6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables set forth, by level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2), financial assets and liabilities, measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. As required by ASC Topic 820, financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the respective fair value measurement.



	Financial Assets At Fair Value as of December 31, 2017

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes	$	4,519	$	—	$	—	$	4,519
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Stocks		2,000		—		1		2,001
Options		1,052		—		—		1,052
Warrants and discount certificates		5		—		—		5
U.S. and foreign government securities		60		—		—		60
Corporate and municipal bonds		—		1		3		4
Currency forward contracts		—		32		—		32
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value		3,117		33		4		3,154
Total financial assets at fair value	$	7,636	$	33	$	4	$	7,673



	Financial Liabilities At Fair Value as of December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Stocks	$	302	$	—	$	—	$	302
Options		464		—		—		464
Currency forward contracts		—		1		—		1
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value		766		1		—		767
Total financial liabilities at fair value	$	766	$	1	$	—	$	767




	Financial Assets At Fair Value as of December 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes	$	7,398	$	—	$	—	$	7,398
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Stocks		1,821		—		—		1,821
Options		1,804		—		—		1,804
Warrants and discount certificates		43		—		—		43
U.S. and foreign government securities		363		—		—		363
Corporate and municipal bonds		—		2		1		3
Currency forward contracts		—		3		—		3
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value		4,031		5		1		4,037
Total financial assets at fair value	$	11,429	$	5	$	1	$	11,435



	Financial Liabilities At Fair Value as of December 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Stocks	$	839	$	—	$	—	$	839
Options		1,286		—		—		1,286
Warrants and discount certificates		1		—		—		1
Currency forward contracts		—		19		—		19
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value		2,126		19		—		2,145
Total financial liabilities at fair value	$	2,126	$	19	$	—	$	2,145

Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2

Transfers of financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value to or from Levels 1 and 2 arise where the market for a specific financial instrument has become active or inactive during the period. The fair values transferred are ascribed as if the financial assets or financial liabilities had been transferred as of the end of the period. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no transfers between levels for financial assets and liabilities, at fair value.

Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s Level 3 financial assets are comprised of delisted and illiquid securities reported within financial instruments owned, at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial condition. During the year ended December 31, 2017 financial assets included $1 million of Level 3 securities which were transferred from Level 1 as certain stocks were no longer tradable in active markets and were valued by the Company based on internal estimates. In addition, the Company purchased a $2 million convertible bond in a private placement, which is classified as Level 3. During the year ended December 31, 2016 financial assets included $1 million of Level 3 securities which were transferred from Level 2 as a result of a security becoming illiquid.

Trading Gains from Market Making Transactions

Trading gains and losses from market making transactions reported in the statements of comprehensive income, by major product type, are comprised of:



	Year-Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
	(in millions)
Equities	$	42	$	155	$	254
Fixed income		—		—		1
Foreign exchange		(2)		8		14
Total trading gains, net	$	40	$	163	$	269

These transactions are related to the Company’s financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value and include both derivative and non‑derivative financial instruments, including exchange traded options and futures. These gains and losses also include market making related dividend and fixed income trading related interest income and expense.

The gains (losses) in the table above are not representative of the integrated trading strategies applied by the Company, which utilizes financial instruments across various product types. Gains and losses in one product type frequently offset gains and losses in other product types.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

The following tables represent the carrying value, fair value, and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial assets and liabilities that are not recorded at fair value in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition. The following table excludes certain financial instruments such as equity investments and all non-financial assets and liabilities:



	December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

	(in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,732	$	1,732	$	1,732	$	-	$	-
Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes		15,713		15,713		6,547		9,166		-
Securities borrowed		2,957		2,957		-		2,957		-
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		2,035		2,035		-		2,035		-
Receivables from customer		29,821		29,821		-		29,821		-
Receivables from broker, dealers, and clearing organizations		823		823		-		823		-
Interest receivable		116		116		-		116		-
Other assets		6		6		-		6		-
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value	$	53,203	$	53,203	$	8,279	$	44,924	$	-



Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value
Short-term borrowings	$	15	$	15	$	-	$	15	$	-
Securities loaned		4,444		4,444		-		4,444		-
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		1,316		1,316		-		1,316		-
Payables to customer		47,548		47,548		-		47,548		-
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		283		283		-		283		-
Interest payable		22		22		-		22		-
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value	$	53,628	$	53,628	$	-	$	53,628	$	-



