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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_________________________________

(Mark One)
þ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023 OR
o |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-33440

INTERACTIVE BROKERS GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware ‎(State or other jurisdiction of ‎incorporation or organization) | 30-0390693 ‎(I.R.S. Employer ‎Identification No.)

One Pickwick Plaza

Greenwich, Connecticut 06830

(Address of principal executive office)

(203) 618-5800

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer o | Non-accelerated filer o ‎ | Smaller reporting company o | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No þ

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of the exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share | IBKR | The Nasdaq Global Select Market

As of May 5, 2023, there were 102,993,269 shares of the issuer’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding and 100 shares of the issuer’s Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2023

Tab le of Contents

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 5
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
ITEM 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 56
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 61
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 62
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 62
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 62
ITEM 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 62
ITEM 5. | Other Information | 62
ITEM 6. | Exhibits | 63
| Signature |

i

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(Unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions, except share amounts) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,214 |  | $ | 3,436
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 24,354 |  |  | 25,167
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 36,987 |  |  | 31,781
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | 4,749
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,699 |  |  | 6,029
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial instruments owned |  |  | 310 |  |  | 396
Financial instruments owned and pledged as collateral |  |  | 73 |  |  | 89
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 383 |  |  | 485
Receivables |  |  |  |  |  |
Customers, less allowance for credit losses of $12 and $10 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | 39,491 |  |  | 38,760
Brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | 3,469
Interest |  |  | 384 |  |  | 341
Total receivables |  |  | 41,541 |  |  | 42,570
Other assets |  |  | 985 |  |  | 926
Total assets |  | $ | 119,469 |  | $ | 115,143
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 18
Securities loaned |  |  | 10,719 |  |  | 8,940
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 190 |  |  | 146
Payables |  |  |  |  |  |
Customers |  |  | 94,897 |  |  | 93,195
Brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations |  |  | 369 |  |  | 291
Affiliate |  |  | 214 |  |  | 214
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 600 |  |  | 531
Interest |  |  | 237 |  |  | 193
Total payables |  |  | 96,317 |  |  | 94,424
Total liabilities |  |  | 107,236 |  |  | 103,528
Commitments, contingencies and guarantees (see Note 13) |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A – Authorized - 1,000,000,000, Issued - 103,128,710 and 103,057,148 shares, Outstanding – 102,984,753 and 102,887,728 shares as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1
Class B – Authorized, Issued and Outstanding – 100 shares as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 1,589 |  |  | 1,581
Retained earnings |  |  | 1,432 |  |  | 1,294
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes of $0 and $0 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (22)
Treasury stock, at cost, 143,957 and 169,420 shares as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (6)
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 3,001 |  |  | 2,848
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 9,232 |  |  | 8,767
Total equity |  |  | 12,233 |  |  | 11,615
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 119,469 |  | $ | 115,143

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

‎

2

Table of Contents

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolid ated Statements of Comp rehensive Income

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except share or per share amounts) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions |  | $ | 357 |  | $ | 349
Other fees and services |  |  | 43 |  |  | 53
Other income (loss) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (39)
Total non-interest income |  |  | 419 |  |  | 363
Interest income |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | 332
Interest expense |  |  | (710) |  |  | (50)
Total net interest income |  |  | 637 |  |  | 282
Total net revenues |  |  | 1,056 |  |  | 645
Non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Execution, clearing and distribution fees |  |  | 95 |  |  | 71
Employee compensation and benefits |  |  | 128 |  |  | 111
Occupancy, depreciation and amortization |  |  | 24 |  |  | 22
Communications |  |  | 9 |  |  | 8
General and administrative |  |  | 36 |  |  | 38
Customer bad debt |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1
Total non-interest expenses |  |  | 295 |  |  | 251
Income before income taxes |  |  | 761 |  |  | 394
Income tax expense |  |  | 61 |  |  | 28
Net income |  |  | 700 |  |  | 366
Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 552 |  |  | 293
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.44 |  | $ | 0.74
Diluted |  | $ | 1.42 |  | $ | 0.74
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 102,958,660 |  |  | 98,226,147
Diluted |  |  | 104,042,571 |  |  | 99,224,776
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative translation adjustment, before income taxes |  |  | 5 |  |  | (10)
Income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 5 |  |  | (10)
Comprehensive income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 153 |  | $ | 63
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 552 |  | $ | 293
Other comprehensive income - cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | 14 |  |  | (31)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 566 |  | $ | 262

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Ca sh Flows

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 700 |  | $ | 366
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 16 |  |  | 15
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6
Employee stock plan compensation |  |  | 26 |  |  | 21
Unrealized (gains) losses on other investments, net |  |  | (3) |  |  | —
Bad debt expense |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1
Shares distributed to customers under IBKR Promotions |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3
Change in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | (5,206) |  |  | (9,229)
Securities borrowed |  |  | (557) |  |  | (533)
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | (670) |  |  | (1,888)
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 71 |  |  | 96
Receivables from customers |  |  | (735) |  |  | 6,628
Other receivables |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 1,592
Other assets |  |  | (25) |  |  | (20)
Securities loaned |  |  | 1,779 |  |  | (390)
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase |  |  | — |  |  | 300
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 44 |  |  | 8
Payable to customers |  |  | 1,702 |  |  | 5,463
Other payables |  |  | 160 |  |  | (316)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | (923) |  |  | 2,125
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributions received and proceeds from sales of other investments |  |  | 23 |  |  | 5
Purchase of property, equipment and intangible assets |  |  | (17) |  |  | (19)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 6 |  |  | (14)
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings, net |  |  | (8) |  |  | (16)
Dividends paid to stockholders |  |  | (10) |  |  | (9)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (119) |  |  | (80)
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (137) |  |  | (105)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 19 |  |  | (41)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (1,035) |  |  | 1,965
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  |  | 28,603 |  |  | 25,283
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 27,568 |  | $ | 27,248
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 3,214 |  |  | 2,667
Cash segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 24,354 |  |  | 24,581
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 27,568 |  | $ | 27,248
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 666 |  | $ | 50
Cash paid for taxes, net |  | $ | 50 |  | $ | 16
Cash paid for amounts included in lease liabilities |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | 8
Non-cash financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to additional paid-in capital for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 1
Adjustments to noncontrolling interests for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | (1)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Ch anges in Equity

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

(Unaudited)

|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  | Total |  | Non- |  |  |
|  | Issued |  | Par |  | Paid-In |  | Treasury |  | Retained |  | Comprehensive |  | Stockholders' |  | controlling |  | Total
(in millions, except share amounts) |  | Shares |  | Value |  | Capital |  | Stock |  | Earnings |  | Income |  | Equity |  | Interests |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 103,057,148 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,581 |  | $ | (6) |  | $ | 1,294 |  | $ | (22) |  | $ | 2,848 |  | $ | 8,767 |  | $ | 11,615
Issuance of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | —
Common stock distributed pursuant to stock incentive plans |  | 71,562 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net distribution of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2
Compensation for stock grants vesting in the future |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 26
Dividends paid to stockholders - $0.10 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |  | (10)
Distributions from IBG LLC to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | (80) | (119) |  |  | (119)
Adjustments for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | —
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 148 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 719
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | 103,128,710 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,589 |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | 1,432 |  | $ | (17) |  | $ | 3,001 |  | $ | 9,232 |  | $ | 12,233

‎

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022

(Unaudited)

|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  | Total |  | Non- |  |  |
|  | Issued |  | Par |  | Paid-In |  | Treasury |  | Retained |  | Comprehensive |  | Stockholders' |  | controlling |  | Total
(in millions, except share amounts) |  | Shares |  | Value |  | Capital |  | Stock |  | Earnings |  | Income |  | Equity |  | Interests |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | 98,359,572 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,442 |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | 953 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2,395 |  | $ | 7,827 |  | $ | 10,222
Issuance of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  | 50,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |  |  | —
Net distribution of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3
Compensation for stock grants vesting in the future |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 21
Dividends paid to stockholders - $0.10 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  |  | (9)
Distributions from IBG LLC to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (80) |  |  | (80)
Adjustments for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | —
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 63 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 325
Balance, March 31, 2022 |  | 98,409,572 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,449 |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | 1,017 |  | $ | (6) |  | $ | 2,456 |  | $ | 8,026 |  | $ | 10,482

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Organization of Business

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (“IBG, Inc.”) is a Delaware holding company whose primary asset is its ownership of approximately 24.5% of the membership interests of IBG LLC, which, in turn, owns operating subsidiaries (collectively, “IBG LLC”). IBG, Inc. together with IBG LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, “the Company”), is an automated global electronic broker specializing in executing and clearing trades in stocks, options, futures, foreign exchange instruments, bonds, mutual funds exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and precious metals on more than 150 electronic exchanges and market centers around the world and offering custody, prime brokerage, securities and margin lending services to customers. In addition, our customers can use our trading platform to trade certain cryptocurrencies through a third-party cryptocurrency service provider that executes, clears and custodies the cryptocurrencies. In the United States of America (“U.S.”), the Company conducts its business primarily from its headquarters in Greenwich, Connecticut and from Chicago, Illinois. Abroad, the Company conducts its business through offices located in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland, Hungary, India, China (Hong Kong and Shanghai), Japan, Singapore, and Australia. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had 2,872 employees worldwide.

IBG LLC is a Connecticut limited liability company that conducts its business through its significant operating subsidiaries: Interactive Brokers LLC (“IB LLC”); IBKR Securities Services LLC (“IBKRSS”); Interactive Brokers Canada Inc. (“IBC”); Interactive Brokers (U.K.) Limited (“IBUK”); Interactive Brokers Ireland Limited (“IBIE”); IBKR Financial Services AG (“IBKRFS”); Interactive Brokers Central Europe Zrt. (“IBCE”); Interactive Brokers (India) Private Limited (“IBI”); Interactive Brokers Hong Kong Limited (“IBHK”); Interactive Brokers Securities Japan, Inc. (“IBSJ”); Interactive Brokers Singapore Private Limited ("IBSG"); and Interactive Brokers Australia Pty Limited (“IBA”).

Certain operating subsidiaries are members of various securities and commodities exchanges in North America, Europe and the Asia/Pacific region and are subject to regulatory capital and other requirements (see Note 15). IB LLC, IBKRSS, IBC, IBUK, IBIE, IBCE, IBI, IBHK, IBSJ, IBSG and IBA carry securities accounts for customers or perform custodial functions relating to customer securities.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding financial reporting with respect to Form 10-Q.

These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023. The condensed consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements not included herein.

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries and reflect all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of the results for the periods presented. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the entire year.

Principles of Consolidation, including Noncontrolling Interests

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of IBG, Inc. and its majority and wholly-owned subsidiaries. As sole managing member of IBG LLC, IBG, Inc. exerts control over IBG LLC’s operations. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, “Consolidation,” the Company consolidates IBG LLC’s financial statements and records the interests in IBG LLC that it does not own as noncontrolling interests.

The Company’s policy is to consolidate all other entities in which it owns more than 50% unless it does not have control. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on judgment and the best available information at the time. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Such estimates include the allowance for credit losses, valuation of certain investments, compensation accruals, current and deferred income taxes, and contingency reserves.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Fair Value

Substantially all of the Company’s assets and liabilities, including financial instruments, are carried at fair value based on observable market prices and are marked to market, or are assets and liabilities which are short-term in nature and are carried at amounts that approximate fair value.

The Company applies the fair value hierarchy in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement” (“ASC Topic 820”), to prioritize the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

Level 1 | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2 | Quoted prices for similar assets in an active market, quoted prices in markets that are not considered to be active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 | Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to fair value measurement and unobservable.

Financial instruments owned, at fair value, and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value are generally classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s Level 1 financial instruments, which are valued using quoted market prices as published by exchanges and clearing houses or otherwise broadly distributed in active markets, include active listed stocks, options, warrants and U.S. and foreign government securities. The Company does not adjust quoted prices for financial instruments classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, even if the Company may hold a large position whereby a purchase or sale could reasonably be expected to impact quoted prices.

Currency forward contracts are valued using broadly distributed bank and broker prices and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy since inputs to their valuation can generally be corroborated by market data. Precious metals are valued using an internal model, which incorporates the exchange-traded futures price of the underlying instruments, benchmark interest rates and estimated storage costs, and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy since the significant inputs to their valuation are observable. Other securities that are not traded in active markets are also classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 financial instruments are comprised of securities that have been delisted or otherwise are no longer tradable in active markets and have been valued by the Company based on internal estimates.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 260, “Earnings per Share.” Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income available for common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for that period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing the net income available for common stockholders by the diluted weighted average shares outstanding for that period. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS and, in addition, reflects the dilutive effect of shares of common stock estimated to be distributed in the future under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, with no adjustments to net income available for common stockholders for potentially dilutive common shares.

Current Expected Credit Losses

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 326 – “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses” (“ASC Topic 326”) which applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, held-to-maturity debt securities and off-balance sheet credit exposures. For on-balance sheet assets, an allowance must be recognized at the origination or purchase of in-scope assets and represents the expected credit losses over the contractual life of those assets. Expected credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures must be estimated over the contractual period the Company is exposed to credit risk as a result of a present obligation to extend credit. The impact to the current period is not material since the Company’s in-scope assets are primarily subject to collateral maintenance provisions for which the Company elected to apply the practical expedient of reporting the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost for the in-scope assets as the allowance for current expected credit losses.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with banks and all highly liquid investments, with maturities of three months or less, that are not segregated and deposited for regulatory purposes or to meet margin requirements at clearing houses and clearing banks.

Cash and Securities – Segregated for Regulatory Purposes

As a result of customer activities, certain operating subsidiaries are obligated by rules mandated by their primary regulators to segregate or set aside cash or qualified securities to satisfy such regulations, which have been promulgated to protect customer assets. Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents that are subject to withdrawal or usage restrictions. Cash segregated for regulatory purposes meets the definition of restricted cash and is included in “cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash” in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The table below presents the composition of the Company’s securities segregated for regulatory purposes for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
U.S. and foreign government securities |  | $ | 6,385 |  | $ | 4,641
Municipal securities |  |  | 43 |  |  | 82
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 1 |  |  | 30,559 |  |  | 27,058
|  | $ | 36,987 |  | $ | 31,781

________________________

(1)These balances are collateralized by U.S. government securities.

Securities Borrowed and Securities Loaned

Securities borrowed and securities loaned are recorded at the amount of the cash collateral advanced or received. Securities borrowed transactions require the Company to provide counterparties with collateral, which may be in the form of cash, letters of credit or other securities. With respect to securities loaned, the Company receives collateral, which may be in the form of cash or other securities in an amount generally in excess of the fair value of the securities loaned. The Company monitors the market value of securities borrowed and loaned daily, with additional collateral obtained or refunded as permitted contractually. The Company’s policy is to net, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, securities borrowed and securities loaned contracts entered into with the same counterparty that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 210-20, “Balance Sheet – Offsetting” (“ASC Topic 210-20”).

Securities lending fees received and paid by the Company are included in interest income and interest expense, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which are reported as collateralized financing transactions, are recorded at contract value, which approximates fair value. To ensure that the fair value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, the collateral is valued daily with additional collateral obtained or excess collateral returned, as permitted under contractual provisions. The Company’s policy is to net, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, securities purchased under agreements to resell transactions and securities sold under agreements to repurchase transactions entered into with the same counterparty that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20.

Financial Instruments Owned and Financial Instruments Sold, But Not Yet Purchased, at Fair Value

Financial instrument transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. Financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased are stated at fair value based upon quoted market prices, or if not available, are valued by the Company based on internal estimates (see Fair Value above). The Company’s financial instruments pledged to counterparties where the counterparty has the right, by contract or custom, to sell or repledge the financial instruments are reported as financial instruments owned and pledged as collateral in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Customer Receivables and Payables

Receivables from and payables to customers include amounts due on cash and margin transactions, including futures contracts transacted on behalf of customers. Securities owned by customers, including those that collateralize margin loans or other similar transactions, are not reported in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Amounts receivable from customers that are determined by management to be uncollectible are recorded as customer bad debt expense in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Receivables from and Payables to Brokers, Dealers and Clearing Organizations

Receivables from and payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations include net receivables and payables from unsettled trades, including amounts related to futures and options on futures contracts executed on behalf of customers, amounts receivable for securities not delivered by the Company to the purchaser by the settlement date (“fails to deliver”) and cash deposits. Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations also include amounts payable for securities not received by the Company from a seller by the settlement date (“fails to receive”).

Investments

The Company makes certain strategic investments related to its business which are included in other assets in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company accounts for these investments as follows:

Under the equity method of accounting as required under FASB ASC Topic 323, “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures.” These investments, including where the investee is a limited partnership or limited liability company, are recorded at the fair value amount of the Company’s initial investment and are adjusted each period for the Company’s share of the investee’s income or loss. Contributions paid to and distributions received from equity method investees are recorded as additions or reductions, respectively, to the respective investment balance.

At fair value, if the investment in equity securities has a readily determinable fair value.

At adjusted cost, if the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. Adjusted cost represents the historical cost, less impairment if any. If the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, the Company measures the equity security at fair value as of the date that the observable transaction occurred in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 321, “Investments in Equity Securities.”

A judgmental aspect of accounting for investments is evaluating whether a decline in the value of an investment has occurred. The evaluation of impairment is dependent on specific quantitative and qualitative factors and circumstances surrounding an investment, including recurring operating losses, credit defaults and subsequent rounds of financing. Most of the Company’s equity investments do not have readily determinable market values. All investments are reviewed for changes in circumstances or occurrence of events that suggest the Company’s investment may not be recoverable. An impairment loss, if any, is recognized in the period the determination is made.

