.Equity-settled
Millicom shares granted to management and key employees includes share-based compensation in the form of long-term share incentive plans. Since 2016, Millicom has two types of annual plans: a Deferred Share Plan (DSP) and a Performance Share Plan (PSP). The different plans are further detailed below.
Cost of share-based compensation
202420232022
(US$ millions)
2020 incentive plans— — (3)
2021 incentive plans— (10)(11)
2022 incentive plans(5)(10)(15)
2023 incentive plans(23)(32)— 
2024 incentive plans(22)— — 
Total share based compensation(50)(52)(29)
Deferred Share Plan
Shares vest at a rate of 30% on the first three-months of each of year one and two, and the remaining 40% on the first three-months of year three. Vesting is conditional upon the participant remaining employed with Millicom at each vesting date. The cost of this long-term incentive plan, which is not conditional on performance conditions, is calculated as follows: Fair value (share price) of Millicom’s shares at grant date x number of shares expected to vest.
Performance Share Plan
Shares granted under these PSPs vest at the end of the three-year period, subject to performance conditions.
The Operating Cash Flow after Leases (“OCFaL”) and Service Revenue peformance conditions are based on the achievement of the OCFaL/Service Revenue targets measured on a 3-year actual cumulative achievement against the 3-year cumulative targets.The Relative TSR is measured over the 10 trading days before / after December 31 of the last year of the corresponding three-year measurement period. The 2024 PSP ESG metric is based on Carbon Emissions reduction targets; while the 2023 PSP ESG metric is based on five ESG metrics: 1. Female % of Total Employees ; 2. Female % of Leadership; 3. Progress toward established SBTi targets; 4. Women and girls trained as part of our Conectadas Program; 5. Teachers trained as part of our Maestr@sConectad@s program.
Performance Share Plan (for plans issued from 2024)
Shares granted under this 2024 PSP generally follow the same rules as for the ones of previous years.
The 2024 PSP plan is divided in three equity vehicles: 60% based on Stock Appreciation Rights ("SARs"), 30% based on Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") and 10% based on Performance shares based on achievement of the ESG performance measure between 2024 and 2026. SARs are calculated based on Black-Scholes valuation of the stock price at fair market value of the grant and will vest in number of units. The participant will have the eligibility to exercise these units during the seven-year period following the vesting date.
Performance Share Plan (for plans issued from 2021 up to 2023)
The 2023 and 2022 plans are based on the following metrics: OCFaL (50%); Service Revenue (30%); Relative Total Shareholder Return (“Relative TSR”) (2023: 10%, 2022: 20%). The 2023 PSP has an Environmental, Social and Governance metric ("ESG") (10%), The 2021 PSP is 35% based on RSUs; 30% on OCFaL; 15% based on Service Revenue and 20% on Relative TSR.

Assumptions and fair value of the shares under the TSR and SAR portion(s)
For the PSPs, and in order to calculate the fair value of the TSR portion of those plans, it is necessary to make a number of assumptions which are set out below. The assumptions have been set based on an analysis of historical data as at grant date.
Risk-free
rate %		Dividend yield %Share price volatility(i) %Award term (years)Share fair value (in US$)
Performance Share Plan 2023 (Relative TSR)4.66—52.882.8231.13
Performance Share Plan 2022 (Relative TSR)2.01—47.942.8029.12
Performance Share Plan 2021 (Relative TSR)0.291.2846.282.8252.99
(i) Historical volatility retained was determined on the basis of a three-year historic average.
For the PSPs, and in order to calculate the fair value of the SAR portion of the plan, it is necessary to make a number of assumptions which are set out below. The assumptions have been set based on an analysis of historical data as at grant date.
Risk-free
rate %		Dividend yield %Share price volatility(i) %Award term (years)
Unit fair value (in US$)
Performance share plan 2024 (SAR)4.31—38.206.509.35
The cost of the long-term incentive plans which are conditional on market conditions is calculated as follows: Fair value (market value) of shares / SAR units at grant date (as calculated above) x number of shares / SAR units expected to vest.
