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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_________________________________

(Mark One)
þ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025 OR
o |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-33440

INTERACTIVE BROKERS GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware ‎(State or other jurisdiction of ‎incorporation or organization) | 30-0390693 ‎(I.R.S. Employer ‎Identification No.)

One Pickwick Plaza

Greenwich, Connecticut 06830

(Address of principal executive office)

(203) 618-5800

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer o | Non-accelerated filer o ‎ | Smaller reporting company o | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No þ

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of the exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share | IBKR | The Nasdaq Global Select Market

As of May 6, 2025, there were 108,958,830 shares of the issuer’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding and 100 shares of the issuer’s Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2025

Tab le of Contents

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 5
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
| 1.Organization of Business | 7
| 2.Significant Accounting Policies | 7
| 3.Trading Activities and Related Risks | 16
| 4.Equity and Earnings per Share | 17
| 5.Comprehensive Income | 20
| 6.Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities | 21
| 7.Collateralized Transactions | 28
| 8.Revenues from Contracts with Customers | 29
| 9.Other Income (Loss) | 31
| 10.Employee Incentive Plans | 31
| 11.Income Taxes | 33
| 12.Leases | 34
| 13.Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees | 35
| 14.Segment Reporting and Geographic Information | 37
| 15.Regulatory Requirements | 39
| 16.Related Party Transactions | 39
| 17.Subsequent Events | 40
ITEM 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 41
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 59
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 63
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 64
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 64
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 64
ITEM 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 64
ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 64
ITEM 5. | Other Information | 64
ITEM 6. | Exhibits | 66
| Signature |

i

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(Unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(in millions, except share amounts) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | 3,633
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 39,173 |  |  | 36,600
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 29,394 |  |  | 27,846
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,845 |  |  | 5,369
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 8,376 |  |  | 6,575
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial instruments owned |  |  | 3,336 |  |  | 1,847
Financial instruments owned and pledged as collateral |  |  | 70 |  |  | 77
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 3,406 |  |  | 1,924
Receivables |  |  |  |  |  |
Customers, less allowance for credit losses of $26 and $25 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  | 63,857 |  |  | 64,432
Brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | 2,196
Interest |  |  | 443 |  |  | 446
Total receivables |  |  | 66,795 |  |  | 67,074
Other assets |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 1,121
Total assets |  | $ | 157,670 |  | $ | 150,142
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 14
Securities loaned |  |  | 16,894 |  |  | 16,248
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 252 |  |  | 293
Payables |  |  |  |  |  |
Customers |  |  | 120,654 |  |  | 115,343
Brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 476
Affiliate |  |  | 195 |  |  | 195
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 657 |  |  | 665
Interest |  |  | 297 |  |  | 311
Total payables |  |  | 123,029 |  |  | 116,990
Total liabilities |  |  | 140,187 |  |  | 133,545
Commitments, contingencies and guarantees (see Note 13) |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A – Authorized - 1,000,000,000, Issued - 109,111,059 and 109,061,059 shares, Outstanding – 108,942,324 and 108,904,613 shares as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1
Class B – Authorized, Issued and Outstanding – 100 shares as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 1,828 |  |  | 1,816
Retained earnings |  |  | 2,701 |  |  | 2,515
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes of $0 as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (45)
Treasury stock, at cost, 168,735 and 156,446 shares as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7)
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 4,502 |  |  | 4,280
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 12,981 |  |  | 12,317
Total equity |  |  | 17,483 |  |  | 16,597
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 157,670 |  | $ | 150,142

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

Table of Contents

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolid ated Statements of Comp rehensive Income

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except share or per share amounts) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions |  | $ | 514 |  | $ | 379
Other fees and services |  |  | 78 |  |  | 59
Other income |  |  | 65 |  |  | 18
Total non-interest income |  |  | 657 |  |  | 456
Interest income |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | 1,760
Interest expense |  |  | (948) |  |  | (1,013)
Total net interest income |  |  | 770 |  |  | 747
Total net revenues |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 1,203
Non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Execution, clearing and distribution fees |  |  | 121 |  |  | 101
Employee compensation and benefits |  |  | 154 |  |  | 145
Occupancy, depreciation and amortization |  |  | 24 |  |  | 26
Communications |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10
General and administrative |  |  | 62 |  |  | 50
Customer bad debt |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5
Total non-interest expenses |  |  | 372 |  |  | 337
Income before income taxes |  |  | 1,055 |  |  | 866
Income tax expense |  |  | 91 |  |  | 71
Net income |  |  | 964 |  |  | 795
Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 751 |  |  | 620
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.95 |  | $ | 1.63
Diluted |  | $ | 1.94 |  | $ | 1.61
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 108,923,381 |  |  | 107,070,830
Diluted |  |  | 109,865,741 |  |  | 108,149,440
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative translation adjustment, before income taxes |  |  | 28 |  |  | (26)
Income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  | —
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 28 |  |  | (26)
Comprehensive income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 241 |  | $ | 149
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 751 |  | $ | 620
Other comprehensive income - cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | 79 |  |  | (76)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 830 |  | $ | 544

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Ca sh Flows

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 964 |  | $ | 795
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1)
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 15 |  |  | 17
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7
Employee stock plan compensation |  |  | 31 |  |  | 28
Unrealized (gains) losses on other investments, net |  |  | (17) |  |  | 8
Customer bad debt expense |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5
Shares distributed to customers under IBKR Promotions |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5
Change in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | (1,548) |  |  | 6,094
Securities borrowed |  |  | (476) |  |  | (527)
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | (1,801) |  |  | (1,170)
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | (1,480) |  |  | 376
Receivables from customers |  |  | 574 |  |  | (6,928)
Other receivables |  |  | (296) |  |  | (103)
Other assets |  |  | (42) |  |  | (35)
Securities loaned |  |  | 646 |  |  | 2,869
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | (41) |  |  | 43
Payable to customers |  |  | 5,311 |  |  | 185
Other payables |  |  | 728 |  |  | 15
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 2,584 |  |  | 1,683
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of other investments |  |  | (10) |  |  | (1)
Purchase of property, equipment and intangible assets |  |  | (16) |  |  | (12)
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (26) |  |  | (13)
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings, net |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3)
Dividends paid to stockholders |  |  | (27) |  |  | (11)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (196) |  |  | (123)
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (225) |  |  | (137)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 107 |  |  | (102)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 2,440 |  |  | 1,431
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  |  | 40,233 |  |  | 32,593
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 42,673 |  | $ | 34,024
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 4,063
Cash segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 39,173 |  |  | 29,961
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 42,673 |  | $ | 34,024
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 963 |  | $ | 1,006
Cash paid for taxes, net |  | $ | 40 |  | $ | 32
Cash paid for amounts included in lease liabilities |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 12
Non-cash financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to additional paid-in capital for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1
Adjustments to noncontrolling interests for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Ch anges in Equity

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

(Unaudited)

|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  | Total |  | Non- |  |  |
|  | Issued |  | Par |  | Paid-In |  | Treasury |  | Retained |  | Comprehensive |  | Stockholders' |  | controlling |  | Total
(in millions, except share amounts) |  | Shares |  | Value |  | Capital |  | Stock |  | Earnings |  | Income |  | Equity |  | Interests |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  | 109,061,059 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,816 |  | $ | (7) |  | $ | 2,515 |  | $ | (45) |  | $ | 4,280 |  | $ | 12,317 |  | $ | 16,597
Issuance of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  | 50,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  | 7 |  |  | —
Common stock distributed pursuant to stock incentive plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net distribution of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7
Compensation for stock grants vesting in the future |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 31
Dividends paid to stockholders - $0.25 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  |  | (27)
Distributions from IBG LLC to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (196) |  |  | (196)
Adjustments for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | —
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 213 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 830 |  |  | 1,071
Balance, March 31, 2025 |  | 109,111,059 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,828 |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | 2,701 |  | $ | (17) |  | $ | 4,502 |  | $ | 12,981 |  | $ | 17,483

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

(Unaudited)

|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  | Total |  | Non- |  |  |
|  | Issued |  | Par |  | Paid-In |  | Treasury |  | Retained |  | Comprehensive |  | Stockholders' |  | controlling |  | Total
(in millions, except share amounts) |  | Shares |  | Value |  | Capital |  | Stock |  | Earnings |  | Income |  | Equity |  | Interests |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | 107,178,928 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,726 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | 1,852 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 3,584 |  | $ | 10,483 |  | $ | 14,067
Issuance of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  | 50,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3 |  |  | —
Common stock distributed pursuant to stock incentive plans |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net distribution of common stock - IBKR Promotion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5
Compensation for stock grants vesting in the future |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 28
Dividends paid to stockholders - $0.10 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  | (11)
Distributions from IBG LLC to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (123) |  |  | (123)
Adjustments for changes in proportionate ownership in IBG LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | —
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 175 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 149 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 693
Balance, March 31, 2024 |  | 107,228,928 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,736 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | 2,016 |  | $ | (18) |  | $ | 3,732 |  | $ | 10,927 |  | $ | 14,659

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Organization of Business

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (“IBG, Inc.”) is a Delaware holding company whose primary asset is its ownership of approximately 25.8% of the membership interests of IBG LLC, which, in turn, owns operating subsidiaries (collectively, “IBG LLC”). IBG, Inc. together with IBG LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, “the Company”), is an automated global electronic broker specializing in executing and clearing trades in stocks, options, futures, foreign exchange instruments, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), precious metals, and forecast contracts on more than 160 electronic exchanges and market centers around the world and offering custody, prime brokerage, securities and margin lending services to customers. In addition, the Company’s customers can use its trading platform to trade certain cryptocurrencies through third-party cryptocurrency service providers that execute, clear and custody the cryptocurrencies. In the United States of America (“U.S.”), the Company conducts its business primarily from its headquarters in Greenwich, Connecticut and from Chicago, Illinois. Abroad, the Company conducts its business through offices located in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland, Hungary, India, China (Hong Kong and Shanghai), Japan, Singapore, and Australia. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had 3,027 employees worldwide.

IBG LLC is a Connecticut limited liability company that conducts its business through its significant operating subsidiaries: Interactive Brokers LLC (“IB LLC”); IBKR Securities Services LLC (“IBKRSS”); Interactive Brokers Canada Inc. (“IBC”); Interactive Brokers (U.K.) Limited (“IBUK”); Interactive Brokers Ireland Limited (“IBIE”); IBKR Financial Services AG (“IBKRFS”); Interactive Brokers (India) Private Limited (“IBI”); Interactive Brokers Hong Kong Limited (“IBHK”); Interactive Brokers Securities Japan, Inc. (“IBSJ”); Interactive Brokers Singapore Private Limited (“IBSG”); and Interactive Brokers Australia Pty Limited (“IBA”).

Certain operating subsidiaries are members of various securities and commodities exchanges in North America, Europe and the Asia/Pacific region and are subject to regulatory capital and other requirements (see Note 15). IB LLC, IBKRSS, IBC, IBUK, IBIE, IBI, IBHK, IBSJ, IBSG and IBA carry securities accounts for customers or perform custodial functions relating to customer securities.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding financial reporting with respect to Form 10-Q.

These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025. The condensed consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements not included herein.

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries and reflect all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of the results for the periods presented. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the entire year.

Principles of Consolidation, including Noncontrolling Interests

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of IBG, Inc. and its majority and wholly-owned subsidiaries. As sole managing member of IBG LLC, IBG, Inc. exerts control over IBG LLC’s operations. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, “Consolidation,” the Company consolidates IBG LLC’s financial statements and records the interests in IBG LLC that it does not own as noncontrolling interests.

The Company’s policy is to consolidate all other entities in which it owns more than 50% unless it does not have control and any potential variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary when it has the power to make the decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb significant losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As of March 31, 2025, the Company was not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on judgment and the best available information at the time. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Such estimates include the allowance for credit losses, valuation of certain investments, compensation accruals, current and deferred income taxes, and contingency reserves.

Fair Value

Substantially all of the Company’s assets and liabilities, including financial instruments, are carried at fair value based on observable market prices and are marked to market, or are assets and liabilities which are short-term in nature and are carried at amounts that approximate fair value.

The Company applies the fair value hierarchy in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement” (“ASC Topic 820”), to prioritize the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

Level 1 | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2 | Quoted prices for similar assets in an active market, quoted prices in markets that are not considered to be active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 | Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to fair value measurement and unobservable.

Financial instruments owned, at fair value, and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value are generally classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s Level 1 financial instruments, which are valued using quoted market prices as published by exchanges and clearing houses or otherwise broadly distributed in active markets, include active listed stocks, options, warrants and U.S. and foreign government securities. The Company does not adjust quoted prices for financial instruments classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, even if the Company may hold a large position whereby a purchase or sale could reasonably be expected to impact quoted prices.

Currency forward contracts are valued using broadly distributed bank and broker prices and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy since inputs to their valuation can generally be corroborated by market data. Precious metals are valued using an internal model, which incorporates the exchange-traded futures price of the underlying instruments, benchmark interest rates and estimated storage costs, and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy since the significant inputs to their valuation are observable. Other securities that are not traded in active markets are also classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 financial instruments are comprised of securities that have been delisted or otherwise are no longer tradable in active markets and have been valued by the Company based on internal estimates.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 260, “Earnings per Share.” Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income available for common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for that period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing the net income available for common stockholders by the diluted weighted average shares outstanding for that period. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS and, in addition, reflects the dilutive effect of shares of common stock estimated to be distributed in the future under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, with no adjustments to net income available for common stockholders for potentially dilutive common shares.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Current Expected Credit Losses

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 326 – “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses” (“ASC Topic 326”) which applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, held-to-maturity debt securities and off-balance sheet credit exposures. For on-balance sheet assets, an allowance must be recognized at the origination or purchase of in-scope assets and represents the expected credit losses over the contractual life of those assets. Expected credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures must be estimated over the contractual period the Company is exposed to credit risk as a result of a present obligation to extend credit. The impact to the current period is not material since the Company’s in-scope assets are primarily subject to collateral maintenance provisions for which the Company elected to apply the practical expedient of reporting the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost for the in-scope assets as the allowance for current expected credit losses.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with banks and all highly liquid investments, with maturities of three months or less, that are not segregated and deposited for regulatory purposes or to meet margin requirements at clearing houses and clearing banks.

Cash and Securities – Segregated for Regulatory Purposes

As a result of customer activities, certain operating subsidiaries are obligated by rules mandated by their primary regulators to segregate or set aside cash or qualified securities to satisfy such regulations, which have been promulgated to protect customer assets. Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents that are subject to withdrawal or usage restrictions. Cash segregated for regulatory purposes meets the definition of restricted cash and is included in “Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash” in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The table below presents the composition of the Company’s securities segregated for regulatory purposes for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
U.S. and foreign government securities |  | $ | 6,361 |  | $ | 6,460
Municipal securities |  |  | 33 |  |  | 33
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 1 |  |  | 22,860 |  |  | 21,353
Securities borrowed 1 |  |  | 140 |  |  | -
|  | $ | 29,394 |  | $ | 27,846

________________________

(1)These balances are collateralized by U.S. government securities.

Securities Borrowed and Securities Loaned

Securities borrowed and securities loaned are recorded at the amount of the cash collateral advanced or received. Securities borrowed transactions require the Company to provide counterparties with collateral, which may be in the form of cash, letters of credit or other securities. With respect to securities loaned, the Company receives collateral, which may be in the form of cash or other securities in an amount generally in excess of the fair value of the securities loaned. The Company monitors the market value of securities borrowed and loaned daily, with additional collateral obtained or refunded as permitted contractually. The Company’s policy is to net, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, securities borrowed and securities loaned contracts entered into with the same counterparty that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 210-20, “Balance Sheet – Offsetting” (“ASC Topic 210-20”).

Securities lending fees received and paid by the Company are included in “Interest income” and “Interest expense,” respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which are reported as collateralized financing transactions, are recorded at contract value, which approximates fair value. To ensure that the fair value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, the collateral is valued daily with additional collateral obtained or excess collateral returned, as permitted under contractual provisions. The Company’s policy is to net, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, securities purchased under agreements to resell transactions and securities sold under agreements to repurchase transactions entered into with the same counterparty that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20.

Financial Instruments Owned and Financial Instruments Sold, But Not Yet Purchased, at Fair Value

Financial instrument transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. Financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased are stated at fair value based upon quoted market prices, or if not available, are valued by the Company based on internal estimates (see Fair Value above). The Company’s financial instruments pledged to counterparties where the counterparty has the right, by contract or custom, to sell or repledge the financial instruments are reported as “Financial instruments owned and pledged as collateral” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Customer Receivables and Payables

Receivables from and payables to customers include amounts due on cash and margin transactions, including futures contracts transacted on behalf of customers. Securities owned by customers, including those that collateralize margin loans or other similar transactions, are not reported in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Amounts receivable from customers that are determined by management to be uncollectible are recorded as “Customer bad debt” expense in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (see Current Expected Credit Losses above).

Receivables from and Payables to Brokers, Dealers and Clearing Organizations

Receivables from and payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations include net receivables and payables from unsettled trades, including amounts related to futures and options on futures contracts executed on behalf of customers, amounts receivable for securities not delivered by the Company to the purchaser by the settlement date (“fails to deliver”) and cash deposits. Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations also include amounts payable for securities not received by the Company from a seller by the settlement date (“fails to receive”).