The table below presents the composition of the Company’s investments for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Equity method investments 1 |  | $ | 122 |  | $ | 121
Investments in equity securities at adjusted cost 2 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16
Investments in equity securities at fair value 2 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 34
Investments in exchange memberships and equity securities of certain exchanges 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2
|  | $ | 173 |  | $ | 173

________________________

(1)The Company’s share of income or losses is included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(2)These investments do not qualify for the equity method of accounting. Dividends received are included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Property, Equipment and Intangible Assets

Property, equipment and intangible assets, which are included in other assets in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, consist of leasehold improvements, computer equipment, software developed for the Company’s internal use, office furniture and equipment.

Property and equipment are recorded at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of assets are capitalized, while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method. Equipment is depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets, while leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated economic useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Computer equipment is depreciated over three to five years and office furniture and equipment are depreciated over five to seven years. Intangible assets with a finite life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three to five years, and tested for recoverability whenever events indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Qualifying costs for internally developed software are capitalized and amortized over the expected useful life of the developed software, not to exceed three years. Upon retirement or disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Fully depreciated (or amortized) assets are retired periodically throughout the year.

Leases

The Company reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys to the company the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Company determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate. An operating lease right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent.

The Company’s leases are classified as operating leases and consist of real estate leases for office space, data centers and other facilities. Each lease liability is measured using the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed yield curve using interest rates of third parties’ corporate debt issued with a similar risk profile as the Company and a duration similar to the lease term. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of less than one year to fourteen years, some of which include options to extend the lease term, and some of which include options to terminate the lease upon notice. The Company considers these options when determining the lease term used to calculate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability when the Company is reasonably certain it will exercise such option.

The Company’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Company elected to measure the lease liability by combining the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As such, the Company includes the fixed payments and any payments that depend on a rate or index that relate to the lease and non-lease components in the measurement of the lease liability. Some of the non-lease components are variable and not based on an index or rate, and as a result, are not included in the measurement of the right-of-use asset or lease liability.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in occupancy, depreciation and amortization expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Crypto-assets safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset

Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121 (“SAB 121”) requires an entity to recognize a liability to reflect its obligation to safeguard the crypto-assets held for its platform users and a corresponding safeguarding asset on its balance sheet, even when the Company does not control the crypto-assets. Both the crypto-asset safeguarding liability and the corresponding safeguarding asset shall be measured at the fair value of the crypto-assets held for the platform users with the measurement of the safeguarding asset taking into account any potential loss events.

The Company operates a trading platform that allows customers of some of its affiliates to access trading in digital assets through third parties.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Eligible customers of IB LLC can enroll to access a digital asset exchange and custody services provided by a third-party Cryptocurrency Service Provider (“CSP”) to buy, sell and hold crypto-assets in an account in the customer’s name at the CSP. IB LLC does not provide execution, custody or safeguarding services for the customers’ crypto-assets and does not maintain (or have access to) the cryptographic key information and wallets necessary to access the crypto-assets, nor does IB LLC have any legal title or claim to those crypto-assets. The CSP is responsible for securing the customers’ crypto-assets and protecting them from loss or theft. The agreement the customer signs with IB LLC before the customer is permitted to access the CSP’s services through IB LLC’s platform provides that:

[Customer] acknowledges and agrees that [IB LLC] is not responsible for any trading or other losses (including, without limitation, losses due to theft, fraud, cybersecurity breach, loss of control of private keys, or any other loss arising from trading or holding digital assets with [the CSP]) resulting directly or indirectly from or in connection with [Customer’s] relationship with [the CSP] and/or [Customer’s] trading or holding of digital assets, including activity or holdings in the [CSP] Account.

Even though IB LLC is not responsible for the custody or safeguarding of crypto-assets at the CSP, its customers’ crypto-assets held at the CSP are deemed to be in scope of SAB 121.

IBHK has obtained a license from the Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission (“SFC”) to provide virtual asset dealing services. Starting in the first quarter of 2023, eligible customers of IBHK can enroll to trade and hold crypto-assets through a relationship IBHK has established with an SFC-licensed digital asset exchange and custodian (the “Virtual Asset Exchange”). The crypto-assets are sub-custodied by the Virtual Asset Exchange on an omnibus basis for the benefit of the customers of IBHK. IBHK notifies its customers that exchange and sub-custody services are provided by a third-party Virtual Asset Exchange. IBHK does not maintain (or have access to) the cryptographic key information and wallets necessary to access the crypto-assets, nor does IBHK have any legal title or claim to those crypto-assets. The Virtual Asset Exchange is responsible for securing the customers’ crypto-assets and protecting them from loss or theft, and the SFC requires the Virtual Asset Exchange to maintain adequate controls and insurance against the risk of theft or loss of customer digital assets. The agreement the customer signs with IBHK before the customer is permitted to access digital asset trading provides that:

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable Rules, [IBHK] is not liable to [Customer] for loss arising from or attributable to the insolvency of any Virtual Asset Exchange, in the event of hacking or otherwise caused by the default of the Virtual Asset Exchange, where [IBHK] has not failed to exercise reasonable care and diligence in the selection, appointment and ongoing monitoring of the Virtual Asset Exchange, except (i) such loss arising from the gross negligence, willful default or fraud of [IBHK], or (ii) to the extent prohibited under applicable Rules. Notwithstanding any other provision of these Terms, in the absence of either (a) a failure by [IBHK] to exercise reasonable care and diligence in the selection, appointment and ongoing monitoring of the Virtual Asset Exchange, or (b) gross negligence, wilful default or fraud on the part of [IBHK], [IBHK] will only be obliged to return Virtual Assets held for [Customer] with the Virtual Asset Exchange who is insolvent, or which Virtual Assets have otherwise been subjected to loss due to an event of hacking, embezzlement, or theft at the Virtual Asset Exchange or which losses are otherwise caused by the default of the Virtual Asset Exchange, solely if and to the extent that those Virtual Assets or equivalent value are recovered by [IBHK] from the Virtual Asset Exchange. Unless otherwise provided under applicable Rules, [Customer] hereby agree[s] not to bring any action against [IBHK] on any claim arising from a loss occurring at the Virtual Asset Exchange, in the absence of circumstances addressed under (a) or (b) above, so long as [IBHK] makes commercially reasonable efforts to assert a claim for recovery against the Virtual Asset Exchange.

As of March 31, 2023, the fair value of the crypto-assets held (i) in the customers’ names at the CSP and (ii) at the Virtual Asset Exchange in an omnibus account for the benefit of customers that the Company recognized on its balance sheet for both the crypto-asset safeguarding liability and the corresponding safeguarding asset, which are included in “accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” and “other assets,” respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, was $109 million ($80 million as of December 31, 2022), which consisted of $66 million of Bitcoin, $40 million of Ethereum and $3 million of other crypto-assets. Changes in the fair value of crypto-assets, held by our customers, do not impact our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income unless a loss event is identified. As of March 31, 2023, neither the CSP nor the Virtual Asset Exchange identified any loss events.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Comprehensive Income and Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s operating results are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 220, “Comprehensive Income.”

Comprehensive income consists of two components: net income and other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The Company’s OCI is comprised of gains and losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements of non-U.S. subsidiaries, net of related income taxes, where applicable. In general, the practice and intention of the Company is to reinvest the earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations; therefore, tax is usually not accrued on OCI.

The Company’s non-U.S. domiciled subsidiaries have a functional currency that is other than the U.S. dollar. Such subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Adjustments that result from translating amounts from a subsidiary’s functional currency to the U.S. dollar (as described above) are reported net of tax, where applicable, in accumulated OCI in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Revenue Recognition

Commissions

Commissions earned for executing and/or clearing transactions are accrued on a trade date basis and are reported as commissions in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Commissions also include payments for order flow income received from IBKR Lite SM liquidity providers. The Company’s IBKR Lite SM offering provides commission-free trades on U.S. exchange-listed stocks and ETFs and generates no commission revenues from customers on these trades. See Note 8 for further information on revenue from contracts with customers.

Other Fees and Services

The Company earns fee income on services provided to customers, which includes market data fees, risk exposure fees, payments for order flow from exchange-mandated programs, and other fees and services charged to customers. Fee income is recognized either daily or monthly. See Note 8 for further information on revenue from contracts with customers.

Interest Income and Expense

The Company earns interest income and incurs interest expense primarily in connection with its electronic brokerage customer business and its securities lending activities, which are recorded on an accrual basis and are included in interest income and interest expense, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Principal Transactions

Principal transactions include gains and losses as a result of changes in the fair value of financial instruments owned, at fair value, financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value, and other investments measured at fair value (i.e., unrealized gains and losses) and realized gains and losses related to the Company’s principal transactions. Included are net gains and losses on stocks, options, U.S. and foreign government securities, municipal securities, futures, foreign exchange, precious metals and other derivative instruments, which are reported on a net basis in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Dividends are integral to the valuation of stocks. Accordingly, dividend income and expense attributable to financial instruments owned, at fair value and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value, are reported on a net basis in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Foreign Currency Gains and Losses

Foreign currency balances are assets and liabilities in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency. At every reporting date, the Company revalues its foreign currency balances to its functional currency at the spot exchange rate and records the associated foreign currency gains and losses. These foreign currency gains and losses are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, as follows: (a) foreign currency gains and losses related to the Company’s currency diversification strategy are reported in other income; (b) foreign currency gains and losses arising from currency swap transactions are reported in interest income or interest expense; and (c) all other foreign currency gains and losses are reported in other income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Rebates

Rebates consist of volume discounts, credits, or payments received from exchanges or other market centers related to the placement and/or removal of liquidity from the marketplace and are recorded on an accrual basis. Rebates are recorded net within execution, clearing and distribution fees in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Rebates received for trades executed on behalf of customers that elect tiered pricing are passed, in whole or part, to these customers, and such pass-through amounts are recorded net within commissions in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC Topic 718”), to account for its stock-based compensation plans. ASC Topic 718 requires all share-based payments to employees to be recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements using a fair value-based method. Grants, which are denominated in U.S. dollars, are communicated to employees in the year of the grant, thereby establishing the fair value of each grant. The fair value of awards granted to employees are generally expensed as follows: 50% in the year of grant in recognition of the plans’ post-employment provisions (as described below) and the remaining 50% over the related vesting period utilizing the “graded vesting” method permitted under ASC Topic 718. In the case of “retirement eligible” employees (those employees older than 59), 100% of awards are expensed when granted.

Awards granted under stock-based compensation plans are subject to the plans’ post-employment provisions in the event an employee ceases employment with the Company. The plans provide that employees who discontinue employment with the Company without cause and continue to meet the terms of the plans’ post-employment provisions will be eligible to earn 50% of previously granted but not yet earned awards, unless the employee is over the age of 59, in which case the employee would be eligible to receive 100% of previously granted but not yet earned awards.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC Topic 740”). The Company’s income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits are based on enacted tax laws (see Note 11) and reflect management’s best assessment of estimated future taxes to be paid. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Determining income tax expense requires significant judgment and estimates.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of underlying assets and liabilities. In evaluating the ability to recover deferred tax assets within the jurisdictions from which they arise, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. In projecting future taxable income, historical results are adjusted for changes in accounting policies and incorporate assumptions including the amount of future state, federal and foreign pre-tax operating income, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax-planning strategies. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company is using to manage the underlying businesses. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, three years of cumulative operating income (loss) are considered. Deferred income taxes have not been provided for U.S. tax liabilities or for additional foreign taxes on the unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries that have been indefinitely reinvested.

The calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across the Company’s global operations. Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future.

The Company records tax liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 740 and adjusts these liabilities when management’s judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are different from the current estimates of these tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available.

The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. A tax position that meets this standard is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized on settlement.

The Company recognizes interest related to income tax matters as interest income or interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as income tax expense in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

FASB Standards recently adopted

Standard |  | Summary of guidance |  | Effect on financial statements
Business Combinations (Topic 805) ‎ ‎Issued October 2021 |  | Requires companies to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. At the acquisition date, the acquirer should account for the related revenue contracts as if it had originated the contracts. |  | Effective date: January 1, 2023. The changes did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

FASB Standards issued but not adopted as of March 31, 2023

There have been no FASB Standards issued, applicable to the Company, but not adopted as of March 31, 2023.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Trading Activities and Related Risks

Trading activities expose the Company to market and credit risks. These risks are managed in accordance with established risk management policies and procedures. To accomplish this, management has established a risk management process that includes:

a regular review of the risk management process by executive management as part of its oversight role;

defined risk management policies and procedures supported by a rigorous analytic framework; and

articulated risk tolerance levels as defined by executive management that are regularly reviewed to ensure that the Company’s risk-taking is consistent with its business strategy, its capital structure, and current and anticipated market conditions.

Market Risk

The Company is exposed to various market risks. Exposures to market risks arise from equity price risk, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and changes in interest rates. The Company seeks to mitigate market risk associated with trading inventories by employing hedging strategies that correlate rate, price and spread movements of trading inventories and related financing and hedging activities. The Company uses a combination of cash instruments and exchange-traded derivatives to hedge its market exposures. The Company does not apply hedge accounting. The following discussion describes the types of market risk faced:

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk arises from the possibility that equity security prices will fluctuate, affecting the value of equity securities and other instruments that derive their value from a particular stock, a defined basket of stocks, or a stock index. The Company is subject to equity price risk primarily in financial instruments owned, at fair value and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value. The Company attempts to limit such risks by continuously reevaluating prices and by diversifying its portfolio across many different options, futures and underlying securities and avoiding concentrations of positions based on the same underlying security.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in interest rates will affect the value of financial instruments. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on cash and margin balances, positions carried in equity and fixed income securities, options, futures and on its borrowings. These risks are managed through investment policies and by entering into interest rate futures contracts.

Currency Risk

Currency risk arises from the possibility that fluctuations in foreign exchange rates will impact the value of financial instruments. The Company manages this risk using spot (i.e., cash) currency transactions, currency futures contracts and currency forward contracts. The Company actively manages its currency exposure using a currency diversification strategy that is based on a defined basket of ten currencies internally referred to as the “GLOBAL.” These strategies minimize the fluctuation of the Company’s equity as expressed in GLOBALs, thereby diversifying its risk in alignment with these global currencies, weighted by the Company’s view of their importance. As the Company’s financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, the change in the value of the GLOBAL as expressed in U.S. dollars affects the Company’s earnings. The impact of this currency diversification strategy in the Company’s earnings is included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to the risk of loss if a customer, counterparty or issuer fails to perform its obligations under contractual terms (“default risk”). Both cash instruments and derivatives expose the Company to default risk. The Company has established policies and procedures for mitigating credit risk on principal transactions, including reviewing and establishing limits for credit exposure, maintaining collateral and continually assessing the creditworthiness of counterparties.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company’s credit risk is limited as contracts entered into are settled directly at securities and commodities clearing houses or are settled through member firms and banks with substantial financial and operational resources. Over-the-counter transactions, such as securities lending and contracts for differences (“CFDs”), are marked to market daily and are conducted with counterparties that have undergone a thorough credit review. The Company seeks to control the risks associated with its customer margin activities by requiring customers to maintain collateral in compliance with regulatory and internal guidelines.

In the normal course of business, the Company executes, settles and finances various customer securities transactions. Execution of these transactions includes the purchase and sale of securities which exposes the Company to default risk arising from the potential that customers or counterparties may fail to satisfy their obligations. In these situations, the Company may be required to purchase or sell financial instruments at unfavorable market prices to satisfy obligations to customers or counterparties. Liabilities to other brokers and dealers related to unsettled transactions (i.e., securities fails to receive) are recorded at the amount for which the securities were purchased, and are paid upon receipt of the securities from other brokers or dealers. In the case of aged securities fails to receive, the Company may purchase the underlying security in the market and seek reimbursement for any losses from the counterparty.

For cash management purposes, the Company enters into short-term securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase transactions (“repos”) in addition to securities borrowing and lending arrangements, all of which may result in credit exposure in the event the counterparty to a transaction is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations. Repos are collateralized by securities with a market value in excess of the obligation under the contract. Similarly, securities lending agreements are collateralized by deposits of cash or securities. The Company attempts to minimize credit risk associated with these activities by monitoring collateral values daily and requiring additional collateral to be deposited with or returned to the Company as permitted under contractual provisions.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company’s exposure to credit risk associated with its trading and other activities is measured on an individual counterparty basis, as well as by groups of counterparties that share similar attributes. Concentrations of credit risk can be affected by changes in political, industry, or economic factors. To reduce the potential for risk concentration, credit limits are established and exposure is monitored in light of changing counterparty and market conditions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not have any material concentrations of credit risk outside the ordinary course of business.