The cost of these plans is recognized, together with a corresponding increase in equity (equity settled transaction reserve), over the period in which the performance and/or employment conditions are fulfilled, ending on the date on which the relevant employees become fully entitled to the award. Adjustments are made to the expense recorded for forfeitures, mainly due to management and employees leaving Millicom. Non-market performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the grant date fair value of awards, but the likelihood of the conditions being met is assessed as part of the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest.
No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for awards where vesting is conditional upon a market condition (such as the Relative TSR and SAR). These are treated as vested, regardless of whether or not the market conditions are satisfied, provided that all other performance conditions are satisfied. Where the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, as a minimum an expense is recognized as if the terms had not been modified. In addition, an expense is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share based payment arrangement, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee as measured at the date of modification.
Plan awards and shares expected to vest
2024202320222021
PSP (iii)DSPPSPDSPPSPDSPPSPDSP
(number of shares)
Shares granted (i)695,936 1,139,838 818,842 2,375,143 306,641 913,450 451,363 542,714 
Effect of the Right Offering (ii)— — — — 83,926 227,947 115,575 93,375 
Revision for forfeitures— (45,121)(233,398)(143,340)(68,520)(83,910)(63,796)(46,358)
Shares cancelled in 2024(438,396)(229,963)(308,172)(244,537)(144,108)(33,305)— — 
Total before issuances257,540 864,754 277,272 1,987,266 177,939 1,024,182 503,142 589,731 
Shares issued in 2021— — — — — — (1,121)(5,760)
Shares issued in 2022— — — — — (13,957)(2,071)(160,596)
Shares issued in 2023— — (31,124)(354,331)(29,885)(476,256)(120,419)(234,157)
Shares issued in 2024— (135,092)(66,519)(824,237)(49,245)(312,725)(352,286)(189,218)
Performance conditions not met— — — — — — (27,245)— 
Shares still expected to vest257,540 729,662 179,629 808,698 98,809 221,244 — — 
Estimated cost over the vesting period (US$ millions)7 21 15 42 9 21 — — 
(i)    Additional shares granted represent grants made for new joiners and/or as per CEO contractual arrangements.
(ii)     In 2022, as per plan rules, additional shares have been granted to all participants for unvested plans as a result of the effect of the right offering (see note C.1. ).
(iii) 2024 Performance share plan is including a portion of 186,409 share appreciation right units.
2.Cash-settled
Market Stock Units
A plan based on Market Stock Units (" MSU") was awarded in 2021 as a one-time retention plan (as a consequence of the impact of COVID-19 on the Group's business) to a selected group of executives. The MSU was a performance-based scheme where the outcome was dependent on the share price at the time of vesting. The number of MSUs granted to each participant was determined on the basis of a share price at inception of $33.83 for Tranche 2022 and $36.90 for Tranche 2023 (targets consider that Millicom share price at grant date - $30.75 - would appreciate 10% for Tranche 2022 and 20% for tranche 2023 from the grant price). The aforementioned share prices and number of units granted have been amended as a result of the effect of the right offering (see note C.1. ). At the vesting date, the value of the MSU were determined by the 30-trading day average share price ended on September 30, 2022 for Tranche 2022, and the 30-trading day average share price ended on June 30, 2023 for Tranche 2023. For each Tranche, the payment was made in cash 12 months after those dates, provided the participant was still employed (subject to limited allowances for good leavers). For every participant, payment was capped at 150% of their Target MSU Award Value set up for each Tranche. Participants of the MSU plan were required to forfeit their awards under the LTI plans 2019 and 2020 in respect of the Financial targets (Service Revenue and Operating Cash flow growths), provided that the TSR component will continue to be active for these schemes. During 2024, Tranche 2023 was paid out to participants for a total cash amount of $1.74 million. (2023: Tranche 2022 was paid out to for $1.15 million).
