6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables set forth, by level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2), financial assets and liabilities, measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. As required by ASC Topic 820, financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the respective fair value measurement.



	Financial Assets At Fair Value as of December 31, 2016

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes	$	7,398	$	—	$	—	$	7,398
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Stocks		1,821		—		—		1,821
Options		1,804		—		—		1,804
Warrants and discount certificates		43		—		—		43
U.S. and foreign government securities		363		—		—		363
Corporate and municipal bonds		—		2		1		3
Currency forward contracts		—		3		—		3
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value		4,031		5		1		4,037
Total financial assets at fair value	$	11,429	$	5	$	1	$	11,435



	Financial Liabilities At Fair Value as of December 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Stocks	$	839	$	—	$	—	$	839
Options		1,286		—		—		1,286
Warrants and discount certificates		1		—		—		1
Currency forward contracts		—		19		—		19
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value		2,126		19		—		2,145
Total financial liabilities at fair value	$	2,126	$	19	$	—	$	2,145




	Financial Assets At Fair Value as of December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes	$	15,214	$	—	$	—	$	15,214
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Stocks		1,650		—		—		1,650
Options		1,156		—		—		1,156
Warrants and discount certificates		81		—		—		81
U.S. and foreign government securities		527		—		—		527
Corporate and municipal bonds		—		3		—		3
Currency forward contracts		—		3		—		3
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value		3,414		6		—		3,420
Total financial assets at fair value	$	18,628	$	6	$	—	$	18,634



	Financial Liabilities At Fair Value as of December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Stocks	$	1,565	$	—	$	—	$	1,565
Options		1,042		—		—		1,042
Warrants and discount certificates		1		—		—		1
Currency forward contracts		—		9		—		9
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value		2,608		9		—		2,617
Total financial liabilities at fair value	$	2,608	$	9	$	—	$	2,617

Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2

Transfers of financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value to or from Levels 1 and 2 arise where the market for a specific financial instrument has become active or inactive during the period. The fair values transferred are ascribed as if the financial assets or financial liabilities had been transferred as of the end of the period. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no transfers between levels for financial assets and liabilities, at fair value.

Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s Level 3 financial assets are comprised of delisted and illiquid securities reported within financial instruments owned, at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial condition. During the year ended December 31, 2016 financial assets included $1 million of Level 3 securities which were transferred from Level 2 as a result of a security becoming illiquid.

Trading Gains from Market Making Transactions

Trading gains and losses from market making transactions reported in the statements of comprehensive income, by major product type, are comprised of:



	Year-Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014

	(in millions)
Equities	$	155	$	254	$	247
Fixed income		—		1		21
Foreign exchange		8		14		(7)
Total trading gains, net	$	163	$	269	$	261

These transactions are related to the Company’s financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value and include both derivative and non‑derivative financial instruments, including exchange traded options and futures. These gains and losses also include market making related dividend and fixed income trading related interest income and expense.

The gains (losses) in the table above are not representative of the integrated trading strategies applied by the Company, which utilizes financial instruments across various product types. Gains and losses in one product type frequently offset gains and losses in other product types.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

The following tables represent the carrying value, fair value, and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial assets and liabilities that are not recorded at fair value in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition. The following table excludes certain financial instruments such as equity investments and all non-financial assets and liabilities:



	December 31, 2016
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

	(in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,925	$	1,925	$	1,925	$	-	$	-
Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes		16,619		16,619		5,624		10,995		-
Securities borrowed		3,629		3,629		-		3,629		-
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		111		111		-		111		-
Receivables from customer		19,409		19,409		-		19,409		-
Receivables from broker, dealers, and clearing organizations		1,040		1,040		-		1,040		-
Interest receivable		57		57		-		57		-
Other assets		28		32		-		32		-
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value	$	42,818	$	42,822	$	7,549	$	35,273	$	—



Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value
Short-term borrowings	$	74	$	74	$	-	$	74	$	-
Securities loaned		4,293		4,293		-		4,293		-
Payables to customer		41,731		41,731		-		41,731		-
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		239		239		-		239		-
Interest payable		6		6		-		6		-
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value	$	46,343	$	46,343	$	-	$	46,343	$	-