Off-Balance Sheet Risks

The Company may be exposed to a risk of loss not reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements to settle futures and certain over-the-counter contracts at contracted prices, which may require repurchase or sale of the underlying products in the market at prevailing prices. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance sheet risk as the Company’s cost to liquidate such contracts may exceed the amounts reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

4. Equity and Earnings per Share

In connection with IBG, Inc.’s initial public offering of Class A common stock (“IPO”) in May 2007, it purchased 10.0% of the membership interests in IBG LLC from IBG Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), became the sole managing member of IBG LLC and began to consolidate IBG LLC’s financial results into its financial statements. Holdings owns all of IBG, Inc.’s Class B common stock, which has voting rights in proportion to its ownership interests in IBG LLC. The table below presents the amount of IBG LLC membership interests held by IBG, Inc. and Holdings as of March 31, 2023.

|  | IBG, Inc. |  | Holdings |  | Total
Ownership % | 24.5% |  | 75.5% |  | 100.0%
Membership interests | 102,999,265 |  | 316,609,102 |  | 419,608,367

These condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the results of operations and financial position of IBG, Inc., including consolidation of its investment in IBG LLC and its subsidiaries. The noncontrolling interests in IBG LLC attributable to Holdings are reported as a component of total equity in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Recapitalization and Post-IPO Capital Structure

Immediately before and immediately following the consummation of the IPO, IBG, Inc., Holdings, IBG LLC and the members of IBG LLC consummated a series of transactions collectively referred to herein as the “Recapitalization.” In connection with the Recapitalization, IBG, Inc., Holdings and the historical members of IBG LLC entered into an exchange agreement, dated as of May 3, 2007 (the “Exchange Agreement”), under which the historical members of IBG LLC received membership interests in Holdings in exchange for their membership interests in IBG LLC. Additionally, IBG, Inc. became the sole managing member of IBG LLC.

In connection with the consummation of the IPO, Holdings used the net proceeds to redeem 10.0% of members’ interests in Holdings in proportion to their interests. Immediately following the Recapitalization and IPO, Holdings owned approximately 90% of IBG LLC and 100% of IBG, Inc.’s Class B common stock.

Since the consummation of the IPO and Recapitalization, IBG, Inc.’s equity capital structure has been comprised of Class A and Class B common stock. All shares of common stock have a par value of $0.01 per share and have identical rights to earnings and dividends and in liquidation. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 1,000,000,000 shares of Class A common stock were authorized, of which 103,128,710 and 103,057,148 shares have been issued; and 102,984,753 and 102,887,728 shares were outstanding, respectively. Class B common stock is comprised of 100 authorized shares, of which 100 shares were issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In addition, 10,000 shares of preferred stock have been authorized, of which no shares are issued or outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

As a result of a federal income tax election made by IBG LLC applicable to the acquisition of IBG LLC member interests by IBG, Inc., the income tax basis of the assets of IBG LLC acquired by IBG, Inc. have been adjusted based on the amount paid for such interests. Deferred tax assets were recorded as of the IPO date and in connection with subsequent redemptions of Holdings member interests in exchange for common stock. These deferred tax assets are included in other assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and are being amortized as additional deferred income tax expense over 15 years from the IPO date and from the additional redemption dates, respectively, as allowable under current tax law. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unamortized balance of these deferred tax assets was $189 million and $193 million, respectively.

IBG, Inc. also entered into an agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”) with Holdings to pay Holdings (for the benefit of the former members of IBG LLC) 85% of the tax savings that IBG, Inc. actually realizes as the result of tax basis increases. These payables to Holdings are reported as payable to affiliate in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. The remaining 15% is accounted for as a permanent increase to additional paid-in capital in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The cumulative amounts of deferred tax assets, payables to Holdings and additional paid-in capital arising from stock offerings from the date of the IPO through March 31, 2023 were $654 million, $556 million and $98 million, respectively. Amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement are payable to Holdings annually following the filing of IBG, Inc.’s federal income tax return. The Company has paid Holdings a cumulative total of $243 million through March 31, 2023 under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement.

The Exchange Agreement, as amended, provides for future redemptions of member interests and for the purchase of member interests in IBG LLC by IBG, Inc. from Holdings, which could result in IBG, Inc. acquiring the remaining member interests in IBG LLC that it does not own. On an annual basis, members of Holdings can request redemption of their interests.

At the time of IBG, Inc.’s IPO in 2007, three hundred sixty (360) million shares of authorized common stock were reserved for future sales and redemptions. From 2008 through 2010, Holdings redeemed 5,013,259 IBG LLC interests with a total value of $114 million, which redemptions were funded using cash on hand at IBG LLC. Upon cash redemption, these IBG LLC interests were retired. From 2011 through 2022, IBG, Inc. issued 37,478,697 shares of common stock (with a fair value of $1.7 billion) directly to Holdings in exchange for an equivalent number of member interests in IBG LLC.

On July 27, 2020, the Company filed a Prospectus Supplement on Form 424B (File Number 333-240121) with the SEC to re-register up to 990,000 shares of common stock, offering the opportunity for eligible persons to receive awards in the form of an offer to receive such shares by participating in one or more promotions that are designed to attract new customers to the Company’s brokerage platform, increase assets held with the Company’s brokerage business and enhance customer loyalty. From 2019 through the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 320,000 shares to IBG LLC for distribution to eligible customers of certain of its subsidiaries. On May 5, 2023, the Company issued an additional 50,000 shares to be distributed to eligible customers in one or more promotions.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

As a consequence of these redemption transactions and distribution of shares to employees (see Note 10), IBG, Inc.’s interest in IBG LLC has increased to approximately 24.5%, with Holdings owning the remaining 75.5% as of March 31, 2023. The redemptions also increased the Holdings interest held by Mr. Thomas Peterffy and his affiliates from approximately 84.6% at the IPO to approximately 90.5% as of March 31, 2023.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated utilizing net income available for common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding for that period.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions, except share or per share amounts)
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  |  | 102,958,560 |  |  | 98,226,047
Class B |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100
|  |  | 102,958,660 |  |  | 98,226,147
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 1.44 |  | $ | 0.74

Diluted earnings per share are calculated utilizing the Company’s basic net income available for common stockholders divided by diluted weighted average shares outstanding with no adjustments to net income available to common stockholders for potentially dilutive common shares.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions, except share or per share amounts)
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding |  |  | 102,958,560 |  |  | 98,226,047
Potentially dilutive common shares |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuable pursuant to employee stock incentive plans |  |  | 1,083,911 |  |  | 998,629
Class B |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100
|  |  | 104,042,571 |  |  | 99,224,776
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 1.42 |  | $ | 0.74

Member Distributions and Stockholder Dividends

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, IBG LLC made distributions totaling $158 million, to its members, of which IBG, Inc.’s proportionate share was $39 million. In March 2023, the Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.10 per share of common stock, totaling $10 million.

On April 18, 2023, the Company declared a cash dividend of $0.10 per common share, payable on June 14, 2023 to stockholders of record as of June 1, 2023.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5. Comprehensive Income

The table below presents comprehensive income and earnings per share on comprehensive income for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions, except share or per share amounts)
Comprehensive income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 153 |  | $ | 63
Earnings per share on comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.48 |  | $ | 0.65
Diluted |  | $ | 1.47 |  | $ | 0.64
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 102,958,660 |  |  | 98,226,147
Diluted |  |  | 104,042,571 |  |  | 99,224,776

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The tables below present, by level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2), financial assets and liabilities, measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated. As required by ASC Topic 820, financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the respective fair value measurement.

|  | Financial Assets at Fair Value as of March 31, 2023
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. and foreign government securities |  | $ | 6,385 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,385
Municipal securities |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 43
Total securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 6,385 |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,428
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  |  | 302 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 302
Options |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28
U.S. and foreign government securities |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 368 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 383
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer-held fractional shares |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107
Crypto-asset safeguarding asset |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | 109
Other investments in equity securities |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33
Total other assets |  |  | 140 |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | 249
Total financial assets at fair value |  | $ | 6,893 |  | $ | 167 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,060

|  | Financial Liabilities at Fair Value as of March 31, 2023
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 155 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 155
Options |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 171 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 190
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fractional shares repurchase obligation |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107
Crypto-asset safeguarding liability |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | 109
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 107 |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | 216
Total financial liabilities at fair value |  | $ | 278 |  | $ | 128 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 406

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | Financial Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2022
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. and foreign government securities |  | $ | 4,641 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,641
Municipal securities |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82
Total securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 4,641 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,723
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  |  | 380 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 380
Options |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31
U.S. and foreign government securities |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 30
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 446 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 485
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer-held fractional shares |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91
Crypto-asset safeguarding asset |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 80
Other investments in equity securities |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34
Total other assets |  |  | 125 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 205
Total financial assets at fair value |  | $ | 5,212 |  | $ | 201 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,413

|  | Financial Liabilities at Fair Value as of December 31, 2022
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 121 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 121
Options |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 137 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 146
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fractional shares repurchase obligation |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91
Crypto-asset safeguarding liability |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 80
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 91 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 171
Total financial liabilities at fair value |  | $ | 228 |  | $ | 89 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 317

Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

There were no transfers in or out of level 3 for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

Financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value are recorded at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The tables below represent the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial assets and liabilities that are not recorded at fair value in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of financial condition for the periods indicated. The tables below exclude certain financial instruments such as equity method investments and all non-financial assets and liabilities.

|  | March 31, 2023
|  | Carrying ‎Value |  | Fair ‎Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,214 |  | $ | 3,214 |  | $ | 3,214 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 24,354 |  |  | 24,354 |  |  | 24,354 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 30,559 |  |  | 30,559 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,559 |  |  | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | —
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,699 |  |  | 6,699 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,699 |  |  | —
Receivables from customers |  |  | 39,491 |  |  | 39,491 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,491 |  |  | —
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | —
Interest receivable |  |  | 384 |  |  | 384 |  |  | — |  |  | 384 |  |  | —
Other assets |  |  | 17 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 111,690 |  | $ | 111,691 |  | $ | 27,568 |  | $ | 84,107 |  | $ | 16

Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | —
Securities loaned |  |  | 10,719 |  |  | 10,719 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,719 |  |  | —
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Payables to customers |  |  | 94,897 |  |  | 94,897 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,897 |  |  | —
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 369 |  |  | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |  |  | —
Interest payable |  |  | 237 |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |  |  | —
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 106,232 |  | $ | 106,232 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 106,232 |  | $ | —

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Carrying ‎Value |  | Fair ‎Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,436 |  | $ | 3,436 |  | $ | 3,436 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 25,167 |  |  | 25,167 |  |  | 25,167 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 27,058 |  |  | 27,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,058 |  |  | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | —
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,029 |  |  | 6,029 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,029 |  |  | —
Receivables from customers |  |  | 38,760 |  |  | 38,760 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,760 |  |  | —
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 3,469 |  |  | 3,469 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,469 |  |  | —
Interest receivable |  |  | 341 |  |  | 341 |  |  | — |  |  | 341 |  |  | —
Other assets |  |  | 17 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 109,026 |  | $ | 109,027 |  | $ | 28,603 |  | $ | 80,408 |  | $ | 16

Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | —
Securities loaned |  |  | 8,940 |  |  | 8,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,940 |  |  | —
Payables to customers |  |  | 93,195 |  |  | 93,195 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,195 |  |  | —
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 291 |  |  | 291 |  |  | — |  |  | 291 |  |  | —
Interest payable |  |  | 193 |  |  | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  | —
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 102,637 |  | $ | 102,637 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 102,637 |  | $ | —

Netting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s policy is to net securities borrowed and securities loaned, and securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments that are not offset in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, but could be netted against cash or financial instruments with specific counterparties under master netting agreements, according to the terms of the agreements, including clearing houses (exchange-traded options, warrants and discount certificates) or over the counter currency forward contract counterparties, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s net payable or receivable with counterparties for these financial instruments.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The tables below present the netting of financial assets and financial liabilities for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2023
|  | Gross |  | Amounts |  |  | Net Amounts |  | Amounts Not Offset |  |  |
|  | Amounts |  | Offset in the |  |  | Presented in |  | in the Condensed |  |  |
|  | of Financial |  | Condensed |  |  | the Condensed |  | Consolidated Statements |  |  |
|  | Assets and |  | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  | of Financial Condition |  |  |
|  | Liabilities |  | Statements of |  |  | Statements of |  | Cash or Financial |  |  |
|  | Recognized |  | Financial Condition | 2 |  | Financial Condition |  | Instruments |  | Net Amount
|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell |  | $ | 30,559 | 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,559 |  | $ | (30,559) |  | $ | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,306 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | (5,208) |  |  | 98
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,699 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,699 |  |  | (6,699) |  |  | —
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 12
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5
Total |  | $ | 42,597 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,597 |  | $ | (42,482) |  | $ | 115

|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned |  | $ | 10,719 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,719 |  | $ | (10,113) |  | $ | 606
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | (16) |  |  | —
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10
Total |  | $ | 10,745 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,745 |  | $ | (10,129) |  | $ | 616

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | December 31, 2022
|  |  | Gross | Amounts |  |  | Net Amounts |  | Amounts Not Offset |  |  |
|  |  | Amounts | Offset in the |  |  | Presented in |  | in the Condensed |  |  |
|  |  | of Financial | Condensed |  |  | the Condensed |  | Consolidated Statements |  |  |
|  |  | Assets and | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  | of Financial Condition |  |  |
|  |  | Liabilities | Statements of |  |  | Statements of |  | Cash or Financial |  |  |
|  |  | Recognized |  | Financial Condition | 2 |  | Financial Condition |  | Instruments |  | Net Amount
|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes - purchased under agreements to resell |  | $ | 27,058 | 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,058 |  | $ | (27,058) |  | $ | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 4,749 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | (4,597) |  |  | 152
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,029 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,029 |  |  | (6,029) |  |  | —
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 15
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 30
Total |  | $ | 37,897 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,897 |  | $ | (37,700) |  | $ | 197

|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned |  | $ | 8,940 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,940 |  | $ | (8,260) |  | $ | 680
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | (16) |  |  | —
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2
Total |  | $ | 8,958 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,958 |  | $ | (8,276) |  | $ | 682

________________________

(1)As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $30.6 billion and $27.1 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under agreements to resell that were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements. These securities are included in “Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.
‎

(2)The Company did not have any balances eligible for netting in accordance with ASC Topic 210-20 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Secured Financing Transactions – Maturities and Collateral Pledged

The tables below present gross obligations for securities loaned transactions by remaining contractual maturity and class of collateral pledged for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2023
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity
|  | Overnight |  | Less than |  | 30 – 90 |  | Over 90 |  |  |
|  | and Open |  | 30 days |  | days |  | days |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities loaned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 10,634 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,634
Corporate bonds |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85
Foreign government securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total securities loaned |  | $ | 10,719 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,719

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity
|  | Overnight |  | Less than |  | 30 – 90 |  | Over 90 |  |  |
|  | and Open |  | 30 days |  | days |  | days |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities loaned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 8,837 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,837
Corporate bonds |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101
Foreign government securities |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2
Total securities loaned |  | $ | 8,940 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,940

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

7. Collateralized Transactions

The Company enters into securities borrowing and lending transactions and agreements to repurchase and resell securities to finance trading inventory, to obtain securities for settlement and to earn residual interest rate spreads. In addition, the Company’s customers pledge their securities owned to collateralize margin loans. Under these transactions, the Company either receives or provides collateral, including equity, corporate debt and U.S. government securities. Under typical agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or repledge securities received as collateral and use these securities to secure securities purchased under agreements to resell, enter into securities lending transactions or deliver these securities to counterparties to cover short positions.

The Company also engages in securities financing transactions with and for customers through margin lending. Customer receivables generated from margin lending activity are collateralized by customer-owned securities held by the Company. Customers’ required margin levels and established credit limits are monitored continuously by risk management staff using automated systems. Pursuant to the Company’s policy and as enforced by such systems, customers are required to deposit additional collateral or reduce positions, when necessary, to avoid automatic liquidation of their positions.

Margin loans are extended to customers on a demand basis and are not committed facilities. Factors considered in the acceptance or rejection of margin loans are the amount of the loan, the degree of leverage being employed in the customer account and an overall evaluation of the customer’s portfolio to ensure proper diversification or, in the case of concentrated positions, appropriate liquidity of the underlying collateral. Additionally, transactions relating to concentrated or restricted positions are limited or prohibited by raising the level of required margin collateral (to 100% in the extreme case). The underlying collateral for margin loans is evaluated with respect to the liquidity of the collateral positions, valuation of securities, volatility analysis and an evaluation of industry concentrations. Adherence to the Company’s collateral policies significantly limits the Company’s credit exposure to margin loans in the event of a customer’s default. Under margin lending agreements, the Company may request additional margin collateral from customers and may sell securities that have not been paid for or purchase securities sold but not delivered from customers, if necessary. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately $39.5 billion and $38.8 billion, respectively, of customer margin loans were outstanding.

The table below presents a summary of the amounts related to collateralized transactions for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Permitted |  | Sold or |  | Permitted |  | Sold or
|  | to Repledge |  | Repledged |  | to Repledge |  | Repledged
|  | (in millions)
Securities lending transactions |  | $ | 73,506 |  | $ | 8,123 |  | $ | 62,689 |  | $ | 7,055
Securities purchased under agreements to resell transactions 1 |  |  | 37,573 |  |  | 35,672 |  |  | 33,208 |  |  | 31,108
Customer margin assets |  |  | 46,015 |  |  | 17,561 |  |  | 42,222 |  |  | 17,008
|  | $ | 157,094 |  | $ | 61,356 |  | $ | 138,119 |  | $ | 55,171

________________________

(1)As of March 31, 2023, $30.6 billion or 86% (as of December 31, 2022, $27.1 billion or 87%) of securities purchased under agreements to resell were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements.

In the normal course of business, the Company pledges qualified securities with clearing organizations to satisfy daily margin and clearing fund requirements. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the majority of the Company’s U.S. and foreign government securities owned were pledged to clearing organizations.