The MSU was a cash-settled share-based payment plan and Millicom measured the services acquired over the relevant service period and the liability incurred at the fair value of the liability. Until the liability was settled, Millicom was required to remeasure the fair value of the liability at the end of each reporting period and at the date of settlement, with any changes in value recognised in the statement of income.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the liability amounts to nil and $1 million, respectively, and was determined by using Millicom's share price (using a Black-Scholes model would not result in material differences). The related cost for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounted to an expense of $0.6 million and of $1 million, respectively.
Pension and other long-term employee benefit plans
Pension plans
The pension plans apply to employees who meet certain criteria (including years of service, age and participation in collective agreements).
Pension and other similar employee related obligations can result from either defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans. A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the Group pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and no further payment obligations exist once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as employee benefit expenses when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognized as assets to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in future payments is available.
Defined benefit pension plans define an amount of pension benefit that an employee will receive on retirement, usually dependent on one or more factors such as age, years of service and compensation. The liability recognized in the statement of financial position in respect of the defined benefit pension plan is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the statement of financial position date less the fair value of plan assets, together with adjustments for unrecognized actuarial gains or losses and past service costs. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows, using an appropriate discount rate based on maturities of the related pension liability. Re-measurement of net defined benefit liabilities are recognized in other comprehensive income and not reclassified to the statement of income in subsequent years. Past service costs are recognized in the statement of income on the earlier of the date of the plan amendment or curtailment, and the date that the Group recognizes related restructuring costs. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit asset/liability.
Long-service plans
Long-service plans apply for Colombian subsidiary UNE employees with more than five years of service whereby additional bonuses are paid to employees that reach each incremental length of service milestone (from five to 40 years).
Termination plans
UNE has a number of employee defined benefit plans. The level of benefits provided under the plans depends on collective employment agreements and Colombian labor regulations. There are no defined assets related to the plans, and UNE make payments to settle obligations under the plans out of available cash balances.
At December 31, 2024, the defined benefit obligation liability amounting to $44 million (2023: $51 million), decreased mainly related to currency translation effect ($7 million). Payments expected in the plans in future years totals $82 million (2023: $100 million). The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at December 31, 2024 is 4 years (2023: 4 years). The termination plans apply to employees that joined UNE prior to December 30, 1996. The level of payments depends on the number of years in which the employee has worked before retirement or termination of their contract with UNE.
Except for the UNE pension plan described above, there are no other material defined benefits plans in the Group.Directors and executive management
The remuneration of the members of the Board of Directors comprises an annual fee and shares. Director remuneration is proposed by the Nomination Committee and approved by the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting (AGM).
Remuneration charge for the non-executive Directors of the Board (gross of withholding tax)
202420232022
(US$ ’000)
Chairperson— 315 315 
Other non-executive directors of the Board1,300 1,360 1,408 
Total (i)1,300 1,675 1,723 

Shares beneficially owned by the non-executive Directors
20242023
(number of shares)
Chairperson— — 
Other non-executive directors of the Board47,473 94,718 
Total (i)47,473 94,718 
(i)Cash compensation is denominated in USD. Share based compensation is based on the market value of Millicom shares on the corresponding AGM date (2024: in total 39,606 shares; 2023: in total 42,141 shares; 2022: in total 41,167 shares. Net remuneration comprised 58% in shares and 42% in cash (SEK) (2023: 75% in shares and 25% in cash; 2022: 73% in shares and 27% in cash).


The remuneration of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the members supporting the CEO in the day-to-day operation and management of the Group within their specific areas of expertise (Group Leadership team) of Millicom comprises an annual base salary, an annual bonus, share based compensation, social security contributions, pension contributions and other benefits. Bonus and share based compensation plans (see note B.4.1.) are based on actual and future performance. Share based compensation is granted once a year by the Compensation and Talent Committee of the Board. If the employment of Millicom’s senior executives is terminated, severance of up to 12 months’ salary is potentially payable.