	December 31, 2015
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

	(in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,601	$	1,601	$	1,601	$	-	$	-
Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes		6,095		6,095		5,533		562		-
Securities borrowed		3,924		3,924		-		3,924		-
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		195		195		-		195		-
Receivables from customer		17,050		17,050		-		17,050
Receivables from broker, dealers, and clearing organizations		692		692		-		692		-
Interest receivable		63		63		-		63		-
Other assets		28		31		-		31		-
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value	$	29,648	$	29,651	$	7,134	$	22,517	$	—



Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value
Securities loaned	$	2,894	$	2,894	$	-	$	2,894	$	-
Payables to customer		37,084		37,084		-		37,084		-
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		423		423		-		423		-
Interest payable		3		3		-		3		-
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value	$	40,404	$	40,404	$	—	$	40,404	$	—

Netting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

It is the Company’s policy to net securities borrowed and securities loaned, and securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments that are not offset in the consolidated statements of financial condition, but could be netted against cash or financial instruments with specific counterparties under master netting agreements, according to the terms of the agreements, including clearing houses (exchange traded options, warrants and discount certificates) or over the counter currency forward contract counterparties, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s net payable or receivable with counterparties for these financial instruments.

The following tables set forth the netting of financial assets and of financial liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:



	December 31, 2016
									Amounts Not Offset
	Gross Amounts			Amounts			Net Amounts		in the Consolidated
	of Financial			Offset in the			Presented in		Statement of
	Assets and			Consolidated			the Consolidated		Financial Condition
	Liabilities			Statement of			Statement of		Cash or Financial
	Recognized			Financial Condition		2	Financial Condition		Instruments		Net Amount

	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Assets
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell	$	10,995	1	$	—		$	10,995	$	(10,995)	$	—
Securities borrowed		3,629			—			3,629		(3,488)		141
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		111			—			111		(111)		—
Financial Instruments owned, at fair value
Options		1,804			—			1,804		(1,230)		574
Warrants and discount certificates		43			—			43		(1)		42
Currency forward contracts		3			—			3		—		3
Total	$	16,585		$	—		$	16,585	$	(15,825)	$	760


	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities
Securities loaned	$	4,293	$	—	$	4,293	$	(4,158)	$	135
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Options		1,286		—		1,286		(1,230)		56
Warrants and discount certificates		1		—		1		(1)		—
Currency forward contracts		19		—		19		—		19
Total	$	5,599	$	—	$	5,599	$	(5,389)	$	210



	December 31, 2015
									Amounts Not Offset
		Gross Amounts		Amounts			Net Amounts		in the Consolidated
		of Financial		Offset in the			Presented in		Statement of
		Assets and		Consolidated			the Consolidated		Financial Condition
		Liabilities		Statement of			Statement of		Cash or Financial
		Recognized		Financial Condition		2	Financial Condition		Instruments		Net Amount

	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Assets
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell	$	562	1	$	—		$	562	$	(562)	$	—
Securities borrowed		3,924			—			3,924		(3,816)		108
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		195			—			195		(195)		—
Financial Instruments owned, at fair value
Options		1,156			—			1,156		(1,032)		124
Warrants and discount certificates		81			—			81		(1)		80
Currency forward contracts		3			—			3		—		3
Total	$	5,921		$	—		$	5,921	$	(5,606)	$	315


	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities
Securities loaned	$	2,894	$	—	$	2,894	$	(2,773)	$	121
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Options		1,042		—		1,042		(1,032)		10
Warrants and discount certificates		1		—		1		(1)		—
Currency forward contracts		9		—		9		—		9
Total	$	3,946	$	—	$	3,946	$	(3,806)	$	140

(1)

As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had $11.0 billion and $0.6 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under agreements to resell that were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements. These securities are included in “Cash and securities - segregated for regulatory purposes” in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

(2)

The Company did not have any balances eligible for netting in accordance with ASC Topic 210-20 at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Secured Financing Transactions – Maturities and Collateral Pledged

The following tables present gross obligations for securities loaned transactions by remaining contractual maturity and class of collateral pledged as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:



	December 31, 2016
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
	Overnight		Less than		30 – 90		Over 90
	and Open		30 days		days		days		Total

	(in millions)
Securities Loaned
Stocks	$	4,269	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,269
Corporate bonds		24		-		-		-		24
Total	$	4,293	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,293



	December 31, 2015
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
	Overnight		Less than		30 – 90		Over 90
	and Open		30 days		days		days		Total

	(in millions)
Securities Loaned
Stocks	$	2,873	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,873
Corporate bonds		21		-		-		-		21
Total	$	2,894	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,894