The table below presents financial instruments owned and pledged as collateral, including amounts pledged to affiliates, where the counterparty has the right to repledge, for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Stocks |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 54
U.S. and foreign government securities |  |  | 38 |  |  | 35
|  | $ | 73 |  | $ | 89

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

8. Revenues from Contracts with Customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised services to the customers. A service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Company determines the customer obtains control over the promised service. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Company’s progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the services to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those promised services (i.e., the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, the Company considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration, if any.

The Company’s revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when the performance obligations are satisfied at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services. The majority of the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time and are typically collected from customers by debiting their brokerage account with the Company.

Nature of Services

The Company’s main sources of revenues from contracts with customers are as follows:

-Commissions are charged to customers for order execution services and trade clearing and settlement services. These services represent a single performance obligation as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time at the execution of the order (i.e., trade date). Commissions are generally collected from cleared customers on trade date and from non-cleared customers monthly. Commissions also include payments for order flow received from IBKR Lite SM liquidity providers.

-Market data fees are charged to customers for market data services to which they subscribe that the Company delivers. The Company recognizes revenue monthly as the performance obligation is satisfied over time by continually providing market data for the period. Market data fees are collected monthly, generally in advance.

-Risk exposure fees are charged to customers who carry positions with a market risk that exceeds defined thresholds. The Company recognizes revenue daily as the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time by the Company taking on the additional risk of account liquidation and potential losses due to insufficient margin. Risk exposure fees are collected daily.

-Payments for order flow are earned from various options exchanges based upon options trading volume originated by the Company that meets certain criteria. The Company recognizes revenue daily as the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time on customer orders that qualify for payments subject to exchange-mandated programs. Payments for order flow are collected monthly, in arrears.

The Company also earns revenues from other services, including order cancelation or modification fees, position transfer fees, telecommunications fees, withdrawal fees and bank sweep program fees, among others.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Disaggregation of Revenue

The tables below present revenue from contracts with customers by geographic location and major types of services for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Geographic location 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 233 |  | $ | 245
International |  |  | 167 |  |  | 157
|  | $ | 400 |  | $ | 402
Major types of services |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions |  | $ | 357 |  | $ | 349
Market data fees 2 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 20
Risk exposure fees 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 15
Payments for order flow 2 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 10
Other 2 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 8
|  | $ | 400 |  | $ | 402

_____________________________

(1)Based on the location of the subsidiaries in which the revenues are recorded.
‎

(2)Included in other fees and services in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Receivables and Contract Balances

Receivables arise when the Company has an unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer and are derecognized when the cash is received. Receivables of $17 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, are reported in other assets in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Contract assets arise when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized before the Company’s unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer (i.e., unbilled receivable) and are derecognized when either it becomes a receivable or the cash is received. Contract assets are reported in other assets in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, contract asset balances were not material.

Contract liabilities arise when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of the Company satisfying its performance obligations under the contract and are derecognized when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized either when a milestone is met triggering the contractual right to bill the customer or when the performance obligation is satisfied. Contract liabilities are reported in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, contract liability balances were not material.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

9. Other Income (Loss)

The table below presents the components of other income (loss) for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Principal transactions |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | (23)
Gains (losses) from currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | 1 |  |  | (18)
Other, net |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2
|  | $ | 19 |  | $ | (39)

Principal transactions include (1) trading gains and losses from the Company’s remaining market making activities; (2) realized and unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments that (a) are held for purposes other than the Company’s market making activities, or (b) are subject to restrictions; and (3) dividends on investments accounted at cost less impairment.

10. Employee Incentive Plans

Defined Contribution Plan

The Company offers substantially all employees of U.S.-based operating subsidiaries who have met minimum service requirements the opportunity to participate in defined contribution retirement plans qualifying under the provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The general purpose of this plan is to provide employees with an incentive to make regular savings in order to provide additional financial security during retirement. This plan provides for the Company to match 50% of the employees’ pre-tax contribution, up to a maximum of 10% of eligible earnings. The employee is vested in the matching contribution incrementally over six years of service. Included in employee compensation and benefits expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income was $2 million of plan contributions for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

2007 Stock Incentive Plan

On February 28, 2023, the Company amended the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of Class A common stock authorized and reserved for issuance from 30 million to 40 million, which was approved by the Company’s stockholders at its 2023 Annual Meeting, held on April 20, 2023. Under the Company’s Stock Incentive Plan, up to 40 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock may be issued to satisfy vested restricted stock units granted to directors, officers, employees, contractors and consultants of the Company. The purpose of the Stock Incentive Plan is to promote the Company’s long-term financial success by attracting, retaining and rewarding eligible participants.

As a result of the Company’s organizational structure, a description of which can be found in “Business – Our Organizational Structure” in Part I, Item 1 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2023, there is no material dilutive effect upon ownership of common stockholders of issuing shares under the Stock Incentive Plan. The issuances do not dilute the book value of the ownership of common stockholders since the restricted stock units are granted at market value, and upon their vesting and the related issuance of shares of common stock, the ownership of IBG, Inc. in IBG LLC, increases proportionately to the shares issued. As a result of such proportionate increase in share ownership, the dilution upon issuance of common stock is borne by IBG LLC’s majority member (i.e., noncontrolling interest), Holdings, and not by IBG, Inc. or its common stockholders. Additionally, dilution of earnings that may take place after issuance of common stock is reflected in EPS reported in the Company’s financial statements. The EPS dilution can be neither estimated nor projected, but historically it has not been material.

The Stock Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee has discretionary authority to determine the eligibility to participate in the Stock Incentive Plan and establishes the terms and conditions of the awards, including the number of awards granted to each participant and all other terms and conditions applicable to such awards in individual grant agreements. Awards are expected to be made primarily through grants of restricted stock units. Stock Incentive Plan awards are subject to issuance over time. All previously granted but not yet earned awards may be canceled by the Company upon the participant’s termination of employment or violation of certain applicable covenants before issuance, unless determined otherwise by the Compensation Committee.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Stock Incentive Plan provides that, upon a change in control, the Compensation Committee may, at its discretion, fully vest any granted but not yet earned awards under the Stock Incentive Plan, or provide that any such granted but not yet earned awards will be honored or assumed, or new rights substituted by the new employer on a substantially similar basis and terms and conditions substantially comparable to those of the Stock Incentive Plan.

The Company expects to continue to grant awards on or about December 31 of each year to eligible participants as part of an overall plan of equity compensation. In 2021, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved a change to the vesting schedule for the Stock Incentive Plan. For awards granted on December 31, 2021 onwards, restricted stock units vest and become distributable to participants 20% on each vesting date, which is on or about May 9 of each year, assuming continued employment with the Company and compliance with non-competition and other applicable covenants. The vesting and distribution of grants prior to December 31, 2021 remain in accordance with the following schedule: (a) 10% on the first vesting date, which is on or about May 9 of each year; and (b) an additional 15% on each of the following six anniversaries of the first vesting.

Awards granted to directors vest and are distributed as follows: (a) one-time award granted to external directors on December 31 of the year of appointment vests over a five-year period (20% per year) commencing one year after the date of grant, and (b) annual awards granted to all directors on December 31 of each year are fully vested and distributed immediately on grant date. A total of 36,609 restricted stock units have been granted to the directors cumulatively since the plan’s inception.

The table below presents Stock Incentive Plan awards granted and the related fair values since the plan’s inception.

|  |  |  | Fair Value at
|  |  |  | Date of Grant
|  | Units |  | ($ millions)
Prior periods (since inception) |  | 27,018,109 |  | $ | 687
December 31, 2020 |  | 1,229,177 |  |  | 71
December 31, 2021 |  | 1,084,773 |  |  | 84
April 25, 2022 |  | 180,889 | 1 |  | 12
December 31, 2022 |  | 1,247,765 | 2 |  | 91
|  | 30,760,713 |  | $ | 945

______________________________

(1)April 25, 2022, the Company awarded a special grant of restricted stock units to employees.

(2)Stock Incentive Plan number of granted restricted stock units related to 2022 was adjusted by 3,382 additional restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Estimated future grants under the Stock Incentive Plan are accrued for ratably during each year (see Note 2). In accordance with the vesting schedule, outstanding awards vest and are distributed to participants yearly on or about May 9 of each year. At the end of each year, no vested awards remain undistributed.

Compensation expense related to the Stock Incentive Plan recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income was $26 million and $21 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Estimated future compensation costs for unvested awards, net of credits for canceled awards, as of March 31, 2023 are $37 million.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below summarizes the Stock Incentive Plan activity for the periods indicated.

|  | Stock
|  | Incentive Plan
|  | Units
Balance, December 31, 2022 1 |  | 4,756,422
Granted |  | —
Canceled 2 |  | 51,500
Distributed |  | (71,562)
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | 4,736,360

_____________________________

(1)Stock Incentive Plan number of granted restricted stock units related to 2022 was adjusted by 3,382 additional restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(2)During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company reinstated 71,562 previously canceled restricted stock units.

Awards previously granted but not yet earned under the stock plans are subject to the plans’ post-employment provisions in the event a participant ceases employment with the Company. Through March 31, 2023, a total of 1,225,895 restricted stock units have been distributed under these post-employment provisions. These distributions are included in the table above.

11. Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the taxation treatment of income attributable to noncontrolling interests in IBG LLC. These noncontrolling interests are held directly through a U.S. partnership. Accordingly, the income attributable to these noncontrolling interests is reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, but the related U.S. income tax expense attributable to these noncontrolling interests is not reported by the Company as it is generally the obligation of the noncontrolling interests. Income tax expense is also affected by the differing effective tax rates in foreign, state and local jurisdictions where certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are subject to corporate taxation.

Deferred income taxes arise primarily due to the amortization of the deferred tax assets recognized in connection with the common stock offerings (see Note 4), differences in the valuation of financial assets and liabilities, and for other temporary differences arising from the deductibility of compensation and depreciation expenses in different time periods for accounting and income tax return purposes.

As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no material valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various states and foreign jurisdictions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal and State income tax examinations for tax years prior to 2016, and to non-U.S. income tax examinations for tax years prior to 2012.

Under U.S. GAAP, a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Based upon the Company’s review of its federal, state, local and foreign income tax returns and tax filing positions, the Company has recorded a $2 million tax liability for an uncertain tax position for an IRS audit primarily related to the IRC Section 199 Domestic Production Activities Deduction.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

12. Leases

All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases and primarily consist of real estate leases for corporate offices, data centers and other facilities. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term on these leases is approximately 7 years and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the lease liabilities is approximately 3.70%. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, right-of-use assets obtained under new operating leases were $8 million. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees, restrictions, or covenants.

The table below presents balances reported in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition related to the Company’s leases for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Right-of-use assets 1 |  | $ | 120 |  | $ | 119
Lease liabilities 1 |  | $ | 141 |  | $ | 140

__________________________

(1)Right-of-use assets are included in other assets and lease liabilities are included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The table below presents balances reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income related to the Company’s leases for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 8
Variable lease cost |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1
Total lease cost |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 9

The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the Company’s leases to the present value of its operating lease payments for the period indicated.

|  | March 31, 2023
|  | (in millions)
2023 (remaining) |  | $ | 20
2024 |  |  | 28
2025 |  |  | 22
2026 |  |  | 20
2027 |  |  | 16
2028 |  |  | 16
Thereafter |  |  | 38
Total undiscounted operating lease payments |  |  | 160
Less: imputed interest |  |  | (19)
Present value of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 141

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Legal, Regulatory and Governmental Matters

The Company is subject to certain pending and threatened legal, regulatory and governmental actions and proceedings that arise out of the normal course of business. Given the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, particularly in proceedings where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages, or which are in their early stages, the Company is generally not able to quantify the actual loss or range of loss related to such legal proceedings, the manner in which they will be resolved, the timing of their final resolution or the ultimate settlement. Management believes that the resolution of these matters will not have a material effect, if any, on the Company’s business or financial condition, but may have a material impact on the results of operations for a given period.

The Company accounts for potential losses related to litigation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies.” As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, accruals for potential losses related to legal, regulatory and governmental actions and proceedings matters were not material.

Trading Technologies Matter

On February 3, 2010, Trading Technologies International, Inc. (“Trading Technologies”) filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “District Court”), against IBG LLC and IB LLC (the “Defendants”). The complaint, as amended, alleged that the Defendants infringed twelve U.S. patents held by Trading Technologies. Trading Technologies sought damages and injunctive relief. The Defendants asserted numerous defenses to Trading Technologies’ claims.

The asserted patents were the subject of petitions before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) seeking Covered Business Method Review (“CBM Review”). The USPTO Patent Trial Appeal Board (“PTAB”) found all claims of ten of the twelve asserted patents to be invalid. Of the remaining two patents, 53 of the 56 claims of one patent were held invalid and the other patent survived CBM Review proceedings. Appeals were filed by either the Defendants or Trading Technologies on all PTAB determinations.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the PTAB’s CBM Review determinations that eight patents were invalid and vacated the CBM Review determinations of invalidity for four patents, concluding that these patents were not eligible for CBM Review. The District Court proceedings on the four patents where the CBM Review determinations had been vacated thereafter resumed in March 2019. All four patents have since expired.

In June 2021, the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the Defendants, finding that two of the remaining four patents were invalid. The District Court trial with respect to the two remaining patents began on August 6, 2021. At trial, Trading Technologies sought damages of $962.4 million and a finding of willful infringement to support a later request for an award of enhanced damages. The Defendants believed and continue to believe that Trading Technologies’ damages request was unrealistic and without merit, and was inconsistent with license agreements involving the same patents and with prior settlement agreements with unrelated third parties.

On September 7, 2021, the jury rendered its verdict finding that the Defendants infringed the two patents, but did not willfully infringe either patent, finding that the two patents were not invalid and awarding $6.6 million in damages to Trading Technologies.

On October 5, 2021, Trading Technologies filed motions for a new trial on damages and willfulness, and to amend the judgment to include pre-judgment and post-judgment interest. On October 7, 2021, Trading Technologies filed a Bill of Costs seeking to recover certain litigation costs. The Defendants opposed each of these motions. On December 21, 2021, Trading Technologies filed a motion seeking to substitute Harris Brumfield (through a trust controlled by Brumfield) as the plaintiff. The Defendants did not oppose the substitution. On January 11, 2022, the District Court granted in part and denied in part Trading Technologies’ motion seeking pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, denying the amount Trading Technologies was seeking, but awarding Trading Technologies pre-judgment interest in the amount of $2.1 million and post-judgment interest in an amount to be calculated pursuant to the Court’s orders. On February 22, 2022, the District Court denied in its entirety Trading Technologies’ motion seeking a new trial on damages and willfulness. On March 24, 2022, Harris Brumfield filed a notice of appeal with the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit of the District Court’s judgment, certain other orders of the Court, and generally any and all other orders, rulings, findings, and/or conclusions adverse to Trading Technologies. On March 31, 2022, the District Court granted Trading Technologies’ bill of costs in the amount of $490,232, which was less than the amount Trading Technologies sought. On April 7, 2022, the Defendants filed a notice of cross-appeal. Brumfield’s Opening Brief was filed on August 26, 2022, and the Defendants’ filed an Opposition Brief on November 18, 2022. On December 24, 2022, Brumfield filed a Reply Brief. The appeal is still pending. The Defendants continue to believe in the invalidity of the two patents that were the subject of the jury verdict, and which have expired.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

While it is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome of the matter and litigation is inherently uncertain, the Company believes in the merits of its positions and will defend them vigorously.

Class Action Matter

On December 18, 2015, a former individual customer filed a purported class action complaint against IB LLC, IBG, Inc., and Thomas Frank, Ph.D., the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut. The complaint alleges that a purported class of IB LLC’s customers were harmed by alleged “flaws” in the computerized system used to close out (i.e., liquidate) positions in customer brokerage accounts that have margin deficiencies. The complaint seeks, among other things, undefined compensatory damages and declaratory and injunctive relief.

On September 28, 2016, the District Court issued an order granting the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety, and without providing plaintiff leave to amend. On September 28, 2017, the plaintiff appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On September 26, 2018, the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff’s claims of breach of contract and commercially unreasonable liquidation but vacated and remanded back to the District Court plaintiff’s claims for negligence. On November 30, 2018, the plaintiff filed a second amended complaint. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the new complaint on January 11, 2019, which was denied on September 30, 2019. On December 9, 2019, the Company filed a motion requesting that the District Court certify to the Connecticut Supreme Court two questions of Connecticut law directly relevant to the motion to dismiss. The Court denied the Company’s motion to certify on May 15, 2020. The plaintiff served a motion for class certification on March 18, 2022. The motion is now fully briefed. The Court has not yet set a date for oral argument. On March 25, 2022, the plaintiff also filed a motion for leave to amend his complaint, which was granted on July 5, 2022. The plaintiff filed his third amended complaint on July 14, 2022. The Company’s answer was filed on July 26, 2022. The Company does not believe that a purported class action is appropriate given the great differences in portfolios, markets and many other circumstances surrounding the liquidation of any particular customer’s margin-deficient account. IB LLC and the related defendants intend to continue to defend themselves vigorously against the case and, consistent with past practice in connection with this type of unwarranted action, any potential claims for counsel fees and expenses incurred in defending the case may be fully pursued against the plaintiff.