The annual base salary and other benefits of the Group Leadership team are proposed by the Compensation and Talent Committee and approved by the Board.
Remuneration charge for the Group Leadership Team
Group Leadership Team (i)
Group Leadership Team (ii)
Group Leadership Team (iii)
202420232022
Base salary5,040 4,903 5,278 
Bonus13,230 3,267 4,236 
Pension1,042 1,194 1,181 
Other benefits635 529 501 
MSU (amount earned)1,169 — 615 
Termination benefits4,940 804 877 
Total before share based compensation26,056 10,696 12,688 
Share based compensation(ii)16,277 21,663 12,069 
Total42,332 32,359 24,757 

(i) For 2024, it includes the compensation paid to the CEO role (for Mr. Mauricio Ramos with Mr Marcelo Benitez assuming the CEO role effective on June 1, 2024) and the CFO role (for Mr. Sheldon Bruha and Mr. Bart Vanhaeren assuming the CFO role effective April 15.2024).
(ii) For 2023, it includes compensation paid to Mr. Maxime Lombardini (who joint the Group in September 2023) to Mr. Esteban Iriarte, former Chief Operating Officer (departed in May, 2023) and Ms Susy Bobenrieth (departed in December, 2023). For further details see also 'Restructuring Costs', part of this B.4 note.
(iii) For 2022, it includes compensation paid to Mr. Esteban Iriarte, former Chief Operating Officer (departed in May, 2023), Ms Susy Bobenrieth (departed in December, 2023) and Mr. Tim Pennington paid via payroll until November 30, 2022 and the remaining 4-month period paid as a one-time payment on December 22, 2022.

Share ownership and unvested share awards granted from Company equity plans to the Group Leadership team
In number of shares (i)
Group Leadership team
2024
Share ownership (vested from equity plans and otherwise acquired)270,850 
Share awards not vested (i)474,225 
2023
Share ownership (vested from equity plans and otherwise acquired)719,642 
Share awards not vested1,573,187 
(i) 2024 Performance share plan awards is including a portion of share appreciation right units.For further details see also 'Restructuring Costs', part of this B.4. note.
Other non-operating (expenses) income, net
Other non-operating items mainly comprise changes in fair value of derivatives and the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations on the results of the Group.
Note202420232022
(US$ millions)
Change in fair value of derivativesC.7.2.9 4 12 
Change in fair value in investment in Milvik (i)— — (6)
Change in value of call option asset and put option liabilityC.7.4.— (2)(1)
Exchange gains (losses), net(43)31 (84)
Other and litigation costs (ii)(85)3 1 
Total other non-operating (expenses) income, net(119)36 (78)
(i) (Milvik) Please see note A.3.
(ii) Please see note G.3.1.

Foreign exchange gains and losses
Transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using exchange rates prevailing at the transaction dates. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions, and on translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency at year-end exchange rates, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income, except when deferred in equity as qualifying cash flow hedges.TaxationIncome tax expense
Tax mainly comprises income taxes of subsidiaries and withholding taxes (on intra-group dividends, management fees and royalties for use of Millicom trademarks and brands). Millicom operations are in jurisdictions with income tax rates of 10% to 35% levied on either revenue or profit before income tax (2023: 10% to 35%; 2022: 10% to 35%). Income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is also recognized in equity.
Income tax charge
202420232022
(US$ millions)
Income tax (charge) credit
Withholding tax(75)(81)(70)
Other income tax relating to the current year(203)(170)(165)
Adjustments in respect of prior years(6)(10)(39)
Total
(284)(261)(274)
Deferred tax (charge) credit
Origination and reversal of temporary differences(3)44 168 
Effect of change in tax rates1 1 — 
Tax income (expense) before valuation allowances(2)45 168 
(Increase)/decrease in unrecognised deferred tax assets and impairment (i)3 (209)(114)
Total
1 (164)54 
Adjustments in respect of prior years2 1 (2)
3 (163)52 
Tax (charge) credit on continuing operations(281)(424)(222)
Tax (charge) credit on discontinuing operations— — (3)
Tax expense (281)(424)(225)
(i) In 2023 and 20222, it mainly relates to the impairment of tax credits and deferred tax assets, resulting from the application of IAS12.