Investments

The Company makes certain strategic investments related to its business which are included in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company accounts for these investments as follows:

Under the equity method of accounting as required under FASB ASC Topic 323, “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures.” These investments, including where the investee is a limited partnership or limited liability company, are recorded at the fair value amount of the Company’s initial investment and are adjusted each period for the Company’s share of the investee’s income or loss. Contributions paid to and distributions received from equity method investees are recorded as additions or reductions, respectively, to the respective investment balance.

At fair value, if the investment in equity securities has a readily determinable fair value.

At adjusted cost, if the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. Adjusted cost represents the historical cost, less impairment if any. If the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, the Company measures the equity security at fair value as of the date that the observable transaction occurred in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 321, “Investments in Equity Securities.”

A judgmental aspect of accounting for investments is evaluating whether a decline in the value of an investment has occurred. The evaluation of impairment is dependent on specific quantitative and qualitative factors and circumstances surrounding an investment, including recurring operating losses, credit defaults and subsequent rounds of financing. Most of the Company’s equity investments do not have readily determinable market values. All investments are reviewed for changes in circumstances or occurrence of events that suggest the Company’s investment may not be recoverable. An impairment loss, if any, is recognized in the period the determination is made.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below presents the composition of the Company’s investments for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Equity method investments 1 |  | $ | 159 |  | $ | 172
Investments in equity securities at adjusted cost 2 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 29
Investments in equity securities at fair value 2 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 32
Investments in exchange memberships and equity securities of certain exchanges 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2
|  | $ | 243 |  | $ | 235

________________________

(1)The Company’s share of income or losses is included in “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(2)These investments do not qualify for the equity method of accounting. Dividends received are included in “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Property, Equipment and Intangible Assets

Property, equipment and intangible assets, which are included in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, consist of leasehold improvements, computer equipment, software developed for the Company’s internal use, office furniture and equipment.

Property and equipment are recorded at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of assets are capitalized, while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method. Equipment is depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets, while leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated economic useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Computer equipment is depreciated over three to five years and office furniture and equipment are depreciated over five to seven years. Intangible assets with a finite life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three to five years, and tested for recoverability whenever events indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Qualifying costs for internally developed software are capitalized and amortized over the expected useful life of the developed software, not to exceed three years. Upon retirement or disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Fully depreciated (or amortized) assets are retired periodically throughout the year.

Leases

The Company reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys to the company the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Company determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate. An operating lease right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent.

The Company’s leases are classified as operating leases and consist of real estate leases for office space, data centers and other facilities. Each lease liability is measured using the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed yield curve using interest rates of third parties’ corporate debt issued with a similar risk profile as the Company and a duration similar to the lease term. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of less than one year to twelve years, some of which include options to extend the lease term, and some of which include options to terminate the lease upon notice. The Company considers these options when determining the lease term used to calculate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability when the Company is reasonably certain it will exercise such option.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Company elected to measure the lease liability by combining the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As such, the Company includes the fixed payments and any payments that depend on a rate or index that relate to the lease and non-lease components in the measurement of the lease liability. Some of the non-lease components are variable and not based on an index or rate, and as a result, are not included in the measurement of the right-of-use asset or lease liability.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in “Occupancy, depreciation and amortization” expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Comprehensive Income and Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s operating results are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 220, “Comprehensive Income.”

Comprehensive income consists of two components: net income and other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The Company’s OCI is comprised of gains and losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements of non-U.S. subsidiaries, net of related income taxes, where applicable. In general, the practice and intention of the Company is to reinvest the earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations; therefore, tax is usually not accrued on OCI.

The Company’s non-U.S. domiciled subsidiaries have a functional currency that is other than the U.S. dollar. Such subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Adjustments that result from translating amounts from a subsidiary’s functional currency to the U.S. dollar (as described above) are reported net of tax, where applicable, in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Revenue Recognition

Commissions

Commissions earned for executing and/or clearing transactions are accrued on a trade date basis and are reported as “Commissions” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Commissions also include payments for order flow income received from IBKR Lite SM liquidity providers. The Company’s IBKR Lite SM offering provides commission-free trades on U.S. exchange-listed stocks and ETFs and generates no commission revenues from customers on these trades. See Note 8 for further information on revenue from contracts with customers.

Other Fees and Services

The Company earns fee income on services provided to customers, which includes market data fees, risk exposure fees, payments for order flow from exchange-mandated programs, Insured Bank Deposit Sweep Program fees (“FDIC sweep fees”), and other fees and services charged to customers. Fee income is recognized either daily or monthly. See Note 8 for further information on revenue from contracts with customers.

Interest Income and Expense

The Company earns interest income and incurs interest expense primarily in connection with its electronic brokerage customer business and its securities lending activities, which are recorded on an accrual basis and are included in “Interest income” and “Interest expense,” respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Principal Transactions

Principal transactions include gains and losses as a result of changes in the fair value of financial instruments owned, at fair value, financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value, and other investments measured at fair value (i.e., unrealized gains and losses) and realized gains and losses related to the Company’s principal transactions. Included are net gains and losses on stocks, options, U.S. and foreign government securities, municipal securities, futures, foreign exchange, precious metals and other derivative instruments, which are reported on a net basis in “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Dividends are integral to the valuation of stocks. Accordingly, dividend income and expense attributable to financial instruments owned, at fair value and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value, are reported on a net basis in “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Foreign Currency Gains and Losses

Foreign currency balances are assets and liabilities in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency. At every reporting date, the Company revalues its foreign currency balances to its functional currency at the spot exchange rate and records the associated foreign currency gains and losses. These foreign currency gains and losses are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, as follows: (a) foreign currency gains and losses related to the Company’s currency diversification strategy are reported in “Other income”; (b) foreign currency gains and losses arising from currency swap transactions are reported in “Interest income” or “Interest expense”; and (c) all other foreign currency gains and losses are reported in “Other income.”

Rebates

Rebates consist of volume discounts, credits, or payments received from exchanges or other market centers related to the placement and/or removal of liquidity from the marketplace and are recorded on an accrual basis. Rebates are recorded net within “Execution, clearing and distribution fees” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Rebates received for trades executed on behalf of customers that elect tiered pricing are passed, in whole or part, to these customers, and such pass-through amounts are recorded net within “Commissions” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC Topic 718”), to account for its stock-based compensation plans. ASC Topic 718 requires all share-based payments to employees to be recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements using a fair value-based method. Grants, which are denominated in U.S. dollars, are communicated to employees in the year of the grant, thereby establishing the fair value of each grant. The fair value of awards granted to employees are generally expensed as follows: 50% in the year of grant in recognition of the plans’ post-employment provisions (as described below) and the remaining 50% over the related vesting period utilizing the “graded vesting” method permitted under ASC Topic 718. In the case of “retirement eligible” employees (those employees older than 59), 100% of awards are expensed when granted.

Awards granted under stock-based compensation plans are subject to the plans’ post-employment provisions in the event an employee ceases employment with the Company. The plans provide that employees who discontinue employment with the Company without cause and continue to meet the terms of the plans’ post-employment provisions will be eligible to earn 50% of previously granted but not yet earned awards, unless the employee is over the age of 59, in which case the employee would be eligible to receive 100% of previously granted but not yet earned awards.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC Topic 740”). The Company’s income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits are based on enacted tax laws (see Note 11) and reflect management’s best assessment of estimated future taxes to be paid. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Determining income tax expense requires significant judgment and estimates.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of underlying assets and liabilities. In evaluating the ability to recover deferred tax assets within the jurisdictions from which they arise, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. In projecting future taxable income, historical results are adjusted for changes in accounting policies and incorporate assumptions including the amount of future state, federal and foreign pre-tax operating income, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax-planning strategies. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company is using to manage the underlying businesses. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, three years of cumulative operating income (loss) are considered. Deferred income taxes have not been provided for U.S. tax liabilities or for additional foreign taxes on the unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries that have been indefinitely reinvested.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across the Company’s global operations. Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, effective January 1, 2024, which provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework. A significant number of other countries have either already or are expected to implement similar legislation with varying effective dates. The Company is continuing to evaluate the potential impact of the EU’s Pillar Two Directive and similar legislations adopted by other countries (collectively, “Pillar Two Directives”), but based on current guidance, the Company believes that its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows will not be materially impacted by such Pillar Two Directives.

The Company records tax liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 740 and adjusts these liabilities when management’s judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are different from the current estimates of these tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available.

The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. A tax position that meets this standard is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized on settlement.

The Company recognizes interest related to income tax matters as interest income or interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as “Income tax expense” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

FASB Standards issued but not adopted as of March 31, 2025

Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) ‎ ‎Issued November 2024 |  | Requires companies to disclose the amounts of employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. Requires companies to include certain amounts already required to be disclosed under current U.S. GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements. Disclose the total amount of selling expenses and the company's definition of selling expenses. Requires companies to disclose a qualitative description of amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated. |  | Effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact to its consolidated financial statements.
Income Taxes (Topic 740) ‎ ‎Issued December 2023 |  | Requires companies to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Requires companies to disclose the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid. Requires companies to disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. |  | Effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact to its consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Trading Activities and Related Risks

Trading activities expose the Company to market and credit risks. These risks are managed in accordance with established risk management policies and procedures. To accomplish this, management has established a risk management process that includes:

a regular review of the risk management process by executive management as part of its oversight role;

defined risk management policies and procedures supported by a rigorous analytic framework; and

articulated risk tolerance levels as defined by executive management that are regularly reviewed to ensure that the Company’s risk-taking is consistent with its business strategy, its capital structure, and current and anticipated market conditions.

Market Risk

The Company is exposed to various market risks. Exposures to market risks arise from equity price risk, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and changes in interest rates. The Company seeks to mitigate market risk associated with trading inventories by employing hedging strategies that correlate rate, price and spread movements of trading inventories and related financing and hedging activities. The Company uses a combination of cash instruments and exchange-traded derivatives to hedge its market exposures. The Company does not apply hedge accounting. The following discussion describes the types of market risk faced:

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk arises from the possibility that equity security prices will fluctuate, affecting the value of equity securities and other instruments that derive their value from a particular stock, a defined basket of stocks, or a stock index. The Company is subject to equity price risk primarily in financial instruments owned, at fair value and financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value. The Company attempts to limit such risks by continuously reevaluating prices and by diversifying its portfolio across many different options, futures and underlying securities and avoiding concentrations of positions based on the same underlying security.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in interest rates will affect the value of financial instruments. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on cash and margin balances, positions carried in equity and fixed income securities, options, futures and on its borrowings. These risks are managed through investment policies and by entering into interest rate futures contracts.

Currency Risk

Currency risk arises from the possibility that fluctuations in foreign exchange rates will impact the value of financial instruments. The Company manages this risk using spot (i.e., cash) currency transactions, currency futures contracts and currency forward contracts. The Company actively manages its currency exposure using a currency diversification strategy that is based on a defined basket of ten currencies internally referred to as the “GLOBAL.” These strategies minimize the fluctuation of the Company’s equity as expressed in GLOBALs, thereby diversifying its risk in alignment with these global currencies, weighted by the Company’s view of their importance. As the Company’s financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, the change in the value of the GLOBAL as expressed in U.S. dollars affects the Company’s earnings. The impact of this currency diversification strategy in the Company’s earnings is included in “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to the risk of loss if a customer, counterparty or issuer fails to perform its obligations under contractual terms (“default risk”). Both cash instruments and derivatives expose the Company to default risk. The Company has established policies and procedures for mitigating credit risk on principal transactions, including reviewing and establishing limits for credit exposure, maintaining collateral and continually assessing the creditworthiness of counterparties.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company’s credit risk is limited as contracts entered into are settled directly at securities and commodities clearing houses or are settled through member firms and banks with substantial financial and operational resources. Over-the-counter transactions, such as securities lending and contracts for differences (“CFDs”), are marked to market daily and are conducted with counterparties that have undergone a thorough credit review. The Company seeks to control the risks associated with its customer margin activities by requiring customers to maintain collateral in compliance with regulatory and internal guidelines.

In the normal course of business, the Company executes, settles and finances various customer securities transactions. Execution of these transactions includes the purchase and sale of securities which exposes the Company to default risk arising from the potential that customers or counterparties may fail to satisfy their obligations. In these situations, the Company may be required to purchase or sell financial instruments at unfavorable market prices to satisfy obligations to customers or counterparties. Liabilities to other brokers and dealers related to unsettled transactions (i.e., securities fails to receive) are recorded at the amount for which the securities were purchased, and are paid upon receipt of the securities from other brokers or dealers. In the case of aged securities fails to receive, the Company may purchase the underlying security in the market and seek reimbursement for any losses from the counterparty.

For cash management purposes, the Company enters into short-term securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase transactions (“repos”) in addition to securities borrowing and lending arrangements, all of which may result in credit exposure in the event the counterparty to a transaction is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations. Repos are collateralized by securities with a market value in excess of the obligation under the contract. Similarly, securities lending agreements are collateralized by deposits of cash or securities. The Company attempts to minimize credit risk associated with these activities by monitoring collateral values daily and requiring additional collateral to be deposited with or returned to the Company as permitted under contractual provisions.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company’s exposure to credit risk associated with its trading and other activities is measured on an individual counterparty basis, as well as by groups of counterparties that share similar attributes. Concentrations of credit risk can be affected by changes in political, industry, or economic factors. To reduce the potential for risk concentration, credit limits are established and exposure is monitored in light of changing counterparty and market conditions. As of March 31, 2025, the Company did not have any material concentrations of credit risk outside the ordinary course of business.

Off-Balance Sheet Risks

The Company may be exposed to a risk of loss not reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements to settle futures and certain over-the-counter contracts at contracted prices, which may require repurchase or sale of the underlying products in the market at prevailing prices. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance sheet risk as the Company’s cost to liquidate such contracts may exceed the amounts reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

4. Equity and Earnings per Share

In connection with IBG, Inc.’s initial public offering of Class A common stock (“IPO”) in May 2007, it purchased 10.0% of the membership interests in IBG LLC from IBG Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), became the sole managing member of IBG LLC and began to consolidate IBG LLC’s financial results into its financial statements. Holdings owns all of IBG, Inc.’s Class B common stock, which has voting rights in proportion to its ownership interests in IBG LLC. The table below presents the amount of IBG LLC membership interests held by IBG, Inc. and Holdings as of March 31, 2025.

|  | IBG, Inc. |  | Holdings |  | Total
Ownership % | 25.8% |  | 74.2% |  | 100.0%
Membership interests | 108,981,614 |  | 313,643,354 |  | 422,624,968

These condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the results of operations and financial position of IBG, Inc., including consolidation of its investment in IBG LLC and its subsidiaries. The noncontrolling interests in IBG LLC attributable to Holdings are reported as a component of “Total equity” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Recapitalization and Post-IPO Capital Structure

Immediately before and immediately following the consummation of the IPO, IBG, Inc., Holdings, IBG LLC and the members of IBG LLC consummated a series of transactions collectively referred to herein as the “Recapitalization.” In connection with the Recapitalization, IBG, Inc., Holdings and the historical members of IBG LLC entered into an exchange agreement, dated as of May 3, 2007 (the “Exchange Agreement”), under which the historical members of IBG LLC received membership interests in Holdings in exchange for their membership interests in IBG LLC. Additionally, IBG, Inc. became the sole managing member of IBG LLC.

In connection with the consummation of the IPO, Holdings used the net proceeds to redeem 10.0% of members’ interests in Holdings in proportion to their interests. Immediately following the Recapitalization and IPO, Holdings owned approximately 90% of IBG LLC and 100% of IBG, Inc.’s Class B common stock.

Since the consummation of the IPO and Recapitalization, IBG, Inc.’s equity capital structure has been comprised of Class A and Class B common stock. All shares of common stock have a par value of $0.01 per share and have identical rights to earnings and dividends and in liquidation. The below table presents the authorized, issued, and outstanding shares for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Authorized |  | Issued |  | Outstanding |  | Authorized |  | Issued |  | Outstanding
Class A common stock |  | 1,000,000,000 |  | 109,111,059 |  | 108,942,324 |  | 1,000,000,000 |  | 109,061,059 |  | 108,904,613
Class B common stock |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | 100
Preferred stock |  | 10,000 |  | - |  | - |  | 10,000 |  | - |  | -

As a result of a federal income tax election made by IBG LLC applicable to the acquisition of IBG LLC member interests by IBG, Inc., the income tax basis of the assets of IBG LLC acquired by IBG, Inc. have been adjusted based on the amount paid for such interests. Deferred tax assets were recorded as of the IPO date and in connection with subsequent redemptions of Holdings member interests in exchange for common stock. These deferred tax assets are included in “Other assets” in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and are being amortized as additional deferred income tax expense over 15 years from the IPO date and from the additional redemption dates, respectively, as allowable under current tax law. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the unamortized balance of these deferred tax assets was $192 million and $196 million, respectively.

IBG, Inc. also entered into an agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”) with Holdings to pay Holdings (for the benefit of the former members of IBG LLC) 85% of the tax savings that IBG, Inc. actually realizes as the result of tax basis increases. These payables to Holdings are reported as “Payable to affiliate” in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. The remaining 15% is accounted for as a permanent increase to “Additional paid-in capital” in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The cumulative amounts of deferred tax assets, payables to Holdings and additional paid-in capital arising from stock offerings from the date of the IPO through March 31, 2025 were $688 million, $585 million and $103 million, respectively. Amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement are payable to Holdings annually following the filing of IBG, Inc.’s federal income tax return. The Company has paid Holdings a cumulative total of $293 million through March 31, 2025 under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement.

The Exchange Agreement, as amended, provides for future redemptions of member interests and for the purchase of member interests in IBG LLC by IBG, Inc. from Holdings, which could result in IBG, Inc. acquiring the remaining member interests in IBG LLC that it does not own. On an annual basis, members of Holdings can request redemption of their interests.