Regulatory Matters

The Company is subject to regulatory oversight and examination by numerous governmental and self-regulatory authorities. As announced on August 10, 2020, the Company agreed to settle certain matters related to its historical anti-money laundering and Bank Secrecy Act practices and procedures with FINRA, the SEC and the CFTC. As part of the settlements, the Company agreed to pay penalties of $15 million to FINRA, $11.5 million to the SEC and $11.5 million to the CFTC, plus approximately $700,000 in disgorgement. In addition, the Company agreed to continue the retention of an independent consultant to review the implementation of its enhanced compliance practices and procedures. In March 2023, IB LLC certified that it had adopted all of the recommendations contained in the consultant’s final report of January 2023. The Company is also cooperating with a United States Department of Justice inquiry concerning these matters, and while its outcome cannot be predicted, the Company does not believe that the resolution of this inquiry is likely to have a materially adverse effect on its financial results.

In November 2022, the SEC sent IB LLC and Interactive Brokers Corp. (“IB Corp.”) a request for information related to the Company’s compliance with records preservation requirements relating to business communications sent over electronic messaging channels that have not been approved by the Company. In April 2023, the CFTC sent a similar request. As has been publicly reported, the SEC and CFTC are conducting similar investigations of other financial services firms. The Company is cooperating with these inquiries.

Guarantees

Certain of the operating subsidiaries provide guarantees to securities and commodities clearing houses and exchanges which meet the accounting definition of a guarantee under FASB ASC Topic 460, “Guarantees.” Under standard membership agreements, clearing house and exchange members are required to guarantee collectively the performance of other members. Under the agreements, if a member becomes unable to satisfy its obligations, other members would be required to meet shortfalls. In the opinion of management, the operating subsidiaries’ liability under these arrangements is not quantifiable and could exceed the cash and securities they have posted as collateral. However, the potential for these operating subsidiaries to be required to make payments under these arrangements is remote. Accordingly, no contingent liability is carried in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition for these arrangements.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

In connection with its retail brokerage business, IB LLC or other electronic brokerage operating subsidiaries perform securities and commodities execution, clearance and settlement on behalf of their customers for whom they commit to settle trades submitted by such customers with the respective clearing houses. If a customer fails to fulfill its settlement obligations, the respective operating subsidiary must fulfill those settlement obligations. No contingent liability is carried on the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition for such customer obligations.

Other Commitments

Certain clearing houses, clearing banks and firms used by certain operating subsidiaries are given a security interest in certain assets of those operating subsidiaries held by those clearing organizations. These assets may be applied to satisfy the obligations of those operating subsidiaries to the respective clearing organizations.

14. Geographic Information

The Company operates its automated global business in the U.S. and international markets on more than 150 electronic exchanges and market centers. A significant portion of the Company’s net revenues is generated by subsidiaries operating outside the U.S. International operations are conducted in 32 countries in Europe, Asia/Pacific and the Americas (outside the U.S.). The following table presents total net revenues and income before income taxes by geographic area for the periods indicated.

Significant transactions and balances between the operating subsidiaries occur, primarily as a result of certain operating subsidiaries holding exchange or clearing organization memberships, which are utilized to provide execution and clearing services to subsidiaries. Intra-region income and expenses and related balances have been eliminated in this geographic information to reflect the external business conducted in each geographic region. The geographic analysis presented below is based on the location of the subsidiaries in which the transactions are recorded. This geographic information does not reflect the way the Company’s business is managed.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Net revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 733 |  | $ | 434
International |  |  | 323 |  |  | 211
Total net revenues |  | $ | 1,056 |  | $ | 645
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 587 |  | $ | 311
International |  |  | 174 |  |  | 83
Total income before income taxes |  | $ | 761 |  | $ | 394

15. Regulatory Requirements

As of March 31, 2023, aggregate excess regulatory capital for all operating subsidiaries was $9.0 billion.

IB LLC, IBKRSS and Interactive Brokers Corp. are subject to the Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) under the Exchange Act. IB LLC is also subject to the CFTC’s minimum financial requirements (Regulation 1.17). IBC is subject to the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada risk-adjusted capital requirement. IBKRFS is subject to the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority eligible equity requirement, IBUK is subject to the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority Capital Requirements Directive, IBIE is subject to the Central Bank of Ireland financial resources requirement, IBCE is subject to the Hungarian National Bank financial resource requirement, IBI is subject to the National Stock Exchange of India net capital requirements, IBHK is subject to the Hong Kong Securities Futures Commission liquid capital requirement, IBSJ is subject to the Japanese Financial Supervisory Agency capital requirements, IBSG is subject to the Monetary Authority of Singapore capital requirements, and IBA is subject to the Australian Securities Exchange liquid capital requirement.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below summarizes capital, capital requirements and excess regulatory capital as of March 31, 2023.

|  | Net Capital/ |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Eligible Equity |  | Requirement |  | Excess
|  | (in millions)
IB LLC |  | $ | 6,537 |  | $ | 705 |  | $ | 5,832
IBHK |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 806
IBIE |  |  | 618 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 469
Other regulated operating subsidiaries |  |  | 1,997 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 1,877
|  | $ | 10,166 |  | $ | 1,182 |  | $ | 8,984

Regulatory capital requirements could restrict the operating subsidiaries from expanding their business and declaring dividends if their net capital does not meet regulatory requirements. Also, certain operating subsidiaries are subject to other regulatory restrictions and requirements.

As of March 31, 2023, all regulated operating subsidiaries were in compliance with their respective regulatory capital requirements.

16. Related Party Transactions

Receivable from affiliate, reported in other assets in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, represents amounts advanced to Holdings and payable to affiliate represents amounts payable to Holdings under the Tax Receivable Agreement (see Note 4).

Included in receivables from and payables to customers in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were accounts receivable from directors, officers and their affiliates of $13 million and $17 million, respectively, and payables of $1,204 million and $1,208 million, respectively. The Company may extend credit to these related parties in connection with margin and securities loans. Such loans are (i) made in the ordinary course of business, (ii) are made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable loans with persons not related to the company, and (iii) do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.

17. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events for adjustment to or disclosure in its condensed consolidated financial statements through the date the condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

Except as disclosed in Note 4, Note 10 and Note 13, no other recordable or disclosable events occurred.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes in Item 1, included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion also contains forward-looking statements that include risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 24, 2023 and elsewhere in this report.

When we use the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” and “IBKR,” we mean IBG, Inc. and its subsidiaries (including IBG LLC) for the periods presented. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “common stock” refer to the Class A common stock of IBG, Inc.

Introduction

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (the “Company” or “IBG, Inc.”) is a holding company whose primary asset is its ownership of approximately 24.5% of the membership interests of IBG LLC. The remaining approximately 75.5% of IBG LLC membership interests are held by IBG Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), a holding company that is owned by our founder and Chairman, Mr. Thomas Peterffy and his affiliates, management and other employees of IBG LLC, and certain other members. The table below shows the amount of IBG LLC membership interests held by IBG, Inc. and Holdings as of March 31, 2023.

|  | IBG, Inc. |  | Holdings |  | Total
Ownership % | 24.5% |  | 75.5% |  | 100.0%
Membership interests | 102,999,265 |  | 316,609,102 |  | 419,608,367

We are an automated global electronic broker. We custody and service accounts for hedge and mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), registered investment advisers, proprietary trading groups, introducing brokers and individual investors. We specialize in routing orders and executing and processing trades in stocks, options, futures, forex, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs and precious metals on more than 150 electronic exchanges and market centers in 33 countries and 26 currencies seamlessly around the world. In addition, our customers can use our trading platform to trade certain cryptocurrencies through third-party cryptocurrency service providers that execute, clear and custody the cryptocurrencies.

As an electronic broker, we execute, clear and settle trades globally for both institutional and individual customers. Capitalizing on our proprietary technology, our systems provide our customers with the capability to monitor multiple markets around the world simultaneously and to execute trades electronically in these markets at a low cost, in multiple products and currencies from a single trading account. The ever-growing complexity of multiple market centers across diverse geographies provides us with ongoing opportunities to build and continuously adapt our order routing software to secure excellent execution prices.

Since our inception in 1977, we have focused on developing proprietary software to automate broker-dealer functions. The proliferation of electronic exchanges and market centers since the early 1990s has allowed us to integrate our software with an increasing number of trading venues, creating one automatically functioning, computerized platform that requires minimal human intervention.

Our customer base is diverse with respect to geography and type. Currently, approximately 79% of our customers reside outside the United States (“U.S.”) in over 200 countries and territories, and over 50% of new customers come from outside the U.S. Approximately 58% of our customers’ equity is in institutional accounts such as hedge funds, financial advisors, proprietary trading desks and introducing brokers. Specialized products and services that we have developed successfully attract these accounts. For example, we offer prime brokerage services, including financing and securities lending, to hedge funds; our model portfolio technology and automated share allocation and rebalancing tools are particularly attractive to financial advisors; and our trading platform, global access and low pricing attract introducing brokers.

Business Environment

During the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (“current quarter”), world equities markets were mixed versus the prior-year quarter. Market indices in the U.S., Canada and some parts of Asia/Pacific saw declines, while Europe and other parts of Asia registered gains. Factors affecting the current quarter included tighter monetary policy and higher interest rates across a number of countries; concerns regarding the banking sector; the possibility of recession; and continued geopolitical uncertainty. While market performance varied by country, overall conditions trended toward a more volatile macroeconomic environment. Coinciding with these factors, individual investors, who had helped drive equities market volumes higher in prior years, were less engaged in the current quarter.

The following is a summary of the key economic drivers that affect our business and how they compared to the prior-year quarter:

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Global trading volumes. Worldwide, equities volumes at major exchanges declined in the current quarter as investors took a more cautious approach in a less certain environment. In the U.S., according to industry data, U.S. listed cash equities volume decreased by 8%, while average daily volume in exchange-listed equity-based options increased by 8% and in U.S. futures by 4%, compared to the prior-year quarter. While stock trading volumes remain significantly higher than pre-pandemic levels, they were lower in the current quarter versus the prior-year quarter due to a more risk averse environment.

This led to mixed results across our major product types: customer options, futures and foreign exchange volumes were up 2%, 4% and 17%, respectively, while stock volumes declined 22%, compared to the prior-year quarter. In futures, volumes rose most in financial futures such as interest rate, metals and foreign exchange, in part as investors sought to mitigate exposure to persistent inflation, higher interest rates and a stronger U.S. dollar.

Note that while U.S. options, futures and cash equities volumes are readily comparable measures, they reflect most but not all of the global volumes that generate our commission revenue. See “Trading Volumes and Customer Statistics” below in this Item 7 for additional details regarding our trade volumes, contract and share volumes, and customer statistics.

Volatility. U.S. market volatility, as measured by the average Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index (“VIX®”), declined 18%, from an average of 25.4 in the prior-year quarter to 20.7 in the current quarter. Volatility levels had been elevated for most of 2022 due to factors that led to geopolitical uncertainty and more unpredictable world economies and markets, such as the war in Ukraine and consistent, significant interest rate hikes. The current level of volatility is more consistent with long-term trends.

In general, higher volatility typically enhances our performance because it often correlates positively with customer trading activity across product types.

Interest Rates. The U.S. Federal Reserve increased the benchmark federal funds rate twice this quarter, raising rates 25 basis points in February and another 25 basis points in March. The U.S. Treasury yield curve remains inverted, with long-term rates markedly lower than short-term. In nearly every country with developed financial markets, interest rates also rose in the current quarter as central banks take steps to control inflationary pressures.

Higher U.S. benchmark rates have boosted the interest we earn on our segregated cash, the majority of which is invested in short-term U.S. government securities and related instruments. The uncertainty over future U.S. Federal Reserve rate policy has led us to maintain a short duration portfolio, all of which matured within three months at March 31, 2023, to more closely match asset and liability maturities, so that additional rate increases present more opportunities for our interest-sensitive assets. Further, our margin balances are tied to benchmark rates, so rising rates have also improved the interest we earn on margin lending to our customers. We continue to offer among the lowest rates in the industry on margin lending, and we believe our low rates are an important feature that attracts customers to our platform.

Rising rates also increase our interest expense. For example, in U.S. dollars we pay interest to customers when the federal funds effective rate is above 0.50%, which it has been since May 2022. Central banks in many other countries have also increased their interest rates in recent months. We believe the attractive rates we pay on customer cash are another important feature that draws customers to our platform.

Net interest income on customer cash and margin loan balances increased significantly compared to the prior-year quarter as the average federal funds effective rate increased to 4.51% in the current quarter from 0.12% in the prior-year quarter. During an extended period prior to 2022, the interest we paid on customer cash balances and earned on customer margin loans and investment of customer segregated funds resulted in spreads that were compressed at low benchmark rates. Now that benchmark interest rates are over 50 basis points this spread compression has been eliminated, leading to higher net interest income.

Higher interest rates contributed to a 126% rise in net interest income over the prior-year quarter. Combined with increases in average interest-earning assets, particularly in segregated cash balances, these higher rates led to a widening of our net interest margin from 1.10% in the prior-year quarter to 2.24% in the current quarter.

Currency fluctuations. As a global electronic broker trading on exchanges around the world in multiple currencies, we are exposed to foreign currency risk. We actively manage this exposure by keeping our equity in proportion to a defined basket of 10 currencies we call the “GLOBAL” to diversify our risk and to align our hedging strategy with the currencies that we use in our business. Because we report our financial results in U.S. dollars, the change in the value of the GLOBAL versus the U.S. dollar affects our earnings. During the current quarter, the value of the GLOBAL, as measured in U.S. dollars, increased 0.17% compared to its value at December 31, 2022, which had a positive impact on our comprehensive earnings for the current year. A discussion of our approach for managing foreign currency exposure is contained in Part I, Item 7A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

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Financial Overview

We report non-GAAP financial measures, which exclude certain items that may not be indicative of our core operating results and business outlook and are useful in evaluating the operating performance of our business. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below in this Item 2 for additional details.

Diluted earnings per share were $1.42 for the current quarter, compared to diluted earnings per share of $0.74 for the prior-year quarter. Adjusted diluted earnings per share were $1.35 for the current quarter and $0.82 for the prior-year quarter. The calculation of diluted earnings per share is detailed in Note 4 – “Equity and Earnings per Share” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

For the current quarter, our net revenues were $1,056 million and income before income taxes was $761 million, compared to net revenues of $645 million and income before income taxes of $394 million in the prior-year quarter. Adjusted net revenues were $1,015 million and adjusted income before income taxes was $720 million, compared to adjusted net revenues of $692 million and adjusted income before income taxes of $441 million in the prior-year quarter.

Financial highlights for the current quarter (compared to the prior-year quarter):

Commission revenue increased 2% to $357 million on record contract volumes in futures and larger average trade sizes in options and futures, tempered by lower customer stock trading volume.

Net interest income increased 126% to $637 million on higher benchmark interest rates and customer credit balances.

Other income increased $58 million to a gain of $19 million. This increase was mainly comprised of $39 million related to our U.S. government securities portfolio, all of which matures within three months, and $19 million related to our currency diversification strategy.

Pretax profit margin was 72% for the current quarter, up from 61% in the prior-year quarter. Adjusted pretax profit margin for the current quarter was 71%, up from 64% in the prior-year quarter.

Total equity as of March 31, 2023 was $12.2 billion.

In connection with our currency diversification strategy as of March 31, 2023, approximately 24% of our equity was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In the current quarter, our currency diversification strategy increased our comprehensive earnings by $20 million (compared to a decrease of $59 million in the prior-year quarter), as the U.S. dollar value of the GLOBAL increased by approximately 0.17%, compared to its value as of December 31, 2022. The effects of our currency diversification strategy are reported as (1) a component of other income (gain of $1 million) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and (2) other comprehensive income (“OCI”) (gain of $19 million) in the consolidated statements of financial condition and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The full effect of the GLOBAL is captured in comprehensive income.

Certain Trends and Uncertainties

We believe that our current operations may be favorably or unfavorably impacted by the following trends that may affect our financial condition and results of operations:

•Retail participation in the equity markets has fluctuated in the past due to investor sentiment, market conditions and a variety of other factors. Retail transaction volumes may not be sustainable and are not predictable.

Consolidation among market centers may adversely affect the value of our IB SmartRouting SM software.

Price competition among broker-dealers may continue to intensify.

•Benchmark interest rates have fluctuated over the past years due to economic conditions. Changes in interest rates may not be predictable.

Fiscal and/or monetary policy may change and impact the financial services business and securities markets.

•New legislation or modifications to existing regulations and rules could occur in the future. Scrutiny of payment for order flow and order routing practices by regulatory and legislative authorities has increased.

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The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated unprecedented market conditions with equally unprecedented social and community challenges. The impact of the COVID-19 or another public health emergency going forward will depend on numerous evolving factors that cannot be accurately predicted, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, governmental regulations in response to the pandemic, and the effectiveness of vaccinations and other medical advancements.

We continue to be exposed to the risks and uncertainties of doing business in international markets, particularly in the heavily regulated brokerage industry. Such risks and uncertainties include political, economic and financial instability, and foreign policy changes. For example, tensions between the U.S. and China have escalated recently, and changes in Chinese governmental oversight of Hong Kong and in the Chinese and Hong Kong capital markets could result in adverse effects on our business and loss of assets we hold in the region. Additionally, although our direct and indirect exposures to Russia and Ukraine are not material, the war in Ukraine and related sanctions have created substantial uncertainty in the global economy and financial markets. We continue to monitor the war and assess any potential impact to our business, including effects relating to currency control restrictions imposed by the Central Bank of Russia and restrictions by the Moscow Stock Exchange regarding the sale of assets by non-Russian residents.

•Our remaining market making activities will continue to be impacted by market structure changes, market conditions, the level of automation of competitors, and the relationship between actual and implied volatility in the equities markets.

See “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, and elsewhere in this report for a discussion of other risks that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Trading Volumes and Customer Statistics

The tables below present historical trading volumes and customer statistics for our business. Trading volumes are the primary driver in our business. Information on our net interest income can be found elsewhere in this report.

