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Postretirement Benefit Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] |
Postretirement Benefit Plans | Postretirement Benefit Plans Plan Descriptions Many of our employees and retirees participate in various postretirement benefit plans including defined benefit pension plans, retiree medical and life insurance plans, defined contribution retirement savings plans, and other postemployment plans. Substantially all of our postretirement benefit obligations relate to U.S. based defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans. The majority of our U.S. defined benefit pension plans provide for benefits within limits imposed by federal tax law (referred to as qualified plans). However, certain of our U.S. defined benefit pension plans provide for benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law (referred to as nonqualified plans). Salaried employees hired after December 31, 2005 are not eligible to participate in our qualified defined benefit pension plans, but are eligible to participate in a qualified defined contribution plan in addition to our other retirement savings plans. They also have the ability to participate in our retiree medical plans, but we do not subsidize the cost of their participation in those plans as we do with employees hired before January 1, 2006. Over the last few years, we have negotiated similar changes with various labor organizations such that new union represented employees do not participate in our defined benefit pension plans. Our defined benefit pension plans for salaried employees were fully frozen effective January 1, 2020, at which time such employees no longer earn additional benefits under the defined benefit pension plans and were transitioned to an enhanced defined contribution retirement savings plan. During the second quarter of 2022, we purchased group annuity contracts to transfer $4.3 billion of gross defined benefit pension obligations and related plan assets to an insurance company for approximately 13,600 U.S. retirees and beneficiaries. In connection with this transaction, we recognized a noncash, non-operating pension settlement charge of $1.5 billion ($1.2 billion, or $4.33 per share, after-tax) for the affected plans in the quarter ended June 26, 2022, which represents the accelerated recognition of actuarial losses that were included in the accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) account within stockholders’ equity. During the third quarter of 2021, we purchased group annuity contracts to transfer $4.9 billion of gross defined benefit pension obligations and related plan assets to an insurance company for approximately 18,000 U.S. retirees and beneficiaries, and in connection recognized a noncash pension settlement charge of $1.7 billion ($1.3 billion, or $4.72 per share, after tax) in 2021. These group annuity contracts were purchased using assets from Lockheed Martin’s master retirement trust and no additional funding contributions were required. These transactions had no impact on the amount, timing, or form of the monthly retirement benefit payments to the affected retirees and beneficiaries; and as a result of these transactions, we were relieved of all responsibility for the pension obligations and the insurance company is now required to pay and administer the retirement benefits. Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Retiree Medical and Life Insurance Plans FAS (Expense) Income The pretax FAS (expense) income related to our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans included the following (in millions):
|  | Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | Retiree Medical and Life Insurance Plans
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | (87) |  |  | $ | (106) |  |  | $ | (101) |  |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (13) |
Non-operating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost |  | (1,289) |  |  | (1,220) |  |  | (1,538) |  |  |  | (49) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (70) |
Expected return on plan assets |  | 1,854 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | 2,264 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 127 |
Recognized net actuarial (losses) gains |  | (425) |  |  | (902) |  |  | (849) |  |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Amortization of prior service credits (costs) |  | 359 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | (27) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (39) |
Settlement charge |  | (1,470) |  |  | (1,665) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-service FAS (expense) income |  | (971) |  |  | (1,292) |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 22 |
Total FAS (expense) income |  | $ | (1,058) |  |  | $ | (1,398) |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 9 |
We record the service cost component of FAS (expense) income for our qualified defined benefit plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans in the cost of sales accounts; the non-service components of our FAS (expense) income for our qualified defined benefit pension plans in the non-service FAS pension (expense) income account; and the non-service components of our FAS income for our retiree medical and life insurance plans as part of the other non-operating (expense) income, net account on our consolidated statements of earnings. Funded Status The following table provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations, plan assets and net (unfunded) funded status of our qualified defined benefit pension plans and our retiree medical and life insurance plans (in millions):
|  | Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | Retiree Medical and Life Insurance Plans
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance (a) |  | $ | 43,447 |  |  | $ | 51,352 |  |  |  | $ | 1,839 |  |  | $ | 2,271 |
Service cost |  | 87 |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 13 |
Interest cost |  | 1,289 |  |  | 1,220 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  | 53 |
Actuarial (gains) losses (b) |  | (10,270) |  |  | (2,045) |  |  |  | (396) |  |  | (352) |
Settlements (c) |  | (4,309) |  |  | (4,885) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Plan amendments |  | 186 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Benefits paid |  | (1,732) |  |  | (2,303) |  |  |  | (207) |  |  | (217) |