	December 31, 2016
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,925	$	1,925	$	1,925	$	-	$	-
Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes		16,619		16,619		5,624		10,995		-
Securities borrowed		3,629		3,629		-		3,629		-
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		111		111		-		111		-
Receivables from customer		19,409		19,409		-		19,409
Receivables from broker, dealers, and clearing organizations		1,040		1,040		-		1,040		-
Interest receivable		57		57		-		57		-
Other assets		28		32		-		32		-
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value	$	42,818	$	42,822	$	7,549	$	35,273	$	-



Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value
Short-term borrowings	$	74	$	74	$	-	$	74	$	-
Securities loaned		4,293		4,293		-		4,293		-
Payables to customer		41,731		41,731		-		41,731		-
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		239		239		-		239		-
Interest payable		6		6		-		6		-
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value	$	46,343	$	46,343	$	-	$	46,343	$	-

Netting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

It is the Company’s policy to net securities borrowed and securities loaned, and securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments that are not offset in the consolidated statements of financial condition, but could be netted against cash or financial instruments with specific counterparties under master netting agreements, according to the terms of the agreements, including clearing houses (exchange traded options, warrants and discount certificates) or over the counter currency forward contract counterparties, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s net payable or receivable with counterparties for these financial instruments.

The following tables set forth the netting of financial assets and of financial liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



	December 31, 2017
	Gross								Amounts Not Offset
	Amounts			Amounts			Net Amounts		in the
	of Financial			Offset in the			Presented in the		Consolidated Statement
	Assets and			Consolidated			Consolidated		of Financial Condition
	Liabilities			Statement of			Statement of		Cash or Financial
	Recognized			Financial Condition		2	Financial Condition		Instruments		Net Amount

	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Assets
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell	$	9,166	1	$	—		$	9,166	$	(9,166)	$	—
Securities borrowed		2,957			—			2,957		(2,822)		135
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		2,035			—			2,035		(2,035)		—
Financial Instruments owned, at fair value
Options		1,052			—			1,052		(451)		601
Warrants and discount certificates		5			—			5		—		5
Currency forward contracts		32			—			32		—		32
Total	$	15,247		$	—		$	15,247	$	(14,474)	$	773


	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities
Securities loaned	$	4,444	$	—	$	4,444	$	(4,201)	$	243
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		1,316		—		1,316		(1,316)		—
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Options		464		—		464		(451)		13
Warrants and discount certificates		—		—		—		—		—
Currency forward contracts		1		—		1		—		1
Total	$	6,225	$	—	$	6,225	$	(5,968)	$	257



	December 31, 2016
		Gross							Amounts Not Offset
		Amounts		Amounts			Net Amounts		in the
		of Financial		Offset in the			Presented in the		Consolidated Statement
		Assets and		Consolidated			Consolidated		of Financial Condition
		Liabilities		Statement of			Statement of		Cash or Financial
		Recognized		Financial Condition		2	Financial Condition		Instruments		Net Amount

	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Assets
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell	$	10,995	1	$	—		$	10,995	$	(10,995)	$	—
Securities borrowed		3,629			—			3,629		(3,488)		141
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		111			—			111		(111)		—
Financial Instruments owned, at fair value
Options		1,804			—			1,804		(1,230)		574
Warrants and discount certificates		43			—			43		(1)		42
Currency forward contracts		3			—			3		—		3
Total	$	16,585		$	—		$	16,585	$	(15,825)	$	760


	(in millions)
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities
Securities loaned	$	4,293	$	—	$	4,293	$	(4,158)	$	135
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Options		1,286		—		1,286		(1,230)		56
Warrants and discount certificates		1		—		1		(1)		—
Currency forward contracts		19		—		19		—		19
Total	$	5,599	$	—	$	5,599	$	(5,389)	$	210

(1)

As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $9.2 billion and $11.0 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under agreements to resell that were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements. These securities are included in “Cash and securities - segregated for regulatory purposes” in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

(2)

The Company did not have any balances eligible for netting in accordance with ASC Topic 210-20 at December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Secured Financing Transactions – Maturities and Collateral Pledged

The following tables present gross obligations for securities loaned transactions by remaining contractual maturity and class of collateral pledged as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



	December 31, 2017
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
	Overnight		Less than		30 – 90		Over 90
	and Open		30 days		days		days		Total

	(in millions)
Securities loaned
Stocks	$	4,389	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,389
Corporate bonds		55		-		-		-		55
Total securities loaned		4,444		-		-		-		4,444

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
U.S. government securities		1,316		-		-		-		1,316
Total	$	5,760	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	5,760



	December 31, 2016
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
	Overnight		Less than		30 – 90		Over 90
	and Open		30 days		days		days		Total

	(in millions)
Securities Loaned
Stocks	$	4,269	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,269
Corporate bonds		24		-		-		-		24
Total	$	4,293	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,293