TRADE VOLUMES:

(in thousands, except %)

|  | Cleared |  |  |  | Non-Cleared |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Avg. Trades
|  | Customer |  | % |  | Customer |  | % |  | Principal |  | % |  | Total |  | % |  | per U.S.
Period |  | Trades |  | Change |  | Trades |  | Change |  | Trades |  | Change |  | Trades |  | Change |  | Trading Day
2020 |  | 620,405 |  |  |  | 56,834 |  |  |  | 27,039 |  |  |  | 704,278 |  |  |  | 2,795
2021 |  | 871,319 |  | 40% |  | 78,276 |  | 38% |  | 32,621 |  | 21% |  | 982,216 |  | 39% |  | 3,905
2022 |  | 735,619 |  | (16%) |  | 70,049 |  | (11%) |  | 32,863 |  | 1% |  | 838,531 |  | (15%) |  | 3,347
1Q2022 |  | 212,818 |  |  |  | 20,671 |  |  |  | 9,225 |  |  |  | 242,714 |  |  |  | 3,915
1Q2023 |  | 180,261 |  | (15%) |  | 15,369 |  | (26%) |  | 8,187 |  | (11%) |  | 203,817 |  | (16%) |  | 3,287
4Q2022 |  | 165,769 |  |  |  | 14,923 |  |  |  | 7,358 |  |  |  | 188,050 |  |  |  | 3,009
1Q2023 |  | 180,261 |  | 9% |  | 15,369 |  | 3% |  | 8,187 |  | 11% |  | 203,817 |  | 8% |  | 3,287

CONTRACT AND SHARE VOLUMES:

(in thousands, except %)

TOTAL

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2020 |  | 624,035 |  |  |  | 167,078 |  |  |  | 338,513,068 |  |
2021 |  | 887,849 |  | 42% |  | 154,866 |  | (7%) |  | 771,273,709 |  | 128%
2022 |  | 908,415 |  | 2% |  | 207,138 |  | 34% |  | 330,035,586 |  | (57%)
1Q2022 |  | 245,343 |  |  |  | 53,570 |  |  |  | 97,406,991 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 247,508 |  | 1% |  | 55,197 |  | 3% |  | 75,522,066 |  | (22%)
4Q2022 |  | 229,441 |  |  |  | 51,519 |  |  |  | 75,713,964 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 247,508 |  | 8% |  | 55,197 |  | 7% |  | 75,522,066 |  | (0%)

ALL CUSTOMERS

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2020 |  | 584,195 |  |  |  | 164,555 |  |  |  | 331,263,604 |  |
2021 |  | 852,169 |  | 46% |  | 152,787 |  | (7%) |  | 766,211,726 |  | 131%
2022 |  | 873,914 |  | 3% |  | 203,933 |  | 33% |  | 325,368,714 |  | (58%)
1Q2022 |  | 234,790 |  |  |  | 52,728 |  |  |  | 95,990,985 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 239,038 |  | 2% |  | 54,577 |  | 4% |  | 74,562,384 |  | (22%)
4Q2022 |  | 221,855 |  |  |  | 50,773 |  |  |  | 74,353,901 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 239,038 |  | 8% |  | 54,577 |  | 7% |  | 74,562,384 |  | 0%

_________________________

(1)Futures contract volume includes options on futures.

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CLEARED CUSTOMERS

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2020 |  | 518,965 |  |  |  | 163,101 |  |  |  | 320,376,365 |  |
2021 |  | 773,284 |  | 49% |  | 151,715 |  | (7%) |  | 752,720,070 |  | 135%
2022 |  | 781,373 |  | 1% |  | 202,145 |  | 33% |  | 314,462,672 |  | (58%)
1Q2022 |  | 212,628 |  |  |  | 52,264 |  |  |  | 92,860,481 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 209,605 |  | (1%) |  | 53,957 |  | 3% |  | 72,041,499 |  | (22%)
4Q2022 |  | 194,962 |  |  |  | 50,326 |  |  |  | 71,924,864 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 209,605 |  | 8% |  | 53,957 |  | 7% |  | 72,041,499 |  | 0%

PRINCIPAL TRANSACTIONS

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2020 |  | 39,840 |  |  |  | 2,523 |  |  |  | 7,249,464 |  |
2021 |  | 35,680 |  | (10%) |  | 2,079 |  | (18%) |  | 5,061,983 |  | (30%)
2022 |  | 34,501 |  | (3%) |  | 3,205 |  | 54% |  | 4,666,872 |  | (8%)
1Q2022 |  | 10,553 |  |  |  | 842 |  |  |  | 1,416,006 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 8,470 |  | (20%) |  | 620 |  | (26%) |  | 959,682 |  | (32%)
4Q2022 |  | 7,586 |  |  |  | 746 |  |  |  | 1,360,063 |  |
1Q2023 |  | 8,470 |  | 12% |  | 620 |  | (17%) |  | 959,682 |  | (29%)

________________________

(1)Futures contract volume includes options on futures.

CUSTOMER STATISTICS:

Year over Year |  | 1Q2023 |  | 1Q2022 |  | % Change
Total Accounts (in thousands) |  |  | 2,195 |  |  | 1,809 |  | 21%
Customer Equity (in billions) 1 |  | $ | 343.1 |  | $ | 355.9 |  | (4%)
Cleared DARTs (in thousands) 2 |  |  | 1,845 |  |  | 2,234 |  | (17%)
Total Customer DARTs (in thousands) 2 |  |  | 2,054 |  |  | 2,522 |  | (19%)
Cleared Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commission per Cleared Commissionable Order 3 |  | $ | 3.16 |  | $ | 2.57 |  | 23%
Cleared Avg. DARTs per Account (Annualized) |  |  | 214 |  |  | 321 |  | (33%)

Consecutive Quarters |  | 1Q2023 |  | 4Q2022 |  | % Change
Total Accounts (in thousands) |  |  | 2,195 |  |  | 2,091 |  | 5%
Customer Equity (in billions) 1 |  | $ | 343.1 |  | $ | 306.7 |  | 12%
Cleared DARTs (in thousands) 2 |  |  | 1,845 |  |  | 1,689 |  | 9%
Total Customer DARTs (in thousands) 2 |  |  | 2,054 |  |  | 1,889 |  | 9%
Cleared Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commission per Cleared Commissionable Order 3 |  | $ | 3.16 |  | $ | 3.15 |  | 0%
Cleared Avg. DARTs per Account (Annualized) |  |  | 214 |  |  | 206 |  | 4%

________________________

(1)Excludes non-customers.

(2)Daily average revenue trades (“DARTs”) are based on customer orders.

(3)Commissionable order – a customer order that generates commissions.

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Results of Operations

The table below presents our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. The period-to-period comparisons below of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions, except share and per share amounts)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions |  | $ | 357 |  | $ | 349
Other fees and services |  |  | 43 |  |  | 53
Other income (loss) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (39)
Total non-interest income |  |  | 419 |  |  | 363
Interest income |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | 332
Interest expense |  |  | (710) |  |  | (50)
Total net interest income |  |  | 637 |  |  | 282
Total net revenues |  |  | 1,056 |  |  | 645
Non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Execution, clearing and distribution fees |  |  | 95 |  |  | 71
Employee compensation and benefits |  |  | 128 |  |  | 111
Occupancy, depreciation and amortization |  |  | 24 |  |  | 22
Communications |  |  | 9 |  |  | 8
General and administrative |  |  | 36 |  |  | 38
Customer bad debt |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1
Total non-interest expenses |  |  | 295 |  |  | 251
Income before income taxes |  |  | 761 |  |  | 394
Income tax expense |  |  | 61 |  |  | 28
Net income |  |  | 700 |  |  | 366
Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 552 |  |  | 293
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.44 |  | $ | 0.74
Diluted |  | $ | 1.42 |  | $ | 0.74
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 102,958,660 |  |  | 98,226,147
Diluted |  |  | 104,042,571 |  |  | 99,224,776
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative translation adjustment, before income taxes |  |  | 5 |  |  | (10)
Income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  | -
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 5 |  |  | (10)
Comprehensive income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 153 |  | $ | 63
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 552 |  | $ | 293
Other comprehensive income - cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | 14 |  |  | (31)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 566 |  | $ | 262

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (“current quarter”) compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (“prior-year quarter”)

Net Revenues

Total net revenues, for the current quarter, increased $411 million, or 64%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $1,056 million. The increase in net revenues was due to higher net interest income, other income and commissions, partially offset by lower other fees and services.

Commissions

We earn commissions from our cleared customers for whom we act as an executing and clearing broker and from our non-cleared customers for whom we act as an execution-only broker. Our commission structure allows customers to choose between (1) an all-inclusive fixed, or “bundled”, rate; (2) a tiered, or “unbundled”, rate that offers lower commissions for high volume customers where we pass through regulatory and exchange fees; and (3) our IBKR Lite SM offering, which provides commission-free trades on U.S. exchange-listed stocks and ETFs. Instead of commission revenue, IBKR Lite SM trades generate payments from market makers and others to whom we route these orders, which are reported in commissions. Our commissions are geographically diversified.

Commissions, for the current quarter, increased $8 million, or 2%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $357 million, driven higher customer volume in futures and larger average trade sizes in options and futures, partially offset by lower customer trading volumes in stocks. Total customer options and futures contracts volumes increased 2% and 4%, respectively, while stock share volume decreased 22% from high trading volume, primarily in lower-priced stocks in the prior-year quarter. Total DARTs for cleared and execution-only customers, for the current quarter, decreased 19% to 2.1 million, compared to 2.5 million for the prior-year quarter. DARTs for cleared customers, i.e., customers for whom we execute trades, as well as clear and carry positions, for the current quarter, decreased 17% to 1.8 million, compared to 2.2 million for the prior-year quarter. Average commission per commissionable order for cleared customers, for the current quarter, increased 23% to $3.16, compared to $2.57 for the prior-year quarter, as our customers’ trading volume mix included a higher per order contribution from all product categories, particularly from options and stocks.

Other Fees and Services

We earn fee income on services provided to customers, which includes market data fees, risk exposure fees, payments for order flow from exchange-mandated programs, and other fees and services charged to customers.

Other fees and services, for the current quarter, decreased $10 million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $43 million, driven by a $9 million decrease in risk exposure fee income as customers reduced risk, a $2 million decrease in market data fees, and a $2 million decrease in options exchange liquidity payments; partially offset by a $3 million increase in FDIC sweep fees due to higher benchmark interest rates.

Other Income

Other income consists of foreign exchange gains (losses) from our currency diversification strategy, gains (losses) from principal transactions, gains (losses) from our equity method investments, and other revenue not directly attributable to our core business offerings. A discussion of our approach to managing foreign currency exposure is contained in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

Other income, for the current quarter, increased $58 million, compared to the prior-year quarter, to a gain of $19 million. This increase was mainly comprised of $39 million from our U.S. government securities portfolio which gained $10 million in the current quarter compared to a $29 million loss in the prior-year quarter; and $19 million related to our currency diversification strategy, which gained $1 million in the current quarter compared to a loss of $18 million in the prior-year quarter.

Interest Income and Interest Expense

We earn interest on margin lending to customers secured by marketable securities these customers hold with us; from our investments in U.S. and foreign government securities; from borrowing and lending securities; on deposits (in positive interest rate currencies) with banks; and on certain customers’ cash balances in negative rate currencies. We pay interest on customer cash balances (in sufficiently positive interest rate currencies); for borrowing and lending securities; on deposits (in negative interest rate currencies) with banks; and on our borrowings.

Net interest income (interest income less interest expense), for the current quarter, increased $355 million, or 126%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $637 million. The increase in net interest income was driven by higher benchmark interest rates and higher customer credit balances.

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Net interest income on customer balances, for the current quarter, increased $262 million, compared to the prior-year quarter, driven by an $11.4 billion increase in average customer credit balances; an increase in the average federal funds effective rate to 4.51% from 0.12% in the prior-year quarter and higher interest rates outside the U.S. See the “Business Environment” section above in this Item 2 for a further discussion about the change in interest rates in the current quarter.

The Company measures return on interest-earning assets using net interest margin (“NIM”). NIM is computed by dividing the annualized net interest income by the average interest-earning assets for the period. Interest-earning assets consist of cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes (including U.S. government securities and securities purchased under agreements to resell), customer margin loans, securities borrowed, other interest-earning assets (solely firm assets) and customer cash balances swept into FDIC-insured banks as part of our Insured Bank Deposit Sweep Program. Interest-bearing liabilities consist of customer credit balances, securities loaned, and other interest-bearing liabilities.

Yields are generally a reflection of benchmark interest rates in each currency in which the Company and its customers hold cash balances. Because a meaningful portion of customer cash and margin loans are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, changes in U.S. benchmark interest rates do not impact the total amount of segregated cash and securities, customer margin loans and customer credit balances. Furthermore, because interest, when benchmark rates are at sufficiently high levels, is paid only on eligible cash credit balances (i.e., balances over $10 thousand or equivalent, in securities accounts with over $100 thousand in equity, and in smaller accounts at reduced rates), changes in benchmark interest rates are not passed through to the total amount of customer credit balances. Finally, the Company’s policies with respect to currencies with negative interest rates impact the overall yields on segregated cash and customer credit balances as effective interest rates in those currencies fluctuate.

We earn income on securities loaned and borrowed to support customer long and short stock holdings in margin accounts.

Securities lending generates (1) net interest earned on lending a security, which is based on supply and demand for that security, and (2) interest earned on the cash collateral deposited for the loan of that security, which is based on benchmark interest rates. Because cash collateral from securities lending is held in specially-designated bank accounts for the benefit of customers, in accordance with U.S. customer protection rules, interest on this collateral is reported as net interest on segregated cash. Generally, as benchmark interest rates rise, an increasing portion of the interest earned on securities lending transactions is classified as net interest income on “Segregated cash and securities, net” instead of net interest income on “Securities borrowed and loaned, net”.

In the current quarter, average securities borrowed balances increased 40% to $4.9 billion, and average securities loaned balances decreased 23% to $8.6 billion, compared to the prior-year quarter. Net interest earned from securities lending is affected by the level of demand for securities positions held by our customers that investors are looking to sell short. During the current quarter, net interest earned from securities lending transactions decreased $22 million or 20%, compared to the prior-year quarter. Securities lending opportunities maintained a strong pace during the current quarter. However, the rise in benchmark interest rates has shifted a portion of the interest reported as generated by lending securities to interest income on segregated cash (see further explanation above). It should be noted that securities lending transactions entered into to support customer activity may produce interest income (expense) that is offset by interest expense (income) related to customer balances.

Our Stock Yield Enhancement Program provides an opportunity for customers with fully-paid stock to allow us to lend it out. We pay customers a rebate on the cash collateral generally equal to 50% of a market-based rate for lending the shares. We place cash and/or U.S. Treasury securities as collateral securing the loans in the customer’s account, which is held in segregated accounts or at an affiliate acting as collateral agent for the benefit of our customer.

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The table below presents net interest income information corresponding to interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Average interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated cash and securities |  | $ | 59,679 |  | $ | 43,287
Customer margin loans |  |  | 39,303 |  |  | 47,141
Securities borrowed |  |  | 4,868 |  |  | 3,467
Other interest-earning assets |  |  | 9,777 |  |  | 8,211
FDIC sweeps 1 |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | 2,219
|  | $ | 116,055 |  | $ | 104,325
Average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer credit balances |  | $ | 95,802 |  | $ | 84,394
Securities loaned |  |  | 8,571 |  |  | 11,089
Other interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12
|  | $ | 104,374 |  | $ | 95,495
Net Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated cash and securities, net |  | $ | 603 |  | $ | 7
Customer margin loans 2 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 149
Securities borrowed and loaned, net |  |  | 88 |  |  | 110
Customer credit balances, net 2 |  |  | (653) |  |  | 9
Other net interest income 1,3 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 8
Net interest income 3 |  | $ | 640 |  | $ | 283
Net interest margin ("NIM") |  |  | 2.24% |  |  | 1.10%
Annualized Yields |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated cash and securities |  |  | 4.10% |  |  | 0.07%
Customer margin loans |  |  | 4.92% |  |  | 1.28%
Customer credit balances |  |  | 2.76% |  |  | -0.04%

______________________________

(1)Represents the average amount of customer cash swept into FDIC-insured banks as part of our Insured Bank Deposit Sweep Program. This item is not recorded in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Income derived from program deposits is reported in other net interest income in the table above.
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(2)Interest income and interest expense on customer margin loans and customer credit balances, respectively, are calculated on daily cash balances within each customer’s account on a net basis, which may result in an offset of balances across multiple account segments (e.g., between securities and commodities segments).

(3)Includes income from financial instruments that has the same characteristics as interest, but is reported in other fees and services and other income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $3 million and $1 million were reported in other fees and services, respectively, and $0 and $0 million were reported in other income, respectively.
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Non-Interest Expenses

Non-interest expenses, for the current quarter, increased $44 million, or 18%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $295 million, mainly due to a $24 million increase in execution and clearing fees, a $17 million increase in employee compensation and benefits, a $2 million increase in occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses, and a $2 million increase in customer bad debt expense. As a percentage of total net revenues, non-interest expenses were 28% for the current quarter and 39% for the prior-year quarter.