Medicare Part D subsidy |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Participants’ contributions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | 67 |
Ending balance (a) |  | $ | 28,698 |  |  | $ | 43,447 |  |  |  | $ | 1,359 |  |  | $ | 1,839 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance at fair value |  | $ | 35,192 |  |  | $ | 38,481 |  |  |  | $ | 2,169 |  |  | $ | 2,085 |
Actual return on plan assets (d) |  | (5,923) |  |  | 3,899 |  |  |  | (381) |  |  | 224 |
Settlements (c) |  | (4,309) |  |  | (4,885) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid |  | (1,732) |  |  | (2,303) |  |  |  | (207) |  |  | (217) |
Company contributions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 6 |
Medicare Part D subsidy |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Participants’ contributions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | 67 |
Ending balance at fair value |  | $ | 23,228 |  |  | $ | 35,192 |  |  |  | $ | 1,656 |  |  | $ | 2,169 |
(Unfunded) funded status of the plans |  | $ | (5,470) |  |  | $ | (8,255) |  |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 330 |
(a)Benefit obligation balances represent the projected benefit obligation for our qualified defined benefit pension plans and the accumulated benefit obligation for our retiree medical and life insurance plans. (b)Actuarial gains for our qualified defined benefit pension plans in 2022 primarily reflect an increase in the discount rate from 2.875% at December 31, 2021 to 5.25% at December 31, 2022, which decreased benefit obligations by $10.2 billion. Actuarial gains for our retiree medical and life insurance plans in 2022 reflect an increase in the discount rate from 2.750% at December 31, 2021 to 5.25% at December 31, 2022, which decreased benefit obligations by $335 million. Actuarial gains for our qualified defined benefit pension plans in 2021 primarily reflect an increase in the discount rate from 2.50% at December 31, 2020 to 2.875% at December 31, 2021, which decreased benefit obligations by $2.3 billion, partially offset by an increase of approximately $250 million due to changes in longevity assumptions and participant data. Actuarial gains for our retiree medical and life insurance plans in 2021 reflect an increase in the discount rate from 2.375% at December 31, 2020 to 2.75% at December 31, 2021, which decreased benefit obligations by $70 million, and $282 million due to changes in plan participation assumptions and claims data. (c)Qualified defined benefit pension plan settlements in 2022 and 2021 represent the transfer of gross defined benefit pension obligations and related plan assets to insurance companies pursuant to group annuity contracts purchased in the second quarter of 2022 and third quarter of 2021 as described above. (d)Actual return on plan assets for our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans was approximately (18)% in 2022 and 10.5% in 2021. We are required to recognize the net funded status of each postretirement benefit plan on a standalone basis as either an asset or a liability on our consolidated balance sheet. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of each plan’s assets and the benefit obligation. Each year we measure the fair value of each plan’s assets and benefit obligation on December 31, consistent with our fiscal year end. The fair value of each plan’s benefit obligation reflects assumptions in effect as of the measurement date as described below. For certain of our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans the plan assets may exceed the benefit obligation, for which we recognize the net amount as an asset on our consolidated balance sheet. Conversely, for most of our qualified defined benefit pension plans the benefit obligation exceeds plan assets, for which we recognize the net amount as a liability on our consolidated balance sheet. The following table provides amounts recognized on our consolidated balance sheets related to our qualified defined benefit pension plans and our retiree medical and life insurance plans (in millions):
|  | Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | Retiree Medical and Life Insurance Plans
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Other noncurrent assets |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 330 |
Accrued pension liabilities |  | (5,472) |  |  | (8,319) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (unfunded) funded status of the plans |  | $ | (5,470) |  |  | $ | (8,255) |  |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 330 |
The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) for all qualified defined benefit pension plans was $28.6 billion and $43.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The ABO represents benefits accrued without assuming future compensation increases to plan participants and is approximately equal to our projected benefit obligation. Plans where the benefit obligation was less than plan assets represent prepaid pension assets, which are included on our consolidated balance sheets in other noncurrent assets. Plans where the obligation was in excess of plan assets represent accrued pension liabilities, which are included on our consolidated balance sheets. Differences between the actual return and expected return on plan assets during the year and changes in the benefit obligation for our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans due to changes in the annual valuation assumptions generate actuarial gains or losses. Additionally, the benefit obligation for our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans may increase or decrease as a result of plan amendments that affect the benefits to plan participants related to service for periods prior to the effective date of the amendment, which generates prior service costs or credits. Actuarial gains or losses, and prior service costs or credits, are initially deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss and subsequently amortized for each plan into (expense) or income on a straight-line basis either over the average remaining life expectancy of plan participants or over the average remaining service period of plan participants, subject to certain thresholds. The following table provides the amount of actuarial gains or losses and prior service costs or credits recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans at December 31 (in millions):
|  | Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | Retiree Medical and Life Insurance Plans