At the time of IBG, Inc.’s IPO in 2007, three hundred sixty (360) million shares of authorized common stock were reserved for future sales and redemptions. From 2008 through 2010, Holdings redeemed 5,013,259 IBG LLC interests with a total value of $114 million, which redemptions were funded using cash on hand at IBG LLC. Upon cash redemption, these IBG LLC interests were retired. From 2011 through 2024, IBG, Inc. issued 40,444,445 shares of common stock (with a fair value of $2.0 billion) directly to Holdings in exchange for an equivalent number of member interests in IBG LLC.

On July 26, 2023, the Company filed a Prospectus Supplement on Form 424B (File Number 333-273451) with the SEC to re-register up to 630,000 shares of common stock, offering the opportunity for eligible persons to receive awards in the form of an offer to receive such shares by participating in one or more promotions that are designed to attract new customers to the Company’s brokerage platform, increase assets held with the Company’s brokerage business and enhance customer loyalty. The Company has authorized a total of

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1,000,000 shares of common stock to be issued under these promotions. From 2019 through the quarter ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued 670,000 shares to IBG LLC for distribution to eligible customers of certain of its subsidiaries.

As a consequence of redemption transactions in accordance with the Exchange Agreement, distribution of shares to customers under one or more promotions, and distribution of shares to employees (see Note 10), IBG, Inc.’s interest in IBG LLC has increased to approximately 25.8%, with Holdings owning the remaining 74.2% as of March 31, 2025. The redemptions also increased the Holdings interest held by Mr. Thomas Peterffy and his affiliates from approximately 84.6% at the IPO to approximately 91.4% as of March 31, 2025.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated utilizing net income available for common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding for that period.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions, except share or per share amounts)
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  |  | 108,923,281 |  |  | 107,070,730
Class B |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100
|  |  | 108,923,381 |  |  | 107,070,830
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 1.95 |  | $ | 1.63

Diluted earnings per share are calculated utilizing the Company’s basic net income available for common stockholders divided by diluted weighted average shares outstanding with no adjustments to net income available to common stockholders for potentially dilutive common shares.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions, except share or per share amounts)
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding |  |  | 108,923,281 |  |  | 107,070,730
Potentially dilutive common shares |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuable pursuant to employee stock incentive plans |  |  | 942,360 |  |  | 1,078,610
Class B |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100
|  |  | 109,865,741 |  |  | 108,149,440
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 1.94 |  | $ | 1.61

Member Distributions and Stockholder Dividends

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, IBG LLC made distributions totaling $263 million, to its members, of which IBG, Inc.’s proportionate share was $68 million. In March 2025, the Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.25 per share of common stock, totaling $27 million.

On April 15, 2025, the Company declared an increase in the quarterly cash dividend from $0.25 to $0.32 per share of common stock, payable on June 13, 2025, to stockholders of record as of May 30, 2025.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5. Comprehensive Income

The table below presents comprehensive income and earnings per share on comprehensive income for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions, except share or per share amounts)
Comprehensive income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 241 |  | $ | 149
Earnings per share on comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.21 |  | $ | 1.39
Diluted |  | $ | 2.19 |  | $ | 1.37
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 108,923,381 |  |  | 107,070,830
Diluted |  |  | 109,865,741 |  |  | 108,149,440

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The tables below present, by level within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2), financial assets and liabilities, measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated. As required by ASC Topic 820, financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the respective fair value measurement.

|  | Financial Assets at Fair Value as of March 31, 2025
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. and foreign government securities |  | $ | 6,361 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,361
Municipal securities |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33
Total securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 6,361 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,394
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  |  | 2,296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,296
Options |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 152
U.S. and foreign government securities |  |  | 928 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 928
Mutual funds |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 3,378 |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,406
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer-held fractional shares |  |  | 279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 279
Other investments in equity securities |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43
Total other assets |  |  | 322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 322
Total financial assets at fair value |  | $ | 10,061 |  | $ | 61 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,122

|  | Financial Liabilities at Fair Value as of March 31, 2025
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 112 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 112
Options |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 23
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 212 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 252
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fractional shares repurchase obligation |  |  | 279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 279
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 279
Total financial liabilities at fair value |  | $ | 491 |  | $ | 40 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 531

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | Financial Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2024
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. and foreign government securities |  | $ | 6,460 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,460
Municipal securities |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33
Total securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 6,460 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,493
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  |  | 1,763 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,763
Options |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84
U.S. and foreign government securities |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54
Mutual funds |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  | 1,903 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,924
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer-held fractional shares |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260
Other investments in equity securities |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32
Total other assets |  |  | 292 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 292
Total financial assets at fair value |  | $ | 8,655 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,709

|  | Financial Liabilities at Fair Value as of December 31, 2024
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 116 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 116
Options |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 96
Precious metals |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 18
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 63
Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  | 212 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 293
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fractional shares repurchase obligation |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260
Total financial liabilities at fair value |  | $ | 472 |  | $ | 81 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 553

Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

There were no transfers in or out of level 3 for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

Financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value are recorded at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The tables below represent the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial assets and liabilities that are not recorded at fair value in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of financial condition for the periods indicated. The tables below exclude certain financial instruments such as equity method investments and all non-financial assets and liabilities.

|  | March 31, 2025
|  | Carrying ‎Value |  | Fair ‎Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 39,173 |  |  | 39,173 |  |  | 39,173 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 23,000 |  |  | 23,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,000 |  |  | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,845 |  |  | 5,845 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,845 |  |  | —
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 8,376 |  |  | 8,376 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,376 |  |  | —
Receivables from customers |  |  | 63,857 |  |  | 63,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,857 |  |  | —
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | —
Interest receivable |  |  | 443 |  |  | 443 |  |  | — |  |  | 443 |  |  | —
Other assets |  |  | 40 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 39
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 146,729 |  | $ | 146,731 |  | $ | 42,673 |  | $ | 104,019 |  | $ | 39

Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | —
Securities loaned |  |  | 16,894 |  |  | 16,894 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,894 |  |  | —
Payables to customers |  |  | 120,654 |  |  | 120,654 |  |  | — |  |  | 120,654 |  |  | —
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | —
Interest payable |  |  | 297 |  |  | 297 |  |  | — |  |  | 297 |  |  | —
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 139,083 |  | $ | 139,083 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 139,083 |  | $ | —

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Carrying ‎Value |  | Fair ‎Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in millions)
Financial assets, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,633 |  | $ | 3,633 |  | $ | 3,633 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Cash - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 36,600 |  |  | 36,600 |  |  | 36,600 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes |  |  | 21,353 |  |  | 21,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,353 |  |  | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,369 |  |  | 5,369 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,369 |  |  | —
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,575 |  |  | 6,575 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,575 |  |  | —
Receivables from customers |  |  | 64,432 |  |  | 64,432 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,432 |  |  | —
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 2,196 |  |  | 2,196 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,196 |  |  | —
Interest receivable |  |  | 446 |  |  | 446 |  |  | — |  |  | 446 |  |  | —
Other assets |  |  | 30 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 29
Total financial assets, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 140,634 |  | $ | 140,636 |  | $ | 40,233 |  | $ | 100,374 |  | $ | 29

Financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 14 |  | $ | 14 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 14 |  | $ | —
Securities loaned |  |  | 16,248 |  |  | 16,248 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,248 |  |  | —
Payables to customers |  |  | 115,343 |  |  | 115,343 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,343 |  |  | —
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations |  |  | 476 |  |  | 476 |  |  | — |  |  | 476 |  |  | —
Interest payable |  |  | 311 |  |  | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |  |  | —
Total financial liabilities, not measured at fair value |  | $ | 132,392 |  | $ | 132,392 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 132,392 |  | $ | —

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Netting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s policy is to net securities borrowed and securities loaned, and securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase that meet the offsetting requirements prescribed in ASC Topic 210-20. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments that are not offset in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, but could be netted against cash or financial instruments with specific counterparties under master netting agreements, according to the terms of the agreements, including clearing houses (exchange-traded options, warrants and discount certificates) or over the counter currency forward contract counterparties, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s net payable or receivable with counterparties for these financial instruments.

The tables below present the netting of financial assets and financial liabilities for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2025
|  |  |  |  |  | Amounts |  |  | Net Amounts |  | Amounts Not Offset |  |  |
|  | Gross |  | Offset in the |  |  | Presented in |  | in the Condensed |  |  |
|  | Amounts |  | Condensed |  |  | the Condensed |  | Consolidated |  |  |
|  | of Financial |  | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  | Statements of |  |  |
|  | Assets and |  | Statements of |  |  | Statements of |  | Financial Condition |  |  |
|  | Liabilities |  | Financial |  |  | Financial |  | Cash or Financial |  | Net
|  | Recognized |  | Condition | 2 |  | Condition |  | Instruments |  | Amount
|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated securities purchased under agreements to resell |  | $ | 22,860 | 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,860 |  | $ | (22,860) |  | $ | —
Segregated securities borrowed |  |  | 140 | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140 |  |  | (136) |  |  | 4
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,845 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,845 |  |  | (5,638) |  |  | 207
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 8,376 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,376 |  |  | (8,376) |  |  | —
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 152 |  |  | (100) |  |  | 52
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1
Total |  | $ | 37,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,374 |  | $ | (37,110) |  | $ | 264

|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned |  | $ | 16,894 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,894 |  | $ | (15,668) |  | $ | 1,226
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100 |  |  | (100) |  |  | —
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17
Total |  | $ | 17,011 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,011 |  | $ | (15,768) |  | $ | 1,243

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | December 31, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  | Amounts |  |  | Net Amounts |  | Amounts Not Offset |  |  |
|  |  | Gross | Offset in the |  |  | Presented in |  | in the Condensed |  |  |
|  |  | Amounts | Condensed |  |  | the Condensed |  | Consolidated |  |  |
|  |  | of Financial | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  | Statements of |  |  |
|  |  | Assets and | Statements of |  |  | Statements of |  | Financial Condition |  |  |
|  |  | Liabilities | Financial |  |  | Financial |  | Cash or Financial |  | Net
|  |  | Recognized |  | Condition | 2 |  | Condition |  | Instruments |  | Amount
|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated securities purchased under agreements to resell |  | $ | 21,353 | 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,353 |  | $ | (21,353) |  | $ | —
Segregated securities borrowed |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Securities borrowed |  |  | 5,369 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,369 |  |  | (5,159) |  |  | 210
Securities purchased under agreements to resell |  |  | 6,575 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,575 |  |  | (6,575) |  |  | —
Financial instruments owned, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 84 |  |  | (69) |  |  | 15
Currency forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total |  | $ | 33,381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,381 |  | $ | (33,156) |  | $ | 225

|  | (in millions)
Offsetting of financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned |  | $ | 16,248 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,248 |  | $ | (15,105) |  | $ | 1,143
Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 96 |  |  | (69) |  |  | 27
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 63
Total |  | $ | 16,407 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,407 |  | $ | (15,174) |  | $ | 1,233

________________________

(1)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $22.9 billion and $21.4 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under agreements to resell, and $140 million and $0, respectively, of securities borrowed that were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements. These securities are included in “Securities - segregated for regulatory purposes” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

(2)The Company did not have any balances eligible for netting in accordance with ASC Topic 210-20 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Secured Financing Transactions – Maturities and Collateral Pledged

The tables below present gross obligations for securities loaned transactions by remaining contractual maturity and class of collateral pledged for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2025
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity
|  | Overnight |  | Less than |  | 30 – 90 |  | Over 90 |  |  |
|  | and Open |  | 30 days |  | days |  | days |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities loaned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 16,835 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16,835
Corporate bonds |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59
Total securities loaned |  | $ | 16,894 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16,894

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity
|  | Overnight |  | Less than |  | 30 – 90 |  | Over 90 |  |  |
|  | and Open |  | 30 days |  | days |  | days |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Securities loaned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stocks |  | $ | 16,215 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16,215
Corporate bonds |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33
Total securities loaned |  | $ | 16,248 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16,248

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

7. Collateralized Transactions

The Company enters into securities borrowing and lending transactions and agreements to repurchase and resell securities to finance trading inventory, to obtain securities for settlement and to earn residual interest rate spreads. In addition, the Company’s customers pledge their securities owned to collateralize margin loans. Under these transactions, the Company either receives or provides collateral, including equity, corporate debt and U.S. government securities. Under typical agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or repledge securities received as collateral and use these securities to secure securities purchased under agreements to resell, enter into securities lending transactions or deliver these securities to counterparties to cover short positions.

The Company also engages in securities financing transactions with and for customers through margin lending. Customer receivables generated from margin lending activity are collateralized by customer-owned securities held by the Company. Customers’ required margin levels and established credit limits are monitored continuously by risk management staff using automated systems. Pursuant to the Company’s policy and as enforced by such systems, customers are required to deposit additional collateral or reduce positions, when necessary, to avoid automatic liquidation of their positions.

Margin loans are extended to customers on a demand basis and are not committed facilities. Factors considered in the acceptance or rejection of margin loans are the amount of the loan, the degree of leverage being employed in the customer account and an overall evaluation of the customer’s portfolio to ensure proper diversification or, in the case of concentrated positions, appropriate liquidity of the underlying collateral. Additionally, transactions relating to concentrated or restricted positions are limited or prohibited by raising the level of required margin collateral (to 100% in the extreme case). The underlying collateral for margin loans is evaluated with respect to the liquidity of the collateral positions, valuation of securities, volatility analysis and an evaluation of industry concentrations. Adherence to the Company’s collateral policies significantly limits the Company’s credit exposure to margin loans in the event of a customer’s default. Under margin lending agreements, the Company may request additional margin collateral from customers and may sell securities that have not been paid for or purchase securities sold but not delivered from customers, if necessary. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, approximately $63.9 billion and $64.4 billion, respectively, of customer margin loans were outstanding.

The table below presents a summary of the amounts related to collateralized transactions for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Permitted |  | Sold or |  | Permitted |  | Sold or
|  | to Repledge |  | Repledged |  | to Repledge |  | Repledged
|  | (in millions)
Securities lending transactions |  | $ | 135,963 |  | $ | 9,580 |  | $ | 134,407 |  | $ | 8,342
Securities purchased under agreements to resell transactions 1 |  |  | 31,145 |  |  | 28,782 |  |  | 27,988 |  |  | 26,678
Customer margin assets |  |  | 81,753 |  |  | 21,059 |  |  | 87,809 |  |  | 21,465
|  | $ | 248,861 |  | $ | 59,421 |  | $ | 250,204 |  | $ | 56,485

________________________

(1)As of March 31, 2025, $22.9 billion or 79% (as of December 31, 2024, $21.4 billion or 80%) of securities purchased under agreements to resell were segregated to satisfy regulatory requirements and are included in “Securities – segregated for regulatory purposes” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

In the normal course of business, the Company pledges qualified securities with clearing organizations to satisfy daily margin and clearing fund requirements. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the majority of the Company’s U.S. and foreign government securities owned were pledged to clearing organizations.

The table below presents financial instruments owned and pledged as collateral, including amounts pledged to affiliates, where the counterparty has the right to repledge, for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Stocks |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 25
U.S. and foreign government securities |  |  | 40 |  |  | 52
|  | $ | 70 |  | $ | 77

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

8. Revenues from Contracts with Customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised services to the customers. A service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Company determines the customer obtains control over the promised service. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Company’s progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the services to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those promised services (i.e., the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, the Company considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration, if any.

The Company’s revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when the performance obligations are satisfied at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services. The majority of the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time and are typically collected from customers by debiting their brokerage account with the Company.

Nature of Services

The Company’s main sources of revenues from contracts with customers are as follows:

Commissions are charged to customers for order execution services and trade clearing and settlement services. These services represent a single performance obligation as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time at the execution of the order (i.e., trade date). Commissions are generally collected from cleared customers on trade date and from non-cleared customers monthly. Commissions also include payments for order flow received from IBKR Lite SM liquidity providers.

Market data fees are charged to customers for market data services to which they subscribe that the Company delivers. The Company recognizes revenue monthly as the performance obligation is satisfied over time by continually providing market data for the period. Market data fees are collected monthly, generally in advance.

Risk exposure fees are charged to customers who carry positions with a market risk that exceeds defined thresholds. The Company recognizes revenue daily as the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time by the Company taking on the additional risk of account liquidation and potential losses due to insufficient margin. Risk exposure fees are collected daily.

Payments for order flow are earned from various options exchanges based upon options trading volume originated by the Company that meets certain criteria. The Company recognizes revenue daily as the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time on customer orders that qualify for payments subject to exchange-mandated programs. Payments for order flow are collected monthly, in arrears.

FDIC sweep fees are earned from the banks that participate in the Company’s Insured Bank Deposit Sweep Program with respect to the Company’s customers’ funds deposited with each participating bank. The Company recognizes revenue daily as the performance obligation is satisfied when customer funds are swept to their FDIC insured accounts with the participating banks.

The Company also earns revenues from other services, including minimum activity fees, order cancelation or modification fees, position transfer fees, telecommunications fees, and withdrawal fees, among others.

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Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Disaggregation of Revenue

The tables below present revenue from contracts with customers by geographic location and major types of services for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Geographic location 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 362 |  | $ | 272
International |  |  | 230 |  |  | 166
|  | $ | 592 |  | $ | 438
Major types of services |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions |  | $ | 514 |  | $ | 379
Market data fees 2 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 17
Risk exposure fees 2 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 19
Payments for order flow 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 10
FDIC sweep fees 2 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 6
Other 2 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 7
|  | $ | 592 |  | $ | 438

_____________________________

(1)Based on the location of the subsidiaries in which the revenues are recorded.

