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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Provision for Federal & Foreign Income Tax Expense | Our provision for federal and foreign income tax expense for continuing operations consisted of the following (in millions):
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
Federal income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | 1,573 |  |  | $ | 1,770 |
Deferred |  |  | (231 | ) |  |  | (473 | ) |  |  | (351) |
Total federal income tax expense |  |  | 1,096 |  |  |  | 1,100 |  |  |  | 1,419 |
Foreign income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 13 |
Deferred |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | (8) |
Total foreign income tax expense |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 1,133 |  |  | $ | 1,173 |  |  | $ | 1,424 |
Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense Computed Using U.S. Statutory Federal Tax Rate to Actual Income Tax Expense | Our reconciliation of the 35% U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense for continuing operations is as follows (dollars in millions):
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Rate |
Income tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate |  |  | $1,710 |  |  |  | 35.0% |  |  |  | $1,505 |  |  |  | 35.0% |  |  |  | $1,637 |  |  |  | 35.0% |
Adoption of stock-based compensation ASU |  |  | (152) |  |  |  | (3.1) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
U.S. manufacturing deduction benefit |  |  | (117) |  |  |  | (2.4) |  |  |  | (123) |  |  |  | (2.9) |  |  |  | (124) |  |  |  | (2.6) |
Research and development tax credit |  |  | (107) |  |  |  | (2.2) |  |  |  | (70) |  |  |  | (1.6) |  |  |  | (63) |  |  |  | (1.3) |
Tax deductible dividends |  |  | (92) |  |  |  | (1.9) |  |  |  | (87) |  |  |  | (2.0) |  |  |  | (82) |  |  |  | (1.8) |
Other, net |  |  | (109) |  |  |  | (2.2) |  |  |  | (52) |  |  |  | (1.2) |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Income tax expense |  |  | $1,133 |  |  |  | 23.2% |  |  |  | $1,173 |  |  |  | 27.3% |  |  |  | $1,424 |  |  |  | 30.4% |
Components of Federal and Foreign Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | The primary components of our federal and foreign deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31 were as follows (in millions):
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Deferred tax assets related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | $ | 1,012 |  |  | $ | 919 |
Pensions (a) |  |  | 5,197 |  |  |  | 4,462 |
Other postretirement benefit obligations |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 375 |
Contract accounting methods |  |  | 878 |  |  |  | 1,039 |
Foreign company operating losses and credits |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 62 |
Other |  |  | 327 |  |  |  | 418 |
Valuation allowance (b) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (73) |
Deferred tax assets, net |  |  | 7,731 |  |  |  | 7,202 |
Deferred tax liabilities related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill and purchased intangibles |  |  | 378 |  |  |  | 274 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | 457 |
Exchanged debt securities and other (c) |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 408 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 1,142 |  |  |  | 1,139 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 6,589 |  |  | $ | 6,063 |
(a) | The increase in 2016 was primarily due to the reduction in the discount rate used to measure our postretirement benefit plans (see “Note 11 – Postretirement Plans”).
(b) | A valuation allowance was provided against certain foreign company deferred tax assets arising from carryforwards of unused tax benefits.
(c) | Includes deferred taxes associated with the exchange of debt securities in prior years.

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32639-109319 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 12 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32687-109319 + Details
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