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) pre-tax related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (losses) |  | $ | (10,287) |  |  | $ | (14,675) |  |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | 554 |
Prior service credit (cost) |  | 339 |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (36) |
Total |  | $ | (9,948) |  |  | $ | (13,791) |  |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 518 |
Estimated tax |  | 2,117 |  |  | 2,947 |  |  |  | (79) |  |  | (110) |
Net amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) |  | $ | (7,831) |  |  | $ | (10,844) |  |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 408 |
The following table provides the changes recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, for actuarial gains or losses and prior service costs or credits due to differences between the actual return and expected return on plan assets and changes in the fair value of the benefit obligation recognized in connection with our annual remeasurement and the amortization during the year for our qualified defined benefit pension plans, retiree medical and life insurance plans, and certain other plans (in millions):
|  | Incurred but Not Yet Recognized in FAS Expense |  |  | Recognition of Previously Deferred Amounts
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Actuarial gains and (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Qualified defined benefit pension plans |  | $ | 1,952 |  |  | $ | 2,987 |  |  | $ | (1,005) |  |  |  | $ | (1,490) |  |  | $ | (2,019) |  |  | $ | (668) |
Retiree medical and life insurance plans |  | (95) |  |  | 342 |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Other plans |  | 165 |  |  | 76 |  |  | (104) |  |  |  | (39) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (24) |
|  | 2,022 |  |  | 3,405 |  |  | (1,066) |  |  |  | (1,493) |  |  | (2,043) |  |  | (689) |
Net prior service credit and (cost) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Qualified defined benefit pension plans |  | (146) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (7) |  |  |  | 283 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 269 |
Retiree medical and life insurance plans |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (22) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (30) |
Other plans |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |
|  | (149) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  | 268 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 249 |
Total |  | $ | 1,873 |  |  | $ | 3,404 |  |  | $ | (1,067) |  |  |  | $ | (1,225) |  |  | $ | (1,787) |  |  | $ | (440) |
Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations and FAS (Expense) Income We measure the fair value of each plan’s assets and benefit obligation on December 31, consistent with our fiscal year end. Benefit obligations as of the end of each year reflect assumptions in effect as of those dates. Expense is based on assumptions in effect at the end of the preceding year or from the most recent interim remeasurement. The assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations at December 31 of each year and FAS expense for each subsequent year were as follows:
|  | Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | Retiree Medical and Life Insurance Plans
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Weighted average discount rate (a) |  | 5.250 | % |  | 2.875 | % |  | 2.500 | % |  |  | 5.250 | % |  | 2.750 | % |  | 2.375 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on assets (a) |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 7.00 | %
Health care trend rate assumed for next year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.25 | % |  | 7.50 | % |  | 7.75 | %
Ultimate health care trend rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.50 | %
Year ultimate health care trend rate is reached |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2034 |  | 2034 |  | 2034
(a)A pension discount rate of 4.75%, and 2.75%, was used for the applicable plans following the transaction and remeasurement recognized in the second quarter of 2022, and third quarter of 2021, respectively. We lowered our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets from 7.00% to 6.50% in connection with the third quarter of 2021 remeasurement, applicable to all qualified defined benefit pension and retiree medical and life insurance plans as of the December 31, 2021 remeasurement. The long-term rate of return assumption represents the expected long-term rate of earnings on the funds invested, or to be invested, to provide for the benefits included in the benefit obligations. That assumption is based on several factors including historical market index returns, the anticipated long-term allocation of plan assets, the historical return data for the trust funds, plan expenses and the potential to outperform market index returns. The actual investment losses for our qualified defined benefit plans during 2022 of $(5.9) billion based on an actual rate of return of approximately (18)% reduced plan assets more than the $1.9 billion expected return based on our long-term rate of return assumption. Plan Assets Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Lockheed Martin Investment Management Company (LMIMCo), has the fiduciary responsibility for making investment decisions related to the assets of our postretirement benefit plans. LMIMCo’s investment objectives for the assets of these plans are (1) to minimize the net present value of expected funding contributions; (2) to ensure there is a high probability that each plan meets or exceeds our actuarial long-term rate of return assumptions; and (3) to diversify assets to minimize the risk of large losses. The nature and duration of benefit obligations, along with assumptions concerning asset class returns and return correlations, are considered when determining an appropriate asset allocation to achieve the investment objectives. Investment policies and strategies governing the assets of the plans are designed to achieve investment objectives within prudent risk parameters. Risk management practices include the use of external investment managers; the maintenance of a portfolio diversified by asset class, investment approach and security holdings; and the maintenance of sufficient liquidity to meet benefit obligations as they come due. LMIMCo’s investment policies require that asset allocations of postretirement benefit plans be maintained within the following approximate ranges:
Asset Class | Asset Allocation Ranges
Cash and cash equivalents | 0-20%
Global Equity | 15-65%
Fixed income | 10-60%
Alternative investments: |
Private equity funds | 5-25%
Real estate funds | 5-15%
Hedge funds | 0-20%
Commodities | 0-10%
The following table presents the fair value of the assets of our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans by asset category and their level within the fair value hierarchy (see “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies - Investments” for definition of these levels), which we are required to disclose even though these assets are not separately recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. Certain investments are measured at their Net Asset Value (NAV) per share because such investments do not have readily determinable fair values and, therefore, are not required to be categorized in the fair value hierarchy. Assets measured at NAV have been included in the table below to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to amounts presented in the funded status table above.
| December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021
(in millions) | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Investments measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents (a) | $ | 1,952 |  |  | $ | 1,952 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity securities | 3,162 |  |  | 3,060 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 6,479 |  |  | 6,444 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 30 |
International equity securities | 2,298 |  |  | 2,245 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 4,882 |  |  | 4,880 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Commingled equity funds | 459 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 276 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 869 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 833 |  |  | — |
Fixed income (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | 4,491 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,272 |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 6,397 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,295 |  |  | 102 |
U.S. Government securities | 2,219 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,219 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,864 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,864 |  |  | — |
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise securities | 572 |  |  | — |  |  | 572 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 228 |  |  | — |  |  | 228 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps, net | (1,165) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,165) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 636 |  |  | — |  |  | 636 |  |  | — |
Other fixed income investments (b) | 1,980 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 680 |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  | 4,100 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 2,435 |  |  | 1,616 |
Total | $ | 15,968 |  |  | $ | 7,521 |  |  | $ | 6,877 |  |  | $ | 1,570 |  |  |  | $ | 27,446 |  |  | $ | 12,400 |  |  | $ | 13,296 |  |  | $ | 1,750 |
Investments measured at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled equity funds | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other fixed income investments | 730 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 701 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private equity funds | 4,703 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,386 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate funds | 3,383 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,059 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge funds | 689 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 556 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total investments measured at NAV | 9,505 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,832 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan, net (c) | (497) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Payables) Receivables, net | (92) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 24,884 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,361 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(a)Cash and cash equivalents, equity securities and fixed income securities included derivative assets and liabilities with fair values that were not material as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. LMIMCo’s investment policies restrict the use of derivatives to either establish long or short exposures for purposes consistent with applicable investment mandate guidelines or to hedge risks to the extent of a plan’s current exposure to such risks. Most derivative transactions are settled on a daily basis. (b)Level 3 investments include $1.1 billion at December 31, 2022 and $1.5 billion at December 31, 2021 related to buy-in contracts. (c)The Lockheed Martin Corporation Master Retirement Trust (MRT) obtained a loan from a third party financial institution, collateralized by private equity investments, to invest in fixed income securities. Changes in the fair value of plan assets categorized as Level 3 during 2022 and 2021 were not significant. Cash equivalents are mostly comprised of short-term money-market instruments and are valued at cost, which approximates fair value. U.S. equity securities and international equity securities categorized as Level 1 are traded on active national and international exchanges and are valued at their closing prices on the last trading day of the year. For U.S. equity securities and international equity securities not traded on an active exchange, or if the closing price is not available, the trustee obtains indicative quotes from a pricing vendor, broker or investment manager. These securities are categorized as Level 2 if the custodian obtains corroborated quotes from a pricing vendor or categorized as Level 3 if the custodian obtains uncorroborated quotes from a broker or investment manager. Commingled equity funds categorized as Level 1 are traded on active national and international exchanges and are valued at their closing prices on the last trading day of the year. For commingled equity funds not traded on an active exchange, or if the closing price is not available, the trustee obtains indicative quotes from a pricing vendor, broker or investment