(2)Included in “Other fees and services” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Receivables and Contract Balances

Receivables arise when the Company has an unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer and are derecognized when the cash is received. Receivables of $35 million and $31 million, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, are reported in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Contract assets arise when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized before the Company’s unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer (i.e., unbilled receivable) and are derecognized when either it becomes a receivable or the cash is received. Contract assets are reported in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no contract asset balances outstanding.

Contract liabilities arise when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of the Company satisfying its performance obligations under the contract and are derecognized when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized either when a milestone is met triggering the contractual right to bill the customer or when the performance obligation is satisfied. Contract liabilities are reported in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no contract liability balances outstanding.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

9. Other Income

The table below presents the components of other income for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Principal transactions 1 |  | $ | 41 |  | $ | 13
Gains (losses) from currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | 20 |  |  | (2)
Other, net |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7
|  | $ | 65 |  | $ | 18

_____________________________

(1)Principal transactions include (1) trading gains and losses from the Company’s remaining market making activities; (2) realized and unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments that (a) are held for purposes other than the Company’s market making activities, or (b) are subject to restrictions; and (3) dividends on investments accounted at cost less impairment.

10. Employee Incentive Plans

Defined Contribution Plan

The Company offers substantially all employees of U.S.-based operating subsidiaries who have met minimum service requirements the opportunity to participate in defined contribution retirement plans qualifying under the provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The general purpose of this plan is to provide employees with an incentive to make regular savings in order to provide additional financial security during retirement. This plan provides for the Company to match 50% of the employees’ pre-tax contribution, up to a maximum of 10% of eligible earnings. The employee is vested in the matching contribution incrementally over six years of service. Included in “Employee compensation and benefits” expense in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income was $2 million of plan contributions for each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

2007 Stock Incentive Plan

Under the Company’s Stock Incentive Plan, up to 40 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock may be issued to satisfy vested restricted stock units granted to directors, officers, employees, contractors and consultants of the Company. The purpose of the Stock Incentive Plan is to promote the Company’s long-term financial success by attracting, retaining and rewarding eligible participants.

As a result of the Company’s organizational structure, a description of which can be found in “Business – Our Organizational Structure” in Part I, Item 1 of the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025, there is no material dilutive effect upon ownership of common stockholders of issuing shares under the Stock Incentive Plan. The issuances do not dilute the book value of the ownership of common stockholders since the restricted stock units are granted at market value, and upon their vesting and the related issuance of shares of common stock, the ownership of IBG, Inc. in IBG LLC, increases proportionately to the shares issued. As a result of such proportionate increase in share ownership, the dilution upon issuance of common stock is borne by IBG LLC’s majority member (i.e., noncontrolling interest), Holdings, and not by IBG, Inc. or its common stockholders. Additionally, dilution of earnings that may take place after issuance of common stock is reflected in EPS reported in the Company’s financial statements. The EPS dilution can be neither estimated nor projected, but historically it has not been material.

The Stock Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee has discretionary authority to determine the eligibility to participate in the Stock Incentive Plan and establishes the terms and conditions of the awards, including the number of awards granted to each participant and all other terms and conditions applicable to such awards in individual grant agreements. Awards are expected to be made primarily through grants of restricted stock units. Stock Incentive Plan awards are subject to issuance over time. All previously granted but not yet earned awards may be canceled by the Company upon the participant’s termination of employment or violation of certain applicable covenants before issuance, unless determined otherwise by the Compensation Committee.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Stock Incentive Plan provides that, upon a change in control, the Compensation Committee may, at its discretion, fully vest any granted but not yet earned awards under the Stock Incentive Plan, or provide that any such granted but not yet earned awards will be honored or assumed, or new rights substituted by the new employer on a substantially similar basis and terms and conditions substantially comparable to those of the Stock Incentive Plan.

The Company expects to continue to grant awards on or about December 31 of each year to eligible participants as part of an overall plan of equity compensation. In 2021, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved a change to the vesting schedule for the Stock Incentive Plan. For awards granted on December 31, 2021 onwards, restricted stock units vest and become distributable to participants 20% on each vesting date, which is on or about May 9 of each year, assuming continued employment with the Company and compliance with non-competition and other applicable covenants. The vesting and distribution of grants prior to December 31, 2021 remain in accordance with the following schedule: (a) 10% on the first vesting date, which is on or about May 9 of each year; and (b) an additional 15% on each of the following six anniversaries of the first vesting.

Awards granted to directors vest and are distributed as follows: (a) one-time award granted to external directors on December 31 of the year of appointment vests over a five-year period (20% per year) commencing one year after the date of grant, and (b) annual awards granted to all directors on December 31 of each year are fully vested and distributed immediately on grant date. A total of 40,586 restricted stock units have been granted to the directors cumulatively since the plan’s inception.

The table below presents Stock Incentive Plan awards granted and the related fair values since the plan’s inception.

|  |  |  | Fair Value at
|  |  |  | Date of Grant
|  | Units |  | ($ millions)
Prior periods (since inception) |  | 29,332,059 |  | $ | 842
April 25, 2022 |  | 180,889 | 1 |  | 12
December 31, 2022 |  | 1,248,105 |  |  | 91
December 31, 2023 |  | 1,257,822 |  |  | 102
December 31, 2024 |  | 619,808 | 2 |  | 112
Total awards granted since inception |  | 32,638,683 |  | $ | 1,159

______________________________

(1)April 25, 2022, the Company awarded a special grant of restricted stock units to employees.

(2)Stock Incentive Plan number of granted restricted stock units related to 2024 was adjusted by 2,686 additional restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Estimated future grants under the Stock Incentive Plan are accrued for ratably during each year (see Note 2). In accordance with the vesting schedule, outstanding awards vest and are distributed to participants yearly on or about May 9 of each year. At the end of each year, no vested awards remain undistributed.

Compensation expense related to the Stock Incentive Plan recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income was $31 million and $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Estimated future compensation costs for unvested awards, net of credits for canceled awards, as of March 31, 2025 are $33 million.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below summarizes the Stock Incentive Plan activity for the periods indicated.

|  | Stock
|  | Incentive Plan
|  | Units
Balance, December 31, 2024 1 |  | 3,832,727
Granted |  | —
Canceled |  | (10,441)
Distributed |  | —
Balance, March 31, 2025 |  | 3,822,286

_____________________________

(1)Stock Incentive Plan number of granted restricted stock units related to 2024 was adjusted by 2,686 additional restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Awards previously granted but not yet earned under the stock plans are subject to the plans’ post-employment provisions in the event a participant ceases employment with the Company. Since inception through March 31, 2025, a total of 1,392,895 restricted stock units have been distributed under these post-employment provisions. These distributions are included in the table above.

11. Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the tax treatment of income attributable to noncontrolling interests in IBG LLC. These noncontrolling interests are held directly through a U.S. partnership. Accordingly, the income attributable to these noncontrolling interests is reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, but the related U.S. income tax expense attributable to these noncontrolling interests is not reported by the Company as it is generally the obligation of the noncontrolling interests. Income tax expense is also affected by the differing effective tax rates in foreign, state and local jurisdictions where certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are subject to corporate taxation.

Deferred income taxes arise primarily due to the amortization of the deferred tax assets recognized in connection with the common stock offerings (see Note 4), differences in the valuation of financial assets and liabilities, and for other temporary differences arising from the deductibility of compensation and depreciation expenses in different periods for accounting and income tax return purposes.

As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no material valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various states and foreign jurisdictions. As of March 31, 2025, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal and State income tax examinations for tax years before 2016, and, except for India, is no longer subject to non-U.S. income tax examinations for tax years before 2011.

Under U.S. GAAP, a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Based upon the Company’s review of its federal, state, local and foreign income tax returns and tax filing positions, the Company has recorded a tax liability of approximately $3 million (including interest) for an uncertain tax position for an IRS audit primarily related to the IRC Section 199 Domestic Production Activities Deduction.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

12. Leases

All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases and primarily consist of real estate leases for corporate offices, data centers and other facilities. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted-average remaining lease term on these leases is approximately 5.5 years and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the lease liabilities is approximately 3.98%. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, right-of-use assets obtained under new operating leases were $10 million. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees, restrictions, or covenants.

The table below presents balances reported in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition related to the Company’s leases for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Right-of-use assets 1 |  | $ | 107 |  | $ | 102
Lease liabilities 1 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | 121

__________________________

(1)Right-of-use assets are included in “Other assets” and lease liabilities are included in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The table below presents balances reported in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income related to the Company’s leases for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | 9
Variable lease cost |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2
Total lease cost |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 11

The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the Company’s leases to the present value of its operating lease payments for the period indicated.

|  | March 31, 2025
|  | (in millions)
2025 (remaining) |  | $ | 24
2026 |  |  | 30
2027 |  |  | 23
2028 |  |  | 18
2029 |  |  | 18
2030 |  |  | 12
Thereafter |  |  | 12
Total undiscounted operating lease payments |  |  | 137
Less: imputed interest |  |  | (13)
Present value of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 124

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Legal, Regulatory and Governmental Matters

The Company is subject to certain pending and threatened legal, regulatory and governmental actions and proceedings that arise out of the normal course of business. Given the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, particularly in proceedings where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages, or which are in their early stages, the Company is generally not able to quantify the actual loss or range of loss related to such legal proceedings, the manner in which they will be resolved, the timing of their final resolution or the ultimate settlement. Management believes that the resolution of these matters will not have a material effect, if any, on the Company’s business or financial condition, but may have a material impact on the results of operations for a given period.

The Company accounts for potential losses related to litigation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies.” As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, accruals for potential losses related to legal, regulatory and governmental actions and proceedings matters were not material.

Trading Technologies Matter

As previously disclosed, on February 3, 2010, Trading Technologies International, Inc. (“Trading Technologies”) filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “District Court”), against IBG LLC and IB LLC (the “Defendants”). The complaint, as amended, alleged that the Defendants infringed twelve U.S. patents held by Trading Technologies, and sought damages and injunctive relief.

After proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent Trial Appeal Board, and review by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, all but four patents were found to be invalid. In June 2021, the District Court found two of the remaining four patents to be invalid, and trial on the two remaining patents began on August 6, 2021. On September 7, 2021, the jury rendered its verdict, finding that the Defendants infringed the two patents and awarding $6.6 million in damages to Trading Technologies, while rejecting Trading Technologies’ claims of willful infringement and request for damages of at least $962.4 million. On January 11, 2022, the District Court awarded Trading Technologies pre-judgment interest of $2.1 million and post-judgment interest, and on March 31, 2022, granted Trading Technologies’ bill of costs of $490,232.

On March 24, 2022, Harris Brumfield, the successor-in-interest to the patents-in-suit, filed a notice of appeal with the Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit. On April 7, 2022, the Defendants filed a notice of cross-appeal, which the Defendants subsequently dismissed. After briefing on the appeal, oral argument was held on January 8, 2024. On March 27, 2024, the Federal Circuit affirmed the District Court’s judgment. On May 15, 2024, Harris Brumfield petitioned the Federal Circuit for a panel rehearing and rehearing en banc. On August 5, 2024, the Federal Circuit denied the petition and issued the mandate of the court on August 12, 2024. Harris Brumfield filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States on January 2, 2025. On April 21, 2025, the Supreme Court denied Harris Brumfield’s petition for certiorari.

Class Action Matter

On December 18, 2015, a former individual customer filed a purported class action complaint against IB LLC, IBG, Inc., and Thomas Frank, Ph.D., the Company’s Executive Vice President and former Chief Information Officer, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut. The complaint alleges that a purported class of IB LLC’s customers were harmed by alleged “flaws” in the computerized system used to close out (i.e., liquidate) positions in customer brokerage accounts that have margin deficiencies. The complaint seeks, among other things, undefined compensatory damages and declaratory and injunctive relief.

On September 28, 2016, the District Court issued an order granting the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety, without leave to amend. On September 28, 2017, the plaintiff appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On September 26, 2018, the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff’s claims of breach of contract and commercially unreasonable liquidation but vacated and remanded back to the District Court plaintiff’s claims for negligence. The Company’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s subsequent second amended complaint was denied on September 30, 2019. On July 14, 2022, after obtaining leave to amend his complaint, the plaintiff filed a third amended complaint. The Company’s answer and counterclaim were filed on July 26, 2022.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

On August 25, 2023, the Court granted plaintiff’s motion for class certification, certifying a class that consists of IB LLC account holders who are U.S. residents (with some exclusions) who had positions liquidated from December 18, 2013 to the date of trial at prices outside of a “pricing corridor” defined in the Court’s decision. On September 8, 2023, the Company filed a petition for permission to appeal the District Court’s class certification decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which denied the Company’s petition on December 19, 2023. On December 4, 2024, plaintiff filed a motion for approval of the form and manner of notice of the lawsuit to members of the class. On December 26, 2024, the Company filed its opposition to the motion, which is currently pending before the District Court. The Company continues to believe that a purported class action is inappropriate given the great differences in portfolios, markets and many other circumstances surrounding the liquidation of any particular customer’s margin-deficient account. Pursuant to a District Court scheduling order, trial is tentatively scheduled to commence in 2026. IB LLC and the related defendants continue to believe that the claims are deficient and intend to continue to defend themselves vigorously and, consistent with past practice, may pursue any potential claims for counsel fees and expenses incurred in defending the case.

Regulatory Matters

IB LLC has identified a number of issues dating back to 2016 related to the Company’s compliance with sanctions regulations, predominantly concerning the facilitation of transactions in countries, or by entities, sanctioned by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) of the United States Department of the Treasury. The Company has made voluntary self-disclosures to OFAC, has received additional inquiries from OFAC related to the Company’s sanctions compliance program, and is cooperating with the investigation. The Company cannot currently predict when OFAC’s investigation will conclude or the exact amount of any potential civil money penalty. The Company believes that, in addition to its voluntary self-disclosures and continued cooperation with OFAC, the significant investment in and improvements to the Company’s Anti-Money Laundering and Sanctions programs over the past five years will be considered as mitigating factors with respect to the matter, and that any monetary fines or restrictions will not be material to the Company’s financial results.

Guarantees

Certain of the operating subsidiaries provide guarantees to securities and commodities clearing houses and exchanges which meet the accounting definition of a guarantee under FASB ASC Topic 460, “Guarantees.” Under standard membership agreements, clearing house and exchange members are required to guarantee collectively the performance of other members. Under the agreements, if a member becomes unable to satisfy its obligations, other members would be required to meet shortfalls. In the opinion of management, the operating subsidiaries’ liability under these arrangements is not quantifiable and could exceed the cash and securities they have posted as collateral. However, the potential for these operating subsidiaries to be required to make payments under these arrangements is remote. Accordingly, no contingent liability is carried in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition for these arrangements.

In connection with its retail brokerage business, IB LLC or other electronic brokerage operating subsidiaries perform securities and commodities execution, clearance and settlement on behalf of their customers for whom they commit to settle trades submitted by such customers with the respective clearing houses. If a customer fails to fulfill its settlement obligations, the respective operating subsidiary must fulfill those settlement obligations. No contingent liability is carried on the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition for such customer obligations.

Other Commitments

Certain clearing houses, clearing banks and firms used by certain operating subsidiaries are given a security interest in certain assets of those operating subsidiaries held by those clearing organizations. These assets may be applied to satisfy the obligations of those operating subsidiaries to the respective clearing organizations.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

14. Segment Reporting and Geographic Information

Segment Reporting

The Company has a single reportable segment, electronic brokerage, which is managed on a consolidated basis since the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) assesses performance and allocates resources on a consolidated basis based on income before income taxes and net income as reported on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer and President.

The electronic brokerage segment provides execution, clearing and settlement of trades globally for hedge and mutual funds, ETFs, registered investment advisors, proprietary trading groups, introducing brokers and individual investors. The electronic brokerage segment derives revenue from customers in the U.S. and international markets by routing orders and executing and processing trades in stocks, options, futures, foreign exchange instruments (“forex”), bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, precious metals, and forecast contracts on more than 160 electronic exchanges and market centers in 36 countries and 28 currencies around the world, and by offering custody, prime brokerage, and securities and margin lending services to customers. In addition, electronic brokerage customers can use its trading platform to trade certain cryptocurrencies through third-party cryptocurrency service providers that execute, clear and custody the cryptocurrencies.

Since the electronic brokerage segment is managed on a consolidated basis, there are no reconciling items between segment and the consolidated amounts reported in these financial statements, including total assets and segment assets. The accounting policies of the electronic brokerage segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 2.

The table below presents selected financial information, including significant expenses, for the Company’s single operating segment for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Total net revenues |  | $ | 1,427 |  | $ | 1,203
Significant Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction based fees 1 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 80
Non-transaction based fees 1 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 21
Employee compensation 2 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 133
Advertising 3 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 13
Other expenses 4 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 90
Total non-interest expenses |  |  | 372 |  |  | 337
Income before income taxes |  |  | 1,055 |  |  | 866
Income tax expense |  |  | 91 |  |  | 71
Net income |  | $ | 964 |  | $ | 795
Total segment assets |  | $ | 157,670 |  | $ | 132,238
Total depreciation and amortization 5 |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | 17

__________________________

(1)Included in “Execution, clearing and distribution fees” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(2)Included in “Employee compensation and benefits” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(3)Included in “General and administrative” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(4)Includes “Occupancy, depreciation and amortization”; “Communications”; “Customer bad debt”; employee benefits and other personnel expenses included in “Employee compensation and benefits”; and professional services, legal and regulatory matters, and other administrative expenses included in “General and administrative” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(5)Included in “Occupancy, depreciation and amortization” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Interest income and expense is disclosed in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Geographic Information

The Company operates its automated global business in the U.S. and international markets on more than 160 electronic exchanges and market centers. A significant portion of the Company’s net revenues is generated by subsidiaries operating outside the U.S. International operations are conducted in 35 countries in Europe, Asia/Pacific and the Americas (outside the U.S.). The following table presents total net revenues and income before income taxes by geographic area for the periods indicated.