Reconciliation between the tax expense and tax at the weighted average statutory tax rate is as follows:
Income tax calculation
202420232022
Continuing operationsDiscontinued operationsTotalContinuing operationsDiscontinued operationsTotalContinuing operationsDiscontinued operationsTotal
(US$ millions)
Profit before tax552(3)5491754179238116354
Tax at the weighted average statutory rate(139)1(138)(27)(1)(28)(47)(27)(74)
Effect of:
Items taxed at a different rate29—2910—1037—37
Change in tax rates on deferred tax balances1—11—1———
Expenditure not deductible and income not taxable(92)(1)(93)(121)1(120)12627
Unrelieved withholding tax(74)—(74)(80)—(80)(68)—(68)
Accounting for associates and joint ventures16—1613—139—9
Movement in deferred tax on unremitted earnings(21)—(21)(2)—(2)1—1
Unrecognized / recognized of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets3—3(209)—(209)(114)(2)(116)
Adjustments in respect of prior years(4)—(4)(9)—(9)(41)—(41)
Tax expense(281)—(281)(424)—(424)(222)(3)(225)
Weighted average statutory tax rate25.2%25.1%15.4%15.6%19.7%20.9%
Effective tax rate50.9%51.2%242.3%236.9%93.3%63.6%
Tax expense decreases from December 31, 2023, is mainly due to the impairment of tax credits and deferred tax assets in Colombia in 2023, resulting from the application of IAS12 over their recognition partially offset by higher profitability.
Current tax assets and liabilities Current tax assets and liabilities for current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rate and tax laws used to compute the amount are those enacted or substantively enacted by the statement of financial position date.
B.6.3. Deferred tax
Deferred tax is calculated using the liability method on temporary differences at the statement of financial position date between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount for financial reporting purposes.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except where the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither accounting, nor taxable profit or loss.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all temporary differences including unused tax credits and tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences can be utilized, except where the deferred tax assets relate to deductible temporary differences from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination, and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither accounting, nor taxable profit or loss. It is probable that taxable profit will be available when there are sufficient taxable temporary differences relating to the same tax authority and the
same taxable entity which are expected to reverse in the same period as the expected reversal of the deductible temporary difference.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each statement of financial position date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to utilize them. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each statement of financial position date and are recognized to the extent it is probable that future taxable profit will enable the asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rate expected to apply in the year when the assets are realized or liabilities settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the statement of financial position date. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset where legally enforceable set off rights exist and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
Deferred tax
Fixed assetsUnused tax lossesUnremitted earningsOtherOffsetTotal
(US$ millions)
Balance at December 31, 2022(44)22 (25)103 — 56 
Deferred tax assets109 22 — 104 (31)204 
Deferred tax liabilities(153)— (25)(1)31 (148)
Balance at December 31, 2022(44)22 (25)103 — 56 
(Charge)/credit to income statement(92)(24)(2)(47)— (165)
Charge to Other Comprehensive Income— — — (1)— (1)
Reclassification from other accounts (i)96 — — — — 96 
Exchange differences7 2 1 4 — 14 
Balance at December 31, 2023(33)— (26)60 — 1 
Deferred tax assets88 — — 64 (11)141 
Deferred tax liabilities(121)— (26)(4)11 (140)
Balance at December 31, 2023(33)— (26)60 — 1 
(Charge)/credit to income statement10 — (21)14 — 3 
Charge to Other Comprehensive Income— — — — — — 
Exchange differences— — — — — — 
Balance at December 31, 2024(23)— (47)74 — 4 
Deferred tax assets92 — 86 (25)153 
Deferred tax liabilities(115)(47)(12)25 (149)
Balance at December 31, 2024(23)— (47)74 — 4 
(i) Reclassification of certain tax credits from current tax assets to deferred tax assets in Colombia, resulting from the application of IAS12.

Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following deductible temporary differences:
Fixed assetsUnused tax lossesOtherTotal
(US$ millions)
At December 31, 2024112 5,705 170 5,987 
At December 31, 2023122 5,623 518 6,263 
Unrecognized tax losses carryforward related to continuing operations expire as follows:
20242023
(US$ millions)
Expiry:
Within one year1 1 
Within one to five years25 15 
After five years1,715 1,612 
No expiry3,964 3,995 
Total5,705 5,623 
The Group has unrecognized tax losses in the following jurisdictions:
20242023
Jurisdiction:
(US$ millions)
Luxembourg5,283 5,108 
Colombia379 479 
Sweden15 16 
Panama22 12 
The Netherlands3 3 
Bolivia3 3 
Curacao1 1 
United Kingdom1 1 
Unrecognized tax losses
5,705 5,623 
The aforementioned tax losses have not been recognized due to the remote possibility of utilizing all or portion of the total amount available in application of IAS 12.
With effect from 2017, Luxembourg tax losses incurred may be carried forward for a maximum of 17 years. Losses incurred before 2017 may be carried forward without limitation of time.
MICSA is the head of a fiscal unity in Luxembourg, which has an estimated amount of unrecognized tax losses as of December 31, 2024 of $4.8 billion. Per Luxembourg tax law, approximately $1.4 billion expire 17 years after generation, approximately $3.4 billion do not expire.
At December 31, 2024, Millicom had $803 million of unremitted earnings of Millicom operating subsidiaries for which no deferred tax liabilities were recognized (2023: $672 million; 2022: $640 million). Except for intragroup dividends to be paid out of 2024 profits in 2025 for which deferred tax of $44 million (2023: $26 million; 2022 $25 million) has been provided, it is anticipated that intra-group dividends paid in future periods will be made out of profits of future periods.
B.7. Earnings per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing net profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each year.
Diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing the net profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each year, plus the weighted average number of dilutive potential shares.
Net profit/(loss) used in the earnings (loss) per share computation
202420232022
(US$ millions)
Basic and Diluted
Net profit (loss) attributable to equity holders from continuing operations 256(86)64
Net profit (loss) attributable to equity holders from discontinued operations (3)4113
Net profit (loss) attributable to all equity holders to determine the profit (loss) per share 253(82)177
in thousands
Weighted average number of ordinary shares for basic earnings per share171,313171,397139,049
Effect of dilutive share-based compensation plans1,247—640
Weighted average number of ordinary shares (excluding treasury shares) adjusted for the effect of dilution (i)172,560171,397139,690
(U.S. dollars)
Basic
Earnings (loss) per common share for profit (loss) from continuing operations attributable to owners of the Company1.49(0.50)0.46
Earnings (loss) per common share for profit (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to owners of the Company (0.02)0.020.81
Earnings (loss) per common share for profit (loss) for the period attributable to owners of the Company 1.47(0.48)1.27
Diluted
Earnings (loss) per common share for profit (loss) from continuing operations attributable to owners of the Company1.48(0.50)0.46
Earnings (loss) per common share for profit (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to owners of the Company(0.02)0.020.81
Earnings (loss) per common share for profit (loss) for the period attributable to owners of the Company1.46(0.48)1.27
(i) For the purpose of calculating the diluted earnings (loss) per common share, the weighted average outstanding shares used for the basic earnings (loss) per common share were increased only by the portion of the shares which have a dilutive effect on the earnings (loss) per common share. As a result, for years in which the Group has reported net loss, diluted net loss per share is the same as the basic net loss per share, because dilutive ordinary shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. Accordingly, 1,433 thousand potential ordinary shares as a result of share-based compensation plans were not considered in 2023 EPS as their impact was anti-dilutive.