manager. These securities are categorized as Level 2 if the custodian obtains corroborated quotes from a pricing vendor. Fixed income investments categorized as Level 1 are publicly exchange-traded. Fixed income investments, including interest rate swaps, categorized as Level 2 are valued by the trustee using pricing models that use verifiable observable market data (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals and credit spreads), bids provided by brokers or dealers or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Fixed income investments are categorized as Level 3 when valuations using observable inputs are unavailable. The trustee typically obtains pricing based on indicative quotes or bid evaluations from vendors, brokers or the investment manager. In addition, certain other fixed income investments categorized as Level 3 are valued using a discounted cash flow approach. Significant inputs include projected annuity payments and the discount rate applied to those payments. Certain commingled equity and fixed income funds, consisting of underlying equity and fixed income securities, respectively, are valued using the NAV practical expedient. The NAV valuations are based on the underlying investments and typically redeemable within 90 days. The NAV is the total value of the fund divided by the number of the fund’s shares outstanding. Private equity funds consist of partnerships and similar vehicles. The NAV is based on valuation models of the underlying securities, which includes unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated using verifiable observable market data. These funds typically have terms between eight and 12 years. Real estate funds consist of partnerships and similar vehicles, for which the NAV is based on valuation models and periodic appraisals. These funds typically have redemption periods between eight and 10 years. Hedge funds consist of separate accounts and commingled funds, for which the NAV is generally based on the valuation of the underlying investments. Redemptions in hedge funds generally range from a minimum of one month to several months. Contributions and Expected Benefit Payments The required funding of our qualified defined benefit pension plans is determined in accordance with ERISA, as amended, and in a manner consistent with CAS and Internal Revenue Code rules. We made no contributions to our qualified defined benefit pension plans in 2022 and do not plan to make contributions to our qualified defined benefit pension plans in 2023. The following table presents estimated future benefit payments as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):
|  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 – 2032
Qualified defined benefit pension plans |  | $ | 1,720 |  |  | $ | 1,810 |  |  | $ | 1,890 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 10,150 |
Retiree medical and life insurance plans |  | 140 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 530 |
We maintain various trusts to fund the obligations of our qualified defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical and life insurance plans. We expect the estimated future benefit payments will be paid using assets in the trusts established for the plans. Nonqualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Other Postemployment Plans We sponsor nonqualified defined benefit pension plans to provide benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law. The gross benefit obligation for these plans was $1.0 billion and $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, most of which was recorded in the other noncurrent liabilities account on our consolidated balance sheet. We have set aside certain assets totaling $595 million and $872 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 in a separate trust that we expect to use to pay the benefit obligations under our nonqualified defined benefit pension plans, most of which were recorded in the other noncurrent assets account on our consolidated balance sheet. We record the gross assets on our consolidated balance sheet, rather than netting such assets with the benefit obligation for our nonqualified defined benefit pension plans, because the assets held are diversified and legally the assets may be used to settle other obligations or claims (although that is not our intent). Actuarial losses and unrecognized prior service credits related to our nonqualified defined benefit pension plans that were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, pretax, totaled $331 million and $625 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021. We recognized pretax pension expense of $81 million in 2022, $56 million in 2021 and $59 million in 2020 related to our nonqualified defined benefit pension plans. The assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations and FAS expense for our nonqualified defined benefit pension plans are similar to the assumptions for our qualified defined benefit pension plans described above. We also sponsor other postemployment plans and foreign benefit plans, which are accounted for similar to defined benefit pension plans. The benefit obligations, assets, expense, and amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss for other postemployment plans and foreign benefit plans were not material to our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Defined Contribution Retirement Savings Plans We maintain a number of defined contribution retirement savings plans, most with 401(k) features, that cover substantially all of our employees. Under the provisions of these plans, employees can make contributions on a before-tax and after-tax basis to investment funds to save for retirement. For most plans, we make employer contributions to the employee accounts that comprise of a company non-elective contribution and a matching contribution. Company contributions are automatically invested in an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) fund, which primarily invests in shares of our common stock. Plan participants can transfer from the ESOP fund into any investment option provided by the respective plan. Our contributions to defined contribution retirement savings plans were $1.1 billion in 2022 and 2021 and $984 million in 2020. Our defined contribution retirement savings plans held 27.4 million and 28.9 million shares of our common stock at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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