Significant transactions and balances between the operating subsidiaries occur, primarily as a result of certain operating subsidiaries holding exchange or clearing organization memberships, which are utilized to provide execution and clearing services to subsidiaries. Intra-region income and expenses and related balances have been eliminated in this geographic information to reflect the external business conducted in each geographic region. The geographic analysis presented below is based on the location of the subsidiaries in which the transactions are recorded. This geographic information does not reflect the way the Company’s business is managed.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Net revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 990 |  | $ | 828
International |  |  | 437 |  |  | 375
Total net revenues |  | $ | 1,427 |  | $ | 1,203
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 806 |  | $ | 647
International |  |  | 249 |  |  | 219
Total income before income taxes |  | $ | 1,055 |  | $ | 866

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

15. Regulatory Requirements

As of March 31, 2025, aggregate excess regulatory capital for all operating subsidiaries was $12.9 billion.

IB LLC, IBKRSS and IB Corp. are subject to the Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) under the Exchange Act. IB LLC is also subject to the CFTC’s minimum financial requirements (Regulation 1.17). IBC is subject to the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization risk-adjusted capital requirement. IBKRFS is subject to the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority eligible equity requirement, IBUK is subject to the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority Capital Requirements Directive, IBIE is subject to the Central Bank of Ireland financial resources requirement, IBI is subject to the National Stock Exchange of India net capital requirements, IBHK is subject to the Hong Kong Securities Futures Commission liquid capital requirement, IBSJ is subject to the Japanese Financial Supervisory Agency capital requirements, IBSG is subject to the Monetary Authority of Singapore capital requirements, and IBA is subject to the Australian Securities Exchange liquid capital requirement.

The table below summarizes capital, capital requirements and excess regulatory capital as of March 31, 2025.

|  | Net Capital/ |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Eligible Equity |  | Requirement |  | Excess
|  | (in millions)
IB LLC |  | $ | 9,666 |  | $ | 1,212 |  | $ | 8,454
IBHK |  |  | 1,517 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 1,149
IBIE |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 1,009
Other regulated operating subsidiaries |  |  | 2,453 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 2,299
|  | $ | 14,996 |  | $ | 2,085 |  | $ | 12,911

Regulatory capital requirements could restrict the operating subsidiaries from expanding their business and declaring dividends if their net capital does not meet regulatory requirements. Also, certain operating subsidiaries are subject to other regulatory restrictions and requirements.

As of March 31, 2025, all regulated operating subsidiaries were in compliance with their respective regulatory capital requirements.

16. Related Party Transactions

Receivable from affiliate, reported in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition, represents amounts advanced to Holdings and payable to affiliate represents amounts payable to Holdings under the Tax Receivable Agreement (see Note 4).

The table below presents the receivables from and payables to directors, officers, and their affiliates which are included in receivables from and payables to customers, respectively, in the consolidated statements of financial condition for the periods indicated.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2024
|  |  | (in millions)
Receivables from directors, officers and their affiliates |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 44
Payables to directors, officers, and their affiliates |  | $ | 1,296 |  | $ | 1,320

The Company may extend credit to these related parties in connection with margin and securities loans. Such loans are (i) made in the ordinary course of business, (ii) are made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable loans with persons not related to the company, and (iii) do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

17. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events for adjustment to or disclosure in its condensed consolidated financial statements through the date the condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

On April 15, 2025, the Company announced its intention to effect a four-for-one forward split of its common stock in the form of a stock dividend to make stock ownership more accessible to investors. On April 14, 2025 and on April 22, 2025, respectively, the Company’s Board of Directors and the Company’s majority stockholder approved by written consent an amendment to Interactive Brokers Group, Inc.’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to, among other things, increase the number of authorized shares of common stock to accommodate the stock split.

Each record holder of common stock as of the close of market on Monday, June 16, 2025, will receive three additional shares of common stock, to be distributed after the close of market on Tuesday, June 17, 2025. Trading is expected to commence on a split-adjusted basis at market open on Wednesday, June 18, 2025.

Except as disclosed above and in Note 4 and Note 13, no other recordable or disclosable events occurred.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes in Item 1, included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion also contains forward-looking statements that include risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 27, 2025, and elsewhere in this report.

When we use the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” and “IBKR,” we mean IBG, Inc. and its subsidiaries (including IBG LLC) for the periods presented. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “common stock” refers to the Class A common stock of IBG, Inc.

Introduction

Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (the “Company” or “IBG, Inc.”) is a holding company whose primary asset is its ownership of approximately 25.8% of the membership interests of IBG LLC. The remaining approximately 74.2% of IBG LLC membership interests are held by IBG Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), a holding company that is owned by our founder and Chairman, Mr. Thomas Peterffy and his affiliates, management and other employees of IBG LLC, and certain other members. The table below shows the amount of IBG LLC membership interests held by IBG, Inc. and Holdings as of March 31, 2025.

|  | IBG, Inc. |  | Holdings |  | Total
Ownership % | 25.8% |  | 74.2% |  | 100.0%
Membership interests | 108,981,614 |  | 313,643,354 |  | 422,624,968

We are an automated global electronic broker. We custody and service accounts for hedge and mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), registered investment advisors, proprietary trading groups, introducing brokers and individual investors. We specialize in routing orders and executing and processing trades in stocks, options, futures, forex, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs and precious metals on more than 160 electronic exchanges and market centers in 36 countries and 28 currencies around the world. In addition, our customers can use our trading platform to trade certain cryptocurrencies through third-party cryptocurrency service providers that execute, clear and custody the cryptocurrencies. We also offer trading in forecast contracts, which are event-based contracts traded on ForecastEx LLC, a CFTC-registered exchange and clearinghouse we established.

As an electronic broker, we execute, clear and settle trades globally for both institutional and individual customers. Capitalizing on our proprietary technology, our systems provide our customers with the capability to monitor multiple markets around the world simultaneously and to execute trades electronically in these markets at a low cost, in multiple products and currencies from a single trading account. The ever-growing complexity of multiple market centers across diverse geographies provides us with ongoing opportunities to build and continuously adapt our order routing software to secure excellent execution prices.

Since our inception in 1977, we have focused on developing proprietary software to automate broker-dealer functions. The proliferation of electronic exchanges and market centers has allowed us to integrate our software with an increasing number of trading venues – as well as with market data sources, securities lending platforms and regulatory reporting facilities – creating one automatically functioning, computerized platform that requires minimal human intervention.

Our customer base is diverse with respect to geography and type. Currently, approximately 84% of our customers reside outside the U.S. in over 200 countries and territories, and a majority of new customers comes from outside the U.S. Over half of our customers’ equity is in institutional accounts such as hedge funds, financial advisors, proprietary trading firms and introducing brokers. Specialized products and services that we have developed successfully attract these accounts. For example, we offer prime brokerage services, including financing and securities lending, to hedge funds; our model portfolio technology and automated share allocation and rebalancing tools are particularly attractive to financial advisors; and our trading platform, global access and low pricing attract introducing brokers.

Business Environment

During the quarter ended March 31, 2025 (“current quarter”), world equities markets were mixed, with Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Hong Kong up compared to the prior quarter, while the United States (“U.S.”), Japan and Australia registered declines. While central banks in most countries cut their policy rates this quarter, including those in Canada, Europe and the U.K., in the U.S. and Hong Kong they maintained their rates, a contributing factor to the diversity in equity markets results.

Early in the quarter, post-U.S. election enthusiasm helped drive the market to a peak in February. After that, the market declined, with the S&P 500® index closing down 5% from the prior quarter end. The dominance of a small number of technology stocks (the so-called ‘‘Magnificent 7’’), which had driven much of the market’s growth in the previous year, waned as the prices of six of the seven fell

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significantly more than the S&P 500® index this quarter. Further, inflationary fears reemerged as a result of new tariff policy proposals, their potential impact on world economies, and the possibility of recession.

The following is a summary of the key economic drivers that affect our business and how they compared to the prior-year quarter:

Global trading volumes. Worldwide, equities volumes at most major trading venues, except for Japan, increased in the current quarter, as most major market indices rose from the prior-year quarter. In the U.S., according to industry data, average daily volume in listed cash equities volume increased by 33%, exchange-listed equity-based options by 21%, and futures by 13%. Options trading volumes have risen with the growing popularity of shorter-dated options contracts. In futures markets, volumes increased across all product segments, particularly in commodities such as the energy and agriculture sectors, as investors sought to mitigate their exposure to ongoing economic and geopolitical uncertainties. Equity index, interest rate and foreign exchange products also increased.

These factors led to strong results across our major product types. Our customers’ options, futures, equities, and foreign exchange volumes were up 25%, 16%, 47% and 35%, respectively, compared to the prior-year quarter.

Note that while U.S. options, futures and cash equities volumes are readily comparable measures, they reflect most but not all of the global volumes that generate our commission revenue. See ‘‘Trading Volumes and Customer Statistics’’ below in this Item 2 for additional details regarding our trade volumes, contract and share volumes, and customer statistics.

Volatility. U.S. market volatility, as measured by the average Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index(‘‘VIX®’’), increased by 35%, from an average of 13.7 in the prior-year quarter to 18.5 in the current quarter. While volatility levels remain below the levels reached in 2020 through 2022, they rose in the quarter to their highest level in nearly two years as the world geopolitical and economic outlook grew more uncertain.

In general, higher volatility typically enhances our performance because it often correlates positively with customer trading activity across product types.

Interest Rates. The U.S. Federal Reserve maintained the benchmark federal funds rate during the current quarter, after cutting it three times in the second half of 2024 (in September, November and December), by a cumulative 100 basis points. The U.S. Treasury yield curve remained inverted through the medium term. As noted above, in several countries with developed financial markets, benchmark interest rates declined during the current quarter as central banks’ inclination to encourage growth overcame apprehensions about inflation, despite increasing concern on the uncertainty of U.S. tariff policy.

Lower U.S. benchmark rates reduce the interest we earn on our segregated cash, the majority of which is invested in short-term U.S. government securities and related instruments. Relatively higher short-term rates, and uncertainty over future U.S. Federal Reserve rate policy, have led us to maintain a short duration portfolio, substantially all of which matured within three months at March 31, 2025, to more closely match our asset and liability maturities on our interest-sensitive assets. Further, our margin balances are tied to benchmark rates, so lower rates also limit the interest we earn on margin lending to our customers. We continue to offer among the lowest rates in the industry on margin lending, and we believe our low rates are an important feature that attracts customers to our platform.

As an offset, lower rates also reduce our interest expense. For example, in U.S. dollars, we pay interest to customers on their qualified cash balances when the federal funds effective rate is above 0.50%, which it is currently. Any rate cuts are passed through to our customers as we maintain a 0.50% spread. We believe the attractive rates we pay on customer cash are among the highest in the industry and are another important feature that draws customers to our platform.

Net interest income on margin loan balances rose 14% compared to the prior-year quarter. This increase was due to the 38% growth in margin loan balances in the current active market environment, somewhat offset by the decline in the average federal funds effective rate to 4.33% in the current quarter from 5.33% in the prior-year quarter, and similar rate cuts in other currencies.

Higher average balances contributed to a 3% rise in net interest income over the prior-year quarter. The combined effect reduced our net interest margin from 2.41% in the prior-year quarter to 2.10% in the current quarter.

Currency fluctuations. As a global electronic broker trading on exchanges around the world in multiple currencies, we are exposed to foreign currency risk. We actively manage this exposure by keeping our equity in proportion to a defined basket of 10 currencies we call the ‘‘GLOBAL’’ to diversify our risk and to align our hedging strategy with the currencies that we use in our business. Because we report our financial results in U.S. dollars, the change in the value of the GLOBAL versus the U.S. dollar affects our earnings. During the current quarter, the value of the GLOBAL, as measured in U.S. dollars, increased 0.75% compared to its value at December 31, 2024, which had a positive impact on our comprehensive earnings for the current quarter. A discussion of our approach for managing foreign currency exposure is contained in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled ‘‘Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.’’

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Financial Overview

We report non-GAAP financial measures, which exclude certain items that may not be indicative of our core operating results and business outlook and are useful in evaluating the operating performance of our business. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below in this Item 2 for additional details.

Diluted earnings per share were $1.94 for the current quarter, compared to diluted earnings per share of $1.61 for the prior-year quarter. Adjusted diluted earnings per share were $1.88 for the current quarter and $1.64 for the prior-year quarter. The calculation of diluted earnings per share is detailed in Note 4 – “Equity and Earnings per Share” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

For the current quarter, our net revenues were $1,427 million and income before income taxes was $1,055 million, compared to net revenues of $1,203 million and income before income taxes of $866 million in the prior-year quarter. Adjusted net revenues were $1,396 million and adjusted income before income taxes was $1,024 million, compared to adjusted net revenues of $1,216 million and adjusted income before income taxes of $879 million in the prior-year quarter.

Financial highlights for the current quarter (compared to the prior-year quarter):

Commission revenue increased 36% to $514 million on higher customer trading volumes. Customer trading volume in stocks, options and futures increased 47%, 25% and 16%, respectively.

Net interest income increased 3% to $770 million on higher average customer margin loans and customer credit balances.

Other fees and services increased 32% to $78 million, led by increases of $9 million in risk exposure fees and $3 million in payments for order flow from exchange-mandated programs.

Execution, clearing and distribution fees expenses increased 20% to $121 million, driven by a higher SEC fee rate, a new FINRA Consolidated Audit Trail (“CAT”) fee initiated during the fourth quarter of 2024, and higher customer trading volumes in stocks, options and futures.

General and administrative expenses increased 24% to $62 million, driven primarily by an increase of $8 million in advertising expenses.

Pretax profit margin was 74% for the current quarter compared to 72% in the prior-year quarter. Adjusted pretax profit margin for the current quarter was 73% compared to 72% in the prior-year quarter.

Total equity as of March 31, 2025 was $17.5 billion.

In connection with our currency diversification strategy, as of March 31, 2025, approximately 24% of our equity was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In the current quarter, our currency diversification strategy increased our comprehensive earnings by $127 million (compared to a decrease of $104 million in the prior-year quarter), as the U.S. dollar value of the GLOBAL increased by approximately 0.75%, compared to its value as of December 31, 2024. The effects of our currency diversification strategy are reported as (1) a component of “Other income” (gain of $20 million) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and (2) other comprehensive income (“OCI”) (gain of $107 million) in the consolidated statements of financial condition and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The full effect of the GLOBAL is captured in comprehensive income.

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Certain Trends and Uncertainties

We believe that our current operations may be favorably or unfavorably impacted by the following trends and uncertainties that may affect our financial condition and results of operations:

•Retail participation in the equity markets has fluctuated in the past due to investor sentiment, market conditions and a variety of other factors. Retail transaction volumes may not be sustainable and are not predictable.

Consolidation among market centers may adversely affect the value of our IB SmartRouting SM software.

Competition among broker-dealers may continue to intensify.

•Benchmark interest rates tend to fluctuate with economic conditions. Changes in interest rates may not be predictable.

Fiscal and/or monetary policy may change and impact the financial services business and securities markets.

•New legislation or modifications to existing regulations and rules could occur in the future. Scrutiny in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and information security by regulatory and legislative authorities has increased.

The impact of another pandemic or a public health emergency will depend on numerous evolving factors that cannot be accurately predicted, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, governmental regulations in response to the pandemic, and the effectiveness of vaccinations and other medical advancements.

We continue to be exposed to the risks and uncertainties of doing business in international markets, particularly in the heavily regulated brokerage industry. Such risks and uncertainties include political, economic and financial instability, and foreign policy changes. For example, tensions between the U.S. and China have escalated in recent years, and changes in Chinese governmental oversight of the Chinese and Hong Kong capital markets could result in adverse effects on our business and loss of assets we hold in the region. Additionally, although our direct and indirect exposures to Russia and Ukraine are not material, the war in Ukraine and related sanctions have created substantial uncertainty in the global economy and financial markets.

•Our remaining market making activities, while not material, will continue to be impacted by market structure changes, market conditions, the level of automation of competitors, and the relationship between actual and implied volatility in the equities markets.

See “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025, and elsewhere in this report for a discussion of other risks that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Trading Volumes and Customer Statistics

The tables below present historical trading volumes and customer statistics for our business. Trading volumes are the primary driver in our business. Information on our net interest income can be found elsewhere in this report.