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Execution, Clearing and Distribution Fees

Execution, clearing and distribution fees include the costs of executing and clearing trades, net of liquidity rebates received from various exchanges and market centers, as well as regulatory fees and market data fees. Execution fees are paid primarily to electronic exchanges and market centers on which we trade. Clearing fees are paid to clearing houses and clearing agents. Market data fees are paid to third parties to receive streaming price quotes and related information.

Execution, clearing and distribution fees, for the current quarter, increased $24 million, or 34%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $95 million, mainly driven by a $20 million increase in exchanges fees on higher customer trading volumes in futures and options, and lower liquidity rebates; and a $5 million increase in regulatory transaction fees due to higher SEC and FINRA fee rates. As a percentage of total net revenues, execution, clearing and distribution fees were 9% for the current quarter and 11% for the prior-year quarter.

Employee Compensation and Benefits

Employee compensation and benefits include salaries, bonuses and other incentive compensation plans, group insurance, contributions to benefit programs and other related employee costs.

Employee compensation and benefits expenses, for the current quarter, increased $17 million, or 15%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $128 million, associated with an 8% increase in the average number of employees to 2,846 for the current quarter, compared to 2,627 for the prior-year quarter. We continued to add staff worldwide in software development, information technology services and compliance. As we continue to grow, our focus on automation has allowed us to maintain a relatively small staff. As a percentage of total net revenues, employee compensation and benefits expenses were 12% for the current quarter and 17% for the prior-year quarter. Employee compensation and benefits expenses as a percentage of adjusted net revenues were 13% for the current quarter and 16% for the prior-year quarter.

Occupancy, Depreciation and Amortization

Occupancy expenses consist primarily of rental payments on office and data center leases and related occupancy costs, such as utilities. Depreciation and amortization expenses result from the depreciation of fixed assets, such as computing and communications hardware, as well as amortization of leasehold improvements and capitalized in-house software development.

Occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses, for the current quarter, increased $2 million, or 9%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $24 million, mainly due to higher costs related to the expansion of our physical space for both offices and data centers. As a percentage of total net revenues, occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses were 2% for the current quarter and 3% for the prior-year quarter.

Communications

Communications expenses consist primarily of the cost of voice and data telecommunications lines supporting our business, including connectivity to exchanges and market centers around the world.

Communications expenses, for the current quarter increased $1 million, or 13%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $9 million. As a percentage of total net revenues, communications expenses were 1% for both the current quarter and the prior-year quarter.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of advertising; professional services expenses, such as legal and audit work; legal and regulatory matters; and other operating expenses.

General and administrative expenses, for the current quarter, decreased $2 million, or 5%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $36 million, primarily due lower advertising and legal expenses. As a percentage of total net revenues, general and administrative expenses were 3% for the current quarter and 6% for the prior-year quarter.

Customer Bad Debt

Customer bad debt expense consists primarily of losses incurred by customers in excess of their assets with us, net of amounts recovered by us.

Customer bad debt expense, for the current quarter, increased $2 million, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $3 million.
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Income Tax Expense

We pay U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on our taxable income, which is proportional to the percentage we own of IBG LLC. Also, our operating subsidiaries are subject to income tax in the respective jurisdictions in which they operate.

Income tax expense, for the current quarter, increased $33 million, or 118%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $61 million, primarily due to (1) higher income before taxes and, in aggregate, higher effective tax rates, at our operating subsidiaries outside the U.S.; and (2) higher income before income taxes subject to U.S. income tax at IBG, Inc.

The table below presents information about our income tax expense for the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (in millions, except %)
Consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated income before income taxes | $ | 761 |  | $ | 394
IBG, Inc. stand-alone income before income taxes |  | (1) |  |  | -
Operating subsidiaries income before income taxes | $ | 762 |  | $ | 394
Operating subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | $ | 762 |  | $ | 394
Income tax expense |  | 30 |  |  | 11
Net income available to members | $ | 732 |  | $ | 383
IBG, Inc. |  |  |  |  |
Average ownership percentage in IBG LLC |  | 24.5% |  |  | 23.5%
Net income available to IBG, Inc. from operating subsidiaries | $ | 180 |  | $ | 90
IBG, Inc. stand-alone income before income taxes |  | (1) |  |  | -
Income before income taxes |  | 179 |  |  | 90
Income tax expense |  | 31 |  |  | 17
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Consolidated income tax expense |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense attributable to operating subsidiaries | $ | 30 |  | $ | 11
Income tax expense attributable to IBG, Inc. |  | 31 |  |  | 17
Consolidated income tax expense | $ | 61 |  | $ | 28

Operating Results

Income before income taxes, for the current quarter increased $367 million, or 93%, to $761 million, compared to the prior-year quarter. Pretax profit margin was 72% for the current quarter and 61% for the prior-year quarter.

Comparing our operating results for the current quarter to the prior-year quarter, using non-GAAP financial measures described below, adjusted net revenues were $1,015 million, up 47%; adjusted income before income taxes was $720 million, up 63%; and adjusted pre-tax profit margin was 71% for the current quarter and 64% for the prior-year quarter. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below in this Item 2 for additional details.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use certain non-GAAP financial measures as additional measures to enhance the understanding of our financial results. These non-GAAP financial measures include adjusted net revenues, adjusted income before income taxes, adjusted net income available for common stockholders and adjusted diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are important measures of our financial performance because they exclude certain items that may not be indicative of our core operating results and business outlook. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors and analysts in evaluating the operating performance of the business.

•We define adjusted net revenues as net revenues adjusted to remove the effect of our currency diversification strategy and our net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments.

•We define adjusted income before income taxes as income before income taxes adjusted to remove the effect of our currency diversification strategy and our net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments.

•We define adjusted net income available to common stockholders as net income available for common stockholders adjusted to remove the after-tax effects attributable to IBG, Inc. of our currency diversification strategy and our net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments.

•We define adjusted diluted EPS as adjusted net income available for common stockholders divided by the diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period.

Mark-to-market on investments represents the net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments in equity securities that do not qualify for equity method accounting which are measured at fair value, on our U.S. government and municipal securities portfolios, which are typically held to maturity, and on certain other investments, including equity securities taken over by the Company from customers related to unusual losses on margin loans. In the event an investment is sold prior to maturity, accumulated gains (losses) are realized and previously accumulated non-GAAP adjustments are reversed in the period of sale.

We also report compensation and benefits expenses as a percent of adjusted net revenues, as we believe this measure is useful to investors and analysts in evaluating the growth of our work force in relation to the growth of our core revenues.

These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP 1.

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(1)Refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

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The tables below present a reconciliation of consolidated GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Adjusted net revenues (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenues - GAAP |  | $ | 1,056 |  | $ | 645
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (1) |  |  | 18
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (40) |  |  | 29
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (41) |  |  | 47
Adjusted net revenues |  | $ | 1,015 |  | $ | 692
Adjusted income before income taxes (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes - GAAP |  | $ | 761 |  | $ | 394
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (1) |  |  | 18
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (40) |  |  | 29
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (41) |  |  | 47
Adjusted income before income taxes |  | $ | 720 |  | $ | 441
Adjusted pre-tax profit margin |  |  | 71% |  |  | 64%
Adjusted net income available for common stockholders (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders - GAAP |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 73
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | - |  |  | 4
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (10) |  |  | 7
Income tax effect of above adjustments 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2)
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (8) |  |  | 9
Adjusted net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 140 |  | $ | 82
Adjusted diluted EPS (in dollars, except share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted EPS - GAAP |  | $ | 1.42 |  | $ | 0.74
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (0.00) |  |  | 0.04
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (0.09) |  |  | 0.07
Income tax effect of above adjustments 1 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (0.02)
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | 0.09
Adjusted diluted EPS |  | $ | 1.35 |  | $ | 0.82
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 104,042,571 |  |  | 99,224,776

Note: Amounts may not add due to rounding.

______________________________

(1)The income tax effect is estimated using the statutory income tax rates applicable to the Company.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We maintain a highly liquid balance sheet. The majority of our assets consist of investments of customer funds, collateralized receivables arising from customer-related and proprietary securities transactions, and exchange-listed marketable securities, which are marked-to-market daily. Collateralized receivables consist primarily of customer margin loans, securities borrowed and securities purchased under agreements to resell. As of March 31, 2023, total assets were $119.5 billion of which approximately $118.5 billion, or 99.2%, were considered liquid.

Decisions on the allocation of capital are based upon, among other things, prudent risk management guidelines, potential liquidity and cash flow needs for current and future business activities, regulatory capital requirements, and projected profitability. Our Treasury department, Market Risk Committee, Enterprise Risk Management department and other management control groups assist in evaluating, monitoring and controlling the impact that our business activities have on our financial condition, liquidity and capital structure. The objective of these policies is to support our business strategies while ensuring ongoing and sufficient liquidity. Our significant capital comprises an aggregate across our many regulated subsidiaries worldwide, and in addition to supporting our current and future expansion plans we believe this financial strength provides our customers with a source of confidence.

Daily monitoring of liquidity needs and available collateral levels is undertaken to help ensure that an appropriate liquidity cushion, in the form of cash and unpledged collateral, is maintained at all times. We actively manage our excess liquidity and maintain significant borrowing capabilities through the securities lending markets and in the form of credit facilities with banks. As a general practice, we maintain sufficient levels of cash on hand to provide us with a buffer should we need immediately available funds for any reason. In addition, pursuant to our liquidity risk management plan we perform periodic liquidity stress tests, which are designed to identify and reserve liquid assets that would be available under market or idiosyncratic stress events. Based on our current level of operations, we believe our cash flows from operations, available cash and available borrowings will be adequate to meet our future liquidity needs for more than the next twelve months.

As of March 31, 2023, liability balances in connection with short-term borrowings and payable to customers were lower than the average monthly balance during the current quarter, and securities loaned were higher than their average monthly balance during the current quarter.

Cash and cash equivalents held by our non-U.S. operating subsidiaries as of March 31, 2023 were $1,439 million ($1,394 million as of December 31, 2022). These funds are primarily intended to finance each individual operating subsidiary’s local operations, and thus would not be available to fund U.S. domestic operations unless repatriated through payment of dividends to IBG LLC. As of March 31, 2023, we had no intention to repatriate any amounts from non-U.S. operating subsidiaries. With the enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017, we recognized a liability for the one-time transition tax on deemed repatriation of earnings of some of our foreign subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result, in the event dividends were to be paid to the Company in the future by a non-U.S. operating subsidiaries, the Company would not be required to accrue and pay income taxes on such dividends, except for foreign taxes in the form of dividend withholding tax, if any, imposed on the recipient of the distribution or dividend distribution tax imposed on the payor of the distribution.

Historically, our consolidated equity has consisted primarily of accumulated retained earnings, which to date have been sufficient to fund our operations and growth. Our consolidated equity increased 16% to $12.2 billion as of March 31, 2023, from $10.5 billion as of March 31, 2022. This increase is attributable to total comprehensive income, partially offset by distributions and dividends paid during the last four quarters.

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Cash Flows

The table below presents our cash flows from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | (923) |  | $ | 2,125
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 6 |  |  | (14)
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (137) |  |  | (105)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  | 19 |  |  | (41)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | (1,035) |  | $ | 1,965

Our cash flows from operating activities are largely a reflection of the changes in customer credit and margin loan balances. Our cash flows from investing activities are primarily related to other investments, capitalized internal software development, purchases and sales of memberships, trading rights and shares at exchanges where we trade, and strategic investments where such investments may enable us to offer better execution alternatives to our current and prospective customers, allow us to influence exchanges to provide competing products at better prices using sophisticated technology, or enable us to acquire either technology or customers faster than we could develop them on our own. Our cash flows from financing activities are comprised of short-term borrowings, capital transactions and payments made to Holdings under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Short-term borrowings from banks are part of our daily cash management in support of operating activities. Capital transactions consist primarily of quarterly dividends paid to common stockholders and related distributions paid to Holdings.

Three months Ended March 31, 2023: Our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (i.e., cash and cash equivalents that are subject to withdrawal or usage restrictions) decreased by $1,035 million to $27.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023. We used $923 million in net cash from operating activities mainly driven by investments in securities segregated for regulatory purposes which increased $5.2 billion and customer margin loans which increased $735 million; partially offset by other receivables which decreased $1.8 billion, securities loaned which increased $1.8 billion, and customer credit balances which increased by $1.7 billion. We used net cash of $131 million in our investing and financing activities, primarily for distributions to noncontrolling interests, dividends paid to our common stockholders, and repayment of short-term borrowings. Investing activities mainly consisted of distributions received and proceeds from sales of other investments, and purchases of other investments and property, equipment and intangible assets.

Three months Ended March 31, 2022: For a discussion of changes in cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 refer to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 9, 2022.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

As of March 31, 2023, all operating subsidiaries were in compliance with their respective regulatory capital requirements. For additional information regarding our regulatory capital requirements see Note 15 – ‘‘Regulatory Requirements’’ to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures are comprised of compensation costs of our software engineering staff for development of software for internal use and expenditures for computer, networking and communications hardware, and leasehold improvements. These expenditure items are reported as property, equipment, and intangible assets. Capital expenditures for property, equipment, and intangible assets were approximately $17 million and $19 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In the future, we plan to meet capital expenditure needs with cash from operations and cash on hand, as we continue our focus on technology infrastructure initiatives to further enhance our competitive position. In response to changing economic conditions, we believe we have the flexibility to modify our capital expenditures by adjusting them (either upward or downward) to match our actual performance. If we pursue any additional strategic acquisitions, we may incur additional capital expenditures.

Seasonality

Our businesses are subject to seasonal fluctuations, reflecting varying numbers of market participants at times during the year, varying numbers of trading days from quarter-to-quarter, and declines in trading activity due to holidays. Typical seasonal trends may be superseded by market or world events, which can have a significant impact on prices and trading volume.

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Inflation

Although we cannot accurately anticipate the effects of inflation on our operations, we believe that, for the three most recent years, inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations, though it may be a contributing factor to general uncertainty in the markets in the foreseeable future. Statements about future inflation are subject to the risk that actual inflation and its effects may differ, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changes in economic growth, impact of supply chain disruptions, unemployment and consumer demand.

Investments in U.S. Government Securities

We invest in U.S. government securities to satisfy U.S. regulatory requirements. As a broker-dealer, unlike banks, we are required to mark these investments to market even though we intend to hold them to maturity. Sudden increases (decreases) in interest rates will cause mark-to-market losses (gains) on these securities, which are recovered (eliminated) if we hold them to maturity, as currently intended. As of March 31, 2023, all of our U.S. government securities mature within three months. The impact of changes in interest rates is further described in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

Strategic Investments and Acquisitions

We regularly evaluate potential strategic investments and acquisitions. We hold strategic investments in certain electronic trading exchanges, including BOX Options Exchange, LLC. We also hold strategic investments in certain businesses, including Tiger Brokers, an online stock brokerage established for Chinese retail and institutional customers, in which we have a beneficial ownership interest of 7.6%.

We intend to continue making acquisitions on an opportunistic basis, generally only when the acquisition candidate will, in our opinion, enable us to offer better execution alternatives to our current and prospective customers, allow us to influence exchanges to provide competing products at better prices using sophisticated technology, or enable us to acquire either technology or customers faster than we could develop them on our own.

As of March 31, 2023, there were no definitive agreements with respect to any material acquisition.

Certain Information Concerning Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

We may be exposed to a risk of loss not reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements for futures products, which represent our obligations to settle at contracted prices, and which may require us to repurchase or sell in the market at prevailing prices. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance sheet risk, as our cost to liquidate such futures contracts may exceed the amounts reported in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on judgment and the best available information at the time. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. We believe that the critical policies listed below represent the most significant estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Contingencies

Our policy is to estimate and accrue for potential losses that may arise out of litigation and regulatory proceedings, to the extent that such losses are probable and can be estimated. Significant judgment is required in making these estimates and our final liabilities may ultimately be materially different. Our total liability accrued with respect to litigation and regulatory proceedings is determined on a case-by-case basis and represents an estimate of probable losses based on, among other factors, the progress of each case, our experience with and industry experience with similar cases and the opinions and views of internal and external legal counsel. Given the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of litigation and regulatory matters, particularly in cases or proceedings in which substantial or indeterminate damages or fines are sought, or where cases or proceedings are in the early stages, we cannot estimate losses or ranges of losses for cases or proceedings where there is only a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred.

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Income Taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits are based on enacted tax laws and reflect management’s best assessment of estimated future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in both the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Determining income tax expense requires significant judgment and estimates.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of the underlying assets and liabilities. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdictions from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In projecting future taxable income, historical results are adjusted for changes in accounting policies and incorporate assumptions including the amount of future state, federal and foreign pre-tax operating income, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax-planning strategies. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying businesses. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, three years of cumulative operating income (loss) are considered. Deferred income taxes have not been provided for U.S. tax liabilities or for additional foreign taxes on the unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries that have been indefinitely reinvested.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. We record tax liabilities in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 740 and adjust these liabilities when management’s judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are different from the current estimates of these tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available.

We recognize that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. A tax position that meets this standard is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized on settlement.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued but Not Yet Adopted

For additional information regarding FASB Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”s) that have been issued but not yet adopted and that may impact the Company, refer to Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on form 10-Q.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to various market risks. Our exposures to market risks arise from assumptions built into our pricing models, equity price risk, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations related to our international operations, changes in interest rates and risks relating to the extension of margin credit to our customers.

