6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables set forth, by level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2), financial assets and liabilities, measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. As required by ASC Topic 820, financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the respective fair value measurement.



	Financial Assets At Fair Value as of December 31, 2018

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes	$	4,213	$	—	$	—	$	4,213
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Stocks		494		—		—		494
Options		1,479		—		—		1,479
Warrants		1		—		—		1
U.S. and foreign government securities		113		—		—		113
Corporate and municipal bonds		—		1		3		4
Currency forward contracts		—		28		—		28
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value		2,087		29		3		2,119
Total financial assets at fair value	$	6,300	$	29	$	3	$	6,332



	Financial Liabilities At Fair Value as of December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Stocks	$	273	$	—	$	—	$	273
Options		404		—		—		404
Currency forward contracts		—		4		—		4
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value		677		4		—		681
Total financial liabilities at fair value	$	677	$	4	$	—	$	681




	Financial Assets At Fair Value as of December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes	$	4,519	$	—	$	—	$	4,519
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Stocks		2,000		—		1		2,001
Options		1,052		—		—		1,052
Warrants		5		—		—		5
U.S. and foreign government securities		60		—		—		60
Corporate and municipal bonds		—		1		3		4
Currency forward contracts		—		32		—		32
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value		3,117		33		4		3,154
Total financial assets at fair value	$	7,636	$	33	$	4	$	7,673



	Financial Liabilities At Fair Value as of December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total

	(in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Stocks	$	302	$	—	$	—	$	302
Options		464		—		—		464
Currency forward contracts		—		1		—		1
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value		766		1		—		767
Total financial liabilities at fair value	$	766	$	1	$	—	$	767

Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2

Transfers of financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value to or from Levels 1 and 2 arise where the market for a specific financial instrument has become active or inactive during the period. The fair values transferred are ascribed as if the financial assets or financial liabilities had been transferred as of the end of the period.

Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s Level 3 financial assets are comprised of delisted and illiquid securities reported within financial instruments owned, at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2018 Level 3 financial assets included $3 million in corporate and municipal bonds, which were not traded in active markets and were valued by the Company based on internal estimates. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized a $1 million unrealized loss related to stocks classified as Level 3.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no transfers between levels for financial assets and liabilities, at fair value, respectively.

Trading Gains from Market Making Transactions

Trading gains and losses from market making transactions reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, by major product type, are comprised of:



	Year-Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
	(in millions)
Equities	$	39	$	42	$	155
Foreign exchange		—		(2)		8
Total trading gains, net	$	39	$	40	$	163

These transactions are related to the Company’s financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value and include both derivative and non‑derivative financial instruments, including exchange traded options and futures. These gains and losses also include market making related dividend income and expense.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

The following tables represent the carrying value, fair value, and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial assets and liabilities that are not recorded at fair value in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition. The following table excludes certain financial instruments such as equity investments and all non-financial assets and liabilities:



	December 31, 2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

	(in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,597	$	2,597	$	2,597	$	-	$	-
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes		7,503		7,503		7,503		-		-
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes		11,382		11,382		-		11,382		-
Securities borrowed		3,331		3,331		-		3,331		-
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		1,242		1,242		-		1,242		-
Receivables from customer		27,017		27,017		-		27,017		-
Receivables from broker, dealers, and clearing organizations		706		706		-		706		-
Interest receivable		141		141		-		141		-
Other assets		5		6		-		6		-
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value	$	53,924	$	53,925	$	10,100	$	43,825	$	-



Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value
Short-term borrowings	$	17	$	17	$	-	$	17	$	-
Securities loaned		4,037		4,037		-		4,037		-
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		-		-		-		-		-
Payables to customer		47,993		47,993		-		47,993		-
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		298		298		-		298		-
Interest payable		41		41		-		41		-
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value	$	52,386	$	52,386	$	-	$	52,386	$	-



	December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,732	$	1,732	$	1,732	$	-	$	-
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes		6,547		6,547		6,547		-		-
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes		9,166		9,166		-		9,166		-
Securities borrowed		2,957		2,957		-		2,957		-
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		2,035		2,035		-		2,035		-
Receivables from customer		29,821		29,821		-		29,821		-
Receivables from broker, dealers, and clearing organizations		823		823		-		823		-
Interest receivable		116		116		-		116		-
Other assets		6		6		-		6		-
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value	$	53,203	$	53,203	$	8,279	$	44,924	$	-



Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value
Short-term borrowings	$	15	$	15	$	-	$	15	$	-
Securities loaned		4,444		4,444		-		4,444		-
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		1,316		1,316		-		1,316		-
Payables to customer		47,548		47,548		-		47,548		-
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		283		283		-		283		-
Interest payable		22		22		-		22		-
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value	$	53,628	$	53,628	$	-	$	53,628	$	-

Netting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

It is the Company’s policy to net securities borrowed and securities loaned, and securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments that are not offset in the consolidated statements of financial condition, but could be netted against cash or financial instruments with specific counterparties under master netting agreements, according to the terms of the agreements, including clearing houses (exchange traded options, warrants and discount certificates) or over the counter currency forward contract counterparties, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s net payable or receivable with counterparties for these financial instruments.

The following tables set forth the netting of financial assets and of financial liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



	December 31, 2018
									Amounts Not
	Gross Amounts			Amounts			Net Amounts		Offset in the
	of Financial			Offset in the			Presented in		Consolidated Statement
	Assets and			Consolidated			the Consolidated		of Financial Condition
	Liabilities			Statement of			Statement of		Cash or Financial
	Recognized			Financial Condition		2	Financial Condition		Instruments		Net Amount

	(in millions)
Offsetting of financial assets
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell	$	11,382	1	$	—		$	11,382	$	(11,382)	$	—
Securities borrowed		3,331			—			3,331		(3,199)		132
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		1,242			—			1,242		(1,242)		—
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Options		1,479			—			1,479		(398)		1,081
Warrants		1			—			1		—		1
Currency forward contracts		28			—			28		—		28
Total	$	17,463		$	—		$	17,463	$	(16,221)	$	1,242


	(in millions)
Offsetting of financial liabilities
Securities loaned	$	4,037	$	—	$	4,037	$	(3,838)	$	199
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		—		—		—		—		—
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Options		404		—		404		(398)		6
Warrants		—		—		—		—		—
Currency forward contracts		4		—		4		—		4
Total	$	4,445	$	—	$	4,445	$	(4,236)	$	209



	December 31, 2017
									Amounts Not
		Gross Amounts		Amounts			Net Amounts		Offset in the
		of Financial		Offset in the			Presented in		Consolidated Statement
		Assets and		Consolidated			the Consolidated		of Financial Condition
		Liabilities		Statement of			Statement of		Cash or Financial
		Recognized		Financial Condition		2	Financial Condition		Instruments		Net Amount

	(in millions)
Offsetting of financial assets
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell	$	9,166	1	$	—		$	9,166	$	(9,166)	$	—
Securities borrowed		2,957			—			2,957		(2,822)		135
Securities purchased under agreements to resell		2,035			—			2,035		(2,035)		—
Financial instruments owned, at fair value
Options		1,052			—			1,052		(451)		601
Warrants		5			—			5		—		5
Currency forward contracts		32			—			32		—		32
Total	$	15,247		$	—		$	15,247	$	(14,474)	$	773


	(in millions)
Offsetting of financial liabilities
Securities loaned	$	4,444	$	—	$	4,444	$	(4,201)	$	243
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		1,316		—		1,316		(1,316)		—
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value
Options		464		—		464		(451)		13
Warrants		—		—		—		—		—
Currency forward contracts		1		—		1		—		1
Total	$	6,225	$	—	$	6,225	$	(5,968)	$	257

(1)

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had $11.4 billion and $9.2 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under agreements to resell that were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements. These securities are included in “Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes” in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

(2)

The Company did not have any balances eligible for netting in accordance with ASC Topic 210-20 at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Secured Financing Transactions – Maturities and Collateral Pledged

The following tables present gross obligations for securities loaned transactions by remaining contractual maturity and class of collateral pledged as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



	December 31, 2018
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
	Overnight		Less than		30 – 90		Over 90
	and Open		30 days		days		days		Total

	(in millions)
Securities loaned
Stocks	$	3,970	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	3,970
Corporate bonds		65		-		-		-		65
Foreign government securities		2		-		-		-		2
Total securities loaned	$	4,037	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,037


	December 31, 2017
	Remaining Contractual Maturity
	Overnight		Less than		30 – 90		Over 90
	and Open		30 days		days		days		Total

	(in millions)
Securities loaned
Stocks	$	4,389	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	4,389
Corporate bonds		55		-		-		-		55
Total securities loaned		4,444		-		-		-		4,444

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
U.S. government securities		1,316		-		-		-		1,316
Total	$	5,760	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	5,760