EXECUTED ORDER VOLUMES:

(in thousands, except %)

|  | Customer |  | % |  | Principal |  | % |  | Total |  | %
Period |  | Orders |  | Change |  | Orders |  | Change |  | Orders |  | Change
2022 |  | 532,064 |  |  |  | 26,966 |  |  |  | 559,030 |  |
2023 |  | 483,015 |  | (9%) |  | 29,712 |  | 10% |  | 512,727 |  | (8%)
2024 |  | 661,666 |  | 37% |  | 63,348 |  | 113% |  | 725,014 |  | 41%
1Q2024 |  | 143,320 |  |  |  | 9,190 |  |  |  | 152,510 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 211,148 |  | 47% |  | 28,393 |  | 209% |  | 239,541 |  | 57%
4Q2024 |  | 196,433 |  |  |  | 23,220 |  |  |  | 219,653 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 211,148 |  | 7% |  | 28,393 |  | 22% |  | 239,541 |  | 9%

CONTRACT AND SHARE VOLUMES:

(in thousands, except %)

TOTAL

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2022 |  | 908,415 |  |  |  | 207,138 |  |  |  | 330,035,586 |  |
2023 |  | 1,020,736 |  | 12% |  | 209,034 |  | 1% |  | 252,742,847 |  | (23%)
2024 |  | 1,344,855 |  | 32% |  | 218,327 |  | 4% |  | 307,489,711 |  | 22%
1Q2024 |  | 307,593 |  |  |  | 54,046 |  |  |  | 64,027,093 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 383,998 |  | 25% |  | 61,869 |  | 14% |  | 93,934,241 |  | 47%
4Q2024 |  | 371,683 |  |  |  | 52,285 |  |  |  | 97,610,744 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 383,998 |  | 3% |  | 61,869 |  | 18% |  | 93,934,241 |  | (4%)

CUSTOMER

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2022 |  | 873,914 |  |  |  | 203,933 |  |  |  | 325,368,714 |  |
2023 |  | 981,172 |  | 12% |  | 206,073 |  | 1% |  | 248,588,960 |  | (24%)
2024 |  | 1,290,770 |  | 32% |  | 214,864 |  | 4% |  | 302,040,873 |  | 22%
1Q2024 |  | 296,146 |  |  |  | 53,018 |  |  |  | 62,898,480 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 369,931 |  | 25% |  | 61,381 |  | 16% |  | 92,763,867 |  | 47%
4Q2024 |  | 356,254 |  |  |  | 51,662 |  |  |  | 95,910,447 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 369,931 |  | 4% |  | 61,381 |  | 19% |  | 92,763,867 |  | (3%)

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(1)Futures contract volume includes options on futures.

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PRINCIPAL

|  | Options |  | % |  | Futures 1 |  | % |  | Stocks |  | %
Period |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (contracts) |  | Change |  | (shares) |  | Change
2022 |  | 34,501 |  |  |  | 3,205 |  |  |  | 4,666,872 |  |
2023 |  | 39,564 |  | 15% |  | 2,961 |  | (8%) |  | 4,153,887 |  | (11%)
2024 |  | 54,085 |  | 37% |  | 3,463 |  | 17% |  | 5,448,838 |  | 31%
1Q2024 |  | 11,447 |  |  |  | 1,028 |  |  |  | 1,128,613 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 14,067 |  | 23% |  | 488 |  | (53%) |  | 1,170,374 |  | 4%
4Q2024 |  | 15,429 |  |  |  | 623 |  |  |  | 1,700,297 |  |
1Q2025 |  | 14,067 |  | (9%) |  | 488 |  | (22%) |  | 1,170,374 |  | (31%)

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(1)Futures contract volume includes options on futures.

CUSTOMER STATISTICS:

Year over Year |  | 1Q2025 |  | 1Q2024 |  | % Change
Total Accounts (in thousands) |  |  | 3,616 |  |  | 2,746 |  | 32%
Customer Equity (in billions) 1 |  | $ | 573.5 |  | $ | 465.9 |  | 23%
Total Customer DARTs (in thousands) 2 |  |  | 3,519 |  |  | 2,350 |  | 50%
Cleared Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commission per Cleared Commissionable Order 3 |  | $ | 2.76 |  | $ | 2.93 |  | (6%)
Cleared Avg. DARTs per Account (Annualized) |  |  | 220 |  |  | 197 |  | 12%

Consecutive Quarters |  | 1Q2025 |  | 4Q2024 |  | % Change
Total Accounts (in thousands) |  |  | 3,616 |  |  | 3,337 |  | 8%
Customer Equity (in billions) 1 |  | $ | 573.5 |  | $ | 568.2 |  | 1%
Total Customer DARTs (in thousands) 2 |  |  | 3,519 |  |  | 3,118 |  | 13%
Cleared Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commission per Cleared Commissionable Order 3 |  | $ | 2.76 |  | $ | 2.72 |  | 1%
Cleared Avg. DARTs per Account (Annualized) |  |  | 220 |  |  | 213 |  | 3%

________________________

(1)Excludes non-customers.

(2)Daily average revenue trades (“DARTs”) are based on customer orders.

(3)Commissionable order – a customer order that generates commissions.
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Results of Operations

The table below presents our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. The period-to-period comparisons below of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions, except share and per share amounts)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions |  | $ | 514 |  | $ | 379
Other fees and services |  |  | 78 |  |  | 59
Other income |  |  | 65 |  |  | 18
Total non-interest income |  |  | 657 |  |  | 456
Interest income |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | 1,760
Interest expense |  |  | (948) |  |  | (1,013)
Total net interest income |  |  | 770 |  |  | 747
Total net revenues |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 1,203
Non-interest expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Execution, clearing and distribution fees |  |  | 121 |  |  | 101
Employee compensation and benefits |  |  | 154 |  |  | 145
Occupancy, depreciation and amortization |  |  | 24 |  |  | 26
Communications |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10
General and administrative |  |  | 62 |  |  | 50
Customer bad debt |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5
Total non-interest expenses |  |  | 372 |  |  | 337
Income before income taxes |  |  | 1,055 |  |  | 866
Income tax expense |  |  | 91 |  |  | 71
Net income |  |  | 964 |  |  | 795
Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 751 |  |  | 620
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.95 |  | $ | 1.63
Diluted |  | $ | 1.94 |  | $ | 1.61
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 108,923,381 |  |  | 107,070,830
Diluted |  |  | 109,865,741 |  |  | 108,149,440
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative translation adjustment, before income taxes |  |  | 28 |  |  | (26)
Income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  | -
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 28 |  |  | (26)
Comprehensive income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 241 |  | $ | 149
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 751 |  | $ | 620
Other comprehensive income - cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | 79 |  |  | (76)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 830 |  | $ | 544

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 (“current quarter”) compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 (“prior-year quarter”)

Net Revenues

Total net revenues, for the current quarter, increased $224 million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $1,427. The increase in net revenues was due to higher commissions, other income, net interest income, and other fees and services.

Commissions

We earn commissions from our cleared customers for whom we act as an executing and clearing broker and from our non-cleared customers for whom we act as an execution-only broker. Our commission structure allows customers to choose between (1) an all-inclusive fixed, or “bundled”, rate; (2) a tiered, or “unbundled”, rate that offers lower commissions for high volume customers where we pass through regulatory and exchange fees; and (3) our IBKR Lite SM offering, which provides commission-free trades on U.S. exchange-listed stocks and ETFs. IBKR Lite SM trades generate payments from market makers and others to whom we route these orders, which are reported in commissions. Our commissions are geographically diversified.

Commissions, for the current quarter, increased $135 million, or 36%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $514 million, driven by higher customer trading volumes across all product types. Total customer options and futures contract and stock share volumes increased 25%, 16% and 47%, respectively. Total DARTs for the current quarter increased 50% to 3.5 million, compared to 2.4 million for the prior-year quarter. Average commission per commissionable order for cleared customers, for the current quarter, decreased 6% to $2.76, compared to $2.93 for the prior-year quarter, due to smaller average order sizes across all product classes, lower average commissions per contract in options and futures, and greater capture of liquidity rebates passed through to customers.

Other Fees and Services

We earn fee income on services provided to customers, which includes market data fees, risk exposure fees, payments for order flow from exchange-mandated programs, FDIC sweep fees, and other fees and services charged to customers.

Other fees and services, for the current quarter, increased $19 million, or 32%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $78 million, driven by a $9 million increase in risk exposure fees as customers exhibited more risk-on behavior, a $3 million increase in payments for order flow from exchange-mandated programs driven by higher customer trading volumes, and a $2 million increase in FDIC sweep fees due to higher customer balances.

Other Income

Other income consists of foreign exchange gains (losses) from our currency diversification strategy, gains (losses) from principal transactions, gains (losses) from our equity method and other investments, and other revenue not directly attributable to our core business offerings. A discussion of our approach to managing foreign currency exposure is contained in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

Other income, for the current quarter, increased $47 million, or 261%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $65 million. This increase was mainly comprised of $22 million related our currency diversification strategy, which gained $20 million in the current quarter compared to a loss of $2 million in the prior-year quarter; and $21 million related to our strategic investment in Up Fintech Holding Limited (“Tiger Brokers”), which gained $11 million in the current quarter compared to a loss of $10 million in the prior-year quarter.

Interest Income and Interest Expense

We earn interest on margin lending to customers that is secured by marketable securities and currency balances these customers hold with us; from our investments in U.S. and foreign government securities; from borrowing and lending securities; on deposits (in positive interest rate currencies) with banks; and on certain customers’ cash balances in negative rate currencies. We pay interest on customer cash balances (in sufficiently positive interest rate currencies); for borrowing and lending securities; on deposits (in negative interest rate currencies) with banks; and on our borrowings.

Net interest income (interest income less interest expense), for the current quarter, increased $23 million, or 3%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $770 million. The increase in net interest income was driven by higher customer margin loans and customer credit balances, partially offset by lower benchmark interest rates.

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Net interest income on customer balances, for the current quarter, increased $60 million compared to the prior-year quarter, driven by a $17.7 billion increase in average customer margin loans and an $18.5 billion increase in average customer credit balances. See the “Business Environment” section above in this Item 2 for a further discussion about the change in interest rates in the current quarter.

The Company measures return on interest-earning assets using net interest margin (“NIM”). NIM is computed by dividing the annualized net interest income by the average interest-earning assets for the period. Interest-earning assets consist of cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes (including U.S. government securities and securities purchased under agreements to resell), customer margin loans, securities borrowed, other interest-earning assets (solely firm assets) and customer cash balances swept into FDIC-insured banks as part of our Insured Bank Deposit Sweep Program. Interest-bearing liabilities consist of customer credit balances, securities loaned, and other interest-bearing liabilities.

Yields are generally a reflection of benchmark interest rates in each currency in which the Company and its customers hold cash balances. Because a meaningful portion of customer cash and margin loans are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, changes in U.S. benchmark interest rates do not impact the total amount of segregated cash and securities, customer margin loans and customer credit balances. Furthermore, because interest, when benchmark rates are at sufficiently high levels, is paid only on eligible cash credit balances (i.e., balances over $10 thousand or equivalent, in securities accounts with over $100 thousand in equity, and in smaller accounts at reduced rates), changes in benchmark interest rates are not passed through to the total amount of customer credit balances. Finally, the Company’s policies with respect to currencies with near zero or negative interest rates impact the overall yields on segregated cash and customer credit balances as effective interest rates in those currencies move above or below zero.

We earn income on securities loaned and borrowed to support customer long and short stock holdings in margin accounts.

A securities lending transaction generates (1) net interest earned on lending a security, which is based on supply and demand for that security, and (2) interest earned on the cash collateral deposited for the loan of that security, which is based on benchmark interest rates. Interest on this collateral is reported as net interest on segregated cash, since cash collateral from securities lending is held in specially-designated bank accounts for the benefit of customers, in accordance with U.S. customer protection rules. Generally, as benchmark interest rates rise, while the overall revenue generated from a securities lending transaction may not change, the portion derived from interest earned on the cash collateral, which is classified as net interest income on “Segregated cash and securities, net” increases, while the portion classified as “Securities borrowed and loaned, net” decreases.

In the current quarter, average securities borrowed balances decreased 9%, to $4.9 billion, and average securities loaned balances increased 38%, to $16.1 billion, compared to the prior-year quarter. Net interest earned from securities lending is affected by the level of demand for securities positions held by our customers that investors are looking to sell short. During the current quarter, net interest earned from securities lending transactions decreased $16 million, or 62%, compared to the prior-year quarter, driven by fewer so-called “hard to borrow” stocks industry wide. However, as noted above, the rise in benchmark interest rates from near zero in 2022 has shifted a portion of the interest reported as generated by lending securities to interest income on segregated cash (see further explanation above). It should be noted that securities lending transactions entered into to support customer activity may produce interest income (expense) that is offset by interest expense (income) related to customer balances.

We estimate that if the interest earned and paid on cash collateral related to our securities lending transactions were included under “Securities borrowed and loaned, net” in the table below, the total net interest income related to our securities lending activities would have been $186 million in the current quarter, compared to $167 million in the prior-year quarter. Such additional interest attributed to our securities lending activities would be reclassified from net interest income on “Segregated cash and securities, net” and “Customer credit balances, net” in the table below, so it would have no effect on our overall net interest income or net interest margin.

Our Stock Yield Enhancement Program provides an opportunity for customers with fully-paid stock to allow us to lend it out. We pay customers a rebate on the cash collateral generally equal to 50% of a market-based rate for lending the shares. We place cash and/or U.S. Treasury securities as collateral securing the loans in the customer’s account, which is held in segregated accounts or at an affiliate acting as collateral agent for the benefit of our customer.

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The table below presents net interest income information corresponding to interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Average interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated cash and securities |  | $ | 67,044 |  | $ | 61,132
Customer margin loans |  |  | 64,363 |  |  | 46,653
Securities borrowed |  |  | 4,871 |  |  | 5,368
Other interest-earning assets |  |  | 12,456 |  |  | 9,952
FDIC sweeps 1,3 |  |  | 4,785 |  |  | 3,861
|  | $ | 153,519 |  | $ | 126,966
Average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer credit balances |  | $ | 118,022 |  | $ | 99,510
Securities loaned |  |  | 16,137 |  |  | 11,734
Other interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 66 |  |  | -
|  | $ | 134,225 |  | $ | 111,244
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated cash and securities, net |  | $ | 663 |  | $ | 764
Customer margin loans 2 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 678
Securities borrowed and loaned, net |  |  | 10 |  |  | 26
Customer credit balances, net 2 |  |  | (817) |  |  | (881)
Other net interest income 1,3 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 175
Net interest income 3 |  | $ | 794 |  | $ | 762
Net interest margin ("NIM") |  |  | 2.10% |  |  | 2.41%
Annualized Yields |  |  |  |  |  |
Segregated cash and securities |  |  | 4.01% |  |  | 5.03%
Customer margin loans |  |  | 4.88% |  |  | 5.85%
Customer credit balances |  |  | 2.81% |  |  | 3.56%

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(1)Represents the average amount of customer cash swept into FDIC-insured banks as part of our Insured Bank Deposit Sweep Program. This item is not recorded in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Income derived from program deposits is reported in other net interest income in the table above.

(2)Interest income and interest expense on customer margin loans and customer credit balances, respectively, are calculated on daily cash balances within each customer’s account on a net basis, which may result in an offset of balances across multiple account segments (e.g., between securities and commodities segments).

(3)Includes income from financial instruments that has the same characteristics as interest, but is reported in other fees and services and other income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, $8 million and $6 million were reported in other fees and services, respectively, and $16 and $9 million were reported in other income, respectively.

Non-Interest Expenses

Non-interest expenses, for the current quarter, increased $35 million, or 10%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $372 million, mainly due to a $20 million increase in execution, clearing and distribution fees, a $12 million increase in general and administrative expenses, and a $9 million increase in employee compensation and benefits; partially offset by a $4 million decrease in customer bad debt expense and $2 million decrease in occupancy, depreciation and amortization expense. As a percentage of total net revenues, non-interest expenses were 26% for the current quarter and 28% for the prior-year quarter.

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Execution, Clearing and Distribution Fees

Execution, clearing and distribution fees include the costs of executing and clearing trades, net of liquidity rebates received from various exchanges and market centers, as well as regulatory fees and market data fees. Execution fees are paid primarily to electronic exchanges and market centers on which we trade. Clearing fees are paid to clearing houses and clearing agents. Market data fees, which are associated with market data revenue included in other fees and services, are paid to third parties to receive streaming price quotes and related information.

Execution, clearing and distribution fees, for the current quarter, increased $20 million, or 20%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $121 million, mainly driven by an $18 million increase in SEC regulatory fees due to an increase in the SEC fee rate effective May 22, 2024, and $3 million due to a new FINRA Consolidated Audit Trail (“CAT”) fee initiated in the fourth quarter of 2024, partially offset by greater capture of liquidity rebates due to higher customer trading volumes. SEC and CAT fees, as with other regulatory fees, are passed through to customers. As a percentage of total net revenues, execution, clearing and distribution fees were 8% for both the current quarter and the prior-year quarter.

Employee Compensation and Benefits

Employee compensation and benefits include salaries, bonuses and other incentive compensation plans, group insurance, contributions to benefit programs and other related employee costs.

Employee compensation and benefits expenses, for the current quarter, increased $9 million, or 6%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $154 million associated with a combination of staffing increases and inflation. The average number of employees increased 2% to 3,013 for the current quarter, compared to 2,942 for the prior-year quarter. As we continue to grow, our focus on automation has allowed us to maintain a relatively small staff. As a percentage of total net revenues and adjusted net revenues, employee compensation and benefits expenses were both 11% for the current quarter and 12% for the prior-year quarter.

Occupancy, Depreciation and Amortization

Occupancy expenses consist primarily of rental payments on office and data center leases and related occupancy costs, such as utilities. Depreciation and amortization expenses result from the depreciation of fixed assets, such as computing and communications hardware, as well as amortization of leasehold improvements and capitalized in-house software development.

Occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses, for the current quarter, decreased $2 million, or 8%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $24 million, mainly due to lower depreciation and amortization expense. As a percentage of total net revenues, occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses were 2% for both the current quarter and the prior-year quarter.

Communications

Communications expenses consist primarily of the cost of voice and data telecommunications lines supporting our business, including connectivity to exchanges and market centers around the world.