Market risk refers to the risk that a change in the level of one or more market prices, rates, indices, implied volatilities (the price volatility of the underlying instrument imputed from option prices), correlations or other market factors, such as market liquidity, will result in losses for a position or portfolio. Generally, we incur trading-related market risk as a result of our remaining market making activities, where the substantial majority of our Value-at-Risk (“VaR”) for market risk exposures is generated. In addition, we incur non-trading-related market risk primarily from investment activities and from foreign currency exposure held in the equity of our foreign subsidiaries, i.e., our non-U.S. brokerage subsidiaries and information technology subsidiaries, and held to meet target balances in our currency diversification strategy.

We use various risk management tools in managing our market risk, which are embedded in our real-time market making systems. We employ certain hedging and risk management techniques to protect us from a severe market dislocation. Our risk management policies are developed and implemented by our Steering Committee, which is chaired by our Chief Executive Officer and comprised of senior executives of our various operating subsidiaries. The strategy of our remaining market making activities is to calculate quotes a few seconds ahead of the market and execute small trades at a tiny but favorable differential as a result. This strategy is made possible by our proprietary pricing model, which evaluates and monitors the risks inherent in our portfolio, assimilates external market data and reevaluates the outstanding quotes in our portfolio many times per second. Our model automatically rebalances our positions throughout each trading day to manage risk exposures on our options and futures positions and the underlying securities and will price the increased risk that a position would add to the overall portfolio into the bid and offer prices we post. Under risk management policies implemented and monitored primarily through our computer systems, reports to management, including risk profiles, profit

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and loss analysis and trading performance, are prepared on a real-time basis as well as daily and periodical bases. Although our remaining market making activities are completely automated, the trading process and our risk are monitored by a team of individuals who, in real time, observe various risk parameters of our consolidated positions. Our assets and liabilities are marked-to-market daily for financial reporting purposes and re-valued continuously throughout the trading day for risk management and asset/liability management purposes.

We use a covariant VaR methodology to measure, monitor and review the market risk of our market making portfolios, with the exception of fixed income products, and our currency exposures. The risk of fixed income products, which comprise primarily U.S. government securities, is measured using a stress test.

Pricing Model Exposure

As described above, our proprietary pricing model, which continuously evaluates and monitors the risks inherent in our portfolio, assimilates external market data and reevaluates the outstanding quotes in our entire portfolio many times per second. Certain aspects of the model rely on historical prices of securities. If the behavior of price movements of individual securities diverges substantially from what their historical behavior would predict, we might incur trading losses. We attempt to limit such risks by diversifying our portfolio across many different options, futures and underlying securities and avoiding concentrations of positions based on the same underlying security. Historically, our losses from these events have been immaterial in comparison to our annual trading profits.

Foreign Currency Exposure

As a result of our international activities and accumulated earnings in our foreign subsidiaries, our income and equity are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. For example, some of our European and Asian operations are conducted by our Swiss subsidiary, IBKRFS. IBKRFS is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority as a securities dealer and its financial statements are presented in Swiss francs. Accordingly, IBKRFS is exposed to certain foreign exchange risks as described below:

IBKRFS buys and sells securities denominated in various currencies and carries bank balances and borrows and lends such currencies in its regular course of business. At the end of each accounting period, IBKRFS’ assets and liabilities are revalued into Swiss francs for presentation in its financial statements. The resulting foreign currency gains or losses are reported in IBKRFS’ income statement and, as translated into U.S. dollars for U.S. GAAP purposes, in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, as a component of other income.
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IBKRFS’ financial statements are presented in Swiss francs (i.e., its functional currency) as noted above. At the end of each accounting period, IBKRFS’ equity is translated at the then prevailing exchange rate into U.S. dollars and the resulting translation gain or loss is reported as OCI in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. OCI is also produced by our other non-U.S. subsidiaries.

Historically, we have taken the approach of not hedging the above exposures, based on the notion that the cost of constantly hedging over the years would amount to more than the random impact of rate changes on our non-U.S. dollar balances. For instance, an increase in the value of the Swiss franc would be unfavorable to the earnings of IBKRFS but would be counterbalanced to some extent by the fact that the translation gain or loss into U.S. dollars is likely to move in the opposite direction.

Our risk management systems incorporate cash forex to hedge our currency exposure at little or no cost. Currency spot positions entered into as part of our currency diversification strategy are held by the parent holding company, IBG LLC. In connection with the development of our currency diversification strategy, we determined to base our equity in GLOBALs, a basket of currencies.

Because we conduct business in many countries and many currencies and because we consider ourselves a global enterprise based in a diversified basket of currencies rather than a U.S. dollar-based company, we actively manage our global currency exposure by maintaining our equity in GLOBALs. The U.S. dollar value of the GLOBAL decreased 1.13% as of March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, approximately 24.3% of our equity was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

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The table below presents a comparison of the U.S. dollar equivalent of the GLOBAL for the periods indicated.

|  |  |  | As of 3/31/2022 |  | As of 3/31/2023 |  |
|  |  |  |  | GLOBAL in |  | % of | Net Equity |  |  | GLOBAL in |  | % of | Net Equity | CHANGE in
Currency |  | Composition | FX Rate | USD Equiv. |  | Comp. | (in USD millions) | FX Rate | USD Equiv. |  | Comp. | (in USD millions) | % of Comp.
USD |  | 0.72 |  | 1.0000 |  |  | 0.720 |  | 74.8% |  | $ | 7,842 |  | 1.0000 |  |  | 0.720 |  | 75.7% |  | $ | 9,257 |  | 0.9%
EUR |  | 0.09 |  | 1.1067 |  |  | 0.100 |  | 10.4% |  |  | 1,085 |  | 1.0843 |  |  | 0.098 |  | 10.3% |  |  | 1,255 |  | -0.1%
JPY |  | 3.91 |  | 0.0082 |  |  | 0.032 |  | 3.3% |  |  | 350 |  | 0.0075 |  |  | 0.029 |  | 3.1% |  |  | 379 |  | -0.2%
GBP |  | 0.02 |  | 1.3142 |  |  | 0.026 |  | 2.7% |  |  | 286 |  | 1.2333 |  |  | 0.025 |  | 2.6% |  |  | 317 |  | -0.1%
CHF |  | 0.02 |  | 1.0838 |  |  | 0.022 |  | 2.3% |  |  | 236 |  | 1.0924 |  |  | 0.022 |  | 2.3% |  |  | 281 |  | 0.0%
CNH |  | 0.13 |  | 0.1574 |  |  | 0.020 |  | 2.1% |  |  | 223 |  | 0.1455 |  |  | 0.019 |  | 2.0% |  |  | 243 |  | -0.1%
INR |  | 1.10 |  | 0.0132 |  |  | 0.014 |  | 1.5% |  |  | 158 |  | 0.0122 |  |  | 0.013 |  | 1.4% |  |  | 172 |  | -0.1%
CAD |  | 0.02 |  | 0.7995 |  |  | 0.012 |  | 1.2% |  |  | 131 |  | 0.7399 |  |  | 0.011 |  | 1.2% |  |  | 143 |  | -0.1%
AUD |  | 0.02 |  | 0.7484 |  |  | 0.011 |  | 1.2% |  |  | 122 |  | 0.6685 |  |  | 0.010 |  | 1.1% |  |  | 129 |  | -0.1%
HKD |  | 0.04 |  | 0.1277 |  |  | 0.004 |  | 0.5% |  |  | 49 |  | 0.1274 |  |  | 0.004 |  | 0.5% |  |  | 57 |  | 0.0%
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.962 |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 10,482 |  |  |  |  | 0.951 |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 12,233 |  | 0.0%

The effects of our currency diversification strategy appear in two places in the condensed consolidated financial statements: (1) as a component of other income in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income and (2) as OCI in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The full effect of the GLOBAL is captured in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Reported results on a comprehensive basis reflect the U.S. GAAP convention that requires the reporting of currency translation results contained in OCI as part of reportable earnings.

Interest Rate Risk

We had no variable-rate debt outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

We pay our customers interest based on benchmark overnight interest rates in various currencies, when interest rates are above a benchmark rate plus a small spread, on cash balances above $10 thousand (or equivalent) in securities accounts holding more than $100 thousand and at lower, tiered rates for accounts holding less than $100 thousand (or equivalent) net asset value. In currencies with negative rates, we pass through the cost of holding certain cash balances to our customers; therefore, we charge our customers interest on these cash balances. In a normal rate environment, we typically invest a portion of these funds in U.S. government securities with maturities of up to two years, although given the current interest rate environment, at this time all such investments mature within three months. If interest rates were to increase rapidly and substantially, our net interest income would not increase proportionally with the interest rates for the portion of the funds invested at fixed yields. In addition, the mark-to-market changes in the value of these fixed rate securities will be reflected in other income, instead of net interest income. Our margin balances are priced to a benchmark rate plus a spread, with a minimum charge of 0.75% in U.S. dollars and most foreign currencies.

Based on customer balances and investments outstanding as of March 31, 2023, and assuming reinvestment of maturing instruments in instruments of short-term duration, an unexpected increase of 0.25% over current U.S. dollar interest rate levels would increase our net interest income by approximately $50 million on an annualized basis, assuming the full effect of reinvestment at higher rates. A 0.25% increase in all the relevant non-U.S. dollar benchmark rates would increase our net interest income by $26 million on an annualized basis. Our interest rate sensitivity estimate contains separate assumptions for U.S. dollar rates from other currencies’ rates and it isolates the effects of a rate increase on reinvestments. We do not approximate mark-to-market impact from interest rate changes; if U.S. government securities whose prices were to fall under these scenarios were held to maturity, as intended, then the reduction in other income would be temporary, as the securities would mature at par value. If such securities were sold prior to maturity, the loss would be realized and the proceeds reinvested at prevailing higher interest rates.

We also face the potential for reduced net interest income from customer deposits and margin loans if benchmark rates were to fall. Based on customer balances and investments outstanding as of March 31, 2023, and assuming reinvestment of maturing instruments in instruments of short-term duration, an unexpected decrease in U.S. dollar interest rates of 0.25% would decrease our net interest income by approximately $50 million on an annualized basis, assuming the full effect of reinvestment at lower rates. A 0.25% decrease in all the relevant non-U.S. dollar benchmark rates would decrease our net interest income by $26 million on an annualized basis.

We also face interest rate risk due to positions carried for our remaining market making activities to the extent that long or short stock positions may have been established for future or forward dates on options or futures contracts and the value of such positions is impacted by interest rates. The amount of such risk cannot be quantified, however, the current low level of market making positions does not indicate a material potential exposure.

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Dividend Risk

We face dividend risk in our remaining market making activities as we derive revenues and incur expenses in the form of dividend income and expense, respectively, from our inventory of equity securities, and must make payments in lieu of dividends on short positions in equity securities within our portfolio. Projected future dividends are an important component of pricing equity options and other derivatives, and incorrect projections may lead to trading losses. The amount of such risk cannot be quantified, however, the current low level of market making positions does not indicate a material potential exposure.

Margin Loans

We extend margin loans to our customers, which are subject to various regulatory requirements. Margin loans are collateralized by cash and securities in the customers’ accounts. The risks associated with margin credit increase during periods of fast market movements or in cases where collateral is concentrated and market movements occur. During such times, customers who utilize margin loans and who have collateralized their obligations with securities may find that the securities have a rapidly depreciating value and may not be sufficient to cover their obligations in the event of a liquidation. We are also exposed to credit risk when our customers execute transactions, such as short sales of options and equities that can expose them to risk beyond their invested capital.

We expect this kind of exposure to increase with the growth of our overall business. Because we indemnify and hold harmless our clearing houses and counterparties from certain liabilities or claims, the use of margin loans and short sales may expose us to significant off-balance-sheet risk if collateral requirements are not sufficient to fully cover losses that customers may incur and those customers fail to satisfy their obligations. As of March 31, 2023, we had $39.5 billion in margin loans extended to our customers. The amount of risk to which we are exposed from the margin loans we extend to our customers and from short sale transactions by our customers is unlimited and not quantifiable as the risk is dependent upon analysis of a potentially significant and undeterminable rise or fall in stock prices. Our account level margin requirements meet or exceed those required by Regulation T of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and FINRA portfolio margin rules, as applicable. As a matter of practice, we enforce real-time margin compliance monitoring and liquidate customers’ positions if their equity falls below required margin requirements.

We have a comprehensive policy implemented in accordance with regulatory standards to assess and monitor the suitability of investors to engage in various trading activities. To mitigate our risk, we also continuously monitor customer accounts to detect excessive concentration, large orders or positions, patterns of day trading and other activities that indicate increased risk to us.

Our credit exposure is to a great extent mitigated by our real-time margining system, which automatically evaluates each account throughout the trading day and closes out positions automatically for accounts that are found to be under-margined. While this methodology is effective in most situations, it may not be effective in situations where no liquid market exists for the relevant securities or commodities or where, for any reason, automatic liquidation for certain accounts has been disabled. Our Risk Management Committee continually monitors and evaluates our risk management policies, including the implementation of policies and procedures to enhance the detection and prevention of potential events to mitigate margin loan losses.

Value-at-Risk

We estimate VaR using a historical approach, which uses the historical daily price returns of underlying assets as well as estimates of the end of day implied volatility for options. Our one-day VaR is defined as the unrealized loss in portfolio value that, based on historically observed market risk factors, would have been exceeded with a frequency of one percent, based on a calculation with a confidence interval of 99%.

Our VaR model generally takes into account exposures to equity and commodity price risk and foreign exchange rates.

We use VaR as one of a range of risk management tools. Among their benefits, VaR models permit the estimation of a portfolio’s aggregate market risk exposure, incorporating a range of varied market risks and portfolio assets. One key element of the VaR model is that it reflects risk reduction due to portfolio diversification or hedging activities. However, VaR has various strengths and limitations, which include, but are not limited to: use of historical changes in market risk factors, which may not be accurate predictors of future market conditions, and may not fully incorporate the risk of extreme market events that are outsized relative to observed historical market behavior or reflect the historical distribution of results beyond the confidence interval; and reporting of losses in a single day, which does not reflect the risk of positions that cannot be liquidated or hedged in one day. A small proportion of market risk generated by trading positions is not included in VaR. The modeling of the risk characteristics of some positions relies on approximations that, under certain circumstances, could produce significantly different results from those produced using more precise measures. VaR is most appropriate as a risk measure for trading positions in liquid financial markets and will understate the risk associated with severe events, such as periods of extreme illiquidity.

The VaR calculation simulates the performance of the portfolio based on several years of daily price changes of the underlying assets and determines the VaR as the calculated loss that occurs at the 99 th percentile.

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Since the reported VaR statistics are estimates based on historical data, VaR should not be viewed as predictive of our future revenues or financial performance or of our ability to monitor and manage risk. There can be no assurance that our actual losses on a particular day will not exceed the indicated VaR or that such losses will not occur more than one time in 100 trading days. VaR does not predict the magnitude of losses which, should they occur, may be significantly greater than the VaR amount.

Stress Test

We estimate the market risk of our fixed income portfolio using a risk analysis model provided by a leading external vendor. For corporate bonds, this stress test is configured to calculate the change in value of each fixed income security in the portfolio over one day in five scenarios each of which represents a parallel shift of the U.S. Treasury yield curve. The scenarios are shifts of +/−100 and +/−200 basis points. For U.S. government securities, the stress test is configured to calculate the change in value of each fixed income security in the portfolio over one day in three scenarios each of which represents a parallel shift of the U.S. Treasury yield curve. The scenarios are shifts of +/−50 basis points.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are effective, in all material respects, to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In addition, no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the period covered by this report quarter that has materially affected, or is likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting related to our employees working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are continually monitoring and assessing the COVID-19 situation to minimize any impact on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls.

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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There have been no material changes to the legal proceedings disclosed under Part 1, Item 3 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, except as updated in Note 13 - “Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in under Part 1, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None

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ITEM 6. Exhibits

Exhibit ‎Number | Description
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed by the Company on April 4, 2007).**
3.2 | Amended bylaws of Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 24, 2016).**
4.1 | Description of the Registrant’s Securities (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 filed by the Company on February 24, 2023).**
10.1 | Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of IBG LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2007 filed by the Company on June 15, 2007).**
10.2 | Form of Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of IBG Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed by the Company on February 12, 2007).**
10.3 | Exchange Agreement by and among Interactive Brokers Group, Inc., IBG Holdings LLC, IBG LLC and the Members of IBG LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2009 filed by the Company on November 11, 2009).**
10.4 | Tax Receivable Agreement by and between Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and IBG Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2007 filed by the Company on June 15, 2007).**
10.5 | Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as of April 19, 2018 (filed as exhibit 10.9 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2018, filed by the Company on August 8, 2018).**+
10.6 | Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. Amendment to the Exchange Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Company on June 6, 2012).**+
10.7 | Second Amendment to Exchange Agreement by and among Interactive Brokers Group, Inc., IBG Holdings LLC, IBG (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended September 31, 2015 filed by the Company on November 9, 2015).**
10.8 | First Amendment to Limited Liability Company Agreement of IBG Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended September 31, 2015 filed by the Company on November 9, 2015).**
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH | XBRL Extension Schema*
101.CAL | XBRL Extension Calculation Linkbase*
101.DEF | XBRL Extension Definition Linkbase*
101.LAB | XBRL Extension Label Linkbase*
101.PRE | XBRL Extension Presentation Linkbase*
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

** Previously filed; incorporated herein by reference.

+ These exhibits relate to management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

* Attached as Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023, are the following materials formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and (v) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements tagged in detail levels 1-4.

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| INTERACTIVE BROKERS GROUP, INC.
| /s/ Paul J. Brody
| Name: | Paul J. Brody
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
| (Signing both in his capacity as a duly authorized officer and as principal financial officer of the registrant)

Date: May 8, 2023