Communications expenses, for the current quarter, were unchanged from the prior-year quarter, at $10 million. As a percentage of total net revenues, communications expenses were 1% for both the current quarter and the prior-year quarter.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of advertising; professional services expenses, such as legal and audit work; legal and regulatory matters; and other operating expenses.

General and administrative expenses, for the current quarter, increased $12 million, or 24%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $62 million, primarily due to an $8 million increase in advertising expenses. As a percentage of total net revenues, general and administrative expenses were 4% for both the current quarter and the prior-year quarter.

Customer Bad Debt

Customer bad debt expense consists primarily of losses incurred by customers in excess of their assets with us, net of amounts recovered by us.

Customer bad debt expense, for the current quarter, decreased $4 million, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $1 million.
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Income Tax Expense

We pay U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on our taxable income, which is proportional to the percentage we own of IBG LLC. Also, our operating subsidiaries are subject to income tax in the respective jurisdictions in which they operate.

Income tax expense, for the current quarter, increased $20 million, or 28%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $91 million, primarily due to (1) higher income before taxes at our operating subsidiaries outside the U.S. and a higher income tax rate in a foreign jurisdiction following the adoption of the minimum effective tax rate of 15% on January 1, 2025; (2) higher income before income taxes subject to U.S. income tax at IBG, Inc.; and (3) IBG, Inc.’s higher average ownership percentage of IBG LLC, which rose from 25.4% in the prior-year quarter to 25.8% in the current quarter.

The table below presents information about our income tax expense for the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| (in millions, except %)
Consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated income before income taxes | $ | 1,055 |  | $ | 866
IBG, Inc. stand-alone income before income taxes and eliminations |  | - |  |  | (1)
Operating subsidiaries income before income taxes | $ | 1,055 |  | $ | 867
Operating subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,055 |  | $ | 867
Income tax expense |  | 44 |  |  | 35
Net income available to members | $ | 1,011 |  | $ | 832
IBG, Inc. |  |  |  |  |
Average ownership percentage in IBG LLC |  | 25.8% |  |  | 25.4%
Net income available to IBG, Inc. from operating subsidiaries | $ | 260 |  | $ | 212
IBG, Inc. stand-alone income before income taxes |  | - |  |  | (1)
Income before income taxes |  | 260 |  |  | 211
Income tax expense |  | 47 |  |  | 36
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Consolidated income tax expense |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense attributable to operating subsidiaries | $ | 44 |  | $ | 35
Income tax expense attributable to IBG, Inc. |  | 47 |  |  | 36
Consolidated income tax expense | $ | 91 |  | $ | 71

Operating Results

Income before income taxes, for the current quarter, increased $189 million, or 22%, compared to the prior-year quarter, to $1,055 million. Pretax profit margin was 74% for the current quarter and 72% for the prior-year quarter.

Comparing our operating results for the current quarter to the prior-year quarter using non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted net revenues were $1,396 million, up 15%; adjusted income before income taxes was $1,024 million, up 16%; and adjusted pre-tax profit margin was 73% for the current quarter compared to 72% for the prior-year quarter. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below in this Item 2 for additional details.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use certain non-GAAP financial measures as additional measures to enhance the understanding of our financial results. These non-GAAP financial measures include adjusted net revenues, adjusted income before income taxes, adjusted net income available for common stockholders and adjusted diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are important measures of our financial performance because they exclude certain items that may not be indicative of our core operating results and business outlook. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors and analysts in evaluating the operating performance of the business.

•We define adjusted net revenues as net revenues adjusted to remove the effect of our currency diversification strategy and our net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments.

•We define adjusted income before income taxes as income before income taxes adjusted to remove the effect of our currency diversification strategy and our net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments.

•We define adjusted net income available to common stockholders as net income available for common stockholders adjusted to remove the after-tax effects attributable to IBG, Inc. of our currency diversification strategy and our net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments.

•We define adjusted diluted EPS as adjusted net income available for common stockholders divided by the diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period.

Mark-to-market on investments represents the net mark-to-market gains (losses) on investments in equity securities that do not qualify for equity method accounting, which are measured at fair value; on our U.S. government and municipal securities portfolios, which are typically held to maturity; and on certain other investments.

We also report compensation and benefits expenses as a percentage of adjusted net revenues, as we believe this measure is useful to investors and analysts in evaluating the growth of our workforce in relation to the growth of our core revenues.

These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP 1.

__________________________

(1)Refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

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The tables below present a reconciliation of consolidated GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Adjusted net revenues (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenues - GAAP |  | $ | 1,427 |  | $ | 1,203
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (20) |  |  | 2
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (11) |  |  | 11
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (31) |  |  | 13
Adjusted net revenues |  | $ | 1,396 |  | $ | 1,216
Adjusted income before income taxes (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes - GAAP |  | $ | 1,055 |  | $ | 866
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (20) |  |  | 2
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (11) |  |  | 11
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (31) |  |  | 13
Adjusted income before income taxes |  | $ | 1,024 |  | $ | 879
Adjusted pre-tax profit margin |  |  | 73% |  |  | 72%
Adjusted net income available for common stockholders (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available for common stockholders - GAAP |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 175
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (5) |  |  | 0
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3
Income tax effect of above adjustments 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1)
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (6) |  |  | 2
Adjusted net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 207 |  | $ | 177
Adjusted diluted EPS (in dollars, except share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted EPS - GAAP |  | $ | 1.94 |  | $ | 1.61
Non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency diversification strategy, net |  |  | (0.05) |  |  | 0.00
Mark-to-market on investments |  |  | (0.03) |  |  | 0.03
Income tax effect of above adjustments 1 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (0.01)
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (0.06) |  |  | 0.02
Adjusted diluted EPS |  | $ | 1.88 |  | $ | 1.64
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 109,865,741 |  |  | 108,149,440

Note: Amounts may not add due to rounding.

______________________________

(1)The income tax effect is estimated using the statutory income tax rates applicable to the Company.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We maintain a highly liquid balance sheet. The majority of our assets consists of investments of customer funds, collateralized receivables arising from customer-related and proprietary securities transactions, and exchange-listed marketable securities, which are marked-to-market daily. Collateralized receivables consist primarily of customer margin loans, securities borrowed, and securities purchased under agreements to resell. As of March 31, 2025, total assets were $157.7 billion of which approximately $156.4 billion, or 99.2%, were considered liquid.

Decisions on the allocation of capital are based upon, among other things, prudent risk management guidelines, potential liquidity and cash flow needs for current and future business activities, regulatory capital requirements, and projected profitability. Our Treasury department, Market Risk Committee, Enterprise Risk Management department and other management control groups assist in evaluating, monitoring and controlling the impact that our business activities have on our financial condition, liquidity and capital structure. The objective of these policies is to support our business strategies while ensuring ongoing and sufficient liquidity. Our significant capital comprises an aggregate across our many regulated subsidiaries, and in addition to supporting our current business and future expansion plans we believe this financial strength provides our customers with a source of confidence.

Daily monitoring of liquidity needs and available collateral levels is undertaken to help ensure that an appropriate liquidity cushion, in the form of cash and unpledged collateral, is maintained at all times. We actively manage our excess liquidity and maintain significant borrowing capabilities through the securities lending markets and in the form of credit facilities with banks. As a general practice, we maintain sufficient levels of cash on hand to provide us with a buffer should we need immediately available funds for any reason. In addition, pursuant to our liquidity risk management plan we perform periodic liquidity stress tests, which are designed to identify and reserve liquid assets that would be available under market or idiosyncratic stress events. Based on our current level of operations, we believe our cash flows from operations, available cash and available borrowings will be adequate to meet our future liquidity needs for more than the next twelve months.

As of March 31, 2025, liability balances in connection with securities loaned and payables to customers were higher than their average monthly balances during the current quarter. Short-term borrowing balance was lower than its average monthly balance during the current quarter.

Cash and cash equivalents held by our non-U.S. operating subsidiaries as of March 31, 2025, were $1,632 million ($1,513 million as of December 31, 2024). These funds are primarily intended to finance each individual operating subsidiary’s local operations, and thus would not be available to fund U.S. domestic operations unless repatriated through payment of dividends to IBG LLC. As of March 31, 2025, we had no intention to repatriate any amounts from non-U.S. operating subsidiaries. With the enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017, we recognized a liability for the one-time transition tax on deemed repatriation of earnings of some of our foreign subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result, in the event dividends were to be paid to the Company in the future by a non-U.S. operating subsidiaries, the Company would not be required to accrue and pay income taxes on such dividends, except for foreign taxes in the form of dividend withholding tax, and in connection with accumulated other comprehensive income/loss from currency exchange rate changes not previously taxed in the U.S., if any, imposed on the recipient of the distribution or dividend distribution tax imposed on the payor of the distribution.

Historically, our consolidated equity has consisted primarily of accumulated retained earnings, which to date have been sufficient to fund our operations and growth. Our consolidated equity increased 19% to $17.5 billion as of March 31, 2025, from $14.7 billion as of March 31, 2024. This increase is attributable to total comprehensive income, partially offset by distributions and dividends paid during the last four quarters.

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Cash Flows

The table below presents our cash flows from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 2,584 |  | $ | 1,683
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (26) |  |  | (13)
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (225) |  |  | (137)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  | 107 |  |  | (102)
Increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | 2,440 |  | $ | 1,431

Our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (i.e., cash and cash equivalents that are subject to withdrawal or usage restrictions) increased by $2,440 million to $42.7 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are largely a reflection of the changes in customer credit and margin loan balances. We raised $2.6 billion in net cash from operating activities mainly driven by customer credit balances which increased $5.3 billion; partially offset by securities purchased under agreements to resell which increased $1.8 billion and investments in securities segregated for regulatory purposes which increased $1.5 billion.

Investing Activities

Our cash flows from investing activities are primarily related to other investments, capitalized internal software development, purchases and sales of memberships, trading rights and shares at exchanges where we trade, and strategic investments where such investments may enable us to offer better execution alternatives to our current and prospective customers, allow us to influence exchanges to provide competing products at better prices using sophisticated technology, or enable us to acquire either technology or customers faster than we could develop them on our own. We used net cash of $26 million in our investing activities primarily for purchases of property, equipment, and intangible assets and other investments.

Financing Activities

Our cash flows from financing activities are comprised of short-term borrowings, capital transactions, and payments made to Holdings under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Short-term borrowings from banks are part of our daily cash management in support of operating activities. Capital transactions consist primarily of quarterly dividends paid to common stockholders and related distributions paid to Holdings. We used net cash of $225 million in our financing activities, primarily for distributions to noncontrolling interests and dividends paid to common stockholders.

Three months Ended March 31, 2024: For a discussion of changes in cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 refer to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 6, 2024.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

As of March 31, 2025, all operating subsidiaries were in compliance with their respective regulatory capital requirements. For additional information regarding our regulatory capital requirements see Note 15 – ‘‘Regulatory Requirements’’ to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures are comprised of compensation costs of our software engineering staff for development of software for internal use and expenditures for computer, networking and communications hardware, and leasehold improvements. These expenditure items are reported as property, equipment, and intangible assets. Capital expenditures for property, equipment, and intangible assets were approximately $16 million and $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In the future, we plan to meet capital expenditure needs with cash from operations and cash on hand, as we continue our focus on technology infrastructure initiatives to further enhance our competitive position. In response to changing economic conditions, we believe we have the flexibility to modify our capital expenditures by adjusting them (either upward or downward) to match our actual performance. If we pursue any additional strategic acquisitions, we may incur additional capital expenditures.

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Seasonality

Our businesses are subject to seasonal fluctuations, reflecting varying numbers of market participants at times during the year, varying numbers of trading days from quarter-to-quarter, and declines in trading activity due to holidays. Typical seasonal trends may be superseded by market or world events, which can have a significant impact on prices and trading volume.

Inflation

Although we cannot accurately anticipate the effects of inflation on our operations, we believe that, for the past several years, inflation may have indirectly had a material impact on our results of operations. Inflation has been one of the factors driving our employee compensation and benefits expenses higher during the current period, although as a percentage of net revenues these expenses remain stable. Inflation may also be a contributing factor to general uncertainty in the markets in the foreseeable future. Statements about future inflation are subject to the risk that actual inflation and its effects may differ, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changes in economic growth, impact of supply chain disruptions, unemployment and consumer demand.

Investments in U.S. Government Securities

We invest in U.S. government securities to satisfy U.S. regulatory requirements. As a broker-dealer, unlike banks, we are required to mark these investments to market even though we intend to hold them to maturity. Sudden increases (decreases) in interest rates will cause mark-to-market losses (gains) on these securities, which are recovered (eliminated) if we hold them to maturity, as currently intended. As of March 31, 2025, substantially all of our U.S. government securities had maturities within three months. The impact of changes in interest rates is further described in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

Strategic Investments and Acquisitions

We regularly evaluate potential strategic investments and acquisitions. We hold strategic investments in certain electronic trading exchanges, including BOX Options Exchange, LLC. We also hold strategic investments in certain businesses, including Zero Hash Holdings Ltd. (a crypto-service provider) and Next Securities Corporation (a South Korea-based securities company).

We intend to continue making acquisitions on an opportunistic basis, generally only when the acquisition candidate will, in our opinion, enable us to offer better execution alternatives to our current and prospective customers, allow us to influence exchanges to provide competing products at better prices using sophisticated technology, or enable us to acquire either technology or customers faster than we could develop them on our own.

As of March 31, 2025, there were no definitive agreements with respect to any material acquisition.

Certain Information Concerning Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

We may be exposed to a risk of loss not reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements for futures products, which represent our obligations to settle at contracted prices, and which may require us to repurchase or sell in the market at prevailing prices. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance sheet risk, as our cost to liquidate such futures contracts may exceed the amounts reported in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on judgment and the best available information at the time. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. We believe that the critical policies listed below represent the most significant estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Contingencies

Our policy is to estimate and accrue for potential losses that may arise out of litigation and regulatory proceedings, to the extent that such losses are probable and can be estimated. Significant judgment is required in making these estimates and our final liabilities may ultimately be materially different. Our total liability accrued with respect to litigation and regulatory proceedings is determined on a case by case basis and represents an estimate of probable losses based on, among other factors, the progress of each case, our experience with and industry experience with similar cases and the opinions and views of internal and external legal counsel. Given the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of litigation and regulatory matters, particularly in cases or proceedings in which substantial or indeterminate damages or fines are sought, or where cases or proceedings are in the early stages, we cannot estimate losses or ranges of losses for cases or proceedings where there is only a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits are based on enacted tax laws and reflect management’s best assessment of estimated future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in both the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Determining income tax expense requires significant judgment and estimates.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of the underlying assets and liabilities. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdictions from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In projecting future taxable income, historical results are adjusted for changes in accounting policies and incorporate assumptions including the amount of future state, federal and foreign pre-tax operating income, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax-planning strategies. These assumptions require significant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying businesses. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, three years of cumulative operating income (loss) are considered. Deferred income taxes have not been provided for U.S. tax liabilities or for additional foreign taxes on the unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries that have been indefinitely reinvested.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. Changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. For example, on December 15, 2022, the EU formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, effective January 1, 2024, which provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework. A significant number of other countries have either already or are expected to implement similar legislation with varying effective dates. We record tax liabilities in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 740 and adjust these liabilities when management’s judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are different from the current estimates of these tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available.

We recognize that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. A tax position that meets this standard is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized on settlement.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued but Not Yet Adopted

For additional information regarding FASB Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU” s) that have been issued but not yet adopted and that may impact the Company, refer to Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on form 10-Q.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to various market risks. Our exposures to market risks arise from assumptions built into our pricing models, equity price risk, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations related to our international operations, changes in interest rates and risks relating to the extension of margin credit to our customers.

Market risk refers to the risk that a change in the level of one or more market prices, rates, indices, implied volatilities (the price volatility of the underlying instrument imputed from option prices), correlations or other market factors, such as market liquidity, will result in losses for a position or portfolio. Generally, we incur trading-related market risk as a result of our remaining market making activities, where the substantial majority of our Value-at-Risk (“VaR”) for market risk exposures is generated. In addition, we incur non-trading-related market risk primarily from investment activities and from foreign currency exposure held in the equity of our foreign subsidiaries, i.e., our non-U.S. brokerage subsidiaries and information technology subsidiaries, and held to meet target balances in our currency diversification strategy.

We use various risk management tools in managing our market risk, which are embedded in our real-time market making systems. We employ certain hedging and risk management techniques to protect us from a severe market dislocation. Our risk management policies are developed and implemented by our Steering Committee, which is chaired by our Chief Executive Officer and comprised of senior executives of our various operating subsidiaries. The strategy of our remaining market making activities is to calculate quotes a few seconds ahead of the market and execute small trades at a tiny but favorable differential as a result. This strategy is made possible by our proprietary pricing model, which evaluates and monitors the risks inherent in our portfolio, assimilates external market data and reevaluates the outstanding quotes in our portfolio many times per second. Our model automatically rebalances our positions throughout each trading day to manage risk exposures on our options and futures positions and the underlying securities and will price the increased risk that a position would add to the overall portfolio into the bid and offer prices we post. Under risk management policies implemented and monitored primarily through our computer systems, reports to management, including risk profiles, profit and loss analysis and trading performance, are prepared on a real-time basis as well as daily and periodical bases. Although our remaining market making activities are completely automated, the trading process and our risk are monitored by a team of individuals who, in real time, observe various risk parameters of our consolidated positions. Our assets and liabilities are marked-to-market daily for financial reporting purposes and re-valued continuously throughout the trading day for risk management and asset/liability management purposes.

We use a covariant VaR methodology to measure, monitor and review the market risk of our market making portfolios, with the exception of fixed income products, and our currency exposures. The risk of fixed income products, which comprise primarily U.S. government securities, is measured using a stress test.

Pricing Model Exposure

As described above, our proprietary pricing model, which continuously evaluates and monitors the risks inherent in our portfolio, assimilates external market data and reevaluates the outstanding quotes in our entire portfolio many times per second. Certain aspects of the model rely on historical prices of securities. If the behavior of price movements of individual securities diverges substantially from what their historical behavior would predict, we might incur trading losses. We attempt to limit such risks by diversifying our portfolio across many different options, futures and underlying securities and avoiding concentrations of positions based on the same underlying security. Historically, our losses from these events have been immaterial in comparison to our annual trading profits.

Foreign Currency Exposure

As a result of our international activities and accumulated earnings in our non-U.S. subsidiaries, our income and equity are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. For example, our non-U.S. subsidiaries are exposed to foreign exchange risks as described below:

Some of our non-U.S. subsidiaries support customer transactions in financial instruments, carry bank balances, and borrow and lend securities in various currencies in their regular course of business. At the end of each accounting period, these non-U.S. subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are revalued into their respective functional currencies for presentation in their financial statements. The resulting foreign currency gains or losses are reported in their income statements and, as translated into U.S. dollars for U.S. GAAP purposes, in our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, as a component of “Other income.”

These non-U.S. subsidiaries’ financial statements are presented in their respective functional currencies, as noted above. For U.S. GAAP purposes, at the end of each accounting period, each non-U.S. subsidiary’s equity is translated at the then prevailing exchange rate into U.S. dollars and the resulting translation gain or loss is reported as OCI in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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By periodically converting currency balances into functional currency, we substantially reduce the foreign currency exposures for each of these non-U.S. subsidiaries, which minimizes the impact of exchange rate changes to its income statement. However, historically, we have taken the approach of not hedging our consolidated foreign currency exposures to the U.S. dollar, based on the notion that the cost of constantly hedging over the years would amount to more than the random impact of rate changes on our non-U.S. dollar balances.

Instead, because we conduct business in many countries and many currencies and because we consider ourselves a global enterprise based in a diversified basket of currencies rather than a U.S. dollar-based company, we actively manage our global currency exposure by maintaining our equity in GLOBALs, a basket of currencies. Our risk management systems incorporate cash forex to hedge our currency exposure at little or no cost. Currency spot positions entered into as part of our currency diversification strategy are held by the parent holding company, IBG LLC.

The U.S. dollar value of the GLOBAL increased 0.01% as of March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2025, approximately 24% of our equity was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

The effects of our currency diversification strategy appear in two places in the condensed consolidated financial statements: (1) as a component of “Other income” in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income and (2) as OCI in the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The full effect of the GLOBAL is captured in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

The table below presents a comparison of the U.S. dollar equivalent of the GLOBAL for the periods indicated.

|  |  |  | As of 3/31/2024 |  | As of 3/31/2025 |  |
|  |  |  |  | GLOBAL in |  | % of | Net Equity |  |  | GLOBAL in |  | % of | Net Equity | CHANGE in
Currency |  | Composition | FX Rate | USD Equiv. |  | Comp. | (in USD millions) | FX Rate | USD Equiv. |  | Comp. | (in USD millions) | % of Comp.
USD |  | 0.72 |  | 1.0000 |  |  | 0.720 |  | 76.0% |  | $ | 11,150 |  | 1.0000 |  |  | 0.720 |  | 76.0% |  | $ | 13,294 |  | 0.0%
EUR |  | 0.09 |  | 1.0788 |  |  | 0.097 |  | 10.3% |  |  | 1,503 |  | 1.0815 |  |  | 0.097 |  | 10.3% |  |  | 1,797 |  | 0.0%
JPY |  | 3.91 |  | 0.0066 |  |  | 0.026 |  | 2.7% |  |  | 400 |  | 0.0067 |  |  | 0.026 |  | 2.8% |  |  | 481 |  | 0.0%
GBP |  | 0.02 |  | 1.2624 |  |  | 0.025 |  | 2.7% |  |  | 391 |  | 1.2918 |  |  | 0.026 |  | 2.7% |  |  | 477 |  | 0.1%
CHF |  | 0.02 |  | 1.1084 |  |  | 0.022 |  | 2.3% |  |  | 343 |  | 1.1307 |  |  | 0.023 |  | 2.4% |  |  | 418 |  | 0.0%
CNH |  | 0.13 |  | 0.1378 |  |  | 0.018 |  | 1.9% |  |  | 277 |  | 0.1376 |  |  | 0.018 |  | 1.9% |  |  | 330 |  | 0.0%
INR |  | 1.10 |  | 0.0120 |  |  | 0.013 |  | 1.4% |  |  | 204 |  | 0.0117 |  |  | 0.013 |  | 1.4% |  |  | 238 |  | 0.0%
CAD |  | 0.02 |  | 0.7382 |  |  | 0.011 |  | 1.2% |  |  | 171 |  | 0.6950 |  |  | 0.010 |  | 1.1% |  |  | 192 |  | -0.1%
AUD |  | 0.02 |  | 0.6520 |  |  | 0.010 |  | 1.0% |  |  | 151 |  | 0.6247 |  |  | 0.009 |  | 1.0% |  |  | 173 |  | 0.0%
HKD |  | 0.04 |  | 0.1278 |  |  | 0.004 |  | 0.5% |  |  | 69 |  | 0.1285 |  |  | 0.004 |  | 0.5% |  |  | 83 |  | 0.0%
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.947 |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 14,659 |  |  |  |  | 0.947 |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 17,483 |  | 0.0%

Interest Rate Risk

We had no variable-rate debt outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

We pay our customers interest based on benchmark overnight interest rates in various currencies, when interest rates are above a benchmark rate plus a small spread, on cash balances above $10 thousand (or equivalent) in securities accounts holding more than $100 thousand and at lower, tiered rates for accounts holding less than $100 thousand (or equivalent) net asset value. In currencies, if any, with negative rates, we pass through the cost of holding certain cash balances to our customers; therefore, we charge our customers interest on these cash balances. In a normal rate environment, we typically invest a portion of these funds in U.S. government securities with maturities of up to two years, although given the current interest rate environment, at this time substantially all such investments mature within three months. If interest rates were to increase rapidly and substantially, our net interest income would not increase proportionally with the interest rates for the portion of the funds invested at fixed yields. In addition, the mark-to-market changes in the value of these fixed rate securities will be reflected in other income, instead of net interest income. Our margin balances are priced to a benchmark rate plus a spread, with a minimum charge of 0.75% in U.S. dollars and most foreign currencies.

Based on customer balances and investments outstanding as of March 31, 2025, and assuming reinvestment of maturing instruments in instruments of short-term duration, an increase of 0.25% over current U.S. dollar interest rate levels would increase our net interest income by approximately $65 million on an annualized basis, assuming the full effect of reinvestment at higher rates. A 0.25% increase in all the relevant non-U.S. dollar benchmark rates would increase our net interest income by approximately $30 million on an annualized basis. Our interest rate sensitivity estimate contains separate assumptions for U.S. dollar rates from other currencies’ rates and it isolates the effects of a rate increase on reinvestments. We do not approximate mark-to-market impact from interest rate changes; if U.S. government securities whose prices were to fall under these scenarios were held to maturity, as intended, then the reduction in other

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income would be temporary, as the securities would mature at par value. If such securities were sold prior to maturity, the loss would be realized and the proceeds reinvested at prevailing higher interest rates.

We also face the potential for reduced net interest income from customer deposits and margin loans if benchmark rates were to fall. Based on customer balances and investments outstanding as of March 31, 2025, and assuming reinvestment of maturing instruments in instruments of short-term duration, a decrease in U.S. dollar interest rates of 0.25% would decrease our net interest income by approximately $65 million on an annualized basis, assuming the full effect of reinvestment at lower rates. A 0.25% decrease in all the relevant non-U.S. dollar benchmark rates would decrease our net interest income by approximately $29 million on an annualized basis.

We also face interest rate risk due to positions carried for our remaining market making activities to the extent that long or short stock positions may have been established for future or forward dates on options or futures contracts and the value of such positions is impacted by interest rates. The amount of such risk cannot be quantified, however, the current low level of market making positions does not indicate a material potential exposure.

Dividend Risk

We face dividend risk in our remaining market making activities as we derive revenues and incur expenses in the form of dividend income and expense, respectively, from our inventory of equity securities, and must make payments in lieu of dividends on short positions in equity securities within our portfolio. Projected future dividends are an important component of pricing equity options and other derivatives, and incorrect projections may lead to trading losses. The amount of such risk cannot be quantified, however, the current low level of market making positions does not indicate a material potential exposure.

Margin Loans

We extend margin loans to our customers, which are subject to various regulatory requirements. Margin loans are collateralized by cash and securities in the customers’ accounts. The risks associated with margin credit increase during periods of fast market movements or in cases where collateral is concentrated and market movements occur. During such times, customers who utilize margin loans and who have collateralized their obligations with securities may find that the securities have a rapidly depreciating value and may not be sufficient to cover their obligations in the event of a liquidation. We are also exposed to credit risk when our customers execute transactions, such as short sales of options and equities that can expose them to risk beyond their invested capital.

We expect this kind of exposure to increase with the growth of our overall business. Because we indemnify and hold harmless our clearing houses and counterparties from certain liabilities or claims, the use of margin loans and short sales may expose us to significant off-balance-sheet risk if collateral requirements are not sufficient to fully cover losses that customers may incur and those customers fail to satisfy their obligations. As of March 31, 2025, we had $63.9 billion in margin loans extended to our customers. The amount of risk to which we are exposed from the margin loans we extend to our customers and from short sale transactions by our customers is unlimited and not quantifiable as the risk is dependent upon analysis of a potentially significant and undeterminable rise or fall in stock prices. Our account level margin requirements meet or exceed those required by Regulation T of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and FINRA portfolio margin rules, as applicable. As a matter of practice, we enforce real-time margin compliance monitoring and liquidate customers’ positions if their equity falls below required margin requirements.

We have a comprehensive policy implemented in accordance with regulatory standards to assess and monitor the suitability of investors to engage in various trading activities. To mitigate our risk, we also continuously monitor customer accounts to detect excessive concentration, large orders or positions, patterns of day trading and other activities that indicate increased risk to us.

Our credit exposure is to a great extent mitigated by our real-time margining system, which automatically evaluates each account throughout the trading day and closes out positions automatically for accounts that are found to be under-margined. While this methodology is effective in most situations, it may not be effective in situations where no liquid market exists for the relevant securities or commodities or where, for any reason, automatic liquidation for certain accounts has been disabled. Our Market Risk Committee continually monitors and evaluates our risk management policies, including the implementation of policies and procedures to enhance the detection and prevention of potential events to mitigate margin loan losses.

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Value-at-Risk

We estimate VaR using a historical approach, which uses the historical daily price returns of underlying assets as well as estimates of the end of day implied volatility for options. Our one-day VaR is defined as the unrealized loss in portfolio value that, based on historically observed market risk factors, would have been exceeded with a frequency of one percent, based on a calculation with a confidence interval of 99%.

Our VaR model generally takes into account exposures to equity and commodity price risk and foreign exchange rates.

We use VaR as one of a range of risk management tools. Among their benefits, VaR models permit the estimation of a portfolio’s aggregate market risk exposure, incorporating a range of varied market risks and portfolio assets. One key element of the VaR model is that it reflects risk reduction due to portfolio diversification or hedging activities. However, VaR has various strengths and limitations, which include, but are not limited to: use of historical changes in market risk factors, which may not be accurate predictors of future market conditions, and may not fully incorporate the risk of extreme market events that are outsized relative to observed historical market behavior or reflect the historical distribution of results beyond the confidence interval; and reporting of losses in a single day, which does not reflect the risk of positions that cannot be liquidated or hedged in one day. A small proportion of market risk generated by trading positions is not included in VaR. The modeling of the risk characteristics of some positions relies on approximations that, under certain circumstances, could produce significantly different results from those produced using more precise measures. VaR is most appropriate as a risk measure for trading positions in liquid financial markets and will understate the risk associated with severe events, such as periods of extreme illiquidity.

The VaR calculation simulates the performance of the portfolio based on several years of daily price changes of the underlying assets and determines the VaR as the calculated loss that occurs at the 99 th percentile.

Since the reported VaR statistics are estimates based on historical data, VaR should not be viewed as predictive of our future revenues or financial performance or of our ability to monitor and manage risk. There can be no assurance that our actual losses on a particular day will not exceed the indicated VaR or that such losses will not occur more than one time in 100 trading days. VaR does not predict the magnitude of losses which, should they occur, may be significantly greater than the VaR amount.

Stress Test

We estimate the market risk of our fixed income portfolio using a risk analysis model provided by a leading external vendor. For corporate bonds, this stress test is configured to calculate the change in value of each fixed income security in the portfolio over one day in five scenarios each of which represents a parallel shift of the U.S. Treasury yield curve. The scenarios are shifts of +/−100 and +/−200 basis points. For U.S. government securities, the stress test is configured to calculate the change in value of each fixed income security in the portfolio over one day in three scenarios each of which represents a parallel shift of the U.S. Treasury yield curve. The scenarios are shifts of +/−50 basis points.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are effective, in all material respects, to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In addition, no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the period covered by this report quarter that has materially affected, or is likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting related to our employees working remotely.

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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There have been no material changes to the legal proceedings disclosed under Part 1, Item 3 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025, except as updated in Note 13 - “Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees” to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part 1, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

I TEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

The following table discloses the adoption of Rule 10b5-1 trading plans for the sale of shares of our common stock by our directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) during the three months ended September 30, 2024, each of which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b-51(c) under the Exchange Act.

Name |  | Title |  | Plan Adoption and/or Termination |  | Plan Adoption Date |  | Plan Expiration Date |  | Purchase or Sale |  | Aggregate Number of IBKR shares to be Sold(2)
Thomas Peterffy |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors |  | Adoption |  | April 25, 2025 |  | See (1) below |  | Sale |  | 1,516,182

________________________

(1)The later of 90 days or two days after the Company’s filing of its Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30,2025, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions under the plan.

(2)Shares held through Conyers Investments LLC, which is indirectly wholly owned by Thomas Peterffy. Mr. Peterffy is also a manager of Conyers Investments LLC with the unilateral power to vote or sell the shares.

Other than as disclosed above, no other director or officer adopted, modified or terminated a contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement”, as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K.

Other

On April 15, 2025, the Company announced its intention to effect a four-for-one forward split of its common stock in the form of a stock dividend to make stock ownership more accessible to investors. On April 14, 2025 and on April 22, 2025, respectively, the Company’s Board of Directors and the Company’s majority stockholder approved by written consent an amendment to Interactive Brokers Group, Inc.’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to, among other things, increase the number of authorized shares of common stock to accommodate the stock split.

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Each record holder of common stock as of the close of market on Monday, June 16, 2025, will receive three additional shares of common stock, to be distributed after the close of market on Tuesday, June 17, 2025. Trading is expected to commence on a split-adjusted basis at market open on Wednesday, June 18, 2025.

On April 15, 2025, the Company also declared an increase in the quarterly cash dividend from $0.25 to $0.32 per common share, payable on June 13, 2025, to stockholders of record as of May 30, 2025. The Company currently intends to pay quarterly dividends of $0.08 (on a post-stock split basis) per common share to our common stockholders for the foreseeable future

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ITEM 6. Exhibits

Exhibit ‎Number | Description
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed by the Company on April 4, 2007).**
3.2 | Amended bylaws of Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 24, 2016).**
4.1 | Description of the Registrant’s Securities (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 filed by the Company on February 27, 2025).**
10.1 | Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of IBG LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2007 filed by the Company on June 15, 2007).**
10.2 | Form of Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of IBG Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed by the Company on February 12, 2007).**
10.3 | Exchange Agreement by and among Interactive Brokers Group, Inc., IBG Holdings LLC, IBG LLC and the Members of IBG LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2009 filed by the Company on November 11, 2009).**
10.4 | Tax Receivable Agreement by and between Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. and IBG Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2007 filed by the Company on June 15, 2007).**
10.5 | Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as of April 20, 2023 (filed as exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2023, filed by the Company on August 7, 2023).**+
10.6 | Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. Amendment to the Exchange Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Company on June 6, 2012).**+
10.7 | Second Amendment to Exchange Agreement by and among Interactive Brokers Group, Inc., IBG Holdings LLC, IBG (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended September 31, 2015 filed by the Company on November 9, 2015).**
10.8 | First Amendment to Limited Liability Company Agreement of IBG Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended September 31, 2015 filed by the Company on November 9, 2015).**
19.1 | Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Description of the Registrant’s Securities (filed as Exhibit 19.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 filed by the Company on February 27, 2025).**
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH | XBRL Extension Schema*
101.CAL | XBRL Extension Calculation Linkbase*
101.DEF | XBRL Extension Definition Linkbase*
101.LAB | XBRL Extension Label Linkbase*
101.PRE | XBRL Extension Presentation Linkbase*
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

** Previously filed; incorporated herein by reference.

+ These exhibits relate to management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

* Attached as Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025, are the following materials formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and (v) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements tagged in detail levels 1-4.

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| INTERACTIVE BROKERS GROUP, INC.
| /s/ Paul J. Brody
| Name: | Paul J. Brody
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
| (Signing both in his capacity as a duly authorized officer and as principal financial officer of the registrant)

Date